S.

1 ICT TERM 1&2, 2020

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
COMPUTERS TODAY
Computer studies is a subject that deals with the study of the
theoretical basics of information and computers together with the
practical techniques for the implementation and application (use)
of computers and related technologies.
Aim of learning Computer Studies
The subject aims at equipping the learner with computer,
information and communication technology skills in order to
improve one’s productivity.
Reasons for learning about Computers
1. To lay a foundation for a learner to acquire knowledge and skills
in the use of information and communications technology for
improved productivity and development.
2. To promote creative skills for problem solving.
3. To promote critical and analytical thinking skills for proactive
solutions.
4. To create awareness in a learner in regards to the developments
and emerging issues concerning computers and society.
5. To enable a learner to be a computer literate and capable citizen
who can develop, communicate and implement innovative,
practical and responsible ICT solutions to problems.
6. To exhibit basic computer skills that is required for employment
opportunities in future.
7. To use the acquired knowledge in computer studies to enhance
learning in other subjects.
8. To acquire knowledge as a foundation for further studies in
computer technology.
9. To use a variety of computer technologies to access, analyze
and interprete information.

DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device operating under a set of
instructions or commands (software or application programs) that
accepts data (input), processes it, outputs information, and stores
the results (information) for future use.
Computer Literacy
Computer literacy refers to having the knowledge and
understanding of computers and their uses.

Characteristics of Computers:
Computers are powerful machines for a variety of reasons. The
computer’s ability to perform these tasks is because of the following
characteristics:
a) Speed:
Computers are fast in their operations and processing. The speed
is measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) or billions
of instructions per second (BIPS). The speed of a processor is
measured in terms of a clock cycle performed in seconds. A single
cycle of processing performed in a second is called a Hertz.
Current personal computers run at clock speeds equivalent to a
Megahertz (MHZ) or Gigahertz (GHZ).
b) Accuracy:
Computers have the ability of processing large amounts of data
and produce results without errors. Computer errors are due to
human errors or data that is not accurate. A computing phrase
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) means that when wrong data with
errors is entered into the computer you get output with errors from
the computer.
c) Storage:
Computers can store large amounts of data before and after
processing in the computer’s memory (temporarily) and on the
storage media (permanently). The temporary memory of the
computer uses is called Random Access Memory (RAM).
Computers today use RAM chips with capacities ranging from 32
Megabytes (MB) to 8 Gigabytes (GB) and beyond.
d) Versatile:
Computers are said to be versatile because they are used to
perform a variety of tasks such as creating documents, sending
bills to customers, storing records, performing calculations,
entertainment, etc.
e) Diligence:
Computers are diligent machines because they repeat processing
tasks over and over again without making any errors or getting
tired. Once programmed, the computer automatically performs as
many cycles as possible and produces output in a short period of
time with less human interruption.
f) Reliability and Consistency:
Computers are reliable machines because the electronic
components inside the computer are dependable and have a low
failure rate. The high reliability of the components inside enables
computers to produce accurate and consistent results.
g) Communication:
A computer today can communicate with other computers often
wirelessly or through connected wires. Two computers located in
the same room can be connected by a communications device i.e.
a network switch to share stored data, instructions and information.

COMPUTER TERMINOLOGIES
Data
This is a collection of raw and unprocessed facts, including
letters, figures, symbols, images, sound and video that is
relating to an activity.

Information
Information is organized, meaningful, and useful results or
output obtained after processing data, useful in making a
decision.

Bit
The smallest piece of information used by the computer
and is the short form of binary digit. In computer
language it is either a 0 (zero) or a 1(one)

Byte
A byte is a piece of information made up of 8 (eight) bits
that is used to represent one character.

Input
Any data or instructions that are entered into the memory
of the computer for processing.

Output
Data that has been processed into information which is in
a useful form from a computer.

Storage
A location where data, instructions and information are
held in a computer for future use. Storage takes place in
memory and on storage media e.g. hard disk, compact
disk, flash disks, digital versatile disk (DVD).

Processing
This refers to any action that converts input data into
information.

Hardware
Hardware is the physical electronic components that make
up a personal computer.

Software
Software is a series of instructions that directs the
computer on each task it will perform and how to do it.
Software is also called a computer program or
application program.

Booting:
Booting is the process of starting up a computer. There are
two methods of booting namely: cold booting and warm
booting.
Command:
A command is an instruction on a menu or a keystroke that
causes a program to perform a specific action.

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

An electronic component that interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer. It is also referred
to as the “brains” of the computer.

File:
A collection of stored data, instructions, information or
programs that is assigned (given) a name.

Saving:
Saving is the process of writing a file onto a disk.

Disk:
A hardware device made of magnetic or optically fixed
material on which data can be stored.

Downloading:
Downloading is the process of receiving data from one
computer to another for example a web page from a
computer server on the Internet or a file from a computer
network.

Uploading:
Uploading is the process of transferring data from one
computer to another for example a document, graphics
through a computer network or to a server on the Internet.

Folder:
An electronic subdirectory which contains files.
Icon:
A graphical symbol representing an application program,
file, folder or command.

Memory:
Memory is a temporary holding area where data, programs
and instructions and information while processing is taking
place. RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM-BIOS
(Read-Only Memory Basic Input Output System) are two
types of memory chips.

Menu:
A menu is an item in a program or computer screen
containing a series of commands from which a user can
make a selection.

Operating System:
A piece of system software that interacts between
hardware, application programs and the user to control the
computer and coordinate all computer resources.

Multi-tasking:
A method in computing that allows a user to run several
tasks also known as processes during the same period of
time. The tasks share common processing resources such
as the CPU and main memory.

Multi-Processing:
This is the use of two or more central processing units
(CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also
refers to the ability of a system to support more than one
processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them.

Multi-user:
A term that defines an operating system or application
software that allows access by multiple users (two or more
users) of a computer at the same time.

Network:
A collection of computers and devices connected together
via communication channels i.e. telephone lines, and
transmission media i.e. network cables that allow
computers to share resources. There are basically two
types of networks
i) Local Area Network (LAN)
ii) Wide Area Network (WAN)

Internet
A worldwide collection of computer networks that links
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions and individuals.
DATA AND INFORMATION PROCESSING
Data processing involves a series of input, process, output, and
storage activities that converts data into information. These series
of activities are often called the information processing cycle.

Below is a diagram illustrating the information processing cycle

Input Output

Data Processing Information

Storage

Stages of Information Processing

The five basic stages of processing data into information are:
1. Data Collection - capturing data from their sources and
recording it onto some media (e.g., paper).The paper or
document on which data is recorded is called a source
document.
2. Data Preparation - copying, grouping, or arranging data in a
more convenient way for input. During this stage data
validation and verification is carried out.
- Data Validation is the checking of input data for errors.
- Data Verification is when data is checked for mistakes while
it’s being copied from one place to another.
3. Input of Data - entering the data or sending the stored data
into the processing system.
4. Processing - calculating or manipulating the input data and
even storing the results for future use.
5. Output of Information - giving out the processed results in a
readable form (e.g., a report).
Methods of Data processing:
1. Electronic Data Processing
When an electronic device (e.g., a computer) is used to process
data into information, this is called electronic data processing.
Electronic data processing is also referred to as Computerization.
Advantages of using computers for data processing
1. Tasks can be completed faster because computers work at
amazing speed.
2. Computers can process large amounts of data and generate
error-free results, provided that the data is entered correctly.
3. Computers can store enormous amounts of data for future
use.
4. The high reliability of components inside modern computers
enables computers to produce consistent results.
5. Efficiency and productivity of tasks carried out can be raised .
6. Running cost becomes lower in the long term.
7. Tasks can be completed with little human intervention (i.e.,
automatic).
8. Overall, security can be raised due to less human
intervention.
9. The management can observe new information trends and
new changes more quickly.
10. Customer services can be improved due to more efficient
management and operations.
11. Computers with communicating capability can share data and
information with other computers.
Disadvantages of using computers for data processing
1. Computers are very costly. The initial cost of purchase can be
high when buying or repairing computer equipment.
2. Extra cost is required to employ specialized staff to operate
and design the data processing system.
3. Some jobs may be lost due to use of computers and this may
lower the morale of staff members.
4. Some staff has to be trained or retrained on how to use
computers and software.
5. Face-to-face interactions among staff may be reduced.
6. Due to the rapid changes in information technology,
computers and related equipment become outdated within a
short period of time.
7. In case of computer breakdown, data can be easily lost.
8. The devices used require a source of power or energy to
function.
9. A lot of care is needed in handling the devices used for
processing data.
10. There are health risks associated with using computers such
as eye sight defects, repetitive strain injuries (RSI),
backaches, etc.
11. Easier transmission of computer viruses through the Internet
and other computer networks.
USE OF ICT AND COMPUTERS
Information Technology (IT) or Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) deals with the use
of electronic computers and computer software to
convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve
information.
Information technology (IT) or information and
communication technology (ICT) is the combination
of computers and communication technologies that
process data into information.

Examples of IT or ICT devices include:

computers, radios, televisions, digital cameras, video
cameras, mobile phones, faxing machines,
photocopiers, scanners, etc.

Today, the term IT or ICT includes many aspects of

computing and technology, and the term is more
recognizable than ever before. Information
Technology covers many fields. IT professionals
perform a variety of duties that range from installing
applications to designing complex computer networks
and information databases. A few of the duties that IT
professionals perform include, but not limited to:
• Data Management
• Computer Networking
• Database Systems Design
• Software design
• Management Information Systems

Information and Communications Technologies (ICT)

and computers have been used today to perform a
variety of functions. Some of the ways through which
ICTs and computers have been used include:

1) USES OF ICT IN EDUCATION

There is general agreement that computer technology
is a crucial resource in education today. IT today is
used in school settings to perform a variety of
functions including:
a) Computer based training (CBT), which
includes:
i) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI),
where teachers can use computers and other
IT equipments to present teaching materials
in a more interesting way.
ii) Computer Assisted Learning (CAL), where
students can use computers and appropriate
software to learn at their own pace. CAL
involves the use of interactive teaching
packages available on CD for many different
subjects for learning purposes.
iii) Computer Assisted Assessment (CAA),
where students use computers to take exams
online (using the Internet) which may reduce
the time and labour to mark the answer
scripts.

b) Distance learning is a method of studying in

which learning or classes are conducted by
correspondence or over the Internet, without the
student's needing to attend a school or college
physically. The student and teacher are at remote
locations using electronic communication while
learning is taking place. Also called E-Learning or
Online learning, it includes computer based
training and web based training.
c) Simulations are computer programs that imitate
real life situations or processes such as simulated
experiments such as biological processes i.e.
cutting a frog, chemical reactions.

d) Electronic Library System an information

retrieval system used for searching, borrowing
and returning digital books accessed remotely via
computer networks. It is also referred to as a
digital library.

e) The School Administration and Management

System (SAMS) an information system designed
for keeping records of students and producing
report cards or other related documents.

f) Edutainment, which is a type of educational

software that combines education with
entertainment.

More uses of ICT in schools include:

• The use of productivity tools like word
processors, database management systems,
presentations and spreadsheet software for use
in projects and other school activities.
• Access to the Internet and thousands of online
databases for educational information including
subject dire34and educational websites.
• Links with other schools or colleges, or with
industrial or business organization to exchange
information.
• Special facilities are available for students with
disabilities – for example blind people can use
text-to-speech conversion packages to work on a
computer.
Advantages of using ICT and computers in
teaching and learning
• CAI and CAL packages that usually contain
multimedia effects make learning more interesting
and interactive.
• Students can learn by themselves when the teacher
is not available.
• Students can learn and proceed at their own pace.
• Students can usually get their results or feedback
immediately after they have answered the question
or taken an action.
• There are rich educational resources on CD-ROMs
and the Internet.
• Teachers can present subject matter and explain
abstract concepts more clearly with multimedia.
• Teachers can show experiments that are difficult to
perform or dangerous in nature through simulations
software.
• Advanced instructions can be given to students in
areas where the teacher may not be qualified.

Disadvantages of using ICT and computers in

teaching and learning
• Face to face interaction between students and
teachers may be reduced.
• Students can only follow what the CAL packages
are predefined to offer.
• Computers are costly to acquire for the CAL
process.
• Students may fail to understand some concepts
using CAL & CAI without proper explanations.
• Some of the educational programs are not easy
to acquire.

2) USES OF ICT AT HOME

ICTs and computers can be used at home to perform a variety of
functions. Some of the uses and functions of ICTs and computers
include:
• Pay bills through the payment by phone services (PPS) such
as water bills, UMEME bills, and DSTV bills using MTN mobile
money, Warid Pesa and other services. With a payment by
phone service account, bills can be paid either by phone or on
the Internet.
• Budgeting and personal financial management for the family.
• Buy and sell stocks online using the Internet.
• Manage family investments or businesses and family budgets
• Carry out research and education at home including taking
college classes online (i.e. cyber classes), produce
assignment and reports, learn to speak a foreign language,
help youngsters to read, write, count and spell.
• Use ICT as a personal and business communication channel
including the organization of names and addresses of
contacts
• Communicate with others around the world using e-mail and
chat rooms. A chat room is a location on an Internet server
that permits users to chat with each other by typing lines of
text on the computer. Some chat rooms support voice chats
and video chats.
• Access the Internet to:
• Obtain a wealth of information such as news, stock
prices, and educational materials.
 • Enjoy online banking and investments services.
• Shop for goods and services (e-commerce)
• Communicate and exchange information with other
people around the world
• Provide information to others through personal websites.

3) USES OF ICT in ENTERTAINMENT and

LEISURE
ICTs and computers can be used in entertainment to perform a
variety of functions. Some of the uses include:
a. Playing computer games
b. Listening to music using audio software
c. Watching a video or a movie using video playing software
d. Compose and edit video using video editing software
e. Retouch a photograph which includes cropping (cutting off
portions of an image), brighten, darken, sharpen images and
other tasks.
f. Read a book, newspaper or magazine online when connected
to the Internet
g. Plan a vacation for family members or organization.
h. Computers are also used in cinema halls and podiums for
faster instant audio and video playback and presentation
through projectors.
i. Computers are used in the entertainment industry to produce
music, video editing, CD burning, etc.

4) USES OF ICT in HEALTH/HOSPITALS

ICTs and computers have been used in the medical and health
sector in a number of ways. These include:
a. Medical records stored in a hospital information system
improve the quality of patient care. The records are more
accurate, they can keep track of prescriptions and tests
administered on patients, hospital admissions, and dietary
requirements and so on.
b. Databases of donors for body organs and patients needing
transplants can be accessed when needed.
c. Computerized devices such as pacemakers, artificial organs
and artificial limbs have enabled thousands of people to live
 longer. These implanted computerized devices can help
physically impaired people to become more mobile.
d. Computerized monitoring devices can keep a 24-hour watch
on critically ill patients and sound an alarm if the patient is in
danger.
e. Expert medical systems are used in medical diagnosis. They
help to diagnose diseases often at remote locations far from
the care of specialists. Vast amounts of data on symptoms
and illnesses are stored in a ‘knowledge database’ which can
help a doctor to arrive at a preliminary diagnosis.
f. Surgeons use computer-controlled devices to carry out
operations with greater precision such as for laser eye surgery
and robot-assisted heart surgery.
g. Computers can be used to model new drugs and test their
effects, significantly reducing the time taken for new drugs to
come onto the market.
h. Doctors use the internet and medical software to assist with
researching and diagnosing health conditions and the e-mail
to correspond with patients.
i. Web sites also maintain lists of specialists (doctors, surgeons
and dentists) to help you find the one that suits your needs.
They set up chat rooms where you can talk to others
diagnosed with similar conditions.
j. Telemedicine is a form of long-distance health care that
allows health-care professionals in separate locations to have
live conferences on the computer. For example, a doctor at
one location can have a conference with a doctor at another
location to discuss a bone x-ray. Live images of each doctor,
along with the x-ray, are displayed on each doctor’s computer.
This is a new development in health care.

5) USE OF ICT IN BANKING

The banking industry makes extensive use of ICT in all its
operations in the following ways:
• Using telephone banking, a customer can ring in to the bank
or check an account balance or pay a bill as well as handling
account queries and transactions.
• Online banking, PC Banking or Internet Banking enables
users to keep track of cash balances and transactions on the
 account, print account statements, etc. A customer needs to
connect to the bank’s server or computer using the Internet
and he/she carries out banking transactions on his account.
• Short Message Service (SMS) banking enables customers
to use their mobile phones and request for services from the
bank such as buying airtime, checking account balances, etc
• Using an Automated Teller Machine (ATM), a user can
make cash deposits, withdraw money, transfer money, apply
for bank mini statements and obtain account balances at
thousands of cash point machines all over the country. An
ATM is a self-service banking machine attached to a host
computer through a telephone network.
• Millions of cheques are processed each day using Magnetic
Ink Character recognition (MICR) devices.
• Salaries, bills and other payments can be paid automatically
by using Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) systems.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) is the electronic exchange or
transfer of money from one account to another through
computer-based systems. Money from one bank account is
directly deposited to another account without any paper
money payments involved.
• Electronic smartcards which store money on a microchip
which can be topped up just like cash can be used to purchase
goods. The smartcard is inserted into a reader and the amount
to be deducted is typed in.
• Mobile money transfer services today are used to send and
receive money. It is a transfer of money to a receiver in which
the funds are deposited into a mobile wallet. A mobile wallet
is an electronic account that is linked to a person’s mobile
phone in which money can be electronically deposited and
used the same way as cash.
• Banks use ICT for security purposes i.e. computerized doors
and locks, CCTV surveillance cameras, etc.

6) USE OF ICT in MILITARY/SECURITY

a. Computer aided cameras are used for domestic and business
premise security by using closed circuit television (CCTV)
surveillance cameras or laser guided beams.
b. Flying and directing fighter/combat planes.
c. Security of gates and doors on business premises is
controlled using computerized locks and doors.
d. For deploying, controlling and directing weapons (missiles)
and ammunition.
e. Detecting weapon of mass destruction.
f. Computers are used in conjunction with satellites for spying
and tracking enemy positions or targets using the Global
Positioning System (GPS) technology.
g. Computers are also used to help the military/security
personnel communicate using secure and encrypted
communication channels.
h. Computers have also been used to keep track of records of
the army personnel as well as the ranks of the different
officers in the army.
i. Computers have also been used to capture data for National
Police Computer databases, vehicle registration, national
identity card registration, etc.
j. Use of closed circuit television (CCTV) systems in many
institutions (banks, schools, hospitals) to provide security
services.
k. Manufacture weapons of warfare or mass destruction to be
used by the military.

7. USES OF ICT in BUSINESS and

COMMERCE
Information technology can play a crucial part in the success or
failure of a new enterprise, business or commerce. The uses of ICT
in business include:
a) A business can use a variety of software packages to run a
business such as
i) A word processing package can be used to design
invoices, stationery, letters, memos, contracts and other
business documents.
ii) A spreadsheet package can be used to draw up a
business plan and to calculate expected income and
expenses.
iii) A graphics package can be used to design the
company logo, headed stationery and business cards.
 iv) A desktop-publishing (DTP) package can be used to
design advertising or promotional material such as
billboards and for creating business websites.
v) A database package can be used to keep business
records, contacts of customers and inventory (stock) for
the business.
vi) An accounts package can be used to set up the
company books of accounts (cash account, trial balance,
cash flow statements).
b) A computer with associated peripherals such as a laser printer
is used to produce hard copies of documents, budgets, reports
and other material.
c) A fax machine can be used to communicate with potential
suppliers, wholesalers, distributors, printers etc.
d) The Internet can be used to sell products to new and existing
customers and can also be used as a valuable research tool.
e) E-mail can be used to correspond with customers or suppliers.
f) Computers enable people working from home to use a
computer connected to an employer’s network or via the
Internet. This is known as Telecommuting/Teleworking.
g) Computers have enabled the buying and selling of goods and
services over electronic networks such as the Internet. This is
known as Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce).
h) Computers are used for sending and receiving money
transactions and transfers using Mobile Money Services or
world wide money transfers using Western Union Money
Transfer.
i) Computers through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) have
been used to transfer business data. EDI is a set of standards
that control the transfer of business data and information both
within and among companies.
j) Through online shopping users can purchase any product or
service on the Web such as flowers, books, computers,
prescription of drugs, music, movies, cars, airline tickets (e-
tickets).
k) Through online investing, individuals buy and sell stocks,
bonds, foreign currencies without using a broker (middleman).
8) USES OF ICT in MANUFACTURING and
INDUSTRIES
Computers and ICTs are used in the industrial and manufacturing
plants as follows:
a) Computers and ICTs have enabled the automation of many
complicated processes that would be dangerous or which
cause health risks to humans. Fewer skilled employees are
employed to manage computerized systems.
b) Computer programs are used to run machines e.g. robots with
artificially intelligent programs carry out repetitive and
dangerous tasks such as packing chemicals, tightening nuts,
welding in industries, etc
c) Robots are used today in manufacture of many products in
industrial complexes replacing human beings. They are
employed in processes that require speed, accuracy and
consistency.
d) ICTs are used in production of documents, reports and
budgets, order entry and processing systems that accept and
process customer orders.
e) Project management software provides management with the
information necessary to keep projects within budget and on
time. Reports can be produced showing actual costs versus
projected costs, and the number of days ahead or behind
schedule.
f) Through Computer-aided design (CAD) systems, excellent
designs for different products can be created easily using
different applications from designing a new jumbo jet, car,
computer chips, bridges, buildings, etc.
g) Through Computer-Aided manufacturing (CAM) systems,
computers have been used to control the production of goods
in factories enabling components to be manufactured with the
utmost accuracy.
h) Computers can be used for communication within and outside
the manufacturing plants by using Internet and email between
customers and manufactures.
i) Computers are also used to carry out stock control ensuring
that the right stock is maintained by the business.

9) USES OF ICT in COMMUNICATION

An organization such as a business or school provides
communications services to employees, students, or customers.
The different uses of computers for communication include:
a) Accessing the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW):
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that link
millions of businesses, government agencies, education
institutions, and individuals together. The World Wide Web is
a collection of electronic documents on the Internet that users
can access through a Web browser.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that
enables computer users to access the Internet and Web e.g.
Mobile Telecommunication Network (MTN), Orange, Airtel,
Smile, Vodafone, Infocom, AFSAT, etc.
b) Electronic Mail (E-Mail) Transmission:
This is the transmission of electronic messages and files via
a computer network from one computer to another by use of
e-mail servers and e-mail accounts.

c) Instant Messaging (IM):

Instant messaging is the real time Internet communications
service that allows you to exchange messages with one or
more online users. With instant messaging both the sender
and receiver should have identical and compatible messaging
software such as Face book messenger, Yahoo messenger,
WhatsApp, Viber, Google Talk, etc.

d) Text messaging: With text messaging, also called SMS

(short message service), users type and send short text
messages from a smart phone, PDA, or a personal computer
to a smart phone or PDA with a compatible text messaging
service. Most text messages have a limit about 160 characters
per message.

e) Picture Messaging: Picture messaging allows users to send

graphics, video, digital images as well as sound files
combined with text messages. Picture messaging is also
referred to as Multimedia Message Service (MMS).
 f) Use of Chat Rooms: Chat rooms are virtual rooms that offer
real-time typed conversation services that take place on
computers connected to the Internet.

g) Use of Voicemail: Voicemail allows someone to leave a voice

message for one or more people. A computer in the voicemail
system converts an analog voice into a digital form and stores
it in a voicemail box. Recipients of a call listen to voice
messages at a later time and respond appropriately.

h) Public Internet Access Points: In many public locations,

people connect wirelessly to the Internet through Internet
cafes using their mobile computers or devices. Mobile users
check e-mail, browse the web, and access any service on the
Internet as long as their computers or devices have an
appropriate network card and they are in a hot spot.
A hot spot is an area with the capability of transmitting
wireless internet connectivity signals. Most hot spots send
wireless signals ranging from 10 to 300 feet and some can
extend to 15 miles.

i) Groupware: Groupware is a software application that helps

groups of people work together on projects and share
information over a network. Groupware also called
workgroup computing enables group members to
communicate, manage projects, schedule meetings, and
make decisions.

j) Newsgroups are online areas in which users conduct written

discussion about a particular subject.

k) Internet Telephony: Internet telephony, also called Voice

over Internet Protocol (VolP), enables users to talk to other
users over the internet. To call using the Internet, you need
internet telephone software such as Skype. As you speak into
a computer microphone, the internet telephone software and
the computer’s sound card digitize and compress your spoken
words and then transmit the digitized audio over the internet
to the called parties.
l) File Transfer Protocol (FTP): An Internet standard that
permits users to upload files from your computer to Internet
Servers as well as download files from FTP servers on the
Internet to your computer.

m) Video Conferencing:
Video conferencing is a real time meeting between two or
more geographically separated people who use a network or
the Internet to transmit audio and video data. To participate in
a video conference, you need video conferencing software
along with a microphone, speakers, and a video camera
attached to a computer. As you speak, members of the
meeting hear your voice on their speakers. Users with higher-
speed broadband internet connections experience much
better video performance.

MERITS and DEMERITS of USING INFORMATION

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY or COMPUTERS to
SOCIETY
It is obvious that the computers are revolutionizing our daily life.
More and more educated people are being attracted in using
computers for solving their daily problems from word processing,
spreadsheet calculation to solving a very complex simultaneous
equation. Computers and the Internet have touched almost all
aspects of life. It is rare to come across a business or household
that does not experience routine use of a computer in some shape
or form.
Technology has allowed people to have higher levels of
convenience and proficiency. Many people today would find it very
difficult to go back to an age where computers were not in
existence. While there have been many positive effects of
computers on society, there have also been some drawbacks too.
Let's take a look at some of the positive and negative effects of
computers on society:
MERITS of USING COMPUTERS (Positive Impact of ICT to
Society)
a) Tasks can be completed by computers at a very fast speed
due to the amazing ability of computer processing.
Transactions that used to be solved with a hand and often
tedious are now done electronically.
b) ICTs and computers ensure that transactions are completed
quickly with a high degree of accuracy. High quality
information is produced with less human intervention
c) More information can now be stored in a small space
electronically and can be accessed quickly when needed
instead of using paper files that occupied large spaces.
d) The ability to access vast amounts of information on the
Internet for research yields a lot of results containing
information you are looking for easily.
e) Use of ICTs enables faster and cheaper communication. The
improved communication facilities (e-mail, sms, social
networking sites) and networks with high bandwidth and
broadband connections, enable people to connect and
converse or share information with each other.
f) Computers possess multitasking and multiprocessing
capabilities which facilitate quick processing of data. Many
tasks can be carried out in less time such as budgeting,
document production, etc.
g) ICTs and computers ensure that productivity and efficiency is
realized during processing. The costs of production reduce as
cheaper technology is invented every now and then.
h) ICTs and computing have created and widened employment
opportunities and jobs e.g. software engineers, computer
teachers, technicians, etc. through investments made in ICTs.
i) With the use of ICTs, users enjoy more flexible working hours
and conditions through telecommuting (working from home).
j) Improved education and research by simplifying teaching and
learning. For example abstract content can be made real
through cyber science technology – others are computer
aided teaching and computer aided learning, presentations
software, etc.
k) Improved entertainment and leisure through computer games,
music, etc for people to refresh and make-up.
l) Improved health services where computers facilitate
recording, monitoring, and diagnosis for patients.
m) Improved security through computer managed gates and
monitoring of commercial and domestic premises, detecting
and controlling crime by police.
n) Reduced production time and manufacturing processes
through computer aided manufacturing and computer aided
designing which have greatly improved the quantity and
quality of life.
o) Improved customer services delivery and care e.g. networked
computers provide 24/7 on-line services like credit cards
p) Improved business and investment opportunities.
q) Improved data and document production, storage and
manipulation.

DEMERITS of USING COMPUTERS (Negative Impact of ICT to

Society)

a) For those who spend many hours in front of a computer, there

is a risk of addiction. Many people don't care about anything
except for the computers.
b) Using computer for many hours during a day can be very
harmful for eyes.
c) Computer can destroy the culture of a certain group of people
in the society, especially youths.
d) In spite of continuously reducing prices, computers are still
costly because the initial costing and maintenance cost of a
computer are very expensive.
e) Use of computers requires additional efforts in form of learning
to use computers and their programs.
f) There is dehumanizing of people. Excessive use of computer
for communication with others threatens to reduce the
intensity of personal bond that often develops between
people. For instance, the telephone calls
g) Computers have led to unemployment of people such as
Tellers, shop workers, postal workers; since many
manual/repetitive jobs have been replaced by computers like
ATMs
h) Electronic fraud: Stealing money electronically through
practices like Credit card cloning
i) Impact on Environment: Computer manufacturing processes
and computer waste are depleting natural resources and
polluting the environment.
j) Hacking: Unauthorized access into computers possibly to
access information, compromising privacy. E.g Wikileaks
k) Software Piracy: Stealing software, not paying for licenses
through cracking.
l) Presence of Viruses: You may lose all your programs, files,
documents folders and other data on your computer because
of virus infection on the computer.
m) Moral Decay: The internet has websites with content such as
pornography, which have a bad impact on the users
especially the young children.
n) Computers are delicate and they must be given a great care.
o) Our creativity, skills and reasoning can decrease when we are
too dependant to the computer. For instance, with email
replacing the hand-written letter, onscreen Art designing
instead of Hand drawing Art etc.

COMPUTER CARE AND SAFETY

END OF TERM