Scribd
Upload
3 views16 pages

Statistical tests

The document explains the concepts of hypothesis testing in statistics, including null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and types of errors. It defines the null hypothesis as a statement of no significant difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis proposes a significant difference. Additionally, it discusses one-tailed and two-tailed tests, providing examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

Erika Joy Ybañez Yray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views16 pages

Statistical tests

The document explains the concepts of hypothesis testing in statistics, including null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and types of errors. It defines the null hypothesis as a statement of no significant difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis proposes a significant difference. Additionally, it discusses one-tailed and two-tailed tests, providing examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

Erika Joy Ybañez Yray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

STATISTICAL TESTS

HYPOTHESIS
• Is a conjecture or statement which aims to explain certain
phenomena in the real world.
• Is a product of man’s curiosity. To seek for the answers to his
questions, he tries to find and present evidences, then tests the
resulting hypothesis using statistical tools and analysis.
• In statistical analysis, assumptions are given in the form of a null
hypothesis, the truth of which will be either accepted or rejected
within a certain critical interval.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
- a form of hypothesis that is deemed “true” until proven wrong
based on experimental data.
- is denoted by H0
- states that there is NO significant relationship or NO significant
difference between two or more variables, or that one variable
does not affect another variable.
- in statistical research, the hypothesis should be written in null form.
EXAMPLE
Suppose you want to know whether method A is more effective than
method B in teaching High school mathematics. The null hypothesis for
this study will be:

H0: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of


method A and method B.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- Also known as the claim
- Denoted by Ha
- The hypothesis that opposes the null hypothesis.
- This hypothesis should state what you expect the data to show, based
on your research on the topic.
- This is your answer to your research question.
EXAMPLE
The alternative hypothesis for the example:
Suppose you want to know whether method A is more effective than
method B in teaching High school mathematics.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of method A


and method B.
or
Ha: Method A is more effective than method B
or
Ha: Method A is less effective than method B
MORE EXAMPLES
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
The significance level, also known as alpha or α, is a measure of the
strength of the evidence that must be present in your sample before
you will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the effect is
statistically significant. The researcher determines the significance level
before conducting the experiment.
It is also defined as the fixed probability of wrong elimination of null
hypothesis when in fact, it is true. The level of significance is stated to
be the probability of type I error.
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
- the probability of having a Type I error.

Type I error: the probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis when in


fact the null hypothesis is true. Denoted by the symbol α.

Type II error: the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when, in fact, it
is false. Denoted by the symbol β.

The most common level of significance is 5%.


For example, a significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding
that a difference exists when there is no actual difference. Lower significance
levels indicate that you require stronger evidence before you will reject the
null hypothesis.
ONE TAILED AND TWO TAILED TESTS
A test is called a one-tailed test if the rejection region lies on one extreme
side of the distribution.
A test is two-tailed test if the rejection region is located on both ends of
the distribution.

one- tailed two-tailed


ONE-TAILED TEST
- A one-tailed test results from an alternative hypothesis which specifies a
direction. i.e. when the alternative hypothesis states that the parameter is
in fact either bigger or smaller than the value specified in the null
hypothesis.
- A one-tailed test may be either left-tailed or right-tailed.
- A left-tailed test is used when the alternative hypothesis states that the
true value of the parameter specified in the null hypothesis is less than the
null hypothesis claims.
- A right-tailed test is used when the alternative hypothesis states that the
true value of the parameter specified in the null hypothesis is greater than
the null hypothesis claims
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
A two-tailed test results from an
alternative hypothesis which does not
specify a direction i.e. when the
alternative hypothesis states that the null
hypothesis is wrong.

The critical region has two parts (the red


areas) which are in the two extreme
regions (tails) under the curve.
EXAMPLE
On a state driver’s test, about 40% pass the test on the first try.
We want to test if more than 40% pass on the first try.
We want to test whether the mean height of eighth graders is
66 inches. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Ho : p = 66
Ha : p ≠ 66
We want to test if college students take less than five
years to graduate from college, on the average.

Ho : p ≥ 5
Ha : p < 5

You might also like