DEUTSCHE NORM Entwurf November 2008

DIN IEC 60358-1

(VDE 0560-2)

Diese Norm ist zugleich eine VDE-Bestimmung im Sinne von VDE 0022. Sie ist nach
Durchführung des vom VDE-Präsidium beschlossenen Genehmigungsverfahrens unter
der oben angeführten Nummer in das VDE-Vorschriftenwerk aufgenommen und in der
„etz Elektrotechnik + Automation“ bekannt gegeben worden.

ICS 31.060.99 Einsprüche bis 2009-01-31

Vorgesehen als Ersatz für
DIN VDE 0560-2
(VDE 0560-2):1970-05
Entwurf

Kopplungskondensatoren und kapazitive Teiler –

Teil 1: Allgemeine Bestimmungen
(IEC 33/441/CD:2008)

Coupling capacitors and capacitor dividers –

Part 1: Common clauses
(IEC 33/441/CD:2008)

Condensateurs de couplage et diviseurs capacitifs –

Partie 1: Règles générales
(CEI 33/441/CD:2008)

Anwendungswarnvermerk
Dieser Norm-Entwurf mit Erscheinungsdatum 2008-10-27 wird der Öffentlichkeit zur Prüfung und
Stellungnahme vorgelegt.

Weil die beabsichtigte Norm von der vorliegenden Fassung abweichen kann, ist die Anwendung dieses
Entwurfes besonders zu vereinbaren.

Stellungnahmen werden erbeten

– vorzugsweise als Datei per E-Mail an [email protected] in Form einer Tabelle. Die Vorlage dieser
Tabelle kann im Internet unter www.dke.de/stellungnahme abgerufen werden
– oder in Papierform an die DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik
im DIN und VDE, Stresemannallee 15, 60596 Frankfurt am Main.

Die Empfänger dieses Norm-Entwurfs werden gebeten, mit ihren Kommentaren jegliche relevante Patent-
rechte, die sie kennen, mitzuteilen und unterstützende Dokumentationen zur Verfügung zu stellen.

Gesamtumfang 78 Seiten

DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und VDE

 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................4
1 Scope..........................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................6
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................7
3.1 General definitions ......................................................................................................7
3.2 Coupling capacitor definitions ......................................................................................9
4 Service conditions .....................................................................................................11
4.1 Normal service conditions ..........................................................................................11
4.2 Special service conditions..........................................................................................12
4.3 System earthing.........................................................................................................13
5 Ratings......................................................................................................................13
5.1 Standard values of rated frequency ............................................................................13
5.2 Standard values of rated voltages ..............................................................................13
5.3 Standard values of rated voltage factor ......................................................................14
6 Design requirements..................................................................................................14
6.1 Insulation requirements .............................................................................................14
6.2 Other insulation requirements ....................................................................................16
6.3 Electromagnetic emission requirements .....................................................................18
6.4 Mechanical requirements ...........................................................................................19
6.5 Tightness of equipment..............................................................................................19
6.6 Voltage grading for DC-capacitors .............................................................................20
7 Test conditions ..........................................................................................................20
8 Classification of tests.................................................................................................20
8.1 Routine tests .............................................................................................................21
8.2 Type tests .................................................................................................................21
8.3 Special tests ..............................................................................................................22
9 Routine tests .............................................................................................................24
9.1 Tightness of the liquid-filled equipment ......................................................................24
9.2 Electrical routine test .................................................................................................24
10 Type tests .................................................................................................................27
10.1 Impulse tests .............................................................................................................27
10.2 Wet test for outdoor equipment ..................................................................................28
10.3 Radio interference voltage test ..................................................................................29
10.4 Voltage polarity reversal test for DC equipment ..........................................................29
11 Special tests ..............................................................................................................29
11.1 Mechanical strength test ............................................................................................29
11.2 the equipment............................................................................................................31
12 Marking of the equipment...........................................................................................31
12.1 General .....................................................................................................................31
12.2 Markings of the rating plate........................................................................................31
Annex A Typical diagram of an equipment.........................................................................33
Annex B Partial discharge test circuit and instrumentation...................................................35
Annex C Radio interference voltage – measurement circuit .................................................37

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Figure 1 – Altitude correction factor for insulation ...........................................................12

Figure 2 – Flow charts test sequence to be applied when performing the type test
(Figure 2a) and routine test (Figure 2b) .............................................................23
Figure A1 – Example of a diagram for a coupling capacitor (with and without low
voltage terminal) ...............................................................................................33
Figure A2 – Example of a diagram for a coupling capacitor with carrier-frequency
accessories (see IEC 60481) ............................................................................33
Figure A3 – Example of a diagram for a capacitive divider ...................................................34
Figure A4 – Example of a diagram of RC-divider .................................................................34
Figure B1 – Test circuit.......................................................................................................35
Figure B2 – Alternative circuit .............................................................................................35
Figure B3 – Example of balanced test circuit .......................................................................36
Figure B4 – Example of calibration circuit ...........................................................................36
Figure C1 – Measuring circuit .............................................................................................38

Table 1 – Rated ambient temperature categories ................................................................11

Table 2 – Standard values of rated voltage factors ..............................................................14
Table 3 – Standard insulation levels for AC voltages ...........................................................15
Table 4 – Partial discharge test voltages and permissible levels ..........................................17
Table 5 – Creepage distance ..............................................................................................18
Table 6 – Static withstand test loads for insulators ..............................................................19
Table 7 – Permissible temporary leakage rates for gas systems ..........................................20
Table 8 – Test voltages for units, stacks and complete equipment .......................................26
Table 9 – Modalities of application of the test loads to the line primary terminals .................31
Table 10 – Marking of the rating plate .................................................................................31

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 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

___________
COUPLING CAPACITORS AND CAPACITOR DIVIDERS

Part 1: Common clauses

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated
in the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 60358-1, has been prepared by IEC technical committee 33:
Power capacitors.

This standard replaces the second edition of IEC 60358, issued in 1990

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The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting
indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

This standard is Part 1 of IEC 60358, published under the general title coupling capacitors and
capacitor dividers.

This series consists of the following parts:

IEC 60358-1:200., Coupling capacitor and capacitor dividers – Part 1: Common clauses
IEC 60358-2:200., Coupling capacitor and capacitor dividers – Part 2: AC or DC single-phase
coupling capacitor connected between line and ground for power line carrier-
frequency (PLC) application
IEC 60358-3:200., Coupling capacitor and capacitor dividers – Part 3: AC or DC single-phase
coupling capacitor connected between line and ground for harmonic-filters
applications
IEC 60358-4:200., Coupling capacitor and capacitor dividers – Part 4: AC or DC single-phase
capacitor-divider and RC-divider connected between line and ground (except
for CVT’s which belong to IEC 60044-5(resp. 61869-5))

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 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

COUPLING CAPACITORS AND CAPACITOR DIVIDERS

PART 1: Common clauses

1 Scope

This standard IEC 60358-1 applies to:

x Capacitors, with one terminal either permanently earthed or at low voltage, as used
for applications listed hereunder and other similar uses.

This standard serves as umbrella standard for the coupling capacitor, the different parts of
this standard will present the supplementary specifications and tests, for example:

IEC60358-2 AC or DC single-phase coupling capacitor connected between line and ground

for power line carrier-frequency (PLC) application at carrier frequencies from
30 kHz to 500 kHz or similar applications on system voltages U m t 72,5 kV DC
or AC at power frequencies from 15 Hz to60 Hz.

IEC60358-3 AC or DC coupling capacitor connected between line and ground for

harmonic-filters applications

IEC60358-4 AC & DC single-phase capacitor-divider and RC-divider connected between

line and ground (except for CVT’s which belong to IEC 60044-5, resp. 61869-
5)
NOTE AC and DC can be either in one part or in separate parts.
NOTE Diagrams of coupling capacitor to which this standard applies are given in Figures A.1 and A.2.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

IEC 60038, IEC standard voltages

IEC 60044-5, Instrument transformers – Part 5: Capacitive voltage transformers

IEC 60050-321:1986, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 321:

Instrument transformers

IEC 60050-436:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 436: Power

capacitors

IEC 60050-601:1985, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 601:

Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity – General

IEC 60050-604:1987, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 604: Generation,

transmission and distribution of electricity – Operation

IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements

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IEC 60060-2, High-voltage test techniques – Part 2: Measuring systems

IEC 60071-1, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules

IEC 60085, Thermal evaluation and classification of electrical insulation

IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements

IEC 60481, Coupling devices for power line carrier systems

IEC 60721:(all parts), Classification of environmental conditions

IEC 60815, Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions

IEC 61462, Composite insulator - Hollow insulator for use outdoor and indoor electrical
equipment – Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria and design recommendation.

IEC 61869-5, Instrument transformers – Part 5: Capacitive voltage transformers (38/355/CDV

has been published in September 2006)

IEC 62155, Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use in
electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V

IEC 62271-300, High voltage alternating current circuit breakers – Guide for seismic
qualification of high voltage alternating current circuit breakers

CISPR 18-2, Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-voltage
equipment – Part 2: Methods of measurement and procedure for determining limits

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.

NOTE Some of these definitions are identical with or are similar to those of IEC 60050-321, IEC 60050-436,
IEC 60050-601 and IEC 60050-604. These are indicated by the relevant IEV reference number in brackets.

3.1 General definitions

3.1.1 equipment
a general term used for this standard, either for complete capacitor, capacitor divider, RC-
divider.

3.1.2 coupling capacitor

capacitor used for the transmission of signals in a power system [IEV 436-02-11]

3.1.3 rated frequency of a equipment

the frequency for which the coupling capacitor has been designed

3.1.4 standard reference range of frequency

The range of frequency which is applicable for the equipment.

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3.1.5 rated voltage U R

The value of the voltage which appears in the designation of the equipment and on which its
performance is based [IEV 321-01-12]

3.1.6 highest voltage for equipment U m

AC: the highest r.m.s. value of phase-to-phase voltage for which the equipment is designed
and may be used in respect of its insulation
DC: the highest value of line to ground voltage for which the equipment is designed and may
be used in respect of its insulation

3.1.7 rated insulation level

the combination of voltage values which characterises the insulation of the equipment with
regard to its capability to withstand dielectric stresses

3.1.8 isolated neutral system

a system where the neutral point is not intentionally connected to earth, except for high
impedance connections for protection or measurement purposes [IEV 601-02-24]

3.1.9 solidly earthed (neutral) system

a system whose neutral point(s) is (are) earthed directly [IEV 601-02-25]

3.1.10 impedance earthed (neutral) system

a system whose neutral point(s) is (are) earthed through impedances to limit earth fault
currents [IEV 601-02-26]

3.1.11 resonant earthed (neutral) system

a system in which one or more neutral points are connected to earth through reactances
which approximately compensate the capacitive component of a single-phase-to-earth fault
current [IEV 601-02-27]
NOTE With resonant earthing of a system, the residual current in the fault is limited to such an extent that an
arcing fault in air is self-extinguishing.

3.1.12 earth fault factor

at a given location of a three-phase system, and for a given system configuration, the ratio of
the highest r.m.s. phase-to-earth power frequency voltage on a healthy phase during a fault
to earth affecting one or more phases at any point on the system to the r.m.s. value of phase-
to-earth power frequency voltage which would be obtained at the given location in the
absence of any such fault [IEV 604-03-06]

3.1.13 earthed neutral system

system in which the neutral is connected to earth either solidly or through a resistance or
reactance of sufficiently low value to reduce transient oscillations and to give a current
sufficient for selective earth fault protection

a) A three-phase system with effectively earthed neutral at a given location is a system

characterized by an earth fault factor at this point which does not exceed 1,4.
NOTE This condition is obtained approximately when, for all system configurations, the ratio of zero-
sequence reactance to the positive-sequence reactance is less than 3 and the ratio of zero-sequence
resistance to positive-sequence reactance is less than one.

b) A three-phase system with non-effectively earthed neutral at a given location is a system

characterized by an earth fault factor at this point that may exceed 1,4.

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3.1.14 exposed installation

an installation in which the apparatus is subject to overvoltages of atmospheric origin
NOTE Such installations are usually connected to overhead transmission lines either directly or through a short
length of cable.

3.1.15 non-exposed installation

an installation in which the apparatus is not subject to overvoltages of atmospheric origin
NOTE Such installations are usually connected to underground cable networks.

3.1.16 rated voltage factor F V

the multiplying factor to be applied to the rated voltage U R to determine the maximum voltage
at which a equipment must comply with relevant thermal requirements for a specified time.

3.1.17 rated temperature category of the equipment

the range of temperature of the ambient air or of the cooling medium for which the equipment
has been designed

3.1.18 line terminal

terminal intended for connection to a line conductor of a network [IEV 436-03-01]

3.1.19 mechanical stress

the stresses on different parts of the equipment as a function of four main forces:

 forces on the terminals due to the line connections,

 forces due to the wind on the cross-section of the equipment with and without line trap
mounted on the top of a coupling/filter capacitor,
 seismic forces and
 electrodynamic forces due to short circuit current

3.1.20 voltage-connected equipment

Equipment which has only one connection to the high voltage line
NOTE Under normal conditions the top connection carries only the current of the equipment.

3.1.21 current-connected equipment

Equipment which has two connections to the high voltage line
NOTE The terminals and the top connection are designed to carry the line current under normal conditions.

3.1.22 line trap-connected coupling/filter capacitor

Coupling/filter capacitor which supports a line trap on its top
NOTE 1 In this case, the two connections to the line trap carry the HV line current and one connection from the
line trap to the capacitor carries the current of the capacitor
NOTE 2 The pedestal-mounting line traps in two phases generate additional forces during a short circuit in more
than one phase.

3.2 Coupling capacitor definitions

3.2.1 Coupling capacitor

a capacitor used for the transmission of signals in a power system [IEV 436-02-11]

3.2.2 (capacitor) element

a device consisting essentially of two electrodes separated by a dielectric

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3.2.3 (capacitor) unit

an assembly of one or more capacitor elements in the same container with terminals brought
out [IEV 436-01-04]

3.2.4 (capacitor) stack

an assembly of capacitor units connected in series [IEV 436-01-05]

3.2.5 capacitor
a general term used when it is not necessary to state whether reference is made to a
capacitor unit or to a capacitor stack

3.2.6 rated capacitance of a capacitor C R

the capacitance value for which the capacitor has been designed
NOTE This definition applies:
x for a capacitor unit, to the capacitance between the terminals of the unit;
x for a capacitor stack, to the capacitance between line and low voltage terminals or between line and earth
terminals of the stack;

3.2.7 low voltage terminal of a coupling capacitor

a terminal (NHF) intended for connection to earth either directly or via a drain coil of
negligible value of impedance, at rated frequency, for power line carrier (PLC) application
[IEV 436-03-04, modified]

3.2.8 capacitance tolerance

the permissible difference between the actual capacitance and the rated capacitance under
specified conditions [IEV 436-04-01]

3.2.9 equivalent series resistance of a capacitor

virtual resistance which, if connected in series with an ideal capacitor of capacitance value
equal to that of the capacitor in question, would have a power loss equal to the active power
dissipated in that capacitor under specified operating conditions at a given high frequency

3.2.10 capacitor losses

the active power dissipated in the capacitor [IEV 436-04-10]

3.2.11 tangent of the loss angle (tanG) of a capacitor

the ratio between the active power P a and the reactive power P r : tanG = P a /P r

3.2.12 temperature coefficient of capacitance T C

the fractional change of the capacitance for a given change in temperature:

C
T ª 1 º
TC «K »
C 20
qC ¬ ¼

'C represents the observed change in capacitance over the temperature interval 'T
C 20 °C represents the capacitance measured at 20 °C
NOTE The term ' C /' T according to this definition is usable only if the capacitance is an approximate linear
function of the temperature in the range under consideration. If not, the temperature dependency of the
capacitance should be shown in a graph or a table.

3.2.13 dielectric of a capacitor

The insulating material between the electrodes

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4 Service conditions

Detailed information concerning classification of environmental conditions is given in

IEC 60721 series.

4.1 Normal service conditions

4.1.1 Ambient air temperature

The equipment is classified in three categories as given in Table 1.

Table 1 – Rated ambient temperature categories

Category Minimum temperature Maximum temperature

°C °C

–5/40 –5 40
–25/40 –25 40
–40/40 –40 40
NOTE In the choice of the temperature category, storage and transportation conditions
should also be considered.

4.1.2 Altitude

The altitude does not exceed 1 000 m.

4.1.3 Vibrations or earthquakes

Vibrations due to causes external to the equipment or earthquakes are negligible.

4.1.4 Other service conditions for indoor equipment

Other considered service conditions are the following:

a) the influence of solar radiation may be neglected;

b) the ambient air is not significantly polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive gases, vapours or
salt;
c) the conditions of humidity are as follows:
1) the average value of the relative humidity, measured during a period of 24 h, does not
exceed 95 %;
2) the average value of the water vapour pressure for a period of 24 h, does not exceed
2,2 kPa;
3) the average value of the relative humidity, for a period of one month, does not exceed
90 %;
4) the average value of the water vapour pressure, for a period of one month, does not
exceed 1,8 kPa.

For these conditions, condensation may occasionally occur.

NOTE 1 Condensation be expected where sudden temperature changes occur in periods of high humidity.
NOTE 2 To withstand the effects of high humidity and condensation, such as breakdown of insulation or corrosion
of metallic parts, equipment designed for such conditions should be used.
NOTE 3 Condensation may be prevented by special design of the housing, by suitable ventilation and heating or
by the use of dehumidifying equipment.

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4.1.5 Other service conditions for outdoor equipment

Other considered service conditions are the following:

a) average value of the ambient air temperature, measured over a period of 24 h, does not
exceed 35 °C;
b) solar radiation up to a level of 1 000 W/m 2 (on a clear day at noon) should be considered;
c) the ambient air may be polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive gases, vapours or salt. The
pollution does not exceed the pollution levels given in Table 5;
d) the wind pressure does not exceed 700 Pa (corresponding to 34 m/s wind speed);
e) account should be taken of the presence of condensation or precipitation.

4.2 Special service conditions

When equipment may be used under conditions different from the normal service conditions
given in 4.1, the user’s requirements should refer to standardized steps as follows.

4.2.1 Altitude

For installation at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, the arcing distance under the standardized
reference atmospheric conditions shall be determined by multiplying the withstand voltages
required at the service location by factor k in accordance with Figure 1.

1,5
k [1]
m=1
1,4

1,3 m = 0,75

1,2

1,1

1,0
1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000
h [m]

IEC 305/04

These factors can be calculated with the following equation:

k = em (h – 1000)/8 150

where
h is the altitude in metres;
m=1 for power-frequency and lightning impulse voltage;
m = 0,75 for switching impulse voltage.
NOTE As for the internal insulation, the dielectric strength is not affected by altitude. The method for checking
the external insulation shall be agreed between manufacturer and purchaser.

Figure 1 – Altitude correction factor for insulation

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4.2.2 Ambient temperature

For installation in a place where the ambient temperature can be significantly outside the
normal service condition range stated in 4.1.1, the preferred ranges of minimum and
maximum temperature to be specified should be:

a) 50 °C and 40 °C for very cold climates;

b) 5 °C and 50 °C for very hot climates.

In certain regions with frequent occurrence of warm humid winds, sudden changes of
temperature may occur resulting in condensation even indoors.
NOTE Under certain conditions of solar radiation, appropriate measures e.g. roofing, forced ventilation, etc. may
be necessary, in order not to exceed the specified temperature rises.

4.2.3 Earthquakes

For installations where earthquakes are likely to occur, the relevant severity level in
accordance with IEC 62271 shall be specified by the user.

The compliance with such special requirements, if applicable, has to be demonstrated, either
by calculation or by testing as defined by relevant standards.

4.3 System earthing

The considered system earthings are:

a) isolated neutral system (see 3.1.8);

b) resonant earthed system (see 3.1.11);
c) earthed neutral system (see 3.1.13):
1) solidly earthed neutral system (see 3.1.9)
2) impedance earthed (neutral) system (see 3.1.10).

5 Ratings

5.1 Standard values of rated frequency

Standard values are 50 Hz and 60 Hz for AC voltages.

5.2 Standard values of rated voltages

5.2.1 Rated voltages U R

AC: The standard values of rated voltage of an equipment connected between one line of a
three-phase system and earth or between a system neutral point and earth shall be 1/ 3
times the values of rated system voltage.

Preferred values are given in IEC 60038.

NOTE The performance of an equipment is based on the rated voltage U R whereas the rated insulation level is
based on one of the highest voltages for equipment U m of IEC 60071-1

DC: The values of rated voltage of an equipment connected between one line and earth is the
values of rated DC line voltage.
For filter capacitors the harmonics voltages have to be included in the rated voltage.

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5.3 Standard values of rated voltage factor

5.3.1 standard values of rated voltage factor for AC voltages

The voltage factor is determined by the maximum operating voltage which, in turn, is
dependent on the system earthing conditions.

The standard voltage factors appropriate to the different earthing conditions are given in
Table 2 below, together with the permissible duration of maximum operating voltage (i.e.
rated time).

Table 2 – Standard values of rated voltage factors

Rated voltage
factor Method of connecting the primary terminal
Rated time
and system earthing conditions
FV
1,2 Continuous Between phase and earth in an effectively
earthed neutral system (3.1.12 a)
1,5 30 s
1,2 Continuous Between phase and earth in a non-effectively earthed
neutral system (3.1.12 b)) with automatic earth-fault tripping.
1,9 30 s

1,2 Continuous Between phase and earth in an isolated neutral system (3.1.7)
without automatic earth-fault tripping or in a resonant earthed
1,9 8h system (3.1.10) without automatic earth-fault tripping.

NOTE 1 Reduced rated times are permissible by agreement between manufacturer and user.
NOTE 2 The thermal requirements of an equipment is based on the rated voltage whereas the rated insulation level is
based on the highest voltage for equipment U m (IEC 60071-1).
NOTE 3 The maximum operating voltage of an equipment must be lower or equal to the highest voltage of equipment
U
m or the rated voltage U multiplied with the rated voltage factor 1,2 for continuous service, whichever is the lowest.
R
3

5.3.2 Standard values of rated voltage factor for DC voltages

For DC voltages, no standards are available; the rated voltage factor has to be defined
between manufacturer and purchaser.

6 Design requirements

6.1 Insulation requirements

The choice of the insulation level for equipment shall be made in accordance with the
standard insulation levels in Table 3. The rated insulation levels shall be based on its highest
voltage for equipment U m .

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Table 3 – Standard insulation levels for AC voltages

Rated lightning
Highest voltage for Rated power-frequency Rated Switching
impulse withstand
equipment Um withstand voltage withstand voltage
Range voltage
(r.m.s.) (r.m.s.) (peak) (peak)
kV kV kV kV
0,72 3 ---
1,2 6 ---
10 20
3,6
40
20 40
7,2
60
60
12 28
75
38 75
17,5
95
95
24 50
125
145
I 36 70
170
52 95 250
72.5 140 325
100 185 450
185 450
123
230 550
230 550
145
275 650
275 650
170
325 750
395 950
245
460 1050
395 950 750
300
460 1050 850
460 1050 850
362
510 1175 950
570 1300 1050
II 420
630 1425 1050
630 1425 1050
550
680 1550 1175
880 1950 1425
800
975 2100 1550
NOTE 1: For exposed installations it is recommended to choose the highest insulation level.
NOTE 2: Rated power frequency withstand voltage levels according to IEC 62271-203 may be different.
NOTE 3: For alternative levels, see IEC 60071-1.

For DC application, the DC withstand voltage test is defined with a factor F T which will be
specified in the 60358-2&3 for coupling capacitors and in 60358-4 for the dividers.

Applied general rules:

 The rated positive wet switching impulse withstand voltage is the base for the
determination of the minimum arcing distance (external insulation) of the equipment.
 The strength of the external insulation is usually tested wet with the rated short duration
power frequency withstand voltage (range I) or with the positive wet switching impulse
withstand voltage (range II) (see 10.2).
 The value of the rated lightning impulse withstand voltage is one factor with which to
determine the strength of the dielectric of the capacitors.

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 For AC applications In IEC 60071-1, for each U m only two standard withstand voltages are
sufficient to define the standard insulation level for the equipment:
x range I: U m < 300 kV: rated lightning impulse withstand voltage and rated short-
duration power-frequency withstand voltage;
x range II: 300 kV d U m d 800 kV: rated switching and rated lightning impulse
withstand voltages.
 For DC applications, no standards are available; the insulation level has to be defined
between manufacturer and user. Usually for each rated voltage only two standard
withstand voltages are sufficient to define the standard insulation level for the equipment:
x range I: U SIL < 750 kV: rated lightning impulse withstand voltage and
corresponding rated power frequency withstand voltage in wet conditions
(corresponding to the BIL voltage on table 3.
x range II: 750 kV d U SIL : rated switching (wet conditions) and rated lightning
impulse withstand voltages
 Due to the non-self-restoring internal insulation of equipment, for range II three standards
withstand voltages are specified in Table 3. The short duration power frequency withstand
voltage test (resp. DC voltage test for DC applications) has been specified for range II as
a routine test with partial discharge measurement. The stress with AC voltage (resp. DC
voltage for DC applications) determines the long term behaviour of the non-self-restoring
internal insulation of the equipment.
 The rated short-duration power frequency withstand voltage test (Table 3, column 3), with
partial discharge (PD) measurement in range II is an indication for the stress on the
insulation of the equipment.
 The rated insulation level is based on the highest voltage for equipment U m , whereas the
thermal requirement of the equipment is based on the rated voltage U R .
 The choice of the insulation level shall be made in accordance with 5.2.1 and IEC 60071-
1.

6.2 Other insulation requirements

6.2.1 Low voltage terminal not exposed to weather

Equipment with a low-voltage terminal shall be subjected for 1 min to a test voltage between
the low-voltage and earth terminals. The test voltage shall be an AC voltage of 4 kV (r.m.s.
value).

6.2.2 Low voltage terminal exposed to weather

If the low voltage terminal is exposed to the weather, it shall be subjected for 1 min to an AC
voltage of 10 kV (r.m.s. value) between the low-voltage and earth terminals.

6.2.3 Partial discharges

The partial discharge level shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 4 at the partial
discharge test voltage specified in the same table, after a pre-stressing performed according
to the procedures of 9.2.3.1.

Partial discharge requirements are applicable to the complete equipment.

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Table 4 – Partial discharge test voltages and permissible levels

Type of earthing Permissible PD level (pC)

PD test voltage (r.m.s.)
of the system Insulation immersed in liquid
Um 10

Earthed neutral system 1,2 Um

5
3
1,2 Um 10
Insulated or non-effectively earthed
1,2 Um
neutral system 5
3
NOTE 1 If the neutral system is not defined, the values given for isolated or non-effectively earthed systems
are valid.
NOTE 2 The permissible PD level is also valid for frequencies different from the system frequency.
NOTE 3 If only parts of the equipment are tested, the value of the test voltage will be equal to :

rated voltage of the unit

1,05 u test voltage of the equipment u
rated voltage of the equipment

or

rated voltage of the stack

1,05 u test voltage of the equipment u
rated voltage of the equipment

For DC application, the PD test voltage will be specified in the 60358-2&3 for coupling
capacitors and in 60358-4 for the dividers.

6.2.4 Chopped lightning impulse test

The test is intended to check the internal connections of the equipment.

If additionally specified, the complete equipment shall also be capable of withstanding a

chopped lightning impulse voltage having a peak value of 115 % of the rated lightning
impulse voltage.

6.2.5 Capacitance at power frequency

The capacitance C of a unit, a stack and a capacitor shall not differ from the rated
capacitance by more than  5 % to +10 %.
The ratio of the capacitances of any two units forming part of a capacitor stack shall not differ
by more than 5 % from the reciprocal ratio of the rated voltages of the units.
The capacitance shall be measured at 0.1 times and 0,9 to 1,1 times the U R , resp. UR/2 for
DC applications, or may be agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser

Co
NOTE 1 C
n
where
n is the number of elements in series;
C o is the capacitance of one element.
NOTE 2 The actual capacitance should be measured, or referred to, at the temperature at which the rated
capacitance is defined.

6.2.6 Losses of the capacitor at power frequency

The requirements relating to capacitor losses, expressed as tan G measured at 0,9 to 1,1
times the U R , resp. U R /2 for DC applications, or may be agreed upon between manufacturer
and purchaser.
NOTE 1 The purpose is to check the uniformity of the production. Limits for the permissible variations may be the
subject of an agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.

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NOTE 2 The tanG value is dependent on the insulation design and the voltage, the temperature and the
measuring frequency.
NOTE 3 The tanG value of certain types of dielectrics is a function of the energization time before the
measurement.
NOTE 4 The losses of the capacitor are an indication of the drying and impregnation process.
NOTE 5 For information, typical tanG values for dielectrics which are impregnated with mineral oil or synthetic oil
are at 20 °C (293 K) and nominal voltage:
a) Paper: d 5 u 10 -3
b) Mixed: film-paper-film and paper-film-paper d 3 u 10 -3
c) Film: d 1 u 10 -3

6.2.7 External insulation requirements

For outdoor insulation susceptible to contamination, the minimum rated specific creepage
distance measured on the insulation surface in millimetres is given in Table 5.

Table 5 – Creepage distance

Pollution level Minimum rated specific creepage distance a Creepage distance

mm/kV AC b
Arcing distance
I Light 16 d 3,5
II Medium 20 d 3,5
III Heavy 25 d 4,0

IV Very heavy 31 d 4,0

a For the actual creepage distance, the specified manufacturing tolerances are applicable (see IEC 62155).
b Ratio of the creepage distance measured in millimetres between phase and earth over the r.m.s. phase to phase
value of the highest voltage in kV for the equipment U m (see IEC 60071-1). For other information and
manufacturing tolerances on the creepage distance see IEC 60815.
NOTE 1 It is recognized that the performance of surface insulation is greatly affected by insulator shape.
NOTE 2 In very lightly polluted areas, specific rated creepage distances lower than 16 mm/kV can be used
depending on service experience. 12 mm/kV seems to be a lower limit.
NOTE 3 In the case of exceptional pollution severity, a specific rated creepage distance of 31 mm/kV may not be
adequate. Depending on service experience and/or on laboratory test results, a higher value of specific creepage
distance can be used, but in some instances the practicability of washing may have to be considered.
NOTE 4 The values are for porcelain insulators. Composite insulators exist which have better performance against
pollution, according to IEC 61462.

Low-voltage terminals exposed to the weather shall have a rated creepage distance of at
least 60 mm.

For DC voltages, no standards are available; the creepage distance has to be defined
between manufacturer and purchaser.

6.3 Electromagnetic emission requirements

6.3.1 Radio interference voltage (RIV)

This requirement applies to equipment having U m t 123 kV to be installed in air-insulated

substation. The radio interference voltage shall not exceed 2 500 P V at
1,1 U m / 3 .

NOTE 1: This requirement is included to meet some electromagnetic compatibility regulations.

NOTE 2: Although there is no direct conversion between RIV microvolts and PD picocoulombs, the equipment is
considered to have passed the test if at 1,1 U m / 3 the partial discharge level does not exceed 300 pC.

For DC applications, the test will be done with an AC 50/60Hz voltage. The test voltage is
defined as 1,1 Um/2.

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6.4 Mechanical requirements

Free standing equipment shall be capable of withstanding the static test loads given in Table
6.

The specified test loads are intended to be applied in any direction to the primary terminals.

Table 6 – Static withstand test loads for insulators

Static withstand test load F R [ N]

Highest voltage
for equipment Equipment with:
Um
Voltage terminals Through current terminals
kV
Load class I Load class II

72,5 to 100 500 1 250 2 500

123 to 170 1 000 2 000 3 000
245 to 362 1 250 2 500 4 000

t 420 1 500 4 000 5 000

NOTE 1 This requirements do not apply to suspended equipment.

NOTE 2 The sum of the loads acting in routine operating conditions should not exceed 50 % of the specified
withstand test load.
NOTE 3 In some applications equipment with through current terminals should withstand rarely occurring
extreme dynamic loads (e.g. short circuits) not exceeding 1,4 times the static test load.
NOTE 4 The suspension system of the equipment should be so designed to withstand a tensile stress of at
least the mass in kilograms, with a safety factor of 2,5, multiplied by 9,81 to get the corresponding force in
newtons.
NOTE 5 If the equipment is used to support a line trap, other test loads should be agreed between
manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE 6 For some applications it may be necessary to establish the resistance to rotation of the primary
terminals. The moment to be applied during the test shall be agreed between manufacturer and purchaser.

6.5 Tightness of equipment

The complete equipment shall be tight in the full temperature range specified for the
applicable temperature category.

6.5.1 Gas tightness

6.5.1.1 General
The following specifications apply to all instrument transformers that use gas, other than air
at atmospheric pressure, as an insulating medium.
6.5.1.2 Closed pressure systems for gas
The tightness characteristic of a closed pressure system stated by the manufacturer shall be
consistent with a minimum maintenance and inspection philosophy.
The tightness of closed pressure systems for gas is specified by the relative leakage rate F rel
of each compartment.

Standardized value is 0.5% per year, for SF6 and SF6-mixtures.

Means shall be provided to enable gas systems to be safely replenished while the equipment
is in service.

NOTE 1: These values can be used to calculate times between replenishments, T, outside extreme conditions of
temperature.
NOTE 2 – Lower leakage rates can be specified according to national regulations and regional practice

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An increased leakage rate at extreme temperatures (if such tests are required in the relevant
standards) is acceptable, provided that this rate resets to a value not higher than the
maximum
permissible value at normal ambient air temperature. The increased temporary leakage rate
shall not exceed the values given in table 7.
In general, for the application of an adequate test method, reference is made to IEC 60068-2-
17.

Table 7 – Permissible temporary leakage rates for gas systems

Temperature class [°C] Permissible temporary

leakage rate
+40 and +50 3Fp
ambient temperature Fp
5 /10 /15 /25 /40 3Fp
50 6Fp

6.5.1.3 Sealed pressure systems

The tightness of sealed pressure systems is specified by their expected operating life. The
manufacturer shall specify the expected operating life. Preferred values are 20 years and30
years

6.6 Voltage grading for DC-capacitors

The manufacturer should take in account the DC-voltage distribution between capacitor
element of a unit and between the series connected units.

7 Test conditions

Unless otherwise specified for a particular test or measurement, the temperature of the
capacitor dielectric at the start of the test shall be between +5 °C and +35 °C and shall be
known.

It may be assumed that the temperature of the dielectric is the same as that of the ambient
air, provided that the capacitor has been left in an unenergized state in a constant ambient-
air temperature for an adequate period.

If correction is necessary, the reference temperature shall be +20 °C, unless otherwise
agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

Unless otherwise specified the AC tests and measurements shall be carried out at a
frequency between 0,8 and 1,2 times the rated frequency for capacitors with a rated
frequency of 50 Hz or higher and at a frequency between 40 Hz and 72 Hz for capacitors with
a rated frequency below 50 Hz.

The type tests shall be carried out on a capacitor stack, unless otherwise specified. The
routine tests, if the capacitor consists of several capacitor units, may be carried out on
separate units, taking into account the increased test voltage (as specified in subclause 9.2),
to cater for the non-uniformity of the voltage distribution due to capacitance tolerance.

8 Classification of tests

The tests specified in this standard are classified as routine tests, type tests and special
tests. The routine and type tests shall be carried out in the same sequence as outlined in the
flow chart (see Figure 2).

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The classification is as follows:

x Routine test
A test to which each individual equipment is subjected.
x Type test
A test made on each type of equipment to demonstrate that all equipments made
according to the same specification comply with the requirements not covered by routine
tests.
NOTE 1 A type test may also be considered valid if it is made on an equipment which has minor deviations.
Such deviations should be subject to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE 2 The type test must follow the procedure as specified in the flow chart of Figure 2.

x Special test
A test other than a type test or a routine test, that shall be performed upon agreement
between manufacturer and purchaser.

8.1 Routine tests

The following tests are routine tests. For details, reference should be made to the relevant
sub-clauses:

a) tightness of equipment (9.1);

b) capacitance and tan G measurement at power-frequency (9.2.1);
c) Power-frequency or DC withstand test (9.2.2);
d) Measurement of partial discharges (9.2.3);
e) Resistance measurement if resistance(s) is(are) mounted inside the equipment (9.2.5).
f) Power-frequency withstand test on low voltage terminal if applicable (9.2.4);

The order or possible combination of the tests is not standardized excepted for the
highlighted test in figure 2.

Repeated power-frequency tests should be performed at 80 % of the specified test voltage

8.2 Type tests

The following tests are type tests.

The electrical routine tests have to be performed before and after the type test at 100% test
voltages.

For details, reference should be made to the relevant subclauses

a) Discharge test (10.1.2) for DC-coupling/filter capacitor

b) Chopped impulse test for AC equipment and DC-dividers (10.1.2.1)
c) Lightning impulse test (10.1.3);
d) Power frequency withstand voltage wet test for outdoor type equipment for AC voltage for
the voltage range Um< 300 kV (10.2.1);
e) DC-withstand voltage wet test for outdoor type equipment for DC voltage for the voltage
range SIL < 750 kV (peak) (10.2.1);
f) switching impulse test under wet conditions for AC voltage range t 300 kV (10.2.2);
g) switching impulse test under wet conditions for the DC voltage equipment with a voltage
range SIL t 750 kV (peak) (10.2.2);
h) EMC radio interference voltage (RIV) tests, if applicable (10.3);
i) Polarity reversal test for DC equipment (10.4)

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The type tests can be carried out on two different units; electrical type tests have to be made
on the same unit.

The capacitance C of a unit or a stack or a coupling capacitor or capacitive divider shall not
C 1 C
change by more than d during any test sequence (6.2.5).
C n Co

The type test report shall include the results of the routine tests.

NOTE 1 'C is the measured change of the capacitance C.

NOTE 2 By an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser the order of the test sequence (Figure 2)
can be modified.

8.3 Special tests

The following tests are special tests. For details, reference should be made to the relevant
sub-clause:

a) mechanical strength test (11.1);

b) the equipment2

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Type test Routine test

Electrical routine tests
(a) Tightness of capacitors

(h) EMC RIV test if applicable

(b) C + tanG test

a) Discharge test
Method A Method B
b) Chopped impulse test

(c) AC + (d) PD test (c) AC test

c) Lightning impulse 80 % prest. voltage

(d) PD test

Range I Range II
AC: Um< 300 kV AC: >300 kV
DC: UBIL <750kV DC: >750kV (b) C + tan G test
(d-e) AC/DC wet test (f-g) wet switching
Impulse test

(e) Resistance measurement

(if mounted resistance)
i) Polarity reversal test
For DC equipment

(f) AC-test of low voltage

Electrical routine tests terminal

End of the End of the

type test routine tests

Figure 2a – Type test IEC xxx/yy Figure 2b – Routine test IEC xxx/yy

Figure 2 – Flow charts test sequence to be applied when performing

the type test (Figure 2a) and routine test (Figure 2b )

Note: specific supplementary tests (for ex. Accuracy, ratio, …) are defined in the specific
part.

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 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

9 Routine tests

9.1 Tightness of the liquid-filled equipment

The tightness test shall be a routine test on the equipment or on separate units. The
tightness test shall be done with a pressure of the liquid above the operating pressure,
depending on the type of the expansion device for the equipment for 8 h. A helium leakage
test can also be performed.
NOTE  On agreement between manufacturer and purchaser a special test can be specified to prove the tightness
design of equipment (11.2).

9.1.1 Closed pressure systems for gas

The tightness test on the enclosure of gas-insulated equipment shall prove
compliance with the requirements given in Clause 6.5.1 and shall be performed on a complete
transformer at ambient temperature 20 r10 °C.
If possible, the method will be the cumulative method for closed pressurised systems as
specified by IEC 60068-2-17 (test method 1 of Qm test). Leakage detection using a sniffing
device may be used. If a leak is detected with the leakage detector, then the leakage shall be
quantified using the cumulative method.
The test should be started at least one hour after the filling of the equipment in order to reach
a stabilised leakage flow.
The position of the equipment may be different from the service position due to the physical
limitations of the environmental chamber. The sensitivity of the leakage measurement shall be
such as to detect a leakage rate corresponding to about 0,25 %/year.

9.2 Electrical routine test

The order of the highlighted electrical test according to flow chart fig. 2 is mandatory

9.2.1 Capacitance and tan G measurement at power-frequency

Before and after the dielectric test a measurement of capacitance C and tanG at U R ± 10 %,
resp. U R /2 for DC applications, shall be carried out; however in order to reveal any change
in capacitance due to the puncture of one or more elements, a preliminary capacitance
measurement shall be made before the dielectric routine tests, at a sufficiently low voltage
(10 % of rated voltage).

This test may be carried out either on a capacitor stack or on separate units. In case of
measurement of a unit, capacitance C and tanG shall be measured at:

rated voltage of the unit

U test = U R u
rated voltage of the stack

And in case of measurement of a stack:

rated voltage of the stack

U test = U R u
rated voltage of the complete equipment

NOTE: for multiple unit resp. stack, see similar calculation for AC withstand voltage test in table 8 in § 9.2.2

The capacitance shall be measured using a method that excludes errors due to harmonics
and to accessories in the measuring circuit. The accuracy of the measuring method shall be
as required by the specific application.
NOTE 1 When there is an intermediate voltage terminal which is still accessible when the equipment is
completely assembled the following should be measured:

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E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

a) the capacitance between line and low voltage terminal or line and earth terminal,
b) the capacitance between the intermediate and low voltage terminals or intermediate and earth terminal.
NOTE 2 If the number of elements in series in the tested unit is large, it may be difficult to ascertain whether no
puncture has occurred because of the following uncertainties:
 reproducibility of the measurement;
 capacitance change caused by the mechanical forces on the elements during the dielectric tests;
 capacitance change caused by temperature difference of the equipment before and after the tests.
In this case, it should be proved by the manufacturer, for example by comparing the capacitance variations of
equipments of the same type and/or by calculation of the capacitance change caused by the temperature increase
during the test, that no puncture had occurred. To reduce the measurement uncertainty it may be convenient to
carry out these measurements on each unit.

9.2.2 Power-frequency or DC withstand test

The withstand test shall be performed in accordance with IEC 60060-1.

The AC-test shall be carried out with voltages of substantially sinusoidal waveshape. The
voltage shall be rapidly increased from a relatively low value to the test voltage value,
maintained for 1 min, unless otherwise agreed, and then rapidly reduced to a relatively low
value before being switched off.

Capacitance C, tanG (9.2.1) and partial discharge measurements (9.2.3) can be made during
the AC test of the equipment.

Every equipment or capacitor stack or unit shall be subjected to the withstand test. The test
voltage being applied between the high voltage and the earth terminals when testing a
capacitor stack, and between the terminals when testing a unit. When a low voltage terminal
is provided, it shall be connected directly, or by a low impedance, to earth during this test.
During the test, neither puncture (see 9.2.1) nor flashover shall occur.

The value of the test voltage shall be equal to:

rated voltage of the unit

k u test voltage of the stack u
rated voltage of the stack

when testing a single unit forming part of a stack.

The value of the test voltage shall be equal to:

rated voltage of the stack

k u test voltage of the complete equipment u
rated voltage of the complete equipment

when testing a single stack forming part of a complete equipment.

k factor is 1.05 for AC/DC withstand test.

The test voltages for equipment are given in § 6.1 (for AC: Table 3) depending on the highest
voltage for equipment. For DC application, the DC withstand voltage test is defined with a
factor F T which will be specified in the 60358-2&3 for coupling capacitors and in 60358-4 for
the dividers.

NOTE An example of test values of units and stacks for a 550 kVAC equipment is given in Table 8.

– highest voltage for equipment: U m = 550 kV;

– rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage: 680 kV.

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 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

Table 8 – Test voltages for units, stacks and complete equipment

Test voltage (r.m.s.)

Number
kV
Units Stacks Unit Stack Complete equipment
2 1 340 u 1,05 680 680
4 2 170 u 1,05 340 u 1,05 680
6 3 113 u 1,05 227 u˜ 1,05 680

9.2.3 Partial discharge measurement

9.2.3.1 Test procedure for equipment (see annex B)

After a pre-stressing performed according to procedure A or B, the partial discharge test

voltage specified in Table 4 is applied and the corresponding partial discharge level shall be
measured within 30 s.

The limits of partial discharge level are specified in § 6.2.3 (for AC: Table 4).

Procedure A: The partial discharge test voltages are reached while decreasing the voltage
after the power frequency withstand test.

Procedure B: The partial discharge test is performed after the AC voltage withstand test. The
applied voltage is raised to 80 % of the withstand voltage, maintained for not less than 60 s,
then reduced without interruption to the specified partial discharge test voltage. For DC
application, the pre-stress voltage will be specified in the 60358-2&3 for coupling capacitors
and in 60358-4 for the dividers.

If not otherwise specified, the choice of procedure is left to the manufacturer. The test
method used shall be indicated in the test report.

9.2.4 AC-withstand test on low-voltage terminal of the equipment (6.2.1 and 6.2.2)

Equipment with a low-voltage terminal shall be subjected for 1 min to a test voltage between
the low-voltage and earth terminals. The test voltage shall be an AC voltage of 10 kV (r.m.s.
value). If the low-voltage terminal is not exposed to the weather or if a carrier-frequency
coupling device with overvoltage protection is part of the equipment, the test voltage shall be
an AC voltage of 4 kV (r.m.s. value).

Note 1: If a protection gap between low voltage terminal and earth is incorporated, it should be prevented from
functioning during the test. The carrier frequency accessories should be disconnected during the tests.

Note 2: If the test voltage is too low for the insulation co-ordination of the carrier-frequency accessories with the
low voltage terminal, a higher value may be agreed upon the request of the purchaser.

Note 3: In case of post insulator delivered with the capacitor (instead of low voltage bushing) the necessity of
the test has to be agreed between seller and purchaser.

9.2.5 Resistance measurement

The resistance of the grading resistor shall be measured. The value shall be within the
tolerances specified for the design.

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10 Type tests

10.1 Impulse tests

10.1.1 General

Impulse tests shall be performed on a complete equipment in accordance with IEC 60060-1.

The test voltage shall be applied between high voltage terminal and earth. The low voltage
terminal of the equipment shall be earthed during the test.

The impulse test generally consists of voltage application at reference and rated voltage
levels. The reference impulse voltage shall be between 50 % and 75 % of the rated impulse
withstand voltage.

The peak value and the wave-shape of the impulse voltage shall be recorded.

Evidence of insulation failure due to the test may be given by variation in the wave-shape at
both reference and rated withstand voltage.

The absence of failure shall be verified during the final routine test by measurement of the
capacitance of the unit(s) at 0,9 to 1,1 times the rated voltage before and after the test (see
Note 2 of subclause 9.2.1).
NOTE 1 The earth connections may be made through suitable current recording devices.

10.1.2 Discharge test for DC-coupling/filter capacitor

The test may be carried out either on a capacitor stack or on a unit. A voltage shall be
applied between the line and earth terminals of a stack or between the terminals of a unit in
order to charge the capacitor to a voltage equal to the lightning test voltage. The capacitor
shall then be discharged through a rod gap so situated as to obtain the highest discharge
frequency.

The test shall be made twice within 5 min.

NOTE 1  This test is intended to check the internal connections of the capacitor.
NOTE 2 The capacitor may be charged either by means of a d.c. generator or by an impulse generator, the
choice being left to the manufacturer.

10.1.2.1 Chopped impulse test for AC equipment and DC-dividers.

The test shall be carried out on a complete equipment with negative polarity only and
combined with the negative polarity lightning impulse test in the manner described below.

The voltage shall be a standard lightning impulse as defined in IEC 60060-1, chopped after
the crest value has been reached between 2 µs and 8 µs. The chopping circuit shall be so
arranged that the polarity reversal of the recorded impulse shall be limited to 30 % of the
peak value. The lightning impulse shall be chopped with a suitable gap.

Note 1: If the front time is longer (see 10.1.3) the chopped time has to be adjusted accordingly (after the crest
value).

The test voltage of the wave impulses shall given in Table 3 depending on the highest
voltage for the equipment and the specified insulation level.

equipmentequipment Flashovers during chopped impulses across self-restoring external

insulation shall be disregarded in the evaluation of the behaviour of the insulation.

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10.1.3 Lightning-impulse test

The waveform of the applied impulses shall be in accordance with IEC 60060-1, but the front
time may be increased to a maximum of 8 µs, owing to the limitations of the testing
equipment.

The test voltage given in Table 3 depending on the highest voltage for equipment and the
specified insulation level.

a) Range I: U m < 300 kV

The test shall be performed with both positive and negative polarities. Fifteen consecutive
impulses of each polarity, not corrected for atmospheric conditions, shall be applied.

The equipment passes the test if for each polarity:

 no disruptive discharge occurs in the non-self-restoring internal insulation,

 no flashovers occur along the non-self-restoring external surface insulation,
 no more than two flashovers occur across the self-restoring external insulation,
 no other evidence of insulation failure is detected (e.g., variations in the waveshape of the
recorded quantities for the same voltage level).
NOTE The application of 15 positive and 15 negative impulses is specified for testing the internal and external
insulation. If other tests are agreed between manufacturer and purchaser to check the external insulation (see
10.2.1), the number of lightning impulses may be reduced to three of each polarity, not corrected for atmospheric
conditions.

b) Range II: U m t 300 kV

The test shall be performed with both positive and negative polarities. Three consecutive
impulses of each polarity, not corrected for atmospheric conditions, shall be applied.

The equipment passes the test if:

 no disruptive discharge and no external breakdown occurs,

 no other evidence of insulation failure is detected (e.g., variations in the waveshape of the
recorded quantities, taking into account the remarks for range I ),

10.2 Wet test for outdoor equipment

The wetting procedure shall be in accordance with IEC 60060-1.

10.2.1 AC/DC withstand wet test on equipment “range I”

(AC: U m < 300 kV and DC: U SIL < 750kV (peak))

The test shall be performed during one minute on a complete equipment with rated short
duration withstand voltage value given in Table 3 depending on the highest voltage for
equipment and applying corrections for atmospheric conditions.

10.2.2 switching impulse withstand wet test on equipment “range II”

(Um > 300 kV and DC: U SIL > 750kV (peak))

The test shall be performed on a complete equipment in accordance with 10.1.1 only with
positive switching impulse voltage of the appropriate value given in Table 3, depending on
the highest voltage for the equipment and the rated insulation level.

Fifteen consecutive impulses, corrected for atmospheric conditions, shall be applied. Outdoor
type equipment shall be subjected to the wet test. Dry test is not required.

The equipment passes the test if:

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E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

 no disruptive discharge occurs in the non-self-restoring internal insulation,

 no flashovers occur along the non-self-restoring external surface insulation,
 no more than two flashovers occur across the self-restoring external insulation,
 no other evidence of insulation failure is detected (e.g. variations in the waveshape of the
recorded quantities for the same voltage level).

NOTE Test arrangement and test connections in accordance with 10.1.1.

10.3 Radio interference voltage test

The equipment, shall be dry and clean and at approximately the same temperature as the
laboratory room in which the test is made.

The test shall be performed in accordance with the Annex C

In accordance with this standard, the test should be performed under the following
atmospheric conditions (see CISPR 18-2):

 temperature between 10 °C and 30 °C;

 pressure between 0,870 u 10 5 Pa and 1,070 u 10 5 Pa;
 relative humidity between 45 % and 75 %.
NOTE 1 By agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, tests may be carried out under other atmospheric
conditions.
NOTE 2 No correction factors for atmospheric conditions in accordance with IEC 60060-1 are applicable to radio
interference tests.

A pre-stress voltage of 1,5 U m / 3 shall be applied and maintained for 30 s.

Then the voltage shall be decreased to 1,1 U m / 3 in about 10 s and maintained at this value
for 30 s before measuring the radio interference voltage.

The equipment shall be considered to have passed the test if the radio interference level at
1,1 U m / 3 does not exceed the limit prescribed in 7.5.1.

NOTE 3 By agreement between manufacturer and purchaser, the RIV test as described above may be replaced
by a partial discharge measurement applying the pre-stress and test voltages specified above. Any precaution
taken during PD measurement performed in accordance with 9.2.3 for avoiding external discharges (i.e. shielding)
shall be removed. In this case the balanced test circuit is not appropriate.

10.4 Voltage polarity reversal test for DC equipment

The test may be carried out either on a equipment stack or on a unit. A DC voltage of 1.1 U R
shall be applied for 2 hours. The voltage shall then be reversed within 1 minutes to the same
value of opposite polarity; after 2 hours a new reversal shall be performed and the voltage is
kept for 1 hours.
The absence of failure shall be verified during the final routine test by measurement of the
capacitance and resistance of the unit(s).

11 Special tests

11.1 Mechanical strength test

The tests are carried out to demonstrate if the equipment is in compliance with the
requirements specified in 6.4.

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The equipment shall be completely assembled and installed in vertical position with the frame
rigidly fixed.

The test loads shall be applied for 1 min for each of the conditions indicated in Table 9.

The equipment shall be considered to have passed the test if there is no evidence of damage
(deformation, rupture or leakage).

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Table 9 – Modalities of application of the test loads to the line primary terminals

Type of equipment
Modality of application

Horizontal

With voltage
terminal

Vertical

Horizontal to
each terminal

With through
current terminals

Vertical to each
terminal

NOTE The test load is applied to the centre of the terminal.

11.2 the equipment

6.59.1equipmentequipmentequipmentequipment

12 Marking of the equipment

12.1 General

If the equipment contains material (e.g. mineral or synthetic oil,) that might pollute the
environment or may be hazardous in any other way, the unit shall be equipped with a label
according to the relevant laws of the country of the user, who is responsible for informing the
manufacturer about such laws.

12.2 Markings of the rating plate

Table 10 – Marking of the rating plate

No. Abbre- Clause/ Stack Unit Remark

Rating
viation subclause

1 Manufacturer’s x x
name or abbreviation

2 Type, designation x

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No. Abbre- Clause/ Stack Unit Remark

Rating
viation subclause

3 Year of manufacture x

4 Serial number x x

5 Highest voltage x
for equipment U m > kV @ 6 / 6.1

6 Rated insulation 6 / 6.1 x

level based on U m
SIL /BIL /AC e.g.
Range I: AC/BIL
Range II: AC/SIL/BIL

8 Rated frequency f R >Hz @ 3.1.3 x

10 Rated capacitance x
CR >pF@ 3.2.6

12 Number of units of the 3.2.3 x

equipment

13 Serial number of capacitor If necessary

units

14 Ambient temperature 4.1.1 x

categories 4.2.2

15 insulation oil Type x

(mineral or synthetic oil) Mass > kg @ 12.1

18 Standard IEC
edition (year) 60358 -
(200.)

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Annex A

Typical diagram of an equipment

A High voltage terminal A

C1 C1
High voltage capacitor

Earth terminal

Low voltage terminal of

coupling capacitor NHF

Figure A1 – Example of a diagram for a coupling capacitor (with and without low voltage terminal)

A High voltage terminal

C1
High voltage capacitor

Low voltage terminal of

coupling capacitor NHF Earth terminal

To PLC-System
Voltage
limitation device
Drain coil
N

IEC …/..

Figure A2 – Example of a diagram for a coupling capacitor

with carrier-frequency accessories (see IEC 60481)

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A High voltage terminal

C1

High voltage capacitor

C2

Low voltage terminal Intermediate voltage

of a divider NHF Earth terminal
terminal of a divider

IEC …….

Figure A3 – Example of a diagram for a capacitive divider

A High voltage terminal

C1

High voltage
RC-divider capacitor

C2

Low voltage terminal

of a divider NHF Intermediate voltage
Earth terminal
terminal of a divider

IEC …….

Figure A4 – Example of a diagram of RC-divider

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Annex B

Partial discharge test circuit and instrumentation

The test circuit and the instrumentation used shall be in accordance with IEC 60270. Some
examples of test circuits are shown in Figures B1 to B4.

The instrument used shall measure the apparent charge q expressed in pico-coulomb (pC).
Its calibration shall be performed in the test circuit (see example in Figure B4).

The sensitivity and noise-level shall allow to detect a partial discharge level of 5 pC to prove
compliance with Table 4.
NOTE 1 Pulses that are known to be caused by external disturbances can be disregarded.
NOTE 2 For the suppression of external noise, the balanced test circuit is appropriate (Figure B3)
NOTE 3 When electronic signal processing and recovery are used to reduce the background noise, this shall be
demonstrated by varying its parameters such that it allows the detection of repetitive pulses.

T
Ck Ca

Zm M

IEC 312/04

Components
T Test transformer M PD measuring instrument
Ca Equipment to be tested Z m Measuring impedance
Ck Reference coupling capacitor Z Filter

NOTE The filter is not present if C K is the capacitance of the test object.

Figure B1 – Test circuit

T
Ca Ck

Zm M

IEC 313/04

Components
T Test transformer Zm Measuring impedance
Ca Equipment to be tested Z Filter
Ck Coupling capacitor M PD measuring instrument

Figure B2 – Alternative circuit

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 E DIN IEC 60358-1 (VDE 0560-2):2008-11

Ca Ca2 or Ck
T
M
Zm1 Zm2

IEC 314/04

Components
T Test transformer M PD measuring instrument
C a1 Equipment under test Zm Measuring impedance
C a2 Auxiliary object or C k (Coupling capacitor) Z Filter

NOTE The objects C a2 or C k in the second bridge branch shall have a similar impedance as the capacitor voltage
divider C a1 · C a2 can be another capacitor voltage divider of similar capacitance.

Figure B3 – Example of balanced test circuit

Ca Co G
T Ck
M
Zm

IEC 315/04

Components
T Test transformer M PD measuring instrument
C a1 Equipment under test Z m Measuring impedance
C a2 Auxiliary object or C k (Coupling capacitor) Z Filter
G Pulse generator with capacitance Co

Figure B4 – Example of calibration circuit

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Annex C

Radio interference voltage – measurement circuit

The measuring circuit (see Figure C1) shall comply with CISPR 18-2. The measuring circuit
shall preferably be tuned to a frequency in the range of 0,5 MHz to 2 MHz, the measuring
frequency being recorded. The results shall be expressed in microvolts.

The impedance between the test conductor and earth (Z S + (R 1 + R 2 ) in Figure C1) shall be
300 : r 40 : with a phase angle not exceeding 20° at the measuring frequency.

A capacitor, C S , may also be used in place of the filter Z S and a capacitance of 1 000 pF is
generally adequate.
NOTE 3  A specially designed capacitor may be necessary in order to avoid too low a resonant frequency.

The filter Z shall have a high impedance at the measuring frequency in order to decouple the
power frequency source from the measuring circuit. A suitable value for this impedance has
been found to be 10 000 : to 20 000 : at the measuring frequency.

The radio interference background level (radio interference caused by external field and by
the high-voltage transformer) shall be at least 6 dB (preferably 10 dB) below the specified
radio interference level.
NOTE 4  Care should be taken to avoid disturbances caused by nearby objects to the voltage transformer and to
the test and measuring circuits.

Calibration methods for the measuring instruments and for the measuring circuit are given in
CISPR 18-2.

A pre-stress voltage of 1,5 U m / 3 shall be applied and maintained for 30 s.

The voltage shall then be decreased to 1,1 U m / 3 in about 10 s and maintained to this value
for 30 s before measuring the radio interference voltage.

The voltage transformer shall be considered to have passed the test if the radio interference
level at 1,1 U m / 3 does not exceed the limit prescribed in 6.3.

NOTE 5  By agreement between manufacturer and purchaser, the RIV test as described above may be replaced
by a partial discharge measurement applying the pre-stress and test voltages specified above.
Any precaution taken during partial discharge measurement performed in accordance with 9.2 for avoiding external
discharges (i.e., shielding) shall be removed. In this case, the balanced test circuit is not appropriate.
Although there is no direct conversion between RIV microvolts and partial discharge picocoulombs, the voltage
transformer is considered to have passed the test if at 1,1 U m / 3 the partial discharge level does not exceed
300 pC.

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Z B

ZS CS

T Ca

R1
L1
R2
M

IEC 381/03

T is the test transformer

C a is the test object
Z is the filter
B is the corona-free termination
M is the measuring set
Z S + R 1 + R 2 = 300 :
Z S , C S , L 1 , R 1 , R 2 see CISPR 18-2

Figure C1 – Measuring circuit

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_____________

Bibliography

IEC 60422, Supervision and maintenance guide for mineral insulating oils in electrical
equipment

IEC 61462, Composite insulators – Hollow insulators for use in outdoor and indoor electrical
equipment – Definitions, test methods, acceptance criteria and design recommendations

CISPR 16-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods  Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus



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