Smart Agriculture and Smart Farming using IoT

Technology
 Smart Agriculture and Smart Farming using IoT Technology

ABSTRACT

The agriculture sector is undergoing a significant transformation fueled by

advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Smart Agriculture, also known as
precision agriculture or smart farming, leverages IoT sensors, actuators, and data analytics to
optimize various farming processes, improve resource utilization, and enhance crop yield and
quality. This paper presents an overview of the application of IoT technology in smart
agriculture, highlighting its potential benefits and challenges.

We begin by discussing the key components of smart agriculture systems, including IoT
sensors for monitoring environmental factors such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity,
and pH levels, as well as actuators for automated irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.
These sensors and actuators are interconnected through wireless networks and integrated
with cloud-based platforms for real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making.
Furthermore, we explore several use cases of IoT technology in smart agriculture, such as
precision irrigation systems that deliver water precisely where and when needed based on
soil moisture levels and weather forecasts, drone-based monitoring for crop health
assessment and disease detection, and livestock tracking systems for monitoring animal
behavior and health status.

Moreover, we discuss the benefits of smart agriculture, including increased crop yield,
resource efficiency, and sustainability, as well as reduced labor costs and environmental
impact. However, we also address challenges such as data privacy and security concerns,
interoperability issues, and the digital divide in rural areas.

In conclusion, smart agriculture powered by IoT technology holds immense potential

to revolutionize the way food is produced, making farming more efficient, sustainable, and
resilient to environmental challenges. However, successful implementation requires
addressing technical, regulatory, and socio-economic challenges to ensure widespread
adoption and maximize its benefits for farmers and society as a whole.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Lighting, Fertilization,

Agriculture, Remote, Communication.

2
 INTRODUCTION

The advancement of science and technology, the global GDP has risen consistently. As
a result, the presence of this reality has encouraged the development of smart farming,
which use sensors and irrigation systems to manage crops as they grow. With sensor-based
computer applications, more accurate information about the crop, soil, and environment
may be gathered. It promotes high-quality process and raw materials throughout the entire
product process. This is because utilizing the Internet of Things in smarter agriculture makes
it more competitive than traditional methods. Combined with IoT-based smart agriculture
technologies, organic agricultural agriculture and family farming may see a benefit. It is the
case that between agricultural producers and IoT technology, a digital breach has occurred,
thus farmers are not vulnerable to IoT assaults. Sustainable use of water and input and
treatment optimization will allow farmers to produce more food while also preserving the
environment.

To include agriculture in smart use of natural resources, usage of technologies such as

remote control, decision support tools, automated irrigation systems, frost avoidance, and
fertilization is required. These activities are supplied by IoT technologies, which provide
devices like as hardware, intelligent apps, integration platforms, control procedures,
operating systems, and cloud computing. The benefits of IoT and the Internet may be gained
through the Cloud of Things, which combines IoT with cloud computing. Another
requirement for the IoT is for it to provide society with information transparency. This work
summarizes the current IoT-based agricultural tools and applications, which are broken down
into distinct areas. The aim of this paper is to describe all these topics in detail, as well as
discuss the advantages of using IoT-based technologies in agriculture.

The yields obtained with less capital and labor have improved over time, with
significant innovations having been made in human history. However, as long as the
population rate is high, the demand and supply cannot balance, regardless of the periods.
The numbers that have been estimated say that in 2050, the world population will be around
25 percent larger than it is now. In the vast majority of the growth predicted for the
developed countries, it is expected that much of it will occur. Urbanization is expected to
increase even more rapidly in the future, and about 70 percent of the world's population will
be urban by 2050 (currently 49 percent). A further factor contributing to food demand is that
income levels will be multiple times what they are now, which will lead to further increases
in food demand particularly in developing countries.

Consequently, dietary preferences will change from wheat and grains to legumes and
then to meat. To meet the increased demand for food due to an increasingly urbanized and
wealthy population, food production must increase by a factor of two by the year 2050. This
prediction is particularly important because of the current prediction of approximately 2.1
3
billion tons of annual cereal production and the prediction of a rise in meat production of
over 200 million tons to meet the predicted demand of 470 million tons. Crop processing is
playing an increasingly important role in industrial economies as well. On top of that, the bio
energy demand began to increase in the food crops-based bio energy market. From the start
of the twentieth century until now, only the manufacture of ethanol has used 110 million
tons of coarse grains (approximately 10 percent of the world production). Food protection is
in danger due to the rise in industrial and other uses of food crops for bio-fuel production.
the scarcity of agricultural capital is making the demands even more onerous.

Literature Survey

The deployment of IoT in agriculture has the potential to affect our society and the
rest of the world. Nowadays, we see weather, soil, and water drying up as land that's critical
to agriculture declines, making it harder and harder to produce food. Agriculturalists will
benefit from using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which will help them cut down on
generated wastelands while also improving production. This figure could stem from the
number of missions the farmhouse automobiles have performed, or from the amount of
compost used in the composting process. A smart agriculture system may be defined as a
food system that utilizes emerging nutrition that is uncontaminated and is accessible to a
wide number of people.

With the expansion of the entire Farming system with the addition of the Smooth
Agricultural IoT platform, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a larger role in agriculture.
Although the Internet of Things (IoT) is utilized in Farming, it has saved not only the time of
agriculturalists but also massive quantities of liquid and power, thanks to the
interconnectedness of devices and services. It is able to preserve frequently encountered
topographies including moisture, high temperature, soil, etc. and offers real-time
surveillance through the crystal-clear map. In agriculture, embracing Internet of Things (IoT)
will yield various benefits. For example, the farmhouse automobiles have accomplished
numerous missions. Smart agriculture is thus basically an integrated, uncontaminated
method of emerging nutrition that supports crowds.

The smooth agricultural system extends the farming system by not only watching the
soil, but also physically monitoring it [5,6]. Even though individual devices and networking
aren't directly saving the agriculturalists' time, the Internet of Things (IoT) is negatively
affecting wasteful spending on assets such as Liquid and Power. The overall goal of this
model is to preserve frequent topographical features like moisture, temperature, soil, and
other information, and provide a real-time crystal-clear surveillance. In addition to the
advantages described above, agriculture will benefit from implementing Internet of Things
(IoT).

4
 Tunable Fields: Precision agriculture is a way or practice that makes the farming
process more correct and managed to raise live stocks and grow crops. The use of IT and
objects such as sensors, self-supporting cars, computer hardware, control systems, robotics
and many others. The main additives are in this technique. Precision farming using IoT is
presented in figure.1. Precision agriculture has become one of the most well-known
agricultural IoT initiatives in recent years and this technique has begun to be used by a large
number of organizations.

Figure 1. Precision farming using IoT [1]

Data Analytics: The predictable database system now has not enough parking space to
store the facts from the IoT sensors. In the clever agriculture machine, the cloud based
mainly facts garage and a stop-stop IoT platform plays an important part. These structures
are expected to play a vital role in finishing higher sports. In the IoT universe, sensors are the
main source of massive facts. The numbers are analyzed and the use of analytical equipment
converted into meaningful facts. The analytics of records helps to evaluate temperature,
farm animal conditions and crop situations. The statistics collected use the technical
advances and make better decisions for this purpose. You can understand the plants' real-
time reputation using IoT devices, by collecting the facts from sensors. You will gain a
perception using predictive analytics to make better decisions on harvesting. The fashion
analysis allows farmers to understand future climatic conditions and vegetation
harvesting. IoT enabled farmers to maintain the quality of the vegetation and the fertility of
the land in the agricultural industry, thus improving and improving the number of products
exceptional.

Climate Conditions: Climate plays a vital role for agriculture. And mistaken climate
know- how deteriorates the quantity and the first class of crop production considerably. But
IoT answers allow you to know the weather situation in real time. Within and outside the
agricultural fields, sensors are mounted. They collect environmental statistics that are used
to select the right plants that can grow and sustain in precise climatic situations. The entire
IoT atmosphere consists of sensors that can locate conditions such as humidity, precipitation,
temperature and more accurately in real time. There are various sensors that have to be hit
5
on each of these parameters and configured to fit your clever agricultural needs.
These sensors reveal the situation and climatic conditions of the crops around them. If
any troubling climatic conditions are established, the ship is an alert. The lack of physical
presence in troubling climatic conditions, which eventually increases productivity and helps
farmers to gain higher agricultural authorizations, is eliminated.

Smart Greenhouse: Greenhouse agriculture is a technique complementing crop yields,

greens, end results etc. Greenhouses handle environmental parameters in two ways, either
manually or by a proportional control mechanism. However, these approaches are much
less successful because manual intervention has risks, including production loss, energy loss
and labor prices. A smart, IoT- based greenhouse now does not simply track but regulates
the environment. There is a need for human action. Various sensors that are in line with
plant requirements are used to monitor the environment in an intelligent greenhouse. A
cloud server then creates a computer for remote access when associating IoT usage. The
cloud server confidentially enables records to be processed and manages the flow. This
design offers farmers the best and most effective solutions with minimum and almost no
manual intervention.

Agricultural Drones: Scientific advances have almost revolutionized agricultural

operations and there is trend disturbance with the advent of agricultural drones. Ground
and aerial drones are used for the fitness assessment, crop inspection, planting, spraying of
crops and field assessment. With the right approach and preparation based on real reality,
the drone generation has given the agriculture industry a strong push and overhaul. Drones
with thermal or multi-spectral sensors select areas where irrigation changes are necessary.
When plants begin to grow, sensors indicate their health and measure the index of their
plants. Clever drones have eventually reduced the environmental impact.

The technology based Smart farming using Drones is presented in figure.2. The
consequences were such that there was a great reduction in the chemical effects of
groundwater and Livestock Internet monitoring correspondences allow farmers to obtain
materials about their livestock's neighborhood, proper life and welfare. This calculation
allows them to recognize their livestock's position. Such as identifying animals that are
uncomfortable in order to divide the herd, preventing the disease from developing for the
whole animal. The feasibility of farmers with Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensors to locate
their farm animals helps them to transportation of depressed hard work charges by a
significant amount.

6
 Figure 2. Smart farming using Drones [2]

IoT Irrigation System

Figure 3 illustrates a typical IoT Irrigation system. Crop docking and air temperature
measurement sensors are connected to the network gateway by means of a Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN). ZigBee is a popular choice with many different applications since it is simple
to implement and personalize. The connection to the Internet will be at a lower cost since
this software only requires a limited quantity of data capacity. 4G LTE mobile
communications are being used to connect to the Internet wirelessly. Mobile network data is
sent to the cloud-based web services that are subscribed to, and the data is made available
to other cloud-based web services. Software that has the ability to integrate all kinds of data
and combine it with CWSI models to create irrigation index values is able to analyze
agricultural land data and, based on this information, can apply CWSI models to assess water
need. Weather service and satellite imagery are other relevant sources of information, and
the results are irrigation index values for each area. The data provided to the network
gateway is sent to a controller for irrigation management, after which it is forwarded back
to the gateway. Both data and results, as well as making changes to terminals, may be seen
via specialized web applications, and farmers may also use these web apps to provide other
farmers and professionals access to their data and outcomes.

7
 Figure 3. IoT Irrigation System [3]

Smart Cow Farm

In addition to cattle farming, IoT technology is also used in livestock farming. With the
use of IoT sensors on the cows and the use of smartphones or tablets, farmers can easily find
cows and detect significant animal welfare issues like rumination and lameness. As farmers
use Internet of Things (IoT) technology to convert their animals into the so-called Internet of
Cows, connected cows, or intelligent cows, their animals will come to be known as Internet
of Things cows. As far as cattle farming and/or ranching is concerned, the Internet of Things
paradigm may help by improving water, power, nutrition, and other resource production
while also preserving animal welfare. Additionally, it gives farmers the ability to organize
information, create reports, categorize cows, and track the life cycle of each animal. IoT has
given farmers tough issues like identifying cow estrus, which has long been a challenge for
the dairy industry. When it comes to cows, the farmer will spend anywhere from 20 to 30
minutes four to five times a day in the stables to check whether the cow is in heat, which is a
symptom of estrus.

In figure.4. Presented a technology base IoT Smart Cow Farm system. The majority of
instances occur at night while the farmer is asleep. There are a number of additional
examples, such the animal disease "cattle lameness" which has a major impact on cows'
productivity in terms of output, fertility, and lifespan. The importance of these problems has
diminished because of the use of IoT technology. Cows equipped with IoT sensor tags are
connected to their ears, necks, or legs to track their daily labor and overall well-being every
24 hours. After gathering data, the results are analyzed using complex statistical and
empirical models to determine whether a cow is in heat. As a consequence, the IoT solution
detection rate may reach up to 95%, whereas conventional methods achieve detection rates
in the range of 55 to 70%. Fully integrated IoT health monitoring systems are designed to
provide accurate and dynamic diagnostics of lameness. In the smart cow farm, both animal
sensors and other nearby sensors will be used to collect varied data. Data is used for
automated equipment control, as well as animal status monitoring and user decision
recommendations. Diversified sensors are miniaturizing, reducing prices, and increasing
performance, which will lead to more specialized IoT solutions to assist cow farmers.

8
 Figure 4. IoT Smart Cow Farm [4]

IoT Can Improve Agriculture

The Internet of Things (IoT) is used by farmers to implement certain IoT methods for
enhancing their agricultural. Concentrated penalties for these practices may persuade
farmers to abandon them.
1. Data; loads of information such as weather, good soil, crop development, or animal
health gathered by smart agricultural sensors These data may be utilized to help your
business enhance the smartness of its country and its workers' overall performance,
productivity, and efficiency.
2. Reduced production risks due to improved switching over internal techniques. If you
are able to anticipate the outcome of your manufacturing, you can plan ahead and be better
prepared to deliver your goods on time. If exactly how much undergrowth you are going to
cultivate, you might persuade your products that their sale is increasing.
3. Increased business efficiency by process mechanization. You will master various
technologies through the building period, e.g. drainage, composting or pest control by
applying smooth strategies.
4. Budget organization and unused decrease awareness of the manufacturer by the
increased controller. If you are smart to see irregularities or control fitness in harvest, you
can moderate the dangers behind your products.
5. Improved dominance and capacity growth. Improved regulator completed
construction development and established principles of production excellence and increasing
mechanization.
Challenges of IoT for Agriculture

The is an All-smart farming responses must start with data analysis. If you can't make
sense of the information you've gathered, it'll be of no use. As a result, you'll need strong
data analytics, predictive algorithms, and devices to analyze the data and derive operational
insights. the equipment is made of Selecting the sensors for your instrument is critical for
9
internet of things agriculture (or create a custom one). The manner in which you look for
information and how you make decisions all influence your choice. Whatever the situation
may be, it is possible to discern the efficacy of your product based on the quality and
consistency of the data you gather. Keeping up with Hardware maintenance is an important
project in agriculture Internet of Things products, since sensors are commonly used in the
topic and can be easily destroyed. As a result, you must make certain that your hardware is
both reliable and simple to maintain. Then you'll have to update your sensors more often
than you'd like. The revolution is underway,

In figure .5. shows the various Smart farming tools. In order to be used in the field,
intelligent agricultural applications must be adapted. To access the information on the
website, a company owner or farm administrator must be able to use a mobile phone or a
personal computer anywhere in the globe. Furthermore, each linked tool must be self-
contained and have sufficient wireless diversity to connect to other devices and transmit
data to the central server. The services available You'll need a robust internal infrastructure
to ensure that your smart farming application runs smoothly (and that the load of records
can handle it). Furthermore, the internal systems must be pleasant to use. Failure to make
our system more user-friendly only increases the appeal of someone who interrupts, steals
your information, or even uses your self-satisfying tractors.

Figure 5. Smart farming Tools [5]

Smart Farming is a cultured understanding of management using current devices to

improve the quantity and excellence of sophisticated properties. In the 21st period farmers
have access to GPS, ground browsing, data management and the internet of machinery for
stuff. By measuring difference within a field with confidence and familiarizing the method,
farmers can significantly increase the efficiency and more selective use of pesticides and
stimulants. Smart farming is a virtual global call for these days. Intelligent farming offers
1
many possibilities including nice water, healthy plants. Smart agriculture is an idea for
managing agriculture, with a view to controlling advanced know-how which includes
extensive knowledge, the cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) to follow, look, mechanize
and compare approaches.
Conclusion

Agriculture facilitated by the Internet of Things has helped implement current

technical responses to time explored understanding. This allowed the distance between
production and pleasant production and quantity to be combined. Statistics The fact that
more than one instrument are obtained and measured for real time use or garage are placed
in a database guarantees rapid intervention and significantly less harm for vegetation. With
smooth cease-fire and better execution of business processes, production becomes quicker
and affects supermarkets in the wildest period. IoT farming applications are production of
expressive statistics that farmers and farmers can possibly collect. Large owners of land and
smallholder farmers need to appreciate the potential IoT demand for agriculture by linking
intelligent know-how to increasing their manufacturing attractiveness and sustainability. In
this paper we research the IoT application for agriculture and how farmers can expand
by using the Internet of Agriculture Stuff. This article examines the job opportunities of
the Internet of Things (IoT).