Descriptive Notes on ICT Skills, Operating Systems,
User Interface, Files, and Computer Maintenance
I. ICT Skills:
● Definition: Ability to use technologies and digital tools to access, process, manage, and
communicate information effectively. Essential in today's digital age.
● Key Areas (20 listed):
1. Computer Basics: Hardware, operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux),
troubleshooting.
2. Internet Skills: Navigation, effective searching, source evaluation.
3. Word Processing: Document creation, editing, formatting (Word, Google Docs).
4. Spreadsheets: Data organization & analysis (Excel, Google Sheets).
■ Related Hardware: Keyboard (input), Mouse (navigation), Microphone (voice
recording), Projector (image/video projection).
5. Presentations: Creating engaging presentations (PowerPoint, Google Slides).
6. Email Management: Efficient communication, contact management, attachments.
7. Digital Security: Online safety, browsing practices, data protection.
8. File Management: Organizing files/folders, cloud storage.
■ Related Hardware: Monitor (visual output), Speakers (audio output), Scanner (image
capture), Printer (hard copy output).
9. Collaboration Tools: Online platforms for teamwork (Teams, Slack).
10.Basic Coding & Programming: Familiarity with languages (Python, JavaScript,
HTML/CSS).
11.Data Analysis: Handling & interpreting data (Excel, Python/R libraries).
12.Graphics & Multimedia: Image/video/audio creation & editing (Photoshop, Illustrator).
13.Social Media: Effective use for communication, marketing, networking.
14.Cloud Computing: Knowledge of cloud services & applications (Google Workspace,
Microsoft 365).
15.Mobile Technology: Familiarity with mobile devices & apps.
16.Database Management: Basic understanding of databases & SQL.
17.IT Troubleshooting: Identifying & resolving common software/hardware issues.
18.Project Management Tools: Experience with software (Trello, Asana).
19.Cybersecurity Awareness: Knowledge of threats, best practices, protective measures.
20.Adaptability & Continuous Learning: Staying updated with technology.
● Importance: Continuously developing ICT skills empowers efficiency, productivity, and
adaptability in a technology-driven world.
II. Operating Systems:
● Classes:
1. Single-User, Single-Tasking (MS-DOS).
2. Single-User, Multi-Tasking (Windows, macOS, Linux).
3. Multi-User (Unix/Linux servers, Windows Server).
4. Real-Time (RTOS - embedded systems).
5. Distributed (Chrome OS, cloud platforms).
6. Network (NOS - file/printer sharing).
7. Mobile (Android, iOS).
8. Virtualization (VMware ESXi, Hyper-V).
9. Batch Processing (mainframe systems).
10.Time-Sharing (concurrent user access).
● Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive; hybrid systems exist.
III. User Interface (Desktop):
● Elements:
1. Menu: List of options/commands (organized categories).
2. Icons: Graphical symbols representing files/folders/applications.
3. Taskbar: Manages running applications, quick access (Start button, system tray).
● Function: Menu (application functions), Icons (shortcuts), Taskbar (application
management). These elements comprise the Graphical User Interface (GUI).
IV. Files:
● Definition: Named collection of related data stored on a medium.
● Operations: Create, Open, Read, Write, Close, Delete, Rename, Copy, Move.
● Organization: Sequential, Random (Direct), Indexed, B-tree/B+ tree.
● Directory Structures: Single-Level, Two-Level, Tree-Structured, Acyclic-Graph.
● File-System Structures: FAT, NTFS, EXT, APFS, HFS+.
● Creating & Managing: Varies slightly by OS (Windows, macOS, Linux), but generally
involves right-click menus, drag-and-drop, or command-line tools (e.g., touch, mkdir, mv, cp,
rm).
V. Computer Care & Maintenance:
● Importance: Optimal performance, longevity, security.
● Key Aspects:
1. Cleaning Components (dust removal prevents overheating).
2. Maintenance Schedule (regular tasks reduce issues).
3. Virus Protection (antivirus software).
4. Scanning & Cleaning (virus/malware removal, freeing up space).
● Overall Benefits: Performance & efficiency, longevity, security, productivity,
cost-effectiveness, reliability. Proactive approach for a smoother and safer experience.
