20

THEORY
APPARATUS AIM
Observed
diameter, 4. Zero 3.
correction,
2. 1.
Or cylinder.
Zero Vernier
To
error, constant
VernierVernier
= ANDmeasure
Callipers,
spherical a
MATERIAL
e=t
constant the
error=-e
C=-Zero
No. diameter
D= of =1 REQUIRED
vernierMagnitude
Total
MSR MSD
body of
number
+ division -
small a
VSR 1 (a
ofVSD pendulum
spherical/cylindrical
= of the
divisions
coinciding
N+ smallest
nx
bob
VC
on
with
main or
the a
glasS
somevernier scale body
division marble) using
main scale
or vernier
scale
small a
division callinere
(iron/wooden)

x
VC
 (hopte 2: VERNIER CALLIPERS

DIAGRAM

M
N
b
() 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15
uluud ulunluuuutas
a

(a) (b)
B
Glass marble
vernier callipers
Fia. 2.9 (a) Measurement of diameter of a glass marble by using
(b) Perpendicular diameter of glass marble.
PROCEDURE
over
1. Examine the working of the vernier callipers. If the vernier scale is not sliding smoothly
the main scale, apply machine oil/grease.
stepwise in the observations.
2. Determine the vernier constant of the vernier callipers. Record it
jaws AC. Observe whether the
3. Bring the movable jawws BD in close contact with the fixed
is not so, note the division
zero of vernier scale coincides with the zero of main scale. If this
Record the zero error
on the vernier scale that coincides with a division on the main scale.
times and find the mean zero error
with a proper positive or negative sign. Repeat it three
as nil.
and hence zero correction. In case there is no zero error, record it
any undue
4. To measure the diameter of the small sphere/cylinder, hold it gently i.e., without
Fig. 2.9. The jaws should be
pressure in between the lower jaws A and B, as shown in
measured. Gently tighten the screw Sto
perfectly perpendicular to the diameter aa' being
clamp the jaws to the body.
the vernier scale. Record the
5. Note the main scale division N just to the left of the zero of
This must be counted
vernier scale division n that coincides with some main scale division.
aa'= N+n x VC.
from the zero end, of the vernier scale. Then, observed diameter
bb' is perpendicular to
6. Rotate the sphere/cylinder in its position through 90° so that diameter
the vernier scale reading
the jaws. Proceeding as in step 5, note the main scale reading and
and find the observed diameter bb'.
directions for atleast two
7. Measure the diameters aa' and bb' in two mutually perpendicular
more positions of the sphere/cylinder.
mean observed diameter. Apply
8. Record all the observations in the tabular form. Find the
Express the result in suitable units with
zero correction to get the mean corrected diameter.
appropriate number of significant figures.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
A. For vernier constant
1main scale division (MSD) =1 mm =0.1 cm
10 VSD =9 MSD
9
1VSD = MSD
10

21
 LAB MANUAL PH
1 -x1 mm
9 D= MSD
MSD 10
10
=1MSD 10
MSD-1VSD
Vernier constant- l
m=0.01 cm
=0.1
correction
error and zero
D.For zero Cm

Zero error
=tnxVC CIm
(ii)
()
Cn
(i)
[with proper sign
Mean zero error (e)=
zero correction
(c) =-e=
CIm.
CIm.

sphere/cylinder
(with proper sig
Mean
the small sphere/cylinder
the diameter of small
C. To measure diameter of the
Table : For Reading along perpendicular

Reading along
diameter aa'
diameter bb'
Diameter
ObserD,v=edad'di+obamete
Diameter MSR VSR bb' = N+nxVC 2
S.No.
MSR VSR aa' = N+nxVC N (cm) (cm) (cm)
N (cm) (cm) D
1
2
D,
D.
3.

Mean observed diameter (D,)=

PRECAUTIONS

1. Vernier scale should slide smoothly over the main scale. If it is not so, apply machine
oil/grease.
2. The vernier constant and zero error should be carefully determined and recorded.
3. The body should be gripped gently between the jaws
without any undue pressure.
4. Toavoid any error due to parallax, the eye should be
kept directly over the vernier division
being observed.
5. The readings for diameter at each
directions. position must be noted in two mutually perpenicilat
6. Each observation should be
recorded with correct significant figures and units.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The jaws of the
vernier callipers may not be
2. The vernier
3. The scale
scale may be loose. perpendicular
to the main scale.
4. The zero graduations may not be correct.
error of the
5.
Personal errors due toinstrument may not have been taken into
result. parallax and improper account. affectthe
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recording of the observations may