INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

DEFINITION:
 The term forensic is derived from the latin word “forensic “which means belonging to
the courts of justice or to public discussion and debate.
 Forensic science would therefore mean the science which is used in the courts of
justice.
 Forensic science can be defined more broadly as that scientific discipline which is
directed to the recognition, identification, individualization and evaluation of physical
evidence by the application of the principles and methods of natural sciences for the
purpose of administration of criminal justice.
1. Mathieu Orfila : - Father of modern Toxicology
2. Alphonse Bertillon – 1879 ( Anthropometry )
3. Francis Galton :- Finger prints ( U.K )
4. Hans Gross ( 1893 ) – Book ( criminal investigation )
 Edmund Locard (1910) ;- “ Principles of exchange”
 Dr. Karl Landsteiner – 1901
 Calvin Goddard ( US ) – Ballistics
 Albert Osborn (1910 ) -Handwriting

MODERN METHODS OF FORENSIC INVESTIGATION

 DNA Profiling
 Brain Mapping
 Voice Spectrography
 Image analysis
 Digital evidence
AIMs of scene of crime management Scene of crime review
Be craftsman of the Crime Scene Investigation. IO has strong and impressive hold
upon spot before the court. A good spot visit is the best guide for investigation, hence do it
meticulously.

SPOT VISIT
1. Prompt visit of spot
2. Note down-
Disturbances/manipulation/Intervention, etc. mention in CD
3. Prepare Spot Map neatly in a separate sheet putting SDE No./Case No./ signature of IO
with date.
4. No discrepancy with the date and time in Case Diary
[Evident u/s - 7 , 9 & 36 of I.E. Act]
{PMR – 176; Police Order 244}
5. Guard the spot properly before visit of scientific team and Police Dog.
6. Photograph of the spot to be lifted. (Evident u/s 9 of I.E. Act.)
7. Physical evidence like blood, semen, vomiting materials, live/empty cartridges, remnant
of Explosives, blood stained cloths, earth, chance finger prints, foot prints etc. if found at spot
be preserved carefully, packed properly for sending the same for C.E. (as per PO 243
& 248.)
8. Avoid superficial spot visit.
9. All related facts of crime can beascertained from the spot.
10. Prepare legend and direction mark.
11. Examine the available witnesses at the spot. Mentionthe location of
accused/witnesses/victim/material objects and co-relate theoccurrence.
12. Name of the person who identifies the spot be mentioned in spot map as well as in
CD.All nearby inhabitants/ purposive witnesses be examined and recordtheir statement
whether known or unknown to the occurrence.
13. The physical evidences or any thing incriminating found at the spot should be seized
immediately. It should also contain the signature of witness by means of paper
sticking. It may be sealed in presence of witness if required.
14. The source of light at the spot like moon light, torch, Electric light etc should also be
mentioned during spot visit.
15. Site plan prepared on the statement of witness will not be admissible and hit the
provision u/s 162 CrPC.Hence, the site plan be prepared on own observation by the IO.
But site plan prepared by R.I./Draftsman who are not IO is admissible and will not hit
section 162 CrPC.
16. Fillall the column of Crime Details Form. Don’t prepare spot map on the body of CDF.
Use separate sheet putting reference.
17. Mark of violence be described.Like wise availibility of foreign materialbe mentioned.
18. Chain of spot intrafficking/kidnapping cases be verified and prepare map accordingly.In
that visit the spot clockwise.
Crime Scene visit
Typically, there is no much time available to evaluate and record the scene. The
investigator must move purposefully and record the scene using a combination of methods
including:
1) Photography – Crime scene photography is very important especially for establishing the
physical relationships of items of interest. (furniture, stains, weapons, bodies, etc)
2) Sketches – This is actually a very good way to make detailed observations about a scene.
A sketch of the overall crime scene noting the relative location of items along with detailed
sketches and comments about various items of evidence is extremely important.
3) Detailed notes – These are critical since often you will be asked about the scene in court
long after the investigation has taken place. Simultaneous or contemporaneous notes are the
only way you will be accurately and truthfully able to describe and recall events and
observations.
Scene of crime is important
• For identification and documentation of evidences.
• Collection of all types of evidence e.g physical and biological evidences etc.
• Securing of Crime Scene, Photography, Proper Search, Systematic documentation of
Crime Scene with suitable collection, packing, preservation and transportation of
material evidences available.
Guidelines for IO
• Coordination with Scientific Team
• Utilisation of Dog squad
• Fingerprint SI
• Photography/Videography
• Securing/Preserving the Crime Scene
• Preliminary Survey
• Control for Contamination (guarding and sealing)
• Documentation
• Sketching of SOC
Importance of scene of crime reconstruction/recreation
• To corroborate the statement of witness
• The prosecution will convince
• It will provide a new direction to the IO
 • To find out evidence from other angle
• It will helpful for collection of more circumstantial evidences in order to link crime
with criminal

Legal provisions
• Chapter IX- PMR 176
• (a) Maps and plans of scene of occurrence
• (b) Maps and plans for exhibiting in Court
• (c) Index of the Map
• (d) Cadastral Map
• Section 36 of IE Act: It explains relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.

 The scene of crime is the place where a criminal offence is reported to have taken
place.
 After the crime has been reported to the police the investigation process is set to
motion.
 Quite often the success or failure of the investigation will depend upon proper
handling of the crime scene and processing of the evidences.
 Forensic expert should acquire adequate knowledge on how to recognise, identify,
collect and preserve items of physical evidence.
 The scene of crime covered be limited to one place only, it may extend to one or more
places.
 In a compact scene of crime such as burglary the scene of crime my be divide into 5
parts only viz.( namely)
 line of approach
 Point of entry
 Actual scene
 Point of exit
 Line of retreat
 The SOC are :
 Indoor
 Outdoor
 Crime having no scene
 All criminal investigation is concerned either with people or with things.
 It is these things that together constitute the broad field of physical evidence.
 Many investigations have failed in some degree to make the most efficient use of the
physical evidence because of their negligence in looking for the physical evidence and
placing reliance on the people committing crimes.
 The investigator must have balanced approach to the investigation of crime .For that
he must understand
 What is physical evidence?
 How to collect and preserve it ?
 How and from where to obtain the information it carries ?
 How to interpret the information so obtained ?
 Dr. Edmond Locard ,a foremost criminologist observed that criminals often possess
some clues on or near their person or they leave such clues on or near the scene of
crime.
 He thus propounded the theory of mutual exchange which states that “ when two
objects come into contact there is always an exchange of material”.
 SOC should be protected
 Curious onlookers should not be allowed.
 Nothing should be disturbed at SOC
 Culprits should be nabbed immediately
 Some physical evidence should be collected within time limit.
 Recording of notes ;
 The date and time of the FIR
 The nature of crime
 Location of crime scene and brief description of area
 Brief facts of crime
 The names of all the officers ,witnesses, investigators and special personnel at SOC
 The names of personnel who took the photographs, fingerprints, sketches etc.
 The weather and lighting condition at the time of recording the scene.
 A description of the interior and exterior of the SOC, number of rooms,
doors,windows etc.
 The location and collection of evidence
 Date and time of completion of recording and examination of SOC
 Rough sketch
 At the site
 Directions must be mentioned
 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CRIME SCENE:
 An orderly progression of shots will be required.
 Before commencing a search for physical evidence the I.O must be clear in his mind
on
 How to look for
 Where to look for
 What to look for
 Nothing at crime scene is insignificant.
 The investigator should bear in mind that the traces however insignificant at first
appearance may prove of immense value later.
 The position and condition of everything at the scene must be taken proper note.
 overturned furniture, disturbed wall hangings
 Broken doors,windows,glass panes
 Displaced articles
 Position of victim etc.
 The physical evidence present at the crime scene will vary depending upon the nature
of crime committed
 The following physical evidence may be commonly encountered :
 Fibres, hair ,fabric including usual type of fibres.
 Stain of blood ,semen,saliva,sputum,urine etc.
 Chemical stains like paint,grease,acid ,petrol etc.
 Dirt,dust,debris,soil,vegetablematter,pollen etc
 Fragments of glass ,metal and metal fillings etc.
 Firearms, catridgecases ,pellets, bullets, powder marks etc.
 Tyre marks, skid marks,teethmarks,tool marks, erased marks
 Finger prints and foot prints
 Poisions , vomits, viscera, residues of bottles.
 Documents : question documents
 Weapon of offence
 Bones ,skull and teeth.
 An efficient ,skilled and trained forensic expert will manage the scene of crime very
smoothly .
 He will collect proper physical evidence and preserve it properly for the purpose of
chemical analysis at the forensic laboratories.
 Improper preservation of evidence from the crime scene will be no way helpful for the
prosecution
 crime scene management is the most important part of the scientific investigation of
various crimes.
 BASICS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT
By
Dr. Arun Kumar Swain
Rt. Assistant Director
DNA Division
State forensic science laboratory
Rasulgarh BBSR
Mob no-8917320212
Introduction:
 The term forensic is derived from the latin word “forensis “which means belonging to
the courts of justice or to public discussion and debate.
 In layman’s term forensic science is the science for the court of law.
 Forensic science can be defined more broadly as that scientific discipline which is
directed to the recognition, identification, individualisation and evaluation of physical
evidence by the application of the principles and methods of natural sciences for the
purpose of administration of criminal justice.
 Forensic science embraces all branches of physical and natural sciences ,chief among
them being
chemistry
Biology
physics
 Over the years it has developed its own branches which are more or less exclusive
domain of forensic sciences.
 Anthropology , finger-prints, footprints, documents, ballistics, toxicology, odontology,
cyber forensics, serology and DNA profiling were developed to aid the criminal justice
administration.
 Forensic laboratories have following divisions :
 Ballistics
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Documents
 Lie-detection
 Physics
 Serology
 Toxicology
 Cyber forensic
 DNA profiling
 Out of the previously mentioned divisions Cyber crime and DNA are most modern
divisions and are widely utilised in the field of crime investigation.
Scene of crime (SOC)
 The scene of crime is the place where a criminal offence is reported to have taken place.
 After the crime has been reported to the police the investigation process is set to
motion.
  Quite often the success or failure of the investigation will depend upon proper handling
of the crime scene and processing of the evidences.
 Forensic expert should acquire adequate knowledge on how to recognise, identify,
collect and preserve items of physical evidence.
 The scene of crime covered be limited to one place only, it may extend to one or more
places.
 In a compact scene of crime such as burglary the scene of crime my be divide into 5
parts only viz.( namely)
 line of approach
 Point of entry
 Actual scene
 Point of exit
 Line of retreat
The SOC are :
 Indoor
 Outdoor
 Crime having no scene
People and things :
 All criminal investigation is concerned either with people or with things.
 It is these things that together constitute the broad field of physical evidence.
 Many investigations have failed in some degree to make the most efficient use of the
physical evidence because of their negligence in looking for the physical evidence and
placing reliance on the people committing crimes.

The investigator must have balanced approach to the investigation of crime .For that he
must understand
I. What is physical evidence?
II. How to collect and preserve it ?
III. How and from where to obtain the information it carries ?
IV. How to interpret the information so obtained ?

locard’s principle of exchange

 Dr. Edmond Locard ,a foremost criminologist observed that criminals often possess
some clues on or near their person or they leave such clues on or near the scene of
crime.
 He thus propounded the theory of mutual exchange which states that “ when two
objects come into contact there is always an exchange of material”.
Limitations
 SOC should be protected
 Curious onlookers should not be allowed.
 Nothing should be disturbed at SOC
 Culprits should be nabbed immediately
 Some physical evidence should be collected within time limit.
Recording of crime scene
i. Recording of notes ;
i. The date and time of the FIR
ii. The nature of crime
iii. Location of crime scene and brief description of area
iv. Brief facts of crime
v. The names of all the officers ,witnesses, investigators and special
personnel at SOC
vi. The names of personnel who took the photographs, fingerprints,
sketches etc.
vii. The weather and lighting condition at the time of recording the
scene.
viii. A description of the interior and exterior of the SOC, number of
rooms, doors,windows etc.
ix. The location and collection of evidence
x. Date and time of completion of recording and examination of SOC
Sketching the crime scene
1. Rough sketch
2. At the site
3. Directions must be mentioned
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CRIME SCENE:
1. An orderly progression of shots will be required.
Search for evidence
 Before commencing a search for physical evidence the I.O must be clear in his mind on
a) How to look for
b) Where to look for
c) What to look for
How to look for
a) Search light
b) Scene vacuum cleaner
Outdoor crime scene:
A. Strip method
B. Spiral method
C. Zone or quad method
D. Wheel method.
Where to look for clues :
B. Furniture
C. Fittings and fixtures
What to look for
 Nothing at crime scene is insignificant.
 The investigator should bear in mind that the traces however insignificant at first
appearance may prove of immense value later.
 The position and condition of everything at the scene must be taken proper note.
 overturned furniture, disturbed wall hangings
 Broken doors,windows,glass panes
 Displaced articles
 Position of victim etc.
 The physical evidence present at the crime scene will vary depending upon the nature of
crime committed
 The following physical evidence may be commonly encountered :
 Fibres, hair ,fabric including usual type of fibres.
 Stain of blood , semen,saliva,sputum,urine etc.
 Chemical stains like paint,grease,acid ,petrol etc.
 Dirt,dust,debris,soil,vegetable matter,pollen etc
 Fragments of glass ,metal and metal fillings etc.
 Firearms, catridge cases ,pellets, bullets, powder marks etc.
 Tyre marks, skid marks,teeth marks,tool marks, erased marks
 Finger prints and foot prints
 Poisions , vomits, viscera, residues of bottles.
 Documents : question documents
 Weapon of offence
Bones ,skull and teeth.
Conclusion
 An efficient ,skilled and trained forensic expert will manage the scene of crime very
smoothly .
 He will collect proper physical evidence and preserve it properly for the purpose of
chemical analysis at the forensic laboratories.

 Improper preservation of evidence from the crime scene will be no way helpful for the
prosecution
crime scene management is the most important part of the scientific
investigation of various crimes.
 COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES

What is Physical Evidence?

Definition: The Evidence in general is anything that tends to prove or disprove a point under
investigation or consideration.
Physical Evidence is an evidence having a physical or material quality – a tangible article, no
matter whether microscopic or macroscopic.
It comprises any and all objects, living or inanimate, solid, liquid or gas.
Importance:
The Location off Physical Evidence during the Crime of Scene search merely marks the first and
one of the most important steps in its long journey whose final destination is the COURT.
Physical evidence is one of the Investigator’s most valuable possession in pursuing the
investigation to a successful conclusion.
It establishes that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its
perpetrator.
It also prove LEADS to the Investigator during the conduct of Investigation of a criminal offence.
General Guidelines:
Nothing should be touched or collected with bare hands. Always use gloves.
Hold objects in such a manner that the latent fingerprints are not damaged or wiped of.
Write detailed descriptions of individual physical evidence. Information such as-type of object,
make, colour, number, location, Dimension etc.

Any bloodstained object such as dagger, lathi, bullet should be dried first and then packed.
Hairs and fibres sticking to the weapons should not be separated rather they should be packed
together.
All biological stains should be thoroughly dried under shade. (never under sun or intense light)

Under no circumstances biological stains should be packed in air tight packing materials such as
Cellophane, polythene, glass vials etc.
Physical evidence should be packed separately and labeled so that their integrity is maintained
and at the same time not contaminated.
Every item should be protected adequately with suitable packaging materials against external
shocks so that they do not break during transit.
In order to protect latent, visible or plastic fingerprints on the objects, they should be packed
in such a manner that the packing materials do not come in contact with the object.
Finally, all the individual packets of physical evidence should be packed together in a box,
wrapped properly using intact piece paper or cloth , tied and sealed.
Forwarding note in duplicate should be filled up with specimen seal on each copy .First copy
should be placed in sealed envelope inside the box. Second copy should be handed over to
the messenger in a sealed envelope along with the box containing physical evidence.
Messenger will personally take the parcel and handover to the Forensic Science Laboratory for
examination.
The exhibit reception unit will duly acknowledge the receipt of exhibits on the copy of the
original forwarding note and hand that over to the messenger.
The receipt of the exhibit is placed in the case file of the Police station.
Satisfaction of Legal Requirements during Trial
Identification of each piece of evidence, even years after it was collected.
Description of location and condition of the item at the time it was collected.
Documentary proof for establishing chain of custody.
Description about any changes, which may have occurred in the evidence between the time of
collection and the subsequent introduction as evidence in the Court.
Packaging of Physical Evidence

Special Packaging Instructions for DNA Profiling

• DNA can be extracted from the biological materials such as blood, semen, oral
epithelial cells, hair root, nail clippings, bones teeth, muscles, vaginal epithelial cells,
sputum, nasal discharge, etc.

• All the exhibits containing biological fluids such as semen, blood, vaginal swab, nasal
discharge, etc. should be thoroughly dried before packing. These evidence should be
packed in paper envelops and no air tight packaging material should be used. They
should be immediately sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory for proper storage at -20̊
C for short interval and for prolonged preservation at - 80 ̊ C.
Vaginal swabs, oral epithelial cells, etc., should be best collected using standard ear
buds, which should be thoroughly dried and then packed.

• Control samples are mandatory for DNA work. For example, while sending a blood
stained knife that was used in a crime, it is necessary to send sample blood of the
victim to establish common origin of blood. Sample blood should be collected by
the doctor and transfer it onto gauze bandage material and then dried before
packing. Blood from all living persons should be collected in the same manner for
DNA Profiling and Matching purposes.

• Tissues such as Muscle etc. should be preserved in saturated salt solution and not in
any other preservative.

IMPROPER COLLECTION OF BLOOD ON FTA CARD

STANDARD METHOD OF BLOOD COLLECTED ON FTA
IMPROPER CLEANING OF BONES
FOETUS RECEIVED FOR DNA ANALYSIS
Pictorial representation of different steps in collection of Blood sample on FTA card
Important cases solved at DNA Division, SFSL, BBSR.
DNA LABORATORY AT
RASULGARH, BHUBANESWAR
ODISHA
Scrutinizing the exhibits and preparing for Organic extraction
Organic Extraction of DNA
Extraction of DNA through Automated Extractor Machine and Quantification of DNA by Real
Time PCR
Real Time PCR Computer Screen
Sequencer with its DNA profiling on
Computer Screen
 COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES
What is Physical Evidence?
Definition: The Evidence in general is anything that tends to prove or disprove a point under
investigation or consideration.
Physical Evidence is an evidence having a physical or material quality – a tangible article, no matter
whether microscopic or macroscopic.
It comprises any and all objects, living or inanimate, solid, liquid or gas.
Importance:
The Location off Physical Evidence during the Crime of Scene search merely marks the first and one of
the most important steps in its long journey whose final destination is the COURT.
Physical evidence is one of the Investigator’s most valuable possession in pursuing the investigation to a
successful conclusion.
It establishes that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its
perpetrator.
It also prove LEADS to the Investigator during the conduct of Investigation of a criminal offence.
General Guidelines:
 Nothing should be touched or collected with bare hands. Always use gloves.(Nitrile or dust free)
 Hold objects in such a manner that the latent fingerprints(invisible finger prints) are not
damaged or wiped of.
 Write detailed descriptions of individual physical evidence. Information such as-type of object,
make, colour, number, location, Dimension etc.
 Any bloodstained object such as dagger, lathi, bullet should be dried first and then packed. Hairs
and fibres sticking to the weapons should not be separated rather they should be packed
together.
All biological stains should be thoroughly dried under shade. (never under sun or intense light)
Drying is the best method for preservation
Under no circumstances biological stains should be packed in air tight packing materials such as
Cellophane, polythene, glass vials etc.
Physical evidence should be packed separately and labeled so that their integrity is maintained and at
the same time not contaminated.
Every item should be protected adequately with suitable packaging materials against external shocks
so that they do not break during transit.
In order to protect latent, visible or plastic fingerprints on the objects, they should be packed in such a
manner that the packing materials do not come in contact with the object.
Finally, all the individual packets of physical evidence should be packed together in a box, wrapped
properly using intact piece paper or cloth , tied and sealed.
Forwarding note in duplicate should be filled up with specimen seal on each copy .First copy should be
placed in sealed envelope inside the box. Second copy should be handed over to the messenger in a
sealed envelope along with the box containing physical evidence.
Messenger will personally take the parcel and handover to the Forensic Science Laboratory for
examination.
The exhibit reception unit will duly acknowledge the receipt of exhibits on the copy of the original
forwarding note and hand that over to the messenger.
The receipt of the exhibit is placed in the case file of the Police station.
Satisfaction of Legal Requirements during Trial
Identification of each piece of evidence, even years after it was collected.
Description of location and condition of the item at the time it was collected.
Documentary proof for establishing chain of custody.
Description about any changes, which may have occurred in the evidence between the time of collection
and the subsequent introduction as evidence in the Court.
Packaging of Physical Evidence
Sl.No. Type of Method of Controls Packaging Information
Physical Handling Method can be
Evidence Obtained

2. Footprints *Footprints *Cast of the *Each cast *Cast is

are easily footprints of all should be compared
damaged. the persons packed with the cast
*Hence associated with separately SOC and
should be crime should be with sufficient control casts
protected by obtained and sent cushion to to establish
covering. along with SOC avoid identity of
cast. breakage the suspect
*Before
*If there is Shoe during and his
recording
impression:- Cast transportation. association
they should
of the shoes *Traced and with the
be
belonging to lifted crime.
photographed
and shown in suspect,shoes,soil footprints may *Similar
the SOC sample from SOC also be sent opinion may
sketch and sample of along with be obtained
casting material control in case of
be sent to FSL for tracings and traced and
opinion. lifted papers. lifted
footprints.
Sl.No. Type of Method of Handling Controls Packaging Information can
Physical Method be Obtained
Evidence

9. Documents  Except *Sample signature of  The  Opinion

charred normal handwriting exhibi on handwriting
documents no should be obtained t and or signature
other from the suspect. the matching may
documents sampl be obtained
* The suspect may be
need any e text from the
asked to write the text
special method or document
or sign on different
for collection, signat examiner.
dates without showing
handling etc. ure
the signature on the
should
exhibit should be
be
marked.
packe
d and
sealed
separa
tely.

10. Poisons and  *Poisons and *In case of spurious  Each  Qualitati
Toxic other toxic drugs, Control samples sampl ve and
substances substances maybe seized and sent e may quantitat
should be from the shop or the be ive
collected and manufacturing. transf analysis
handled erred of the
* In case of suspected
carefully. to suspecte
poisoning stomach
 *Content of separa d sample
contents/stomach wash
any bottle te and of drugs
and other visceral
suspected to clean are
organs should be sent
be drug should contai carried
for analysis.
be transferred ners out in the
to other ,sealed laborator
container. , y of
 *Such bottle labelle chemical
should be d and examiner
examined for sent .
latent for
fingerprint. analys
is.
Sl.No. Type of Physical Method of Handling Controls Packaging Method Information
Evidence can be
Obtained
14. Drugs and Powder or Tablet Each sample should be Chemical
Psychotropic Form:- Apply spot test packed separately in suitable nature of
Substances for preliminary containers such as polythene substance,
identification of the type bags. concentration,
of drug. Sample should not be precursor
Capsule form:- Open contaminated or mixed. chemical used
the capsule and test the Individual bag should be
and sometimes
content. sealed and all relevant details origin also by
Injection or Other should be written on each comparing
form: Same as capsule. along with exhibit number. with standard
samples
Finally all the packets should
available in
--Handle the materials be placed in a suitable the laboratory.
after wearing gloves. container or box, wrapped in
-- Collect sample from intact piece of paper ,sealed
all the and sent to FSL.
packets/containers
,empty capsules, tablet
making machine, other
containers suspected
having used to
manufacture drugs or
making other
preparations.

Sl. Type of Method of Handling Controls Packaging Method Information can

No. Physical be Obtained
Evidence

15. Arson Cases Burnt Cases:- All the Individual exhibit should be Chemical
burnt remains such as packed carefully to prevent analysis of the
pieces of burnt cloth, evaporation of inflammable incendiary device
debris, soil soaked in materials, incendiary and other
incendiary materials, substances, etc. inflammables
containers, remains of from burnt
the torches used to lit remains including
fire, smear of soot , gas profiling of trace
cylinders, other elements.
inflammable materials,
etc should be collected
after identifying site of
fire.
Electrical short circuit
cases:- The exact site
should be identified and
material exhibits should
be collected with care
after switching of the
electrical supply.
 Sl. Type of Method of Controls Packaging Method Information
No. Physical Handling can be
Evidence Obtained

16. Glass Fractured, Examine the presence of Should be packed carefully Origin of the
large pieces, fingerprints. using proper packaging glass through
small pieces, In case there are materials to avoid any damage physical,
dust of glass fingerprints, the glass or contamination. chemical and
piece should be handled in other tests and
a way as it is done in case also cause of
of fingerprint bearing fractures on
articles. the glass sheet.
Fractured glass should be
handed carefully.
Small pieces should be
collected using forceps
Powdered glass may be
collected using adhesive
tape.

Special Packaging Instructions for DNA Profiling

1. DNA can be extracted from the biological materials such as blood, semen, oral epithelial cells,
hair root, nail clippings, bones teeth, muscles, vaginal epithelial cells, sputum, nasal discharge,
etc.
2. All the exhibits containing biological fluids such as semen, blood, vaginal swab, nasal discharge,
etc. should be thoroughly dried before packing. These evidence should be packed in paper
envelops and no air tight packaging material should be used. They should be immediately sent to
the Forensic Science Laboratory for proper storage at -20̊ C for short interval and for prolonged
preservation at - 80 ̊ C.
3. Vaginal swabs, oral epithelial cells, etc., should be best collected using standard ear buds, which
should be thoroughly dried and then packed.
4. Control samples are mandatory for DNA work. For example, while sending a blood stained knife
that was used in a crime, it is necessary to send sample blood of the victim to establish common
origin of blood. Sample blood should be collected by the doctor and transfer it onto gauze
bandage material and then dried before packing. Blood from all living persons should be
collected in the same manner for DNA Profiling and Matching purposes.
5. Tissues such as Muscle etc. should be preserved in saturated salt solution and not in any other
preservative.
IMPROPER COLLECTION OF BLOOD ON FTA CARD

STANDARD METHOD OF BLOOD COLLECTED ON FTA

IMPROPER CLEANING OF BONES

FOETUS RECEIVED FOR DNA ANALYSIS

Pictorial representation of different steps in collection of Blood sample on FTA card

 DNA LABORATORY AT
RASULGARH, BHUBANESWAR
ODISHA

Scrutinizing the exhibits and preparing for Organic extraction

Organic Extraction of DNA

Extraction of DNA through Automated Extractor Machine and Quantification of DNA by Real Time PCR

Real Time PCR Computer Screen

Sequencer with its DNA profiling on
Computer Screen
Lifting, packing, labeling, forwarding of clue materials
of Biological Exhibits.
HAIR
SEARCH OF HAIR
Scene of crime should be thoroughly search with search light as soon as possible .
In crime involving struggle, a victim may have hairs grasped in his hands or caught under his fingle nails .
In cases of rape and rape and murders pubic hairs may be found in matted with semen on the genitalia of assailant and
victim.
Weapon of offence may also carry hairs clotted with blood .
In hit and run accident victims hairs may be found lodged on the broken glass or other parts of the vehicle .
Preservation
It must be placed in paper envelops free from moisture and other foreign materials.
In sexual assault cases it must be collected by medical officer.
Hairs found struck with blood or semen or other greasy substance should never be remove hair lying on scene of
crime should be collected with the help of vacuum cleaner .
Hairs sticking to the weapon of offence along with blood stain should not be removed.
Collection of hair samples
1. Sample hair necessary for comparison with the questioned hair, should be collected from different areas of the
scalp, beard, pubic region, or other body areas of the individual suspected of being the source of questioned hair.
2. A sample of at least 100 hairs strands is desirable, but even a single hair may yield valuable information.
3. Collection of hairs from different parts of a dead body should always be done even though no hair is collected of
the scene of crime.
Information obtained of hair
1. The following information can be obtained from the laboratory examination of hairs.
2. If the sample a hair or any other material ?
3. Are the hairs of human or animal origin ?
4. From what part of body have the originated ?
5. Does the hair come from a men or women ?
6. How old is the person from whom the hairs have the originated ?
7. Are the hairs dyed ?
8. How is the hair cut ?
9. Does the hair is certain individual ?
Collection of Fibre
1. Most important point to be remembered in the collection of fibre evidence is to avoid contamination. The evidence
gathered from the suspect and from the victim should not be intermingled .
2. It must be individually collected, properly marked placed on a clean piece of paper, which is folded and put in clean
container .
3. If fibres are found adhering to small objects like a blood clot on a weapon, the object it self should be sent to
laboratory with the fibres remaining in situ.
4. Forceps should always be used in picking of fibres in order to preserve un-touched any foreign matter adhering to
them.
5. If the fibres are very small and are likely to be lost in packing then they should be stuck to transparent tapes.
Information obtained from fibre
1. Whether the fibre is animal origin or plant origin or of synthetic one.
2. Whether that fibre tally with the fibres of questioned
 Collection of blood stains
I. The blood found on the persons or clothing of a victim of an offence is usually his own blood unless assailants is
also injured and both victim and suspect came in physical contact. In such a case victim may also carry blood of the
suspect. Such clothing should be carefully preserved.
II. Contamination of the clothing during sezure and storage should be avoided. If it is necessary to cut the clothes off
the victim, then care should be taken to avoid cutting through stained areas or through holes caused be bullets or
cuts by weapons.
III.Blood stains garments should be thoroughly dried before it is wrapped in clean wrapping paper. Draying may be done by
spreading the garment under the shade or under the fan.
IV.The packing of blood evidence in polythin bags or air tight container be avoided, because the residual moisture may get
trapped and gives rise to bacterial growth leading to destruction of the stains.
V. Each garment should be raped separately and should not come into contact with other clothing. A clean paper could be
inserted between each fold.
VI. If liquid blood is found at the scene, a clean dropper could be used to collect the sample and the sample placed in a vial.
In such cases the vials have to be kept in a ice-cold thermos- flask. It is advisable to collect liquid blood sample on a piece
of sterile cotton or filter paper dipped in saline water and dried, if it is not possible arranged for a thermos-flask.
VII. If the blood stain appears on a large object which can't be transported, the blood stained area should be removed by
cutting or by scrapping on to a clean piece of paper using a clean knife. For control sample some of the unstained material
from around the blood stained area should be collected.
VIII. In case of murder, the sample blood of the deceased should always be collected at the post-mortem for evaluation of
blood evidence.
Examination of blood stains
1. The blood stains are subjected to examination to answer the following questions.
2. Whether the stain is blood or any other substance ?
3. If it is blood, is it animal or human origin ?
4. If it is animal what species of animal?
5. If human, whether male or female ?
6. From which part of the body has the blood originated ?
7. What is the blood group?
8. Can paternity be established by blood tests?
Search for Semen stains
1. Semen stains will usually be found on the clothing of the victim or the perpetrator, particularly under garments .
Seminal stains may also be found on bedding, mattresses, car seats etc.
2. Clothing and article suspected to contain seminal stains should be seized as quickly as possible, because an attempt
may be made to remove the traces by washing.
3. Often, Seminal stains are readily visible on a fabric because the exhibit a stiff, crusty appearance. Fresh semen has
a characteristic odour.
4. The female victim of an assault may have a considerable quantity of semen in or around the vagina. In such cases
vaginal swap should be obtained by the medical officer.
5.In case seminal stains are to be typed then sample of saliva of both the suspected and victim should be collected.
6. Inspection of evidence under ultra violet light is sometimes usefull in reviling the location of seminal stains, because of
there fluorescent nature. Seminal stains give bluish white fluorescence.
Collection and preservation of stain
I. In clothing is recovered with suspected seminal stains each garment should be placed in separate packing.
II. The stain must be dried in room temperature before packing.
III. The suspected pieces of clothing should be laid gently between two sheets of a cardboard or similar materials,
which are tried together with a string to avoid friction.
 IV. The semen stain should be collected separately from inside and outside of a condom.
Examination of semen stains to obtain informations
1. The following informations can be obtained examining the semen strains .
2. Whether the stain is of semen stain or not ?
3. If so, what is its origin ?
4. What is its groups ?
Super imposition technique and its importance.
The identifications of a dead body is one of the important problems of police work. Several methods are in vogue
which can help to identify a dead body. However, if a body is decomposed and only the skeletal remains are available then
identification is far more difficult. When a skull is found and no other method can identify, the photo superimposition
technique is adopted to established the identity of the skull.
Nature of photograph required for superimposition
I. In order to establish identity of unknown skull it is important to obtain a photograph of the person concerned. The
photograph need not be a front view of the face. Even lateral view of the face can be useful.
II. In order to photo graph blown to the life size of the skull, it is advantages to obtain a photograph which has some
object of a permanent nature.
III. In the absence of any object in the photograph, a negative of the photograph, if available, along with the probable
distance of the camera and the person photographed will be useful to approximate the life size of the head in the
photograph.
IV. As far as possible the photograph should be latest one, taken during the life time of the deceased.
Nature of skull required
The skull with mandible should be available for superimposition technique. The skull if fractured or with
mandible person missing can also be useful.
Superimposition Technique
Electronic Skull superimposition Technique.
 POLICE ORDER No. 1z4
Deteiled
i"rir-o"tioor l.1 l.nstructions
r-
finalised by the Central Advisory Committee on Forensic Science arG
for collec- gtven belotti:-
ting, packing There are three main sources from which exhibits for examination can bc glraingd
transrorting
-
ditreient (l) The scenceof the crime
tvqig."l (2)
exhibities \'t The victim
to the. (3) The suspect ald his environment,
Foronsic

ii'o'jr?,t*. -, Tl-Y.tv gecessary-tosearchthe three sourcesthroug-hly,collect all the materials -in sufficient
quantity and send them to the laboratory. The microscopic fragments, ArUiir unallh.,
iirconspicuousmaterials can contribute-to--the final soiuticn of ttre" ciim6. frri--"offrItioi"'of
such materials is a specialisedta,k and investigating ofdcer must have a very tr*--iin-r" of
observation.

2. Precautiottsto be ob.rervedli) Protect the sceneof offence immediately after the rcceipt
of information about the offence. Do not allow any unauthcrisedperson io enter the ai"l
until the investigatingoffi-cerhas collectedall the relevantmaierial. White picting-uoa-Ju.f,ng
the material tbr despatcb to. the laboratory, care should be taken to see that- -examinaion.
no art'i;f i;
. inadvertantly contaminated with extraneous matter or likely to interfere in its

- (tt) Obtain. photographs of the scene from as . number of angles so a to later cstablish
the exact position of thing and their condition of lying, there,.thedocty (if any), ttri- o:*p-onr,
,6g.;;e
etc. and similar relevant details about rvhich recollection may later fade ana .l-r6ilo.
- (iii) After first conducting.a preliminary_examination beforemoving tbe articlesand
-pu-rti.uiu.
noting
down_ any .lPecial points- the investigating ofHcer-_
should hancle the irticle -
care by holding it only -by such.parts as. are unililely to have been touched "itl-
Ui tn-r i"iO,
of a person who could have used it previously.
(iu)-Look for unusual foreignmatter^likepiecesof h.air,fibre,pa?cr clothes,glass,wood,metal,
etc. and collect the srveepings from thefloor without.disrurbingbther thiogs'titi tircoA,'iuii"",
semenstains, etc. (use forceps for picking small items).

(v) It is also advisable to make a rough sketch of position of objects and oote thc
relationship of various pieces of evidence to the surrounding, etc., which often provc of
value in the case.

.. (vi) In .investigating^cas.esof -murder or suicide a Medical Ofrcer should accompany thc

police to the scene- of crime whenever possible and inspect the body anO itJ-iuFouriOing
before they are turbed.
 90
3. General directions-Each articles should.be separatelypacked and labelled indicating
the serial numberof item. Never pack more than one item logether. The labels should be
numbered consecutivelyand should^beir the signatureof the. forwarding officer and the number
and date of his letter of advice to the bir?ctor, Forensic ScienceLabcratories. All the
packetsbelongingto oo" case should then fog enclosedin one box or outcr coverirrg- unlcss
itirpuiiiy-i" tft-.ir" of the variousarticles makes this inconvenientbut articles^belonging
the dinirent casesshoulj never be lbrwarded under the same cover. Articles sent for exami-
nation must never be used as wrappers. Labels should not be pasted ov,er instruments
suspectedto contain any stains. Af parcels should carefully be sealed.-by the despatching
offiters and packed in such a manndr that they bannot .be opened without destroying . th.e
seals. The seialshould be the same throughout, either a private seal or an official seal which
is kept in safs Custody. tmprexion of kels, rveigh,etc., inust notbeused. A letter of advice
strouth Ue i-parut.ty iorwarded b the Director," Folens.c l.aboratory. .A.copy of the for-
warding lettei shbuld be invariably encl-sedin the parcel so that the e.xhibitscan be connec-
ted wit-h the relevant case. The jase referencesnould be prominently mentioned on the outer
cover of the parcel,

The fonvarding letter should contain the following particulars :-

(l) Report number, (2) Casereference, (3) Brief history of the case,- (4) -D-escriptionof
'(iiNature
articlein eich packet, of opinion'wanted,(6) Forwardingno* of the Officer-throug.h
whom the art-iclesare' ibrwarcled, (7) Name of the investigating officer and (J) Fascirr,ile
of the ssalsused on the packet.

4. Directions for specific types of exhibits*

(i) Weapons and Tools-Iron metal parts stained with blood should be. preserved from
geftil! rusty as far as practicable and should be sent for exanrina-tionto the laboratory as
Eoiiy:ut-poisiUtl. Develdpment^ of rust uncler the stains rendersthem unsuitablefor laboratory-
i.it. fniuet, guns, tools and other weapors should be ^securedto a boa-rd by means of
i"uiA itroulA ineo Ue plaied in a box of suitable size and covered with a
;a;irgr.- tii' -lid.-
Large glass articles, itone slabs, mctal pieces and other heavy objects can
"ioi"fittiog
be safeguarded means of small wooden craters.
by

(ii) Hairs and Fibres-If theseare founcl adhering. to some- objects with blood, . clot, the
whofi'object with the hair or fibre remaining in_ situ should be sent to the. laboratory-
'prrrerve
ln order untouchid arry foreign rnatter- adhering to them the hairs of tibres should
6r pi.tiO-rp-*iin tor..pt. They should be placed.in fi-iter o.r b.lotting pup:t,,which should
be d.,reiully fota.O aioo! ttr" length of the'exhibit and enclosed in a su^tabie container.
A-i;;;;itth- a-glazed iurface or-acellophane paper can also be usedforthis purpose.
''
Hair from the persons or animals should be obtrined by combing. If- this does not
Viefa sumcieniq"ontily,
'the a con-siderablenr1mb91should be clipped from several.pointscutting
ihem close to iiin.
-stin. Public hair shoutd be takcn fr6m rape victinrs. _This should be
clipped close to the This is useful tbr comparison with the hair found on the person
or^6lothing or handkerchief of the suspect.

soil-This should be placed in a filter paper and then closed.in a suitable

-'ii or -dust
Oiil Dust
ah" is found on an'y article of furnituie, it can be collected direclly in
ufrfi.i ;up"i- with the help of avaccume'cleaner. Soils maybecollectedwith a scapol, spatula
"ontiio'.r.
;;-;;ffi. if the dust is found on an object which cin be readily transported such as
;;";;;';i"tirini, -' ttri whole.gbjegtshould b-e sent to the laboratory,keePingthedusttrsoil
i"--t""t l--oo th. material.- Mctal 6tlings, glass fragments, finger nail scrapings,paint
*ooA-ihipt, plater and similar samplesshould be-placed in nlter paper and enclosed
"tior.
iririiiiti" iodiaioir. For all the above-purposes,celtophane papei' or any other clean
preferably with a glazed surface can be used instead of filter papel.
ground-glassstoppers.
Liquids and greasesshould be sent in glass container with non-leaking

Ovl Blood and l.lood stains-Blood and blood stains constitute I ver-yimportant ?spect_
of .tile' work or a forensic scientist. The discovery of blood stains dependson the acuitv.of
in"'"u.."Tiir urt[t6 should be systematicallysear6hed.Blood stains are found on clothing
*."o,in. vehicle, as well as on ihe Uody and clothing of both victim and , the .suspect
ih;I;i6*ing--iloceduie should be observed in collectiig blood or blood stains articles.
 '9r
DON'T USE ANY PRESERVATIVE
Fresll moist stains on clothing, sheets, hlankets,etc.-Allow thc stain to DRY AT ROOM
TEIVIPERATURB. Insert the fabric between clean white paper to protect stain
fro6 the rest of the material aiid sencl it to the iaboratory. If blood is found in large
quantities ir may be snakedin a filter paper and dried in shade at ROOM TEIUFERATURE.
A portion of the filter papcr shoutd be scnt as coutrol. Then allcw .the rest to DRY
;\T ROCM TEMPERATURE, insert the dried fabric bctlvecn clean white paper and send
to the laboratory.

Fresh moist stains on solid objects-suclt as y'eapon, u'ood, plaster, autontobile, clc.*Blood
may be soaked on a filter paper and allowed to DRY lN SHADE AT ROOM TEMPERA-
TURE and sent in an envelope.

Dried stains on clothing, slrcets, bl1nkets, ctc.-Send the entile fabric the
laboratcry, protecting the stain with clean white paper.

Dried stains on solid objects-First remove any crusts, place thcm irr a test tube,
stopper and send to the labomtory. The entirc object must then be sent to the laboratory.
If this is not possible,scrape off as much as possible avoiding scrapingthe sohd object
unclerneathparticularlyif the object is wooti, plants, leather or chumum plaster, and placet
the scrappingsin a clean test !ube, stopperand send,to the laboratory. If this is difficult,
the stain maybe transtbrredto a moist ittel paper, dried in shade at ROOM TEMPERA-
TURS and sendto the laboratory in an envelope.

If the blood is found on earth, or earthy material, scrapping should be madedeep enough
(l) to collect the soaked serum.

If the blood stains is found on dried leaves, embed thern in a mass of plasticine,
$rained side upper-most pack in a suitable container and scnd to the laboratory.

Blaod and Blood stains on the body of a person-Slains from suspectedareas should be
removed with a piece filtter paper soaked in 9 per cent solution of sodiuni cloride.
Tlris should be allowedto lie on the portion till the paper gets stained rvhich shottld then
be removedand dried in shadeat ROOM TEMPERATURE. The filter paper is then encloscd
in an envelope and sent to the laboratory.

lf stainsare suspectedto be presentin the nails, they should be clipped and the clipplngs
packed in a glazedpaperand sent to the laboratory. Materials sticking_t9lhe nail cliippings
ihould not bt lost ln- packing and transit. ln clipping nails, care shculd be taken to avoid
cutting the under lying skin of flesh.

A large quantity of suin is required for determiningblood grorrp than for deter-
mining thi origin oi blood. A control specimenis cssentialfor determiningblood group frgm
stains-in cases- rvhere the stains is likely to contain blood from different personsthis
fact of multiplicity of persons should be statedand each spot should be kept separaJe.
fhssg rcmarks also apply for determining semen group.

Control Scmples-.-lf it is not possible to sendthe entire object to the laboratory, _ a

pcrtion of the unstained area immediately _surroundingthe stain should always be forwaded
ior control tests. In caseof stains on clothing, an unstained portion of about 2 squire
inches free frcm the stain, frora thE immeciiateneighbourhoodof the stain should be sent'
If the stain is on soil, plaster or i'urniture, etc. a porticn (1 gram) of the adjacent
unstainedarea should be scraped to the same depth as the stained area and sent as
-it control safoplesnear the stain,-avoid the soakage_of the stain. In the
control. In taking
case of weapons,
- - desilable ihat the whole object is sent to the laboratory so that
is very
the control sample may be prepared from the washings of the surface of an unstained
area,

(v) semen-Jhe stain is allowed to DRY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE arrd the entire
objeit'is sent to the laboratory. The garrr,ent or fahric may 99- folded- !?klng care that
th6 stained areasare not folded. Piecesof clean white paper shouldbe inter-laid betlveen folds'
 92
(vi) Saliva-1f saliva is suspectedto be present on any article the entire object should
be sent. Control samples of salivaliom the victim and the suspectedpersonsshouldbe collecred
and sent immediatelyin a small clean phial placed in an ice 6ox. IT the persons are dead,
srvabstion the mouths of both tire victim and suspectshould be sent.
(vii) Tissaed-Dry at ROOM TEMPERATURE and send. Don't use any perservative.
(viii) Arson cascs
and casesof burning-In sendirrgcloth anr! other exhibits in connection
wjth arson cascsmaterial suspectcdto contain inflammablefluid must be put in a bottle with
air-tight stopDers. It is very necessarythat they shouldbe in air-tight Containers as otherwise
small amount of inffamrnablcfluid which might be present vrill evaporate. Even if the
inflummable fluid was present at the tirne of seizure of ihe article, it m'ay not be found at
the time of testing, which has to be necessarrlycarried out affer some days.
(i.r) Tool Marks-Send the whole tool. lf this is impracticable,make several impressions
on similar material as evidencc,using the entire marking area of tool. This tool mark should
be protectedby coveringwith sott papcr. lt should tiren be placed in strong rvrappingpapels
the whole thing should be in a strong box and packed lLr prevent shil'tirrg.
(x) Exhibits .for Ballistic Examinations-A. Seizure -The fire-arms seized should be sent
with the folllowing particulars if available.

(e) The type and make (b) Serial number (c) Calibre.

The label containing the descriptions should bear the signatures of witness. In the case
oi fired bullets or cases of revolver and pistol cartridges,the signature of ecarchrvitnesses
should be taken on the accompanyinglabel only. As many cartlidge casesof bullets, as
possible, should be recoveredand sent to the laboratory for future referenceor for exhibition
in tne court by the expert while deposing.

B.Packing-Immediately on seizure of a firc-arm, the muzzle end of the barrel shouldbe

capped and not plugged. In the case of revolvers, opening on both the front and near
sides of the chamber should be plugged with clean cloth. This should be done at the beach
end of the fire-arm. The fire-arrns should th,n bg separatelywrapped up with paper, tied
with threadand kept in a wooden box with packing material such at cotton wasteso that it
does not move during transit. The investigatingofficer should in no casetry the mechanismof,
the working of the fire-arms. It should be brought in original condition of the seizure.

In the case of ammunition,the open end of a crime cartidege case should be immediately
corked and the base covered with cotton and kept in envelopes.
C. Tissues surrounding gunshot injuries-Instruction for despatch of:yitt es in cases of
death from shooting to be examined for the presenceof traces of lead should be sent in
lead-free containers.. County-rnade earthen-warejals have been frequently found to contain
lead in their inner surfaceand should not be used as containersfor packing such tissuc's.A
specimen of unaffected tissues from the same body should also be sent in such cases
whenever possible for contorl pu{pose.

D. In casesof gunshot injuries, the entire cloth of the victim without disturbing the
rents, if any made on the cloth by the gunshotsshould be sent to the laboratory fe1
ascertainingthe presenceof traces of lead and other ammunition residues.

. E. I.abelling-fach article should be packed, labelled and sealed separatelybefore sendiag

it to the laboratory through a messenger.

5. Clue materials encountered in certain specifc ofences-(i) Automobile Accidents-The

following clues should be sought.

(a) Skid marksJhis will. give- on indication of t!9 point at rvhich the brakes $rre
applied and the speed at which the vehicle was travelling. The length of each skid msrk
-f,6uld be measuredand recorded.

(b) Type impression-This will -give information on the make and brand of the type,
condition-bfttre-tyre, the size of the career truck, the direction of approach and departure
bf the vehicle from the scene.
 9l

, (") Dirt snd Debris-Dirt and debris might have dropped from tbe vehicles as a result of
tlle jolt. This should be collected and sent- to the laboratary for comparison with the direct
iiom the undersurface of thc mudguard or outlines of the suspecterlvehicle.

(d) Flakes of point and enamels--:This may be found scattered at the sceneof the accident.
This should be collected and sent to the laboratory for comparison with similar samples
obtained from the suspected vehicle.

(e) Glass piece.r-Frcrrr the damaged head lamp sicle mirror, windows and wncl screen
found at the scene should be sent. Every picce should be collected so that the article may be
reconstructed. These pit:ces can also be c'ompared with similar pieces obtained fiom a suipecterJ
vehicle.

-.(f) Broken equipment-Such as pieces c,f metal fiom a broken bumper bar, door handle,
radiator emblent detached from the damged vehicle sirould be collected aird sent. This wili
help tc connect a suspected vehicle with the accidenl.

. (g) Fabrics-Srnall fragments of cloth or t'abrics which have been torn away by the heavy
wheels are likely to be found on the scene of the accident. These should be iollected ani
sent for comparison with the similar materials rhat migth be found on the tyres of the
suspected car.

(h) Blood hair an is.nre.s-lf tbund in a car suspdcted to have been involve,J in an accident
should be sent to the laboratory for comparison with the blood and hair of the victims
This establishes a link between the suslrected vehicle and accident.

\i) Engine oil or any oil-Found at the scene of the crinie should be sent in clean and
dry on or glass containers.

. 14 Tle/i of Teleglaph and Telephone wircs-ln cases of thetl of telegraph and telephone
wires and cases involving the examination of tool rnarks on objects the investigating 6fficer
-beencut
should collect the looseley hanging wires and,-le rly mark the end supposed to have
by !h9 culprit to differentiate it from the cut made b.v lh,einvestigating officer in renioving at
small length of wire. The end of recovered wires should bc caiefully wrapped in cotton wool
and tied with strong therad so that the delicate surlbce is not darnaged during transit. The
ends cut liom the hanging rvires should also be rvrapped similarly. The rvire ends enclosed
in cotton wool wrappings should be packecl in a mqistfres container.

The tools left at the scene of offence recovered from the suspect should be wrapped in
cottou wool and care should be taken not to u.se those instruments in obtain;ng sampie euds.

(k) Exhibits to be sent to the chinical exantiners or Forensir Se'ienceLaboratories in case of

sttspected poisoning-Exhibits to be sent to the chemiqrl examiners or forensic scieucelaboratoriesin
case of suspected poisoning.

A. In casesof death riue to poisoning it is the duty of the Medical Officer to collect and
preserve the viscera of the deceasedfor transmission to tbe Chemical E,xaminer. But the mode
of collection and prcservation particularly is dependant on the history of the case. It is the main
duty of the Police Officer to give the full history of the case available to the M edical O{ficer
before he conducts the post-mortem. For instance,in caseot' poisoning by drinking excessof alcohol,
poisoned arrack, etc., the viscera should Lre preserved in a saturated solution of common salt.
If the Medical Officer is not informed that it is a case of deatlr bri - consumins alcohol he
may preserve the viscera in alcohal itself (alcoh.ol berng the common preservativel and render
the specimens unfit for examination for alcohol. Similarly irr a casc of barbiturate posioning
-
(sleeping tablets) the urine and the brain are most important articles required for a satisfacl
lory analysis. As in the case of barbiturate poisoning urine should 6e preserved in poison-
ing by, othe_r_modernsle,epingdrugs-,-Dhatura includine other vegetable poisons and alcohol
poisonitrg. Unless ihe lvledical Officer is aware of the nature of poisoning he may not
preservo and send the brain and urin.. In cases of poisoning by carbon moiroxidt,, h5,drogen
sulphide, alcohol, it is the blood, urine and lungs that are the most imporlant articlesfor analysis.
If thcse articles are not sent by the Metlical Officer nothing conclusive might be obtained by
the analpis_of other_viscera. Hence, it is .imperative on th! part of .very- investigatingofficei
toplace before the Medical Officer the history the case available before the post-m{:}rtem
is done , il' the investigation is to be effective,Vague terms like o'suspiciousdeath", "death by
poisoning", should not be trsed under the column "History of case."
 94
B. pre,sentatton aJ Evidence*(I) Evitlence to he collected ar the scene.-A th-orough examina-
tion of the sr:;fle of dealh f'or iuicirie notc , source of pois,tn, containers ltotl which the
victim ma;, irive taken the poiscn, etc", si,ould be undertaken' l.ook fgl c^ups:
.-
ui"rrrr. botrles. tari i*itia*,:t.- firor"['rnaterial ancl submit them for chemical analysis.. A1l food
il"i.ii"f fi-tii,rC in ,,,t,1'r'ound rh: prcrnis.rsshould be conliscated fon analysis in thelaboratory.

(Living persons)-l. Food, medicine,drink

'rhe Evidnre to he ';olle:tttd in uon-f'atal poisr.ting.
(g)
an,J crrrilinr,rc ii"orr whit^h the position was administerecl'

cgiiccted in a clean bottle (vegetable poisotts, merctlry'

J. Llrinc-Zy hourt -sp{.rctimen sleep'
ing tablets, leads).

3. Blood-l}c"c. Ask doctor to collect (Vegetablepoisons, alcohol, sleeping tablets, lead)

-1.Vomitcus and stornachwashing(lnclicatcspoison by mouth but not necessarilythat

it is absorbed and eausingpoisonous ayn:lptoms.

5" Faees(Arsenie,lea6 *nd so on. Indicates.posion by rnouth but not neeessatilythat

rr is absorbeeiand cartsingpoironous symptoms),

Hair-clippings (Arsenie'ehronic)

a
L elippings of" finger nnils :lrrd toe nails (Arsenic-chronic)

s . Footl (Bacterialfsc:d poisoningether poisonr arjministeredthfough ftrod)

I
{1ll) Eriilenceto be rcIlecterlin.fatal p oisoning(dec.dboilies){h: f-ollowingvisceraar collect'd
tim;;a post-.nortem examination lbr-chcrnical analysisby the Medical Officer:-

l. Tlre stontachand its contents

2. A ioop of small intestine and its contents

3, Liver-At least one Pound

4. Kidneys-At least one

5. All the urine presentin th* bladder'

The abovearecollectedin a rouiinepo,t-mortem examinationin casesof poisoning'In special

casesof poisonirrg the following are savsd for analysis'

l" Blood-50 c. c. (Alcohol, mercury'carbon'monoxide)

2. Lungs (Respired Poisons)

3. Brain-At least one half (Alcohol, sleepingtablets, opium, chloroform)

4. Bone, finger nails, hair (Arsenic'chronic)

Nor;-[n casesof poisoningiu which specimens are of_m-edicoJegal.importance, the investi'

fiatin-s"office;';;eih;'lk".iir"tomcer must u1e careto estrblisha.legalctrain of custody insucha
A;ilil;;;i, of the can
material statethat it has not been contaminated
ii""^'fririnl'-itsponsirrilitv-
;;i#;;:"i-rr-#'rirr,rd follow the rulesfor collecting.packing,.labelling^ancltransportingof
ii.;i*fi; f.r r-f,"ioi.ut analvsis, as laid down by rules of the respectiveState Governments.
 95
(IV) Vomitteclmatter, if any, anil faecesshould be paekedseparatelyand sent to the laboratory
after'a.ldirrg;;;iifr;J;tit,turfrli"*ot*r. lfthevomittirdorpurged triattersare mixed rvith earth
l,t t"mii"ni quon?tyio- rendir tlem dry ind inott'ensive, tliey may he packed without rectilied
spirit in any convenient manner.

TNALLTHEABOVECASESRECTIFITD SPIRIT SHOULD NOTBE ADDED AS PRE-

TO PO1SONS
SERVATIVE rF THE pOrsOXrNC ts SUSprcTlDrp qq,PUE SUCH .AS
ACID ANDcAR-
ACETic
fr-CoHor-,rEnosiNe, FnospsonorjS,len.a.4lD3-I1Y-DE
BOLrcr\crD.rN su-H CAses"niaruilAinp sor_qlrQ\oFCOlvrMoN _ $$.LTSHOULD
nE AOOgO AS pRCStRvLTtVE"WtrU L,{YtlR OF SALTAT THI'. BOTTOM.

6. Collectionanrl preservatlon oJmsterial obiects 6od1'-M.9)l of., the collection

.fra.rn-victinr's
"vic,tins body rnav comc within the field of the
and preservatir:nof rriut.iiot oUj..i" fiom the -r..tfonriblility
Me,Jicalofflcer, Howeuer,it is ttre primu.y of ttr-e-investigatirrgpolice offcer to
ptacethe full history of th..ur. belbri tHe itJicit Officei to enableto coflectthe requiredspeci-
irrensan'l preservetiiern in an appropriate manue.. T'husin casesrvith a-hl'1ory of injury or death 'to
causedby a stiarp*"rp""llrr."ffid;';h;"t,1 be intimated to thc Medical officer to enable him
arriveat a conclusron -ients havc beeir caused by such rveapons' Further
try sucfr weaponson rhe weaiing apparei correspcnding
"ii,-iir-r-t".rr--injoii.t-.ool<1
he rvill be able to n]ari-ii,e
in thc .i,oJuiu latei'date. -Furthel i-t ,liiv !:.lt:":ss"arv to^take
iu puiiiiurui iqi"ii"i for exhibition"uur.d
tdil.;-;f tiuii r.ooi ,r"rp
t-ril-- otherpuit.-ortn.bot\rgot,.,oTg1'-{i:9n^-*t^rl,-,i1" hair found
""0 ol'offeni'e, ebc" and otrerilq A speci'
on the weaponor \\eaponsusei or on the scc"rre 1n ,Ppili?n' necessary'
*." of Ufoo?-ina' have to bc taken from the victim for a blood -Clupllg, -t::1,-t:t :l
paiticular care shouldbe taken for the collcctionof thesematcrialsfrom the victim, if he "t.t is alreaCy
oUioir"a ut u tut"i,tote, when the body has been already r'remated,as is
clead,sincethey cannoiL*
-Omiei ffir." ih. inu"itigating policeofficershouldclearly.issue a re-
the usualcustomin this .",i"tiv.--
;;ltiti;;b itt.- M.Air"f who conductsthe i).;t-nrurltiir to preservethese specimensbefore
the body is disposedof"

7. i-orcollecting,packing and despatching e.xhihits connectedn'ith explosionJbr expk'sit'e

substances--Ttre shbuld
lnuestigating'offi..r* reier to the instructionsissuedby the Chief lnspector
of Explosivesin India.

FORWARDING NOTE

at t h e . ..
ln all cases wherc the examination of anY material is reQuired in shouldac€ompany
FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY' a copy of this fornr dulY 5lled
the exhibits.

CaseNo. .
Police-station....

District

State

Section of Law
 96
f. Nature of crime

(This should cover nature of charge, brief history and any relevant details).

lf. I-ist tlf extribits sent lbr examination

Serial No. Descriptio:r How, rvhel and Qy Source of the*t REM.lnrcs

of the exhibits whom found ? exhibits
(l) {2) (3) w (s)

III. Nature of examinationrequired

(Including any infornratiorrwhich will assist the examination)

* * (l) The exact place from where the

exhibits were collected.
(2) If these cxhibitswere. in^the possessio.n
of a person (victim/suspect/witneee).
oarnesand other detailsof tlie ownersshould ue iur'irrr"o. The
 97
MeMo. No.... . . . . , D a t e d the.. -.
F'orwarded to the Director. . . . . .Forensic Science Laboratoryr-b.-----

$ionafitta nf t!1q p47trro..{ina OfEfef

Designationof the Fon'arding Offcer * - ts

SPECIMEN
SEAL
TMPRESSION

Noru-6 the"Nature of Crime" and "Nature of Examination".

Care shouldbe takento $nsurethst all necessaryioformation regardingindividual saoder
submittedis included.

- In the packing of materi,l fnre{nert examin4tinn,iticimportantthat the speelmelq3rlp!e!

should be well protected against contamination, from outside sourc€s. The specimen wtco
receivedat the laboratory must be a true unadultated sampleof the material flfounil at thg soo
of the crime.
The exhibits shouldbe collected.packed and transported according to the direcfions hsn ed
in the instructions sheet supplied to all investigating officers. Methods described und€s cach
.t1peof exhibit should be meticulously observed.

The specimen must be in a separateclean, glass-stoppered

bottles and sealed.
Specimen seal impression should be on the sealingwax.

Ce*ifica&eto b: signeCby a crn2:teat fcr*lrJing ruth:rity aoJ f:rrtiJ:J t,: tlre Dir::t.ri
.-... . .Forensic Sciencelaboratory. .r..{ i F - d
wilir exiri-Lits.
cE',RflFrEOthat the Dnrcron. ...FonENsrc LlnoRlrony,.-...
has the authority to examine the exhibits sent to him in connection with the caseof Staf
vefsus,
under section. ..,... to take them to plcco
..and, if necessary,
or removedpcrtions for the puqrrosesof the said examination.
Date,. .,..,..Signature tfi ,l:sigzttit,t nf forwtrding authorlty
Place.. . .

II. The State Forcnsic Science Laboratory has been opened at Cuttack where followlogl
examinations will be done:-
(i) Fir+arms and ammunition
(ii) Telegraphic and other wires
(ru) Restoration of erased numbers or writings on metallig wooden, plastic and leathcr
suflag€s.
(ir') Tool marks left on various surfaces
(v) Comparison of cloth fragments
(ri) Piecesof broken utensiis, broken glass, glass bangles and other broken articlcs
(vr'i) Miscellaneous physical examinations such as that of packing m.tterials, guoay trapt
metal clips,fittings, drillings and the like.
 98
Thesearticlesshould besent to the Scientific-OScer,Care-Superintendent of police,C.I.D.,
Cdme Branch, Cuttack. Procedure ano ile method-oT se"&"g-trreri-a*icieJ'w1r-be
as detailed above. other articles should b; ;c"t; the same
iil;-Cfi.*it*i Eiirnin.i,-cut.utt" and
the Forensic l,aboratory, Calcutta 6-ih; car" *u;,, b*.--
(Previous Police Order Referelce No. 4 of 1962)
FINGERPRINTS
By
Dr. Arun Kumar Swain
Retd. Asst. Director (DNA Division)
SFSL, BHUBANESWAR
Mob No.- 8917320212
IDENTIFICATION OF FINGERPRINTS FROM SCENE OF CRIME
• Fingerprints left by the culprit at the scene of crime are known as “chance prints”.
• These prints are left by the criminals unknowingly and are rightly called as “ Burglars visiting
cards”
• There are three main classes of chance prints viz.

1. visible prints

2. Plastic Prints
3. Latent Print

VISIBLE PRINTS
• These are found at scene of crime when criminals fingers is covered with some coloured
material such as paint, ink, dirt, blood or other visible material.
• Prints of this type are rarely found at scene of crime
• Prints of this nature don’t require any development as they can be easily recorded by taking.
PLASTIC PRINTS
• These are found on flexible surfaces and plastic prints.
• These are generally found on objects such as soap, mud ,pitch, thick dried blood, melted wax or
paraffin ,adhesive so on.
• These can be photographed by angular illumination.
• Prints on candle can be intensified by rolling over them a thick layer of printer’s ink.
LATENT PRINTS
• The most important of the chance prints are the latent or invisible prints.
• These prints have poor visibility and can be made visible by suitable development.
• Latent prints are formed by the deposition of colourless greasy substance from the palmer
surface of the fingers.
SEARCHING OF LATENT PRINTS
• At the scene of crime first thing one should look for is the latent prints
• All possible precautions should be taken to avoid any disturbance to the scene
• Table tops and other flat surfaces should be searched such as door knobs, window panes, door
heaves, almirah door handles, ash-tray, glass bottles, plates and other smooth surface articles.
• DEVELOP OF LATENT PRINTS
There are two general methods of developing latent fingerprints
 1. Physical
2. Chemical
PHYSICAL METHODS
• Powder development techniques.
Different coloured powders are used depending upon the background.

A. Black Powder :-
Lampblack, graphite and charcoal.
White surface like paper and chinaware containing latent prints can be developed.
GREY / WHITE POWDER

• Grey powder contains mercury and chalk.

• white powder consisting of titanium dioxide,

• zinc oxide and Gum Acacia.

• excellent results are obtained with grey/white

• powder on glassware's ,Silverwares.

RED POWDER
• Red powder is known as Dragon’s blood is a finely powdered red resin from the fruit of a palm
that is used for zinc engraving.
• This can be used to develop fresh prints on paper.
SILVER POWDER
• Ingredient is fine aluminium dust.
• It is used on hard surfaces which are polished, painted or varnished and on objects like feather
and cellophane
FLUORESCENT POWDER
• when latent prints are found on multicoloured surfaces this powder is used
• The developed prints are taken to darkness and exposed to ultra-violet light
• The latent prints fluoresce which can be photographed.
• how to apply the Powder ?
Camel or squirrel hair brush ostrich feather brush
Magna brush

• Chemical Methods ;-
iodine development
silver nitrate development
Ninhydrin development

LODINE DEVELOPMENT
 • The method is useful on porous surface such as paper, cardboard and plaster wall where the
fats and oils of greasy prints gets absorbed on the surface
• When vapours of iodine are forced on the surface, fatty and oily deposits physically absorb the
iodine fumes and prints get developed to yellow-brown colour
• Photographs should be taken otherwise iodine gets released from prints.
SILVER NITRATE DEVELOPMENT
• In old chance prints grease and moisture will evaporate with the passage of time but salt from
perspiration persists.
• If an aqueous solution of silver nitrate is allowed to act on sodium chloride to produce
photosensitive silver chloride
• The developed print will remain for many years.
• Old prints on paper cardboard and on painted wood of two years can be developed.
NINHYDRIN DEVELOPMENT
• Recent method. where other methods failed this method is applied.
• Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids of human perspiration giving rise to a pink or purple colour
print.
• This method is used to develop prints on paper.
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
UTILITY OF FINGERPRINTS IN INVESTIGATION
• It helps investigators to link one crime scene to another, involving the same person
• Fingerprints are also used to track the criminal record, so that their history of crime or
proceedings can be found easily.
• By tracking previous arrest and convictions to add in sentencing, probation, parole and
pardoning decisions.
• It helps in establishing the identity of a person with minimum time and effort and enabling
speedy investigation.
• Fingerprints of unidentified bodies are taken with a view to identify the deceased at a later date.
• The fingerprints of the inmates at the place of offense are often required to be taken to
eliminate them from the chance fingerprint of the intruders.
• Fingerprints of suspects are taken for identification with the chance fingerprints left at the scene
of crime.
• Illiterate person give thumb impression on documents. Any dispute if arises as regard to thumb
impression, comparison can be made by taking genuine thumb impression.
RECORDING OF SPECIMEN FINGERPRINT.
• The standard method of recording of specimen fingerprints of suspects involves inking the
fingers by rolling on inked surface and placing them on fingerprint forms.
• The equipment required for recording fingerprints are
• A) a polished metal plate or glass slab
• B) rubber roller
• C) a tube of printers ink
• D) a suitable solvent like petrol or kerosene for cleaning the slab
• E) prescribed fingerprint recording forms
• F) cotton or rag to clean the slab and roller
RECORDING PROCEDURE
• Before recording the print the following precautions to be taken
• A) the slab and roller should be free from dust
 • B) the finger must be clean and free from perspiration
• C) the suspect’s hand should be washed with soap and warm water and gently
wiped with a towel
• D) use of too much ink should be avoided
• E) the ink should be evenly spread over the slab
• F) excessive pressure on the fingers while inking and recording should be
avoided
• G) the fingers should not be rolled over the same part of the slab until it is rolled
with ink.
• H) the slab should be placed at a sufficient height to allow the suspects forearm
to assume horizontal position when fingers are inked.
• i) impressions should be taken with the top of finger pointing to the top of
fingerprint slab
• J) fingerprints of the persons suffering from contagious and infectious diseases
should not be taken until the person is completely recovered.
• K) fingerprints of the lepers should be avoided.
LIFTING AND PRESERVATION OF FINGERPRINT
• There thee are cases when it is not possible to photograph a latent pint effectively due to
physical location of such print and where camera can not reach or due to poor contrast or
reflection of light or when the impression is on multicolour object. In such cases the developed
prints are lifted away.
The media most commonly used are transparent lifting tape which are sufficiently wide and
manufactured to shoot fingerprint lifting.
• A piece of tape Large enough to cover the print and fixed on a plastic background is carefully
pulled in one steady movement and pressed onto the powder print evenly and then pulled from
the surface and replaced on the plastic background to protect the lifted print
• When lifting the print care must be taken to prevent formation of air bubbles under the lifter.
• Such lifted print will be the permanent record.
FRICTION SKIN
The palmer surface of hand including fingers and the planter surface of foot including toes are
covered with a special type of skin known as friction skin. It does the mechanical function prevent
slipping of object when we hold it.
Friction skin has two parts
Ridges :- Ridges are the elevated lines on the friction skin.
The ridges are formed due to the fusion of epidermal unit each having a sweat pore at the centre in
rows. These are first formed at the finger tips and toes and then at phalanges, palm and sole. These are
started forming during the fourth and completed by the sixth month of foetal life.
Furrows:- In between two ridges there is a depression which is known as furrow.
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS/ RIDGE DETAILS
• Bifurcation :- One continuous ridge branch of into two directions in the shape of a fork.
• Ridge end/termination or Beginning of ridge :- When one continuous ridge ends suddenly.
• Short ridge :- A ridge which starts and ends abruptly and is short in length.
• Dot :- A small ridge having one sweat pore
• Island/lake/enclosure/Eye.
Definition of FINGERPRINT
The exact reproduction of papillary ridges of the top phalange of the finger by any means is known as
finger print.
IDENTIFICATION:- A known individual is recognized ordinarily at a glance. Here his external features are
taken into consideration. Sight recognition is effective as two individuals seldom present closely.
However sight recognition is not reliable as extraordinary resemblance makes confusion of individuals.
External alteration and changes brought about by ageing and diseases may lead to lack of identification.
So an absolutely reliable means of identification was demanded in many situations.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
• Anthropometry.
• Photograph.
• Naming.
• Descriptive roll.
• Signature and writing.
 • Finger print/Palm print.
• Biometric.(Finger Print /Palm print/ palm veins/face recognition/DNA/Iris etc
Amongst all the methods of personal identification, fingerprint method is considered as the best method
of identification due to the following points.
 Permanency/persistency
 Individuality/uniqueness.
 Classifiability.
 100% Accuracy.
 A dead body can be finger printed provided it is not decomposed badly.
 Cost of examination is less than any other method.
 One partial print is sufficient to establish identity as here the ridge characteristics are taken into
account and a small portion contains number of characteristics.
TYPE OF FINGER PRINTS
1. RECORDED PRINTS
2. CHANCE PRINTS.
• RECORDED FINGER PRINTS :-The prints which are recorded by ink or with any coloured
materials are known as recorded prints.
Recorded Finger prints are of two types
a). Plain prints:- Here the prints are taken only by touching the finger on the ink pad and then on the
paper. Here the prints are partial and does not bear all the parts of finger prints.
b). Rolled prints:- Here the prints are taken by rolling the fingers from one nail end to other. Here the
prints contain maximum area.
CHANCE PRINTS/ SCENE OF CRIME PRINTS/BURGLAR’S VISITING CARDS:-
The Finger prints obtained from the scene of crime, left by the fingers with the help of any coloured
materials or with the sweat contents are known as chance prints. A chance print is the most important
clue between the crime and offender. It is easy to link a criminal with the crime with the help of a
fragment of finger print.
Preservation of Spot:-It is the first and foremost duty of IO to preserve the crime spot from the
inmates , wind ,dust, rain, dew, temperature .It should not be disturbed before arrival of scientific team.
Chance prints are of three types.
a) Visible prints.
b) Plastic/ negative prints
c) Latent/ Invisible prints
Visible Prints:-The prints which are left by fingers covered with coloured materials such as ink, paint,
blood, tar, dirt etc. Here no development is required and simply photographed.
Plastic prints:- The prints found on soap, mud, candle, wax, paraffin are called plastic prints. Here the
elevated lines are not of ridges but are of furrows. Here no development is required and simply
photographed then the second negative is prepared to get the correct prints.
Latent prints:- The prints left by the oily matters exuded by sweat through sweat pores on the articles
which the fingers and palm may touch are termed as latent / invisible prints. Here the prints are made
visible by different ways.
Sweat is composed of the following materials.
a). water -99%
b). Urea – 0. 1%
c).NaCl & other Salts -0. 5%
d). Fats and Fatty acids( oily matters) -0.4%
This small quantity of Fats and Fatty acid present in the sweat enables us for developing latent prints.
DEVLOPMENT OF LATENT PRINTS:-Latent prints are generally developed by the following methods.
• Powder method.
• Fuming/ Gaseous method.
• Liquid chemical method.
• Modern techniques.
Powder method:- In this method generally three types of powder are used depending on the surface on
which it is to be applied .First the object /article is viewed by oblique light and the chance print if
available may be seen to naked eye .Depending upon the colour of the surface following powders are
dusted by camel hair brush and after that the excess powders are brushed out by means of ostrich
feather brush or very light fiber brush .The brush should be move along the trend of the ridges. The
powder will stick only to ridges giving a clear picture of finger Print.
• Grey/ White Powder.
it is applied on the articles like black coloured surface, glass, stainless steel, silver, polished wood and
object having single uniform colour.
 • Black/ Graphite Powder.
It is applied on paper, any white coloured surface or very light colour surface
• Brilliantine Powder
It is used on multi coloured surface.
Magna brush method:- By this method latent prints on the difficult surfaces such as ceiling, under
surface of table can be developed successfully by using magna brush and powder. It is not good to apply
on metallic surfaces.
Fuming Method:-
(Iodine fuming method)
In this process iodine vapors is passed over the latent print. When the latent print comes in contact with
iodine vapors the fats and the oily matters present in the latent print absorbs the iodine and becomes
visible.
Liquid chemical method:-
Nynhydrin Method:- for development of latent prints on old documents
Silver nitrate method :- for development of latent prints on light cotton cloth,& document
Blood stain prints:- Blood stain prints are not treated with any powder. If the print is clearly visible then
it is photographed directly. If the print is faint then treated with solution of leuco malachite green.

Dust prints:-Sometimes very good prints on dust surface are seen with all minutiae. Here no powder or
chemical is used only photographed directly. To preserve the Prints it is required to spray the solution of
cellulose acetate over the prints.
Recording of Chance Prints:-
All types of developed /visible/Plastic prints are first to be encircled , marking like A,B,C with the
signature of expert, IO & witnesses and placement of a scale just outside of the circle. Then it is to be
photographed in a digital camera showing all the features.
2. Document Cases:
In Document Cases, the Disputed Prints found in Documents like Sale Deed, Salary Master Rolls,
Payment Disbursement Registers etc. are compared with the Admitted / Specimen Finger Prints.
Generally these Document Cases are of 02 types:
i) Government cases ii) Private Cases
In Govt. Cases, we are receiving Documents from Vigilance Department, Police Stations etc, in which no
fees are required.
In Pvt. Cases, documents are being received from Pvt. Bodies (T) respective court.
3. Foot Print Cases:
 Opinion report on Foot Print is corroborative when the chance foot print does not contain ridge
details. But, it is conclusive when it contains ridge details and opinion is furnished basing on the ridge
details. So, specimen foot prints should be prepared under similar circumstances basing on the type of
chance foot print.
Precautions while forwarding the cases to Bureau
• The forwarding letter should be addressed to “Director, State Finger
Print Bureau, Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar-751010”.
• The forwarding letter should contain the Case reference, Brief History
of the case and details of the disputed Finger Prints to be examined
with marking and location in the documents.
• Clear and fully rolled specimen Finger Prints of the complainant and
suspects/accused persons should be submitted.
• Good quality paper should be used for taking specimen prints.
• The disputed ,admitted and specimen print should be marked close to
the print.
• Details of exhibits submitted for examination should be indicated.
• The Questionnaires for examination and opinion should be
unambiguous and specific.
• Authorization should be given to the Director FPB for marking in the
• disputed / admitted / specimen prints.
Authorization
Director State finger Print Bureau, Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar is hereby authorised to mark anything if
necessary on the sale deed bearing No ------ dated -------- or on any document sending herewith for
examination and opinion report for the interest of justice.
Comparison of chance prints

When the chance print is obtained from a scene of crime it is important to link it with the criminal. For
this purpose first the specimen finger prints along with the palm prints are collected and 08 identical
ridge characteristics are selected on the chance print and if these points are available at the relative
positions in the specimen prints then we can say that both the prints are identical
Purpose of taking finger prints:-

• To know whether a person has any previous conviction or not.

• To compare with the question document or with the chance prints obtained from the scene of
crime.

• For production in the court of law when required.

• It serves as signature of the illiterate persons.

 • For filling of criminal records of a person convicted of offense by specified courts.

For filling of civilian records of a person for future identification

Printer’s ink is considered as best medium for taking finger prints due to the following points.

• For its smooth texture and devoid of lumps and can be rolled to a thin layer of film easily.

• It does not dry quickly on slab.

• It dries quickly when transferred to paper.

• It becomes hard after passage of long time

Taking of good finger Prints

Apparatus required for taking finger prints( manually)

• Slab

• Roller

• Printer’s ink

• Gauge cloth

• Cleaning reagent(Benzene or other solvent)

• Finger Print slip/ plain paper

Recording Procedure:- Before recording the ten digit Finger Prints the roller, slab, fingers of
the person must be cleaned. Put few drops of ink on the slab and roll it smoothly with the ruler,
until the entire slab is covered a uniform thin layer of ink. Then the fingers are rolled from nail to
nail over the slab. First the right hand fingers starting from thumb to little fingers should be
rolled on the form. Then the left fingers to be taken followed by plain prints and two thumb
prints at a time. The plain prints are required to check the sequence of rolled prints. Then the
name, parentage, age, address and case reference are to be written on the slip with the
signature of I.O.

• Taking of Finger Prints through Live Scanner:-

• It is an electronic device through which finger print can be recorded digitally. Every Police
Stations including DCRBx have been provided with a finger Print Scanner . In this case , a
software has been loaded to a system and the device is connected to the system. For recoding
the prints the software is to be opened , and finger print option may be clicked and finger print
can be recorded as per manual procedure. The recorded print can be submitted online to
central AFIS databse of SCRB. The result of search is also received back from FPB to concerned
P.Ss through online.
• TAKING THE FINGER PRINTS OF DEAD BODY

• There are three classes of dead bodies.

• Fresh dead body where rigor mortis (stiffness/temporary rigidity of muscles)has not set in.

• Here taking of finger prints is very simple and rolled prints can be obtained. If some difficulties
arise it can be overcome by doing some massages or by doing some series of expansion flexions
of fingers and wrists and then finger printed.

• Dead body where rigor mortis has already set in.

• Dead body where decomposition started.

• FINGER PRINT PATTERNS

• Pattern:-When an inter space is caused due to the bifurcation of a ridge or divergence of two
parallel ridges and is fitted with a small system of its own having some characteristic shape is
called a pattern.

• Finger prints of top phalange of fingers have finger print patterns which are classifiable. These
finger print patterns are mainly of four types.

• 1..Arch.

• Plain arch:- Plain Arch is the pattern in which the ridges extend from one side of the finger to
other without turning back, rising slightly at centre. No delta or core found here.

• Tented arch :- This is another type of arch in which the ridges at the middle of the base have an
upward thrust arranging themselves as it were on both sides of a spin axis towards which the
adjoining ridges converges.

• 2.Loop. It is a pattern in which in which one or more ridges re-curve making a half turn or more
around the core having a delta and core and having at least one intervening ridge between
IT(inner terminus) and OT(outer terminus)

• Radial loop:- The loops in which the ridges terminates in the direction of radial bone are radial
loops.

• Ulnar loop:- The loops in which the ridges terminates in the direction of ulnar bone are ulnar
loops.

• 3.Whorl:- A Whorl is a pattern in which the ridges form a series of circles or spirals around the
core of axis having two deltas and one core. The line joining the two deltas must intersect at
least one recurving ridge or more.
• 4.Composite. The patterns formed due to the combination of two or more patterns are known
as composite patterns. The patterns may be of same type or of different types.Loop &Loop,
Loop & Whorl, Whorl & Whorl etc. it is of 4 types 1) Central Pocket Loop, Twin Loop, Lateral
Pocket Loop and Accidental Loop.

• DELTA:- when a ridge diverges and the two diverging ridges cause an inter space within which
the pattern lies the point of divergence is known as delta also known as OT.

• CORE :- Core is the central part of pattern. Type of core vary from pattern to pattern.

• Oddities:-Normally there are five Fingers in hand and five toes in legs. But in some cases there
are more than five or less than five fingers and sometimes fingers are webbed from birth. These
peculiarities are known as oddities.

• HIATUS:-The appearance of a small gap in the friction ridge is known as hiatus. It may be natural
or due to the presence of any foreign material on the slab or hand.

• Finger print patterns:-

• MAIN GROUP SUB GROUP

• i Arch Plain Arch & Tented Arch

• ii Loop Radial / Ulnar

• iii. Whorl No Sub Group

• iv. Composite Central Pocket, Twinned loop, Lateral Pocket & Accidental
• Fingerprint classification :-It is the process by which the finger print slips are divided into
different groups giving some values to the patterns so that a particular slip can be taken out
from large volume of record easily when required for any purpose.
J. Computerization:-

Now the finger Print Slips of all arrestees, convicts and undetected chance prints are digitized
and kept in a data base of State Finger Print Bureau, SCRB, which is known as AFIS ( Automated Finger
Print Identification System ) Database. Now the new finger Print Slips of arrestees, convicts and
undetected chance prints are being enrolled and searched in this Database and the results obtained
quickly. Fingerprint slips from PSs are also being sent online through CCTNS network.

LAW RELATING TO FINGER PRINT

 U/s 75 I.P.C – Enhanced punishment.

 U/s 186 I.P.C – Restrain to public servant. (While taking Finger Prints)

 U/s 293 Cr.P.C – Opinion of Director, Finger Print Bureau.

 U/s 45 Indian Evidence Act – Relevance of Expert Opinion.

 U/s 73 Indian Evidence Act. – Relating to Admitted Prints.

 U/s 3 of Identification of Prisoner’s Act – Relates to taking of fingerprints of convicts.

 U/s 4 of Identification of Prisoner’s Act – Relates to taking of fingerprints of Arrestees.

 U/s 5 of Identification of Prisoner’s Act – Empowers a Magistrate of First Class to order a person
to be fingerprinted for the purpose of any investigation or prosecution.

 U/s 6 of Identification of Prisoner’s Act – Empowers the use of necessary means to secure the
fingerprints of any person who resists or refuges for giving fingerprints.

 U/s 7 of Identification of Prisoner’s Act – Destruction of Fingerprint slips of persons acquitted on

appeal.
FOOT PRINT

• Foot Print is a general term used for bare footprint or impression and shoe print or impression.
The footprint or shoeprint may establish the presence of the culprit at the scene of crime. If the
bare footprint leaves details of the planter surface then identification by ridge details can be
positive and definite. But in most of the footprint the ridge details will not be very clear. The
shoeprint may provide a definite opinion to establish of the ownership of the footwear.

12 FEATURES OF FOOT PRINT

• ANGUTHA
• DUSRI
• TISRI
• CHOWTHI
• CHICHI
• PAB (OR) PHABA (OR) BALL OF THE FOOT
• TALI (OR) INSTEP (OR) BRIDGE
• ERI (OR) EDI (OR) HEEL
• ZANJIRI LINE (OR) HEAD LINE OF THE BALL OF THE FOOT
• CHHOTI ASSI (OR) OUTER MARGIN OF THE FOOT
• BARI ASSI (OR) INNER MARGIN OF THE FOOT
• KHALI JAEGHA (OR) HOLLOW PORTION (OR) CHAB
Types of Foot Prints:
• Foot Prints found at the scene of crime are mainly two types
• Sunken Foot Print
• Surface Foot Print
• When Foot Print is available on mud, dust, sand and snow, such impression will be
depressed on three dimensional type is called sunken Foot Print. It is of three types. 1) Slightly
sunken, 2) Moderately sunken and 3) Deeply sunken
 • If the Foot Print is obtained by deposition of mater like dust, dirt, oil, blood, coloured
powdery substances etc., on smooth and hard surface, giving rise to two dimensional print,
known as Surface Foot Print. They are generally found indoors.

Preservation :

• The Foot Print available at the scene of crime may be damage by wind, rain, earthworm, ants
etc. Curious onlookers may unconsciously trample on the foot print or may leave their own foot
prints to make detection difficult. To preserve the foot prints the following steps are to be
followed.
• If the foot prints are in an open places, it may be cordoned besides covering the print
• Foot Print on the wall should be cover with paper
• All possible precaution should be taken to save the prints from being washed by rain or attacked
by earthworms and insects
Collection/ Recording of Foot Print
• The following methods are commonly used for collecting/recording foot prints. It is done
through photography, tracing and casting (only for sunken print)
• In every case following particulars to be written on photography, tracing and casting of
foot prints.
• Direction with marking of Foot print (left or right).
• P.S case reference.
• Date and place of occurrence
• Date of report
• Distance and direction from P.S
• Nature of print
• Nature of soil/surface
• Photograph/Tracing/Cast prepared by
• Signature of I.O
• Signature of witness
• Peculiarity, if any
• Photography- The foot print should be photographed before attempting any other method. The
position of the camera to the foot print should be at right angle (90 degree) position with small
aperture for greater depth of field. A scale is to be placed near the print with identification
details such as case no, signature of IO and witnesses may be written on a piece of paper and
placed near by the print.
• Tracing:-One glass sheet and a glass marking pencil or marking pen are required for the above
purpose. The glass sheet is placed over the foot Print on four small stones putting on four corner
of the prints so as to make a small gap between them. The outline of the prints is drawn as thin
as possible putting the position of the eye 90 degree to the print. If there is any
peculiarcharacters available on the print, it should be traced.
• Casting: - Casting can be made with plaster of paris. This method is applied to sunken foot print.
• First the extraneous materials like grass, stone etc are removed. Without disturbing the
impression.
• Then the metallic or wooden frame is mounted to prevent the liquid plaster of paris from
escaping.
• If the impression is soft dust or sand, then a thin layer of shellac solution is spread on the
surface by means of a sprayer. This layer protects the details on the surface, which otherwise
may get deform due to the weight of the plaster of paris.
 • A thin layer of talcum powder or French chalk is sprinkle over the impression which permits the
pealing of the shellac without affecting the cast.
• The plaster of paris is added with water in a mug until water absolves any more of the powder.
The ratio of the powder to the water is 1:1. The powder is mixed by hand until there are no
lumps present and a thick creamy mixture is obtained. The plaster mixture is poured with the
help of a spoon. When the layer of plaster is about of ½ inch thick to sticks are placed in cross
pattern. The second layer of plaster is poured until the cast is 1 inch thick. When the plaster is
half set the case reference, print marking, signature of IO witness, direction and other details
should be written on the cast. The plaster is allowed to set for 15 minutes. The setting of the
cast in indicated by the rise of the temperature that could be felt by touching the cast surface.
Then the frame is slowly removed. The cast is lifted out putting the two palms from both side of
the impression. The cast is cleaned showing to the tap water without rubbing the cast. Now the
cast is ready.
One spoon of salt or sugar may be added to increase or decrease of setting respectively.
Recording of surface foot print
• This type of foot print can be recorded only by photography or tracing.
• Collection of Specimen :-
• For surface foot print the specimen print is collected by putting the foot in the inked and
rolled slab. If the chance foot print is left one the left foot print specimen is collected for right
foot print specimen is collected. For sunken foot print the specimen foot print for the same foot
is casted under similar soil condition to that of sunken chance foot print. Shoe print and tire
print are also collected in the similar manner.
•
• Lifting of foot print :-
• The surface foot print can be lifted if the print is cause by deposition of dust materials. If
the dust print is white or light colour a black photo bromide paper is used. A black bromide
photo paper is obtained by exposing a photo bromide paper and then developed and fixed.
After removing the water its emulsion side is placed over the print and pressed it. The dust print
is attached to the surface, If the print is of black dust, the photo bromide paper is fixed without
expose to the light. And the print is lifted as above.
•
 FORENSIC BIOLOGY
By

Dr. Arun Kumar Swain, M Sc., P hD

Asst. Director.
Mob: 8917320212
Biology Division,
State FSL, Rasulgarh

BLOOD
“Blood is the most significant and frequently encountered types of physical evidence
associated with the Forensic investigation of death and other heinous crimes”
WHAT IS BLOOD: Blood is a fluid connective tissue which circulates through the heart
arteries, capillaries and veins carries nutrients and oxygen to the body cells. It consists of
PLASMA – Pale Yellow colored liquid
Formed Elements R.B.C.
W.B.C.
Platelets

 Blood consists of approximately 22% solids and 78% water. It constitutes 7% to 8% of

body wt. The P.H. of blood varies from 7.3 to 7.45.
 Arterial Blood, venous Blood, Defibrinated Blood, Laky Blood, Occult Blood,
Peripheral Blood, sludged Blood, Whole Blood,
 Circular Shape Blood stains, Irregular Pattern, Pool of Blood.
 Colour of Blood Stains –
Fresh- Reddish Old – Brown on black.
 Test for Detection of Blood Stains:-
 Benzidine test , b) Haemochnomogen crystal test
 SEMEN
Semen is thick opalscent, viscid (sticky and slymi) secretion discharged from unethra
of male at the climax of sexual excitement (orgasm). It is a mixed product of various glands
(seminal vesicle, prostate and cowper’s gland).
Normal volume of seminal fluid ejaculation is 2 to 5ml, PH-7.8 to 8.0, sperm count 60-
150million/ml, Motility-80% or more should be motile, morphology-80% to 90% should be
normal.

Semen is the best source of biological evidence in identification of rapist and other
sexual crime offenders. The identification and collection of seminal fluids is most important
step in criminal investigation. It may be found on the body and wearing apparels of rapist
and victims.

The seminal secretion contains citric acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, fructose,
Potassium phosphate,prostaglandin and ergothioneine.

SPERMATOZOA –Head, Neck,

middle piece, tail.

EXAMINATION- Physical Test-Naked eye,U.V.Lamp

Chemical Test- Acido Phosphatase Test

MICROSCOPIC TEST- Head of Spermatozoa
FLORENCE TEST:-
Reagent – 1.65gm of KI
2.54gm of I in 300ml of distilled water
The seminal extract is prepared by warming the stains in water in water-bath,
acidifying with dilute HCL, cooling and adding some dry ammonium sulphate. The extract so
treated is filtered and reagent is added and the mixed third is examined microscopically.
The dark brown crystals of rhombic or needle shaped crystals are periodide of
choline.

BARBERIOS TEST:-
Picric acid is added to the suspected semen stains which forms some spermin picrate
crystals. These crystals are formed due to presence of
spermin pigments in the semen.

SALIVA

Saliva is a clear alkaline, somewhat viscid secretion from parotid, submaxillary and
subhingual and smaller mucosa glands of the mouth. It serves to moisten and soften the
food, keeps the mouth moist and it contains an enzyme -amylase which converts starch
into maltose.
It also contains mucin, serum, albumin, globulin, epithelial debris, potassium thocynate and
toxins.
Saliva is a powerful detective tool and important evidentiary item like other biological
evidences viz. blood stains, semen and sweat etc. for I.Os.
Saliva is normally tasteless, clear, odourless secretion from salivary glands and mucosa
glands. The amount of secretion in 24 hrs. is estimated to be 1500ml.
This secretion begins the process of digestion.
SEARCH FOR SALIVA: Normally saliva is found on unburnt portion of cigarette-butt,
mouth piece of bidi, Hukka, glasses, tea cups, postage stamps and envelope flaps.
It is also found on the body and wearing apparels of victim in sexual assault cases.
TEST FOR SALIVA:- i) STARCH-IODIDE TEST
ii) MICROSCOPIC TEST

Lifting, packing, labeling, forwarding of clue

materials of Biological Exhibits.
Collection of blood stains
I. The blood found on the persons or clothing of a victim of an offence is usually his
own blood unless assailants is also injured and both victim and suspect came in
physical contact. In such a case victim may also carry blood of the suspect. Such
clothing should be carefully preserved.
II. Contamination of the clothing during sezure and storage should be avoided. If it is
necessary to cut the clothes off the victim, then care should be taken to avoid cutting
through stained areas or through holes caused be bullets or cuts by weapons.
III. III.Blood stains garments should be thoroughly dried before it is wrapped in clean
wrapping paper. Draying may be done by spreading the garment under the shade or
under the fan.

IV. IV.The packing of blood evidence in polythin bags or air tight container be avoided,
because the residual moisture may get trapped and gives rise to bacterial growth
leading to destruction of the stains.

V. V. Each garment should be raped separately and should not come into contact with
other clothing. A clean paper could be inserted between each fold.

VI. VI. If liquid blood is found at the scene, a clean dropper could be used to collect the
sample and the sample placed in a vial. In such cases the vials have to be kept in a ice-
cold thermos- flask. It is advisable to collect liquid blood sample on a piece of sterile
 cotton or filter paper dipped in saline water and dried, if it is not possible arranged
for a thermos-flask.

If the blood stain appears on a large object which can't be transported, the blood
stained area should be removed by cutting or by scrapping on to a clean piece of
paper using a clean knife. For control sample some of the unstained material from
around the blood stained area should be collected.

VII. In case of murder, the sample blood of the deceased should always be collected at
the post-mortem for evaluation of blood evidence.

Examination of blood stains

1. The blood stains are subjected to examination to answer the following questions.
2. Whether the stain is blood or any other substance ?
3. If it is blood, is it animal or human origin ?
4. If it is animal what species of animal?
5. If human, whether male or female ?
6. From which part of the body has the blood originated ?
7. What is the blood group?
8. Can paternity be established by blood tests?

Search for Semen stains

1. Semen stains will usually be found on the clothing of the victim or the perpetrator,
particularly under garments . Seminal stains may also be found on bedding,
mattresses, car seats etc.
2. Clothing and article suspected to contain seminal stains should be seized as quickly as
possible, because an attempt may be made to remove the traces by washing.
3. Often, Seminal stains are readily visible on a fabric because the exhibit a stiff, crusty
appearance. Fresh semen has a characteristic odour.
4. The female victim of an assault may have a considerable quantity of semen in or
around the vagina. In such cases vaginal swap should be obtained by the medical
officer.
5. In case seminal stains are to be typed then sample of saliva of both the suspected and
victim should be collected.
 6. Inspection of evidence under ultra violet light is sometimes useful in revealing the
location of seminal stains, because of there fluorescent nature. Seminal stains give
bluish white fluorescence.

Collection and preservation of stain

I. In clothing is recovered with suspected seminal stains each garment should be placed
in separate packing.
II. The stain must be dried in room temperature before packing.
III. The suspected pieces of clothing should be laid gently between two sheets of a
cardboard or similar materials, which are tried together with a string to avoid friction.
IV. The semen stain should be collected separately from inside and outside of a condom.

Examination of semen stains to obtain

informations
1. The following informations can be obtained examining the semen strains .
2. Whether the stain is of semen stain or not ?
3. If so, what is its origin ?
4. What is its groups ?
 BALLISTICS

• STUDY OF THE TRAJECTORY

OF THE PROJECTILES
BALLISTICS
• SYSTEMATIC
STUDY OF THE
FIREARMS,
AMMUNITIONS
USED IN
COMMISSION
OF CRIME FOR
THE PURPOSE
OF
INVESTIGATION
AND
INDENTIFICATI
ON
 RIFLED ARMS
 THE RIFLED BARRELS ARE GROOVED AND GROOVES ARE CUT IN THE FORM OF SPIRAL INSIDE
THE BORE. THE RAISED PART BETWEEN THEM IS KNOWN AS LAND. THE SPIRAL GROOVE IS
OBTAINED BY GRADUALLY AND UNIFORMLY TURNING THE CUTTER, WHILE CUTTING THE
GROOVE. THE TURNING IS KNOWN AS TWIST AND ANGLE OF TURNING IS CALLED PITCH.

 RIFLING IN THE BARREL GIVES GYRATORY MOTION TO THE PROJECTILES, WHICH CONTINUES
EVEN IN FLIGHT. THIS GYRATORY MOTION MANTAINS THE BULLET IN STABLE NOSE END FLIGHT
WHICH REDUCES AIR RESISTANCE AND ENHANCES THE DEGREE OF ACCURACY.

 CALIBRE: BORE DIAMETER OF THE BARREL BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE LANDS.

 CALBRES ARE MEASURED IN DECIMAL OF AN INCH e.g. 0.303’’, 0.22’’, 0.38’’ etc. OR
MILIMETERS e.g. 7.65mm, 9mm etc. WHEN THE DIAMETER IS MORE THAN 0.6 OF AN INCH THEN
THEY ARE KNOWN ACCORDING TO gauge.

 REVOLVER

REVOLVER IS A RIFLED HAND GUN, HAVING A REVOLVING CYLINDER. ON PRESSING THE

TRIGGER THE CYLINDER ROTATES THERBY BRINGING ONE OF THE CHAMBERS IN LINE WITH THE
BARREL FOR FIRING. THEY ARE OF 0.38’’, 0.455’ CALIBRE.


 PISTOL

 ALL SHORT BARRELED RIFLED ARMS, WHICH CAN BE FIRED BYE ONE HAND ARE KNOWN AS
PISTOLS. REVOLVER IS ALSO KNOWN AS PISTOL REVOLVER. IT CAN BE AUTOMATIC AND SEMI-
AUTOMATIC. 9mm, 7.65mm
IMPROVISED(COUNTRY MADE) FIREARM

 COMMONLY KNOWN AS COUNTRY MADE FIREARM. THEY ARE GENERALLY SMOOTH BORE.

 90% FIREARM OF THIS CATEGORY USED BY CRIMINALS FOR COMMITTING CRIMES.

 THEY DIFFER FROM REGULAR FIREARM BY THEIR LOOK, SERIAL NUMBER, PROOF MARK
WRITING DESIGN ON THE BODY OF THE FIREARM.
 MIXTURE OF POTASSIUM
NITRATE, CHARCOAL AND
GUN POWDER
SULPHUR WITH RATIO
75:15:10

BASIC INGREDIENTS ARE

TYPES OF PROPELLANT
SMOKE LESS POWDER NITROGLYCERENE AND
POWDER
NITROCELLULOSE

NITROCELLULOSE,
POTASSIUM NITRATE,
SEMI SMOKE POWDER
CHARCOAL AND SULPHUR
IN THE RATIO 20:60:12:8
QUESTIONAIRE RELATED TO FIRING CASES

LET EXHBITS ARE A – FIERARM, B- FIRED CARTRIDGE C- FIRED BULLET

 1. WHEATHER EXHIBIT A IS A FIREARM ?
2. IF SO OPINE ITS CALIBRE, MAKE, EFFECTIVE RANGE ?
3. WHEATHER IT IS IN WORKING CONDITION ?
4. WHETHER THERE IS ANY SIGN OF RECENT FIRING BY EXHIBIT A?
5. WHAT IS THE EFFECTIVE RANGE OF THE FIREARM EXHIBIT A?
6. WHEATHER IT COMES UNDERF THE PURVIEW OF INDIAN ARMS ACT ?
7. WHEATHER EXHIBIT B AND C ARE FIRED CARTRIDGE CASE AND FIRED BULLET?
8. IF SO OPINE ITS CALIBRE, MAKE.
9. WHEATHER EXHIBIT B AND C FIRED THROUGH EXHIBIT A ?

FORWARDING LETTER
FINGERPRINT AND FOOTPRINT

FINGER PRINT(DACTYLOSCOPY

FINGER PRINT IS A DESIGN OF RIDGES WHICH VARRIES FROM PERSON TO PERSON. IT ALSO VARIES
FROM FINGER TO FINGER OF A PERSON.

HOW FINGER PRINT IS TRANSFERRED TO AN OBJECT ? IT MAY BE COMAPRED WITH A RUBBER STAMP.
AS RUBBER STAMP LEAVES ITS IMPRESSION WITH THE HELP OF INK, SO DESIGN OF THE RIDGE PATTERN
TRANSFERRED BY THE SWEAT.

SWEAT: CONSISTS OF FATTY ACIDS WHICH IS RESPONSSIBLE TRANSFER OF THE RIDGE DESIGN. SINCE
SWEAT IS COLOURLESS SO NOT VISIBLE.

FINGER PRINT IS CONSIDERED AS VITAL PHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOR IDENTIFICATION PURPOSE DUE TO
FOLLOWING REASONS.

1. UNIQUENESS

2. PERMANENCE

3. UNIVERSAL

4. EASY TO RECORD

5. EASY FOR CLASSIFICATION

IODINE CHAMBER METHOD

o SUITABLE FOR OLD CHANCE PRINTS.

o IODINE IS MADE INTO GAS IN A CHAMBER BY THE APPLICATION OF HEAT. IF THERE IS ANY
LATENT FINGER PRINT ON THE OBJECT IT BECOMES VISISBLE WITH VIOLET COLOUR.

o IT MAY DISAPPEAR VERY SOON AS IT IS A VOLATILE SUBSTANCE.

o IF IT IS DISAPPEARED, REPEAT THE METHOD ONCE AGAIN FOR COLLECTION BY PHOTOGRAPHY.

INSTRUMENTATION METHOD

o LASER TECHNIQUES IS ADOPTED WITHOUT ANY POWDER.

LIFTING OF FINGER PRINT

o DUE TO SHORTAGE OF SPACE OR ANY PHOTOGRAPHIC PROBLEM, THE CHANCE PRINT IS LIFTED
FROM ITS ORIGINAL PLACE TO A SUITABLE SURFACE.

o CELLOTAPE/ ADHESSIVE TAPE ARE USED FOR LIFTING OF FINGER PRINT.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMEN FINGER PRINT

MANUAL METHOD:

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. SLAB

2. ROLLER

3. PRINTERS INK

4. KEROSENE

SCANNING METHOD: BY DIGITAL SCANNER FINGER PRINTS CAN BE AUTOMATICALLY COLLECTED.

PURPOSE OF RECORDING SPECIMEN FINEGER PRINT:

I. the fingerprints of convicts are taken on slips designed for the purpose of onward transmission
to the bureau for records.

II. the finger prints of all unidentified persons who are arrested as suspects, or are under trial on a
criminal charge are taken and submitted to the bureau with a view to ascertain their
antecedents. such records when produced in court are helpful to obtaining enhanced sentences.

III. the finger prints of inmates of the place of offence are often required to be recorded in order to
eliminate them from the chance finger prints of the intruder.

IV. the finger prints of unidentified dead bodies are taken with a view to help identify the deceased
at a later date.

V. the finger prints of the suspects are taken for identification with the chance finger prints left at
the scene of crime.

VI. to compare thumb prints on documents.

ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN SEXUAL ASSAULT
CASE

Dr. A.K SWAIN

Asst Director, State FSL,
Bhubaneswar
[email protected]
Ph No.-8917320212

TYPES OF EVIDENCE MATERIALS

 Biological fluids/tissues
 Impressions / marks
 Botanical Evidence
 Misc. Evidence Materials

Biological fluids/tissues
 Body bloodstains
 Menstrual bloodstains
 Vaginal secretion stains
 Seminal stains
 Saliva stains
 Skin tissue (under nails)
  Hair strands
 Body cells (touch DNA)

Impressions / marks
 Foot / shoe /tyre impressions or prints
 Bite marks
 Lip prints
 Scratch marks

Botanical Evidence
 Pollen grains
 Plant fibres /fragments
 Diatoms
 Plant pigments

Misc. Evidence Materials

 Condoms
 Any belonging of the offender
 Cigarette /bidi butts
 Drugs ( sedatives , date rape )

Blood Constituent
System Father Mother Child Paternity
ABO A1 A1 O Possible
Rh Rh1 rh Rh1 Rh1 Rh1 rh Possible
MN M M M Possible
Hp 2-2 2-1 2-1 Possible
PGM 2-2 2-1 2-1 Possible
EsD 2-1 2-1 1-1 Possible
GLO 2-1 2-1 2-1 Possible
ADA 2-1 1-1 1-1 Possible
EAP BB BB BA Not Possible
AK 1-1 1-1 2-1 Not Possible
System Father Mother Child
ABO BO OO OO
RhD Dd Dd dd
Rh-sub
Cde/cde Cde/cde cde/cde
MN MM NN MN
Ss ss ss ss
Kell kk kk kk
Duffy FyaFya FyaFya FyaFya
Luth. LubLub LubLub LubLub
Penny KpbKpb KpbKpb KpbKpb

PGM 1 1-1 2-1 1-1

PGM 1(IEF) 1+1+ 1-2+ 1+1-
PGM 2 1-1 1-1 1-1
EsD 2-1 2-1 1-1
EAP BB BB BB
AK 1-1 1-1 1-1
ADA 1-1 2-1 2-1
GLO 2-2 2-2 2-2
PGP 1-1 1-1 1-1
PGI 1-1 1-1 1-1
SOD 1-1 1-1 1-1
Hb AA AA AA
Hp 2-2 2-2 2-2
Secretor sese SeSe/Sese sese
{Ask students where the chromosomes are in this picture. Or
ask them where the DNA is. Remind them that the
mitochondria also have DNA.}
  According FBI(1997) :
If the estimated probability of DNA profile found in a crime sample is less
than 1 in 260 billion, and it is seen in a person, then that person is the source
of the sample.
 Once a match has been reported between two profiles it is necessary to
interpret the significance of the match in order to give weight to the
evidence.
 Identification of the body fluid origin of dried forensic biological material
(blood, semen, saliva, vaginal secretions and menstrual blood) involves
expression profiling of body fluid specific messenger and small RNAs
(mRNA and miRNA).
 RNA analysis may permit not only a molecular-based approach with a
greater specificity than that of conventional methodologies for the
identification of forensically relevant biological fluids, but may also
provide strategies particularly suited for the analysis of environmentally
impacted or degraded samples frequently encountered in forensic
casework.
Four nitrogenous bases
DNA has four different bases:
 Cytosine C
 Thymine T
 Adenine A
 Guanine G
These four bases are abbreviated by using their respective first letters.

DNA Sequence
 About 6.4 billion base pairs are arranged along the 46 chromosomes in a unique
sequence in our each cell

 2 lac pages of telephone directory are required to type the sequence of bases (DNA
sequence) along the entire length of DNA

 Reading the DNA sequence nonstop at the rate of 10 bases/sec (ATCGATCGAT/sec)

or 600 bases/min. or 3600 bases/hr or 8,64000 bases/day or 3,53,60,000
bases/year, it would take 9.5 years to complete the job

Human body DNA is approx. 125 billion miles long , which can go
between earth and moon 8000 times.

Gene: DNA
 Human Body contains ~ 220 types of specialized cells.
 Only Nucleated Cells contain chromosomes, made up of DNA.
 Sex cells act as vehicle for bringing ½ the genetic information from each parent to
the offspring
 DNA programms the working of cell.
 99.9% of human DNA is same in every individual, only 0.1% of our DNA is unique.
STR Mother Child Father

DS1179 10,12 12,15 11,12

D21S11 29,29 28,29 29,32.2

D7S820 8,11 8,8 10,11

CSF1PO 9,12 9,12 12,13

D3S1358 15,17 16,17 15,17

THO1 6,7 6,9 6,6

D13S317 8,12 8,8 9,11

D16S539 13,13 10,13 12,13

D2S1338 18,21 18,23 19,19

D19S413 14,14 14,15 14,15

vWA 16,19 16,16 17,17

TPOX 8,11 10,11 11,11
D18S51 13,14 13,15 15,18
D5S818 11,12 12,12 11,12
FGA 22,24 24,25 23,25
AMEL XX XX XY
New Technologies for Forensic DNA Testing
 Additional STR Markers
 Mini STRs
 Mt DNA
 DNA Phenotyping
 SNP markers
 DNA chip
 CpG markers
 RNA profiling

X-STR markers
 A large number of short tandem repeats (STR) markers on the human X
chromosome have been described and established for use in forensic genetic
testing.
 These markers located on X chromosome have a particular inheritance pattern,,
women are dizygous and men are hemizygous, with the latter receiving the single X
from the mother similarly father transmit their X chromosome to daughter as
haplotypes.
 Analysis of X-chromosomal loci is beneficial in deficiency paternity cases, where
half-sister and/or grandmothers are examined.
 12 STR marker multiplex STR kit is available which can amplify 12 markers in a single
reaction.

DNA can be extracted from :

• Blood /Semen/ Saliva and their stains

• Organs and tissues

• Bones, teeth

• Hair

• Urine and faecal matter

• Sweat, tears, ear wax, finger print

• Skin and muscle tissues

• Dandruff

• Samples of plant origin

• Microorganisms

• DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a
condom during sexual intercourse.

• Nucleated cells may be transferred from the skin surface through sweat and
sebaceous oil secretions.

How biological evidence is tested ?

 Semen, blood, vaginal secretions, saliva, vaginal epithelial cells, and other biological
evidence may be identified and genetically typed .

 The information derived from the analysis can often help determine whether sexual
contact occurred, and provide

 Information regarding the circumstances of the incident, and be compared to

reference samples collected from victims and suspects.

SEMEN
 Semen is composed of cellular and liquid components known as spermatozoa
(sperm) and seminal fluid.

 Semen evidence can be useful because it is positive identification that ejaculation

occurred, and it can be used to positively identify suspects.

 Failure to recover semen is not an indication that a sexual assault did not occur.

 There are a number of reasons why semen might not be recovered in these cases:
 Assailants may have used condoms, ejaculated somewhere other than in an orifice
or on Victim’s clothes or body, or not ejaculated at all.

 Chronic alcohol or drug abuse, chemotherapy, cancer, infection (e.g., mumps or

tuberculosis), or congenital abnormalities also may suppress semen production.

 Significant time delays between the assault and collection of evidence may cause
loss of semen evidence,

 Semen may be washed away prior to the exam or improperly collected, and

 An object other than a penis may have been used for penetration.

Timescales for collecting forensic evidence

 Following time parameters are used as a guide to indicate the presence of forensic
evidence following an assault.

 However, it is important to remember that they are only a guide and consideration
needs to be given to the individual circumstances of every case individually.

PERSISTENCE OF SPERMATOZOA IN THE

VAGINA AND CERVIX
• Sperms were present in a cervical smear 12 days after coitus on the 8th day after
cessation of menstrual period.

• The longest interval after coitus at which spermatozoa were found in the vagina was
9 days, coitus having taken place 5 days after the end of the menstrual period.

Ref- A. I. Morrison, Persistence of spermatozoa in the vagina and cervix. Brit. J.

vener. Dis. (1972) 48, 141

 When coitus took place on the day a menstrual period started, sperms were found
in cervix 5 days later.

 Sperms in the cervix of a pregnant woman were found 7 days after intercourse.
 Ref- Harkness, A. H. (1970) (Personal Communication) cited in A. I. Morrison,
Persistence of spermatozoa in the vagina and cervix.

Brit. J. vener. Dis. (1972) 48, 141

Spermatozoa may remain in the posterior fornix for as long as 17 days, and may
survive a menstrual period.

REF- Smith and Cook, (ed.) (1928) ‘Taylor’s Principles and Practice of Medical
Jurisprudence’, 8th ed., vol. 2. Churchill, London.

 DNA from fingers in vagina - up to 12 hours

 DNA from a penis - most likely to obtain a profile of the victim within the first 12
hours

 DNA from skin to skin contact ( bruises, kissing) can be detected up to 2 days. This
includes detection of body fluids, cellular material and lubricant.

 Fingernail scrapings - 2 days

 Oral (saliva and mouth swabs) - 2 days

 Lubricant from a condom - up to 30 hours

 • Anal - up to 3 days

 • Vaginal - up to 7 days

 • Fibres of anything put on the head can last up to 7 days

 • Semen can be detected on clothing despite washing

 Generally speaking the sooner the samples are collected the greater are the chances
of detecting evidence.

 All of the above time scales are approximate and can vary depending on other
factors.
 Forensic evidence sometimes lasts longer than the timescales listed here, so it may
still be worth checking.

 When in the absence of spermatozoa, DNA profiling cannot be used the probative
value of the evidence relies on conventional techniques.

 In one serial rape case in Victoria, at least twenty suspects were eliminated from

the inquiry by using conventional methods (PGM typing).

COLLECTION OF HAIR EVIDENCE

 Methods of collecting hair evidence vary according to the scope and the
circumstances of the investigation

 In some circumstances more than one method of collection can be used

Six main methods of hair collection

 The first is collection of visually observed hairs.

 Investigator may collect visually observable hairs by hand or with tweezers.

 However, use of tweezers is not recommended in most cases because they can
cause damage to the structure of the hair.

 However, use of tweezers is not recommended in most cases because they can
cause damage to the structure of the hair.

 Tweezers can also crush the delicate root structure and surrounding tissue which is
used in D.N.A. analysis

 Forensic light sources such as infrared or laser may be used to enhance the ability
of the investigator to visually identify hairs.

 Clear tape can be used to lift both visible and non-visible hair from a variety of
surfaces.
 The tape should not be so sticky that it becomes clogged with fibres from the
garment or material it is used on.

 Vacuuming method of collection is used for large crime scenes .

 Vacuuming can also be used on stationary objects which cannot be transported to

lab.

 Another method of collection is brushing, scraping or shaking of garment or other

cloth objects.

 The material being examined is held over a white sheet of paper and abraded in
order to dislodge and hair adhering to it

 Trace evidence found on the white paper is then separated into classes such as hair,
fibre, glass etc. and analyzed accordingly .

 Some garments and other fabrics may be placed in a bag and agitated.

 This method allows the investigator to collect the evidence at the bottom of the bag
rather than have it disperse into the air.

Light source
 An alternate light source can aid in examining victim’s body, hair, and clothing.

 It is used to scan for evidence, such as dried or moist secretions, fluorescent fibers
not visible in ambient light, and subtle injury.

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES
 Garments worn by the victim during sexual assault should be collected.

 Victim should always disrobe (remove garments) over examination paper.

 All the garments should be packed separately.

 The examination paper should also be submitted for analysis in the event that hair
or fiber mixtures from the assault fell from the victim while disrobing
 Any physical evidence from the crime scene that may bear suspected semen stains,
such as bed sheets, towels, wash cloths, paper towels, toilet paper or tissue paper,
should also be collected.

Touch DNA or Trace DNA

 Refers to DNA that is left behind from skin cells when a person touches or comes
into contact with an item.

 Touch DNA samples are collected by :

Swabbing ,cutting ,scrapping, tape lift and hand – held vacuum device.

 Experiments have demonstrated that a person speaking up to 30 seconds from a

distance ranging between 69-115 cm. can deposit sufficient amount of DNA.

 Thus speakers can be identified from objects or persons directly in front of them.

 DNA can be extracted from blood samples diluted up to 1000 times.

 Some STR alleles have been detected at 1:10,000 dilutions of blood

 Standard tests- Phenolphthalein and TMB - for detection of blood fail at this dilution
.

Prenatal Test
 To obtain samples from the unborn child, sample is collected by a registered
Obestrician or Gynecologist) using either of two procedures depending on the stage
of pregnancy: chorionic villi sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.

 Prenatal test gives the same conclusive results as the standard paternity test.

DNA- Pregnant Woman

 Foetal DNA from blood plasma of pregnant women can be obtained for Parentage
determination (non- invasive technique)
 FTA Cards
 FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards are used for room temperature
collection, shipment, archiving, and purification of DNA from a wide variety of
biological samples for DNA-PCR analysis

Collection of DNA on FTA cards

 Collection of DNA on FTA cards is the easiest and most efficient way for long-term
storage for future DNA testing.

 FTA cards are one of the leading DNA preservation tools in forensic applications
today.

 FTA cards are used for the long-term storage of DNA from both blood and buccal
cell sources.

 FTA cards have chemically coated matrix which preserve DNA more efficiently than
untreated matrices.

 When archiving DNA for future analysis it is imperative that DNA be preserved and
protected from chemical & environmental damaging agents in order to stabilize the
DNA.

 Cells in biological samples deposited on FTA cards lyse on contact with the matrix
and DNA is captured by the card.

 DNA is protected from environmental and enzymatic damage by F TA chemicals

contained in the card.

 Microorganisms are inactivated preventing DNA contamination and viruses are

inactivated making the samples safe to handle.

 Biological samples on FTA cards are stored at room temperature so there is no need
for freezers.

 Studies on blood samples stored for over 17 years and

 Buccal cell samples stored over 8 years showed no sign of DNA degradation

 Sample collection on FTA cards is quick and easy.

 Simply drop blood samples on the card and let it dry.

 Buccal samples are easily collected using the EasiCollect device.

Sample collection for Paternity/Maternity cases

 The concerned individuals to be brought to laboratory after prior approval of date
from the EXPERT.

 Samples can be collected from the persons concerned viz. the child, mother/alleged
mother and father/alleged father, by finger prick by the concerned expert .

 Samples are taken in the presence of witnesses with informed consent of the person
in writing and after proper identification .

 Photograph of the persons are also taken .

Precautions to be taken while collecting

samples
 Do not touch samples with bare hands

 Wear gloves when samples are collected

 Avoid contamination between samples

 Never pack wet samples- always dry stained items before packing.

 Avoid bottles and containers as far as possible when packing stained items. Always
prefer clean paper.

 Never preserve samples in formalin

 Never pack more than one item in one packet

 Cloth items stained with Saliva, semen, blood or
other body fluids
 Cloth suspected to be stained with semen, saliva, blood etc. are to be dried at room
temperature (never in sunlight) .

 Each item should be packed separately in clean paper without contaminating the
stained portions.

DNA Content of tissues

1 Sperm = 3 pg
1 Blood cell = 6 pg
1 Plucked hair = 300 ng
1 Shed hair = 10 ng
1 Drop blood = 1500 ng
1 mg liver = 15 micro gm
1 mg muscle = 3 micro gm
 Pollen Grains
 Pollen grains are male reproductive units of plants produced in flowers.

 Pollens are easily transferred to clothing or any other object which touches the
flowering plants.

 Presence of pollens on the clothing, earwax proves normal habitat of the person.

 Identification of Pollen grains helps in linking criminal with the crime.

DNA PROFILING FOR CRIME INVESTIGATION
BY
DR. ARUN KUMAR SWAIN
ASST. DIRECTOR, DNA
DIVISION
 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA is the basic genetic material found in all living cells of the body except
Red Blood Cells in human and known as the genetic blueprint of an
individual.
DNA is a polymer of repeating Units called Nucleotide.
Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar molecule, a Phosphorus
containing group and a Nitrogen containing molecule called a base.
The Nitrogen bases are four in number – i.e. Adenine, Guanine,
Thymine and Cytosine.
Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine to form a
base pair.
The DNA molecule consists of two strands of nucleotide connected to
each other through these base pairings.
DNA STRUCTURE
Watson & Crick deduced that DNA molecule is composed of two strands of
molecules coiled into a helix – i.e. a double helix. Thus it looks like a spiral
ladder.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DNA
Does not change with age, illness, drugs or diet.
The person’s DNA profile does not vary with the type of biological
sample that is extracted from him.
DNA profiles are unique to the individual except for identical twins.
24 genetic loci are under examination for DNA profiling.
Probability of two individuals to be identical is 1: 250 billions.
DNA PROFILING FOR CRIME INVESTIGATION
In 1985, Professor Alec Jeffreys of UK’s Leicester University discovered the
technique for DNA profiling.
Profiling is a process whereby a sample of the person’s genetic material is
extracted and transformed into visible patterns that can be compared easily.
APPLICATION OF DNA PROFILING TECHNIQUES
IN CRIME CASES
A: CRIMINAL CASES
1. Paternity dispute cases
2. Baby swapping
3. Missing child
4. Sexual assault cases
5. Homicide
6. Identification of unidentified dead bodies from mutilated remains
7. Property offence cases
a) Burglary
b) Dacoity
c) Robbery
B: CIVIL CASES
1. Disputed paternity for property rights
2. Disputed wills
C: CASES REFFERED FROM FAMILY COURTS
D: MASS DISASTER
1. Explosion
2. Plane crash
3. Train accidents
4. War crimes
5. Natural calamities
a) Flood
b) Cyclone
c) Tsunami
d)Earthquake
E: IMMIGRATION

MAN MADE DISASTERS

FORENSIC SAMPLES RECEIVED FOR DNA ANALYSIS
A: SKELETAL STRUCTURES
1.BONES
Femurs
Phalanges
Skulls
Strenum bones
2. TEETH
Molar teeth
3. JAWS
B: BODY FLUID
1. Blood
 a) Blood soaked soil sample
b) Blood soaked wearing apparels of victim and accused
c) Liquid blood samples on EDTA coated tubes
d) Blood soaked on gauze cloth
2. Vaginal swab
a)Gauge soaked swab
3. Semen
a)Condoms
b)Gauge soaked semen sample
c) Semen stain on wearing apparels
C: SOFT TISSUES
1. Aborted materials
2. Placenta
3.Foetus
4.Uterine muscles(Endometrium or Detrius)
D: MISCELLANEOUS
1. Hair (Half burnt without root)
2. Weapons of offence
 IMPROPER COLLECTION OF BLOOD ON FTA CARD

STANDARD METHOD OF BLOOD COLLECTED ON FTA

 IMPROPER CLEANING OF BONES

FOETUS RECEIVED FOR DNA ANALYSIS

STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR DNA ANALYSIS
DURING FORENSIC INVESTIGATION
1. Sample Collection
2. Proper Handling Preservation and Transportation of Samples
3. Isolation of DNA from sample
4. Purification of DNA
5. PCR
6. Sequencing
7. Identification and Analysis
8. Documentation and Reporting
SAMPLE COLLECTION
SOURCES OF
DNA
o Blood (WBC)
o Saliva
o Sweat (skin cells)
o Hair Root
o Mucous
o Vaginal Fluid
o Semen
o Vomit
o Faces
o Saliva
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO COLLECT FROM THE
SCENE
 Victim’s underwear
 Victim’s clothes
 Rug / Floor covering
 Chair covering
 Towel
 Blanket
 Condom (Inner and Outer Swab)
 Tissue
 Other

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO COLLECT FROM THE

VICTIM OF SEXUAL OFFENCE
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO COLLECT FROM THE
SUSPECT

SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENCE KIT

HANDLING AND PACKING OF SAMPLES
HANDLING OF DNA EVIDENCE
 Always wear latex gloves when handling biological evidence
 Change gloves between handling of each item of evidence
 Used disposable instruments or clean them thoroughly before or after
handling each sample
 Avoid to touching the area where you believe DNA may exist
 Avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing over evidence
 Avoid touching your face, nose, and mouth when collecting and packaging
evidence
 Wear a mask if necessary
 Process DNA evidence on a clean area (such as a fresh piece of filter paper).
Use 10% bleach solution to clean areas at which DNA evidence will be
handled
 Only work with one piece of evidence at a time should be done
 Never allow items of biological evidence to come into contact with each
other

To avoid degradation of DNA evidence

Do not expose biological evidence to excessive heat or humidity
Allow biological evidence to air dry prior to packing

PACKING OF DNA EVIDENCE

FORWARDING OF DNA EVIDENCE
Requisition for Forensic Examination should be forwarded by the court.
Sample seal (s) (in wax) should be legible, intact & covered with cello tape.
All the exhibits forwarded should be clearly & properly packed, sealed and
labeled. A Specimen Seal , used on parcel should be affixed in submission
form.
All the necessary papers/ copies of FIR / Post Mortem Report / Medico
Legal Certificate etc. should be attested by the Forwarding Authority /
Gazetted Officer.
Submission Form of CFSL/ SFSL should be used in forwarding the case (s).
Specimen seal used by the Medical Officer in medico-legal cases should be
provided invariably.
 All control blood (biological) samples for DNA Profiling test should be as
FTA card /dry blood stain or in EDTA coated tubes and carried in ice
container.
Duly filled Biological Specimen Card (BSC) otherwise called Biological
Sample Authentication Form, in duplicate, in respect of each donor should
be attached with samples.
Case submitted with incomplete information/ documents will not be
accepted.
Exhibit (s) to be submitted to laboratory by Messenger Only.
In case, the space of the column (s) of the submission form is inadequate,
separate sheet (s) may be attached.

CONCLUSION
It is evident from this analysis that DNA evidence is crucial at the trial.
 Excludes people falsely suspected of involvement in a crime
 Can provide very strong evidence of involvement
 Enables the visible pattern to be transformed into numeric codes by a
computer
 DNA profiles could be stored in a database

Crimes can be detected very easily saving

our time and energy
 DNA LABORATORY AT
RASULGARH, BHUBANESWAR
ODISHA
Polygraph, Brain Mapping and Narco Analysis:
Forensic techniques in Scientific Investigation

By
Sampeet Mohanty
Asst. Scientific Officer
Lie Detection Division,
State FSL, Bhubaneswar
Forensic Psychology
Forensic psychology is a field that combines the practice of psychology
and the law by utilizing psychological expertise within the justice
system.
It help the Investigating agencies to establish the knowledge,
involvement and connivance of an individual in a particular case under
investigation.

Techniques used in Forensic Psychology

1. Polygraph or Lie-Detection

2. Brain Mapping or Brain Finger Printing or Brain Electrical

Oscillation signature Profiling

3. Narco Analysis
4. Voice Stress Analysis
5. Suspect Detection System
Development of Polygraph Equipment
• The journey of Polygraph started in 1895 when Italian
Psychologist Cesar Lombroso devised a machine with only one
parameter e.g. Blood Pressure to detect deception.
• Later it was refined by John Reid in 1945 with the addition of
several more parameters.
Lying/Deception: The starting point
• It is a common experience with everybody that whenever we tell
a lie we feel some extra sensation in our body.
• We feel nervous, our voice choked, sweating occurs, heartbeat
increases and sometimes we may tremble.
• There is a relationship exists between lying and certain
physiological changes.
• It is an established fact that when a person tells a lie certain
physiological changes occur in his/her body.
What is Lie Detection or Polygraph examination ?
• Lie Detection is a Psycho-Biological test to check the veracity of
statements on a computerised equipment known as lie-detector
or polygraph.
• Polygraph is a recording device, that records several internal
physiological changes (body responses) occurring inside a human
body.
• Science within….

• Physiological parameters
• Psychological manifestations
INSTRUMENT:-
• Polygraph is commonly known as Lie Detector as it is used for
scientific verification of truth and detection of lie.
 • The computerised polygraph is the combination of a computer
and different sensors to be attached to the body of a person.
• It is a recording device that records continuously, visually,
permanently, and simultaneously changes in
respiratory,cardiovascular,electro-dermal patterns, motor
activities (body movements) and finger pulse.

The physiological parameters recorded by polygraph

The computerized polygraph records 6 physiological parameters such
as:
 1- Abdominal Respiration.
 2-Thoracic Respiration.
 3-Blood Pressure.
 4- Galvanic Skin Response (GSR).
 5- Motor Activities/ Body Movements.
 6- Finger Pulse.
 CHECK THE VERASITY OF STATEMENTS
• With the help of polygraph we check the veracity of statements of
subjects (suspects, accused (UTP),complainants, witnesses and
victims) in all types of cases (theft, murder, dacoit, rape, arson
etc).
• Whatever statement a subject gives regarding the case under
investigation whether that is true or false that can be verified
through polygraph.
Knowledge,Involvement and Connivance
• With the help of polygraph(Lie Detector) we ascertain the
knowledge, involvement and connivance of a person with regard
to the crime under investigation.
POLYGRAPH TEST IS VOLUNTARY
• This test is voluntary in nature. Under Article 20, Sub Clause (3) of
Indian Constitution and guidelines of Human Rights Commission a
person has to give his/her voluntary written consent before the
polygraph expert prior to undergoing polygraph test.
• The expert informs the person brought for polygraph test that
he/she has every right to deny not to undergo this test.
TYPE OF QUESTIONS ASKED DURING THE TEST
• Three types of questions are asked: Relevant, Irrelevant & Control
questions.
• Relevant
• Example:- Do you know who has killed Ram in the night of
10.8.2018? Did you yourself kill Ram in.......?
• Irrelevant
• Example:-Is your name Rabi Sahu?Have you taken your breakfast
today morning?Are you sitting on a chair now?
• Control
• Example:-
• Have you committed any murder before the month of August
2018?
• Are you involved in any crime since last six months?
 Three Stages in Polygraph Test :

1. Pre-test : No Question but machine runs

2. Test : Questions are asked one by one
3. Post- test : No question but machine runs
with certain instructions
For each question set 3 charts are taken.
Questions are asked with 25 seconds time interval.
The interpretation is done by objective scoring system (OSS) as
provided by the software along with the expert’s manual scoring.
The expert opines if the statements given by a suspect regarding the
crime under investigation is found to be true or not-true and his/her
response to the polygraph test is deceptive (DI)or not-deceptive (NDI).
Polygraph Examination Room
A normal graph
ADMISSIBILITY
• As per section 293 Cr. Pc. and 27 & 45 Evidence Act, the result of
polygraph test is admissible in the court of law.
• The courts have no objection to accept the polygraph test report,
if the test is conducted by an expert other than a police officer
and with the voluntary written consent of the Subject (suspect
/accused/ complainant / witness/victim.
Observation of High Courts
• 1) High Court of Bombay, in Criminal writ petition No 66 of 2003
between Ramchandra Ram Reddy , Petitioner Vrs. The State of
Maharastra, Respondent dated the March, 2004
• 2) High Court of Karnataka, in criminal Petition No. 1964/2004
between Smt. Selvi , Petitioner and others Vrs. State of Karnataka,
respondent dated 10th Sept,2004;
• 3) Madras High court, in Crl. R.C. No. 259 of 2006 and Crl. M.P.
No.s 1518 and 1519 0f 2006 dated 7th March( Dinesh Dalmia,
Petitioner Vrs. State by SPE,CBI, BS and FC, New Delhi ( 2006 1,
M.L.J. (Crl.) 411
• 4) Gujarat High Court in Spl. Crl. Appln. No. 1286 of 2007 dated
13.8.07 between Santokben Sharmanbhai Jadeja Vrs. State of
Gujarat (2008 CRI.L.J. 68)
• By conducting/ performing Psychology Tests itself does not
amount to compulsion and the same would not amount to
violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India and if the
statement recorded during the course of aforesaid tests is used
against the accused, enough protection exists in the Criminal
Procedure Code and/Indian Evidence Act.
• There is no ground not to permit the Investigating agency to
conduct/ perform Tests , more particularly when the same is
needed for the purpose of finding the truth and to nab the
criminal who have committed the offence and when the
Investigating agency is absolutely in dark. Conducting the tests is a
 part of the investigation and for investigation the consent of the
accused is not required.
• Observation of Supreme court
• Smt. Selvi & others (Appellants) Vrs State of
Karnataka(Respondent)
• “ xxx We hold that no individual should be forcibly subjected to
any of the techniques in question, whether in context of
investigation in criminal cases or otherwise. Doing so would
amount to an unwarranted intrusion into personal liberty.
However, we do leave room for the voluntary administration of
the impugned techniques in the context of criminal justice,
provided that certain safeguards are in place.

REQUISITION FOR POLYGRAPH TEST

• Investigating Officer has to send the requisition through the SDPO
or SP addressing Director State FSL, BBSR enclosing the following
documents:-
• 1-Copy of FIR
• 2-Statement of suspects under section 161 of Cr. Pc.
• 3-Postmortem report in murder cases
• 4-Spot visit report of Forensic Scientific team if any
• 5-photographs of scene of crime etc. if any
• 6-Voluntary consent to undergo polygraph test
• 7- Medical fitness certificate of subjects (optional)
8- Permission from court for polygraph test in case of Accused
(UTP)
PROCEDURE FOR POLYGRAPH TEST
A date is fixed and communicated to the IO through Radio message/e-
despatch .
The suspect is produced by the IO on the said date at SFSL,
Bhubaneswar brought for polygraph test.
A discussion regarding the case and the review of the questions to be
asked to the suspect are held with the I.O.
A pretest interview is held with suspect, during which the expert tries
to establish rapport with the subject.
Discussions held regarding his/her own views in connection with the
crime under investigation.
Why he/she is suspected to have committed the crime.
The purpose of the test and the effectiveness of the instrument.
If he/she volunteers to undergo the test,the test is conducted.
Guidelines for IOs:-
1) Preliminary investigation is prerequisite before forwarding the case
for Polygraph examination.
2) Requisition for Polygraph examination to be addressed to the
Director, State FSL,Bhubaneswar and should be forwarded either by
S.P. or SDPO along with all relevant documents such as copy of FIR,
Statements of subject(s) recorded under Section 161 CrPC, PM Report,
Spot visit report,Spot Map, a brief case history and any other relevant
document if available.
3) The investigating officer has to produce the subject at Lie Detection
Division of SFSL on the date of Polygraph examination(as
communicated from SFSL, Bhubaneswar) along with a requisition
addressed to the Director, SFSL, Bhubaneswar for production of
suspect.
4) Before sending requisition, the concerned investigating officer
should attach a declaration that he has obtained consent of the
subject(s) to undergo the Test as per Art 20(3) of Indian Constitution
and orders passed by Honorable Supreme Court of India referred
above. Often it has been observed that the subjects are not informed
by the investigating officer, as a result of which the expert has to face
problems to obtain consent from the subjects at the time of
examination. Invariably this has resulted in inconvenience and wastage
of time both for the expert and the investigating officer.
5) In case of accused brought on remand from jail custody, guidelines
of National Human Rights
Commission../Guidelines%20on%20Administration%20of%20Lie%20D
etector%20Test%20National%20Human%20Rights%20Commission%2
0India.htm issued vide letter no. 117/8/97-98 dated 11th January 2000
and circulated vide S.P.H. Qrs. Letter no. 35108/t dated 28.06.2000 may
be scrupulously followed.
6) Maximum three (3) subjects can be examined per day (.) More
subjects than requested for should not be produced on the date of
examination as it is likely to affect other cases scheduled for
examination in advance
7) The I.O. will ensure the safe custody of the subjects from the time of
arrival in Lie Detection division till departure of subjects from the
division.
8) As Polygraph Test is a Psycho-Physiological Test, long journey should
be avoided on the date of examination and the subjects may be given
sufficient rest and food prior to polygraph examination to ensure
qualitative result.
9) Subjects with hard of hearing, suffering from diseases like B. P.,
Asthma, Epilepsy and pregnant women should not be brought for
examination.
10) The lady subjects brought for Polygraph examination should be
accompanied by a lady constable/homeguard.
11) Parents/ Guardians of minor subjects must accompany him/her to
countersign the consent form of Polygraph test.
12) The I. O. may be advised to bring an interpreter in case the subject
does not understand Odia (coastal) or English or Hindi.
13) In case further session is required, the investigating officer should
make his/her arrangements to stay. The investigating officer will make
necessary arrangements and security of the subjects also.
14) The IO may prepare probable questions to be asked to the subject
during Polygraph test.

Utility of Polygraph
 Through the Polygraph test the veracity of statements of subjects
(suspects, accused,
 complainants, victims and witnesses) are checked.
 It helps investigating officers to eliminate the innocent persons
from the guilty .
 It helps in narrowing down the field of investigation.
 It gives a right direction to the investigation.
 It can be used as a replacement to the traditional method of
investigation.
(specifically use of 3rd degree)
 No violation of human rights occur in administration of Polygraph
Test as it is unbiased
and scientific in nature.

Brain Finger Printing/ Brain Mapping/

Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling

P300 - A GENERIC POTENTIAL

Studies show that occurrence of P300 at the typical 300 millisecond or
between the 250 – 700 Millisecond range is typical only for standard
tests. Scalp positivity occurring at this stage only indicates complex
cognitive processing, that involves encoding and retrieval.
BRAIN FINGER PRINTING : THE TECHNIQUE
Probes
• Words/phrases relevant to crime, along with neutral words and
phrases, presented in a sequential manner in auditory mode.
• Photographs related to crime scene - flashed in visual mode in a
sequential manner on a computer screen.

THE TECHNIQUE CONTD.

• Probes are developed based on FIR, panchanama, crime scene
report, and information gathered from I.O
• The probe elicits an electrical activation only in the person
involved in the crime
• Probes elicit a specific set of responses called brainwaves .
• It is unique to the individual
WHAT IS BEOSP ?
• BEOSP is the process of eliciting electro physiological
evidence of a person’s participation in the crime
• A non invasive scientific technique with great degree of
sensitivity
• To determine the presence of specific information in the
brain.
• A Neuro psychological method of interrogation
• Generally referred as Brain Fingerprinting or BEOSP
BEOSP PROCEDURE
• A patented electro cap equipped with sensors are used.
• The person is acquainted with BEAP test procedure
• The test is conducted only after obtaining informed consent
 • No questions are posed to the suspect
• The suspect is not expected to give verbal or nonverbal
responses
Narco Analysis

• Use of drugs to extract Psychological Reality or Psychological

Truth from a suspected criminal

Thiopental Sodium

• This is a thiobarbiturate derivative.

• It is also known as Truth Drug.
• When administered intravenously effective concentration in the
brain will be achieved within 30 seconds due to high lipid
solubility and strong hypnotic actions and
• Recovery is also rapid due to redistribution of drugs to tissues.

Intravenous administration of Sodium Penthanol descent into

anesthesia in 4 stages:
• Awakening Stage >Stage 1- 5ug/ml.
• Hypnotic Stage >Stage 2- 5-10ug /ml.
• Sedative Stage >Stage 3- 10-15ug /ml.
• Anesthetic Stage >Stage 4- 15-20ug/ml.

Hypnotic Stage is used for Narco Analysis Test.

• This stage persists for 6-8 minutes for one bolus of dose.
• Successive dosage of drugs are administered depending upon the
required period of hypnotic trance.
• The awakening and hypnotic stages are monitored by anesthetists
and responses are elicited by trained Psychologists by stimulating
the suspect.
• This stage persists for 6-8 minutes for one bolus of dose.
• Successive dosage of drugs are administered depending upon the
required period of hypnotic trance.
• The awakening and hypnotic stages are monitored by anesthetists
and responses are elicited by trained Psychologists by stimulating
the suspect.
• The hypnotic stage is maintained for the required period by
controlling the rate of administration of the drug.
• The reversal from hypnotic stage sets in immediately after the
administration of drugs is discontinued.
• Dosage level to take a person to hypnotic stage is 3-4 times
smaller than those required for stages beyond.
NARCO TEAM
• Forensic Psychologist
• Anesthesia Specialist
• Psychiatrist
• Videographer
• Staff Nurse
• Laboratory Assistant

•
•
 CYBER CRIME & HANDLING OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
What is Cyber Crime?

A digital crime or cyber crime is a crime that involves the usage of a computer, phone or any other
digital device connected to network. Cyber crime investigation involves identifying, extracting,
documenting and preserving information that is stored or transmitted in electronic or magnetic form.
Digital evidence or electronic evidence is any probative information stored or transmitted in digital form
that a party to a court case may use at trial.

Categories of Cyber Crime

Hacking:

The meaning of hacking is to get access to someone’s computer or internet device without their
knowledge.
Cyber Stalking:

This is a type of cybercrime which can be conducted using the information available on the social media
account of a person. The learn about the day to day activity of the person for example when does that
person leave for work or when does he go to the gym or when he leaves his children at school or in
which school his children study. In this way, they know their victims and make them feel insecure and
afraid Identity

Theft and Credit Card Fraud:

This type of cybercrime takes place when person uses personal information or of another person in
order to get financial or personal benefits.

Child soliciting and Abuse :

Child abuse and soliciting is a cyber crime in that the internet enables people to store, access, make or
distribute child pornography and other forms of child-based sexual activities

Cyber Bulling:

Cyber bullying takes place on the internet. When someone sends abusive, harmful, or offensive message
to someone or post pictures without the consent of the person or defame person on social platforms
either by writing post or comment is considered as cyberbullying, and there are strict laws against it.
Animal Poaching and online trading :

Illegally hunting and capturing animals for getting products that are of high economic value such as
ivory, animal skin etc. and selling them online in an encrypted manner.

Phishing:
The trapper setup trap to catch unsuspecting people and to make them do activities like clicking a link,
downloading a file that they usually won’t do.

Online grooming:

Grooming is a cybercrime where people make efforts to establish a sexual relationship with minors
using social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, etc. They first try to establish a relationship with
them by becoming friends on the social media platform and chat with them to gain their trust.
Grooming is a serious cybercrime, and many teenage boys and girls have become victims of this
cybercrime.

Non Cyber crimes, where a digital evidence can be important

Violent crimes( murder, public order)

Bank loot/ATM loot

Gang rape

Domestic Violence/

Domestic abuse

Vigilance case etc.

Types of electronic evidences that can be seized from the crime scene

LAPTOP Mobile Phone

Pendrive microSD card

CPU, Desktop Computer DVR Machine

CD/DVD Drones

Collection, Sealing, Packaging and Forwarding of exhibits

Mobile Phones !

Check if the phone is in working condition or not. -if the phone is in working condition, then set the
phone into flight mode first. -if the phone is locked then collect the password/unlock pattern of the
phone. -Disable the password of the phone or else mention the password of the phone in the
forwarding memo.

*NOTE:

Setting the phone into flight mode , is vital as the phone should be disconnected from cellular network
after seizure. -If the phone is not in working condition, send it as it is to the forensic lab. -While sending
the mobile phone for examination, wrap the mobile phone with a bubble wrap paper and pack it in a
card board box for preventing it from any damage during transmission.

CPU/Hard disk

Whenever a desktop computer is seized from the crime scene,

-Check the capacity of the hard disk contained in it.

-Send a new sterile hard disk of higher capacity along with the seized exhibit.

-Instead of sending the desktop, CPU, keyboard, mouse, printer etc to the forensic lab, send only the
CPU. If technical expertise is available then dismantle the hard drive from the CPU and send only the
hard drive to the forensic lab for examination.

-While sending the hard disk for examination, wrap the hard disk with bubble wrap paper and pack it in
a card board box for preventing it from any damage during transmission

DVR Machine

Check the capacity of the hard disk contained in the DVR machine. Send a new sterile hard disk of higher
capacity along with the seized exhibit. While sending the hard disk for examination, wrap the hard disk
with a bubble wrap paper and pack it in a card board box for preventing it from any damage during
transmission. If possible send the DVR machine along with the DVR hard disk for examination purpose.

Common mistakes during sealing, packaging and forwarding of exhibits

Often the mobile exhibit sent to the lab are in 'ON' state along with the flight mode 'OFF'. is advisable to
enable the flight mode of the mobile phone after seizure. This step necessary as it helps in disconnecting
the seized mobile phone from cellular network.

Examination of hard disk requires one sterile/new hard disk with a capacity higher than the capacity of
the exhibit hard disk. Hard disk of same capacity are sent by the I.O.s as the exhibit or they do not send
any sterile hard disk at all.

Packing and forwarding of monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer etc. for the examination purpose is not
required. Only the CPU or hard disk can be forwarded to the FSL.

• All the seized exhibits forwarded to the forensic laboratory should be addressed to the 'DIRECTOR,
SFSL, Bhubaneswar'. •

Whenever a CD/DVD-R is sent as exhibit, make sure that the data is written into the CD/DVD properly or
not. Often the CD/DVD-Rs received as exhibits in the laboratory are blank with no data in it.

• The court seal must be preserved from breaking by putting a cello tape on it
Different queries that can be addressed by the Cyber forensic lab.

• Whether any particular image/video/audio has been made viral using any social media sites or not?

• Whether any said electronic document has been created using that mobile/computer or not?

• Whether any questioned image/audio/video is present or generated in the said exhibits or not?

• Finding out the available/deleted data from the electronic devices

. • Finding out the whatsApp related queries.

• Whether any manipulation of the data is being done in the said electronic device or not?
BASICS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT
By

Dr. Arun Kumar Swain

Rt. Assistant Director
DNA Division
State forensic science laboratory
Rasulgarh BBSR
Mob no-8917320212
Introduction:

 The term forensic is derived from the Latin word “forensic “which means belonging to
the courts of justice or to public discussion and debate.
 In layman’s term forensic science is the science for the court of law.
 Forensic science can be defined more broadly as that scientific discipline which is
directed to the recognition, identification, individualisation and evaluation of physical
evidence by the application of the principles and methods of natural sciences for the
purpose of administration of criminal justice.
 Forensic science embraces all branches of physical and natural sciences ,chief among
them being
 Chemistry
 Biology
 physics
 Over the years it has developed its own branches which are more or less exclusive
domain of forensic sciences.
 Anthropology , finger-prints, footprints, documents, ballistics, toxicology, odontology,
cyber forensics, serology and DNA profiling were developed to aid the criminal justice
administration.
 Forensic laboratories have following divisions :
 Ballistics
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Documents (**)
 Lie-detection
 Physics
 Serology
 Toxicology
 Cyber forensic
 DNA profiling
 Out of the previously mentioned divisions Cyber crime and DNA are most modern
divisions and are widely utilised in the field of crime investigation.
 Scene of crime (SOC)
 The scene of crime is the place where a criminal offence is reported to have taken
place.
 After the crime has been reported to the police the investigation process is set to
motion.
 Quite often the success or failure of the investigation will depend upon proper
handling of the crime scene and processing of the evidences.
 Forensic expert should acquire adequate knowledge on how to recognise, identify,
collect and preserve items of physical evidence.
 The scene of crime covered be limited to one place only, it may extend to one or more
places.
 In a compact scene of crime such as burglary the scene of crime my be divide into 5
parts only viz.( namely)
 line of approach
 Point of entry
 Actual scene
 Point of exit
 Line of retreat
 The SOC are :
 Indoor
 Outdoor
 Crime having no scene

People and things :

 All criminal investigation is concerned either with people or with things.
 It is these things that together constitute the broad field of physical evidence.
 Many investigations have failed in some degree to make the most efficient use of the
physical evidence because of their negligence in looking for the physical evidence and
placing reliance on the people committing crimes.
The investigator must have balanced approach to the investigation of crime .For that he must
understand
I. What is physical evidence?
II. How to collect and preserve it ?
III. How and from where to obtain the information it carries ?
IV. How to interpret the information so obtained ?
locard’s principle of exchange

 Dr. Edmond Locard ,a foremost criminologist observed that criminals often possess
some clues on or near their person or they leave such clues on or near the scene of
crime.
 He thus propounded the theory of mutual exchange which states that “ when two
objects come into contact there is always an exchange of material”.
Limitations
 SOC should be protected
 Curious onlookers should not be allowed.
 Nothing should be disturbed at SOC
 Culprits should be nabbed immediately
 Some physical evidence should be collected within time limit.

Recording of crime scene

i. Recording of notes ;
i. The date and time of the FIR
ii. The nature of crime
iii. Location of crime scene and brief description of area
iv. Brief facts of crime
v. The names of all the officers ,witnesses, investigators and special
personnel at SOC
vi. The names of personnel who took the photographs, fingerprints,
sketches etc.
vii. The weather and lighting condition at the time of recording the
scene.
viii. A description of the interior and exterior of the SOC, number of
rooms, doors, windows etc.
ix. The location and collection of evidence
x. Date and time of completion of recording and examination of SOC.

Sketching the crime scene

1. Rough sketch
2. At the site
3. Directions must be mentioned
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CRIME SCENE:
1. An orderly progression of shots will be required.
 Search for evidence
 Before commencing a search for physical evidence the I.O must be clear in his mind on
a) How to look for
b) Where to look for
c) What to look for

How to look for

INDOOR CRIME SCENE :
a. Search light
b. Scene vacuum cleaner
Outdoor crime scene:

A. Strip method
B. Spiral method
C. Zone or quad method
D. Wheel method.
Where to look for clues :
II. Furniture
III. Fittings and fixtures
What to look for
 Nothing at crime scene is insignificant.
 The investigator should bear in mind that the traces however insignificant
at first appearance may prove of immense value later.
 The position and condition of everything at the scene must be taken proper
note.
 overturned furniture, disturbed wall hangings
 Broken doors,windows,glass panes
 Displaced articles
 Position of victim etc.
 The physical evidence present at the crime scene will vary depending upon
the nature of crime committed
 The following physical evidence may be commonly encountered :
 Fibres, hair , fabric including usual type of fibres.
 Stain of blood , semen, saliva, sputum(mixture of saliva & mucus from
throat or lungs),urine etc.
 Chemical stains like paint, grease, acid ,petrol etc.
 Dirt, dust, debris, soil, vegetable matter, pollen etc
 Fragments of glass , metal and metal fillings etc.
 Firearms, cartridge cases ,pellets, bullets, powder marks etc.
 Tyre marks, skid marks, teeth marks, tool marks, erased marks
 Finger prints and foot prints
 Poisons , vomits, viscera, residues of bottles.
 Documents : question documents
 Weapon of offence
 Bones ,skull and teeth.
Conclusion:
 An efficient ,skilled and trained forensic expert will manage the scene of crime very
smoothly .
 He will collect proper physical evidence and preserve it properly for the purpose of
chemical analysis at the forensic laboratories.
 Improper preservation of evidence from the crime scene will be no way helpful for the
prosecution
 crime scene management is the most important part of the scientific investigation of
various crimes.
 Questions and Answers of 2 marks
1. Who is the father of Forensic Science?
ANS:- E D M O N D L O C A R D.
2. What is the full form of DNA? Where it is present in the cells?

ANS:-Deoxy ribo nucleic acid. Nucleus and Mitochondria.

3. What is the full form of FTA cards, what is its used?

ANS:-Flinders technology associates. It is used for longer preservation of blood stains.
4. How many type of physical evidences are available at the scene of crime ?
What are they ?
ANS:-Two types . Macroscopic and microscopic.
5. How many types of glass factures are there ?what are they ?
ANS:-Three types . Radial , concentric and cone.
6. Skid marks found at the scene of crime of accident helps to determine what?
ANS:-Determination of speed of the vehicle .
7. What is visible print ?give an example ?
ANS:-Print which is visible to our naked eye . Blood fingerprint is one of them .
8. How many patterns of fingerprints are available in human population ?
What are they ?
ANS:-Four types. Arch ,whori ,loop and composite .
9. What is dactyloscopy?
ANS:-Scientific study of fingerprints is known as doctyloscopy .
10. What is known as “burgulars visiting card”?
ANS:-Fingerprint available at the scene of crime is known as burgulars visiting card.’
11. What is the best method for development of latent finger prints on paper ?
ANS:-Ninhydrin method .
12. Two dimensional foot print is known as what and three dimensional foot print is known as
what ?
ANS:-Surface foot print and sunken .
13. Why salt is added to plaster of Paris solution in casting of foot print?
ANS:-To shorten the time of hardening .
14. Why sugar is added to the plaster of Paris solution in casting of foot print ?
ANS:- To enhance the time of hardening .

15. Why the colour of blood is red?

ANS:-Due to the presence of hemoglobin .

16. How many RFSLs are in the state of Odisha ?where they are located?
ANS:-Three . Berhampur, Sambalpur, Balasore .

17. Which is the most sensitive chemical test for detection of blood stains?
ANS:-Benzidine test.

18. Bloodstains of circular shape indicate what?

ANS:-Blood has fallen at the surface at 900 .

19. By the study of what male and female hairs can be distinguished ?
ANS:-Barr body .
20. How many types of blood groups are there in human population ?which blood group is
known as universal donor?
ANS:Four , blood group “O” .
21. Nails and its debris of accused contain victim’s what ?
ANS:-Blood and skin .

22. What is bestiality ?

ANS:-Sexual inter course with the animals.
23. What is to be done to maintain full proof chain of custody?
ANS:-Sealing and documentation.
24. What is trace evidence ? Give two examples.
ANS:-The evidence which is not visible to the necked eye, hair and fiber.

25. After examination of exhibits at forensic laboratories, they are returned to which place ?
ANS:-Concerned court.

26. How many types of sketch maps are drawn of the scene of crime? What are they ?
ANS:-Two types rough and finished .

27. What is the nature of medulla in human hair?

ANS:-Thin and discontinuous .
28. Data on mobile phone is examined in which division of forensic laboratories?
ANS:-Cyber division .

29. What is polygraph machine?

ANS:-Lie detection test is done by this machine.
30. How many types of swabs are collected from the genital organ of the rape victim? What are
they ?
ANS:-Three, vulval , vaginal , and cervical .
31. How the garments of the rape victim containing wet biological stains be dried and packed?
ANS:-In room temperature .
32. How many types of pubic hairs are collected from rape victim?
ANS:-Three types .
33. Why double samples of swabs are collected from rape victim?
ANS:-One sample will be examined and in serology division and another in DNA division .

34. What kind of biological stains are available in bite marks?

ANS:-Saliva .
35. What kind of biological stains will be available from cigarette butts ?
ANS:-Saliva .
36. How many parts are there in a human sperm?
ANS:-Three
37. What is luminal test? Where it is conducted?
ANS:-Luminal test is conducted to detect blood stains of a larger area .
38. Why head cap is used by the sample collector?
ANS:-To prevent contamination of sample by hair .
39. EDTA stands for what? Why it is used?
ANS:-Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, it is a preservative of liquid blood sample.
40. How many pieces of bones are there in a human child and in an adult human being?
 ANS:-300,206 .
41. Who is the father of DNA profiling?
ANS:-Alec Jeffreys .
42. How many types of DNA tests are there? What are they?
ANS:-Two , Nuclear DNA test and mitochondrial DNA test .
43. Which long bone is most suitable for DNA profiling?
ANS:-FEMUR.
44. Which tooth is most suitable for DNA profiling?
ANS:-Molar
45. What are the samples should be collected from the dead child during autopsy?
ANS:-Blood from the chamber of heart ,soft tissue and femur bone .
46. Aborted fetus should be preserved in what solution?
ANS:-Saturated solution of common salt.
47. What question will be asked to the DNA expert in patterning dispute care?
ANS:-DNA profiling may pl. be generated from the sample bloods of victim accused and child
and paternity may pl. be established.

48. What is the first duty of the I.O. for the scene of crime?
ANS:-Protection of scene of crime .
49. Write the name of the crime where there is no scene of crime?
ANS:-Forgery .
50. What injection is given to the suspect during narcoanalysis?
ANS:-SodiumPentothal.
51. Define a firearm as per 1959 Indian Arms Act.
Ans: Firearm is a device having essential components like a barrel action mechanism,
trigger, firing pin, grip/stock etc and it should have projectiles with minimum energy
20joules.
52. Whether an air gun and an Air pistol of 0.22” calibre are firearm/ Justify the answer.
Ans: Air gun and air pistol of 0.22’ calibre come under the purview of Indian Arms Act as per
amendment made in the year 2016.
53. Basing on which principle expert opines a fired bullet fired through the seized firearm?
Ans: Basing on the principles “Every firearm has unique character” expert links a fired cartridge
with a firearm.
54. How do IO confirms at the scene of c rime that a fired bullet has been fired through a
country made firearm so that he will seize the firearm accordingly.
Ans: A fired bullet fired through a country made firearm may have some straition marks and no
rifling marks.
55. Write three basic differences between a country made and an ordnance factory made
firearm.
Ans: A ordnance made a firearm has a serial number proof mark and polished gait up.
56. Whether IO can obtain information like time since last firing from the forensic science
laboratory?
Ans: Till date there is no technology to find time since last firing.
57. Which type of projectiles cannot be linked with a particular firearm?
Ans: Projectile/projectiles of short gun and muzzle loading firearm like pellet shot and slug
cannot be linked with any particular firearm due to lack of characters transferred from the
firearm to projectile.
58. Define a short gun firearm.
Ans: A firearm fires pellet like projectiles known as shot gun firearm.
59. Why possession of a country made firearm is illegal?
Ans: No liicene is issued by government to possess a country made firearm.
60. What is a prohibitory firearm as per 1959 Indian Arms Act?
Ans: An automatic firearm is a prohibitory firearm as per 1959 Indian Arms Act.
61. How to pack a half burnt garment with kerosene smell?
Ans: It should be packed in a air tight container to prevent evaporation.
62. . Which type of sample is /are collected for confirmation of drunkenness?
Ans: Blood or urine sample of 10 ml with proper preservative is to be collected for confirmation
of alcohol consumption.
63. Write at least one drug under NDPSs Act from depressant stimulant and Hallucinogen
group.
Ans: Opium, cocaine and cannabis are three type of drugs.
64. Why plastic Jar is not a suitable container for packing viscera?
Ans: Glass jar is the most suitable container to maintain chain of custody.

-----------------------------------------------****----------------------------------------------
 Question & Answers for 5 marks
1. Describe different chemical methods to develop latent fingerprints.

Ans- Two type of chemical methods to develop latent fingerprints.

(i) Silver nitrate method:-it combines with the salts deposited when fingers contact the
surface . silver nitrate is sprayed over the evidence containing the latent prints or the evidence
is doped in the silver nitrate solution 3% aquous solution should be prepared in glass on
porcelain container to prepare the solution .old prints on paper and cardboard can be
developed by this method.
(ii) Ninhydrin development :-This method is applied for development of old latent fingerprints
where other methods fail ninety drain reacts with amino acid present in the perspiration to
form a pink or purple colored print . prints on paper can be developed by this method.

2. Describe different physical methods for development of latent fingerprints.

Ans- Powdering , lifting and iodine fuming are mainly three physical methods for development
of latent fingerprints .
(i) Powdering –depending upon the black ground contrast different powder are use to
develop latent prints ostrich feather brush , camel hair brush ,squirrel hair brush and magna
brush are used to sprinkle the powder .black powder prints on white surface, white powder
prints on black surface and fluorescent powder on multi coloured surface are used for
development .
(ii) Liftering – simplest meth od .using wide cello tape lifting can be made .
(iii) Iodine fuming – vapours of iodine are forced on paper surface contaminating points
yellow brown coloured points will be developed.

3. What are the materials required for development of plaster of Paris casting of sunken
footprints.

Ans- 1) Wooden or metallic frame 2)shellac solution 3)French chalk 4)Aluminum mug
5)Aluminum spoon 6)Vaseline or greese 7)common salt 8)plaster of Paris 9)wire mesh or
broom sticks 10)sprayer 11)empty refill

4. What are the physical evidences to be searched from the weapon of offence of a homicide
case ?
Ans- the following evidences and should be searched from the weapon of offence of a
homicide case.
1. Fingerprints Both of are accused
2. Sweat
3. Blood stains
4. Hairs
5. Fibres
6. Tissue
7. Bone dust which are od deceased
All the above physical evidences will be sent to forensic laborites with the driedsample blood of
accused and victim for comparison and opinion .
 5. Write the names of five criminal cases in which DNA profiling is helpful for the
prosecution.
Ans-five criminal cases are as follows
a. Paternity dispute case
b. Baby exchange
c. Missing child
d. Sexual assault
e. Homicide
6. What are the physical evidences to be collected from accident spot for forensic analysis?
Ans- the following physical of crime of an accident case .
I. 1.tyremask
II. 2.skidmask
III. 3.skidmark
IV. 4.lubricamtod the vehicle
V. 5.broken part of the vehicles
VI. 6.part chops from the involved vehicles
VII. 7.blood stains ,hair, fibres ,tissues sticking to the vehicle from the deceased .
7. Write short notes on components of blood .
Ans- blood is a liquid connective tissue ,liquid part of blood is known as plasma. The cellular
parts are of three types
I. RBC
II. WBC
III. PLATELETS
RBC carries respiratory gasses , nutrients and hormones to tissues .WBC are two types
agranulocytes and gramulocytes WBC s act as body guard .platelets help in clotting of blood.

8. Describe wheel method of searching scene of crime?

Ans- in wheel method , the scene of crime should be made an imaginary circle each
investigator moves in a direction straight out from the center or hub of the wheel ,much like
the spokes of a bicycle wheel whatever physical clues will be available during there search
,they will handover that to leader . leader will preserve clues properly.

9. Blood stain id available on non absorbent surface how can you collect and preserve the
stain?
Ans- a small pieces of sterile gauge is taken and soaked with saline ,then with the help of
forcep it will be rubber over the blood stained area. Entire blood stain will be transferred it the
gauge then it will be dried in an paper envelope .a unstained gauge cloth should be taken as
control sample.

10. What is polar method of drawing sketch map ?Discuss.

Ans-sketching of scene of crime accurately potrays the physical clues and there distance .polar
method is one of the sketch methods this method is adopted in scene of crime where area is
large .focal point like tree or electric pole is taken measurement to physical clues are taken
from this focal points rioting scene of crime covers vast area coheres polar method sketch is
drawn .
11. What are the physical clued to be collected from the crime scene of a rape case?
Ans-from scene of crime of a rape case both biological and non biological physical are collected
Biological evidence –blood , semen, saliva, hair, vaginal secretion stains, pollen grains ,plant
materials like deeds , flowers and leaves.
Non biological evidence- footprints, fingerprints, soils, broken bangles, bidi and cigarette ends,
used condoms .

12. What are the physical clued to be collected from the body of a rape victim?
Ans-
1) foreign particles kike hair, fibre, plant materials , soil particles from the garments of the
victim.
2) Biological body fluids like blood, semen , saliva, vaginal secretion stains from the garments
3) Double swabs from genital organ valval swab, virginal swab and cervical swabs .
4) Smears-double smears of vaginal swab , valval swab and cervical swab.
5) If anal intercourse and oral intercourse reported then anal swabs and buccal swabs in
duplicate should be collected .
6) Hairs- scalp hair ,pubic hair – sample , foreign and matted.
7) Dried stains like blood semen , saliva found on the body should be collected.
8) Swab surrounding to bite mark should be collected.
9) Sample blood in sterile gauge or on FTA card in dry condition.
10) Nail- debris , clopping and scrapings .

13. What are the physical clued to be collected from the body of a rape accused?
Ans-
1) foreign particles like hair , fibre , plant material , soil particles from the wearing apparels of
the accused.
2) Biological body fluids like blood, semen, saliva, vaginal secretion from the wearing
apparels.
3) Double swab from genital organ penile swab and penile swab smear.
4) hairs-scalp hair and pubic hairs of 3types 1.sample 2. Foreign and 3. Matted
5) Dried stains like blood , semen, saliva found on the body should be collected.
6) Swab surrounding to bite marks should be collected.
7) Nails – debris , clopping and scrapping.
Sample blood in sterile gauge or on FTA card in dry condition
14. What is diatom? Why diatom test is conducted?
Ans- Diatom is a microscopic algae found in waterbodies when a dead body is found in
waterbodies diatom test is conducted to know whether the drowning is ante mortem or
postmortem in nature for this test sternum bone is preserved and sample water is collected
from the place where the dead body was detected.

15. What are the crime exhibit examined in biology division?

Ans- crime exhibit relating to crime against human beings are done in biology division .
Biological body fluids- blood semen, saliva, sweat , vaginal secretion stains , etc.
Biological materials- hair , nail, tissue, bone, teeth
Plant materials –leaves, seeds, root, wood, diatom , pollen grains .
16. What are the long boned are collected in order of priority from unidentified skeletonized
dead body for DNA profiling to establish identity?
Ans- following bones are collected in order of priority for DNA profiling test
1) Femur
2) TIBIA
3) FIBULA
4) HUMERUS
5) RADIUS
6) ULNA
RIBBONE
17. What are the sample to be collected and preserved during autopsy of a dead child of a
paternity dispute case to conduct DNA profiling?
Ans-
1) Blood from chamber of the heart should be collected in dry condition using FTA card or
sterile gauge.
2) Soft tissue (minimum 50 grams) should be preserved in saturated solution of common
salt.
3) Femur bone should be preserved in clean an dry condition.

18. Write short notes on brain mapping .

Ans- Brain mapping is also known as brain fingerprinting .it is a lie detection technique which
uses electroencephalogram (EEG)todermine whether any specific information has been stored
in the brain. It is a computer based technology designed to determine hidden information in
individuals brain. It is an electro encephalographic event related potential brain response
known as D-300 MERMER (memory encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic
response )the equipment is called “Electro cap” with 19 electronic sensors are fitted with it . it
is fitted with the head of the suspect .it depends on the cognitive response of the brain. From
the study of red , green or blue graph the suspect is telling lie or not can be determined .It may
be considered as referral evidence.

19. Write short notes on narco analysis.

Ans- Narcoanalysis has been derived from the Greek word “Narc” which means anesthesia or
“TORPOR” it is used to describe a diagnostic and psycho therapeutic technique that uses
psychotropic drugs particularly barbiturate to induce insensibility . As means of releasing
repress feelings ;it is also known as drug hypnosis or truth serum, combination of hypnosis
and narcosis. Team of this test comprises psychiatrist , physician, anesthetist ,audio
videographer and writer.
3 grams of sodium pentothal or sodium crystals dissolved in 3000ml distilled water .this is
rejected intravenously along with 41%
dextrose .the suspect will be inter viewed staged .the interview will be video recorded then
psychologist will prepare the report .

20. Write short note on polygraphy.

Ans- it is one of the modern method of investigation in which an instrument will record the
various psychological changes which may serve as a basis for detection of truth or deception .
The instrument is known as “polygraph” .the machine records changes in respiration , blood
pressure , pulse .Another unit to record galvanic skin reflux (GSR) , electro dermal response is
provided . After fitting the equipment in the chest and hand, questions are asked by the expert
. The question are three types .
1) irrelevant
2) controlled
3) Relevant
The result of the test will be analyzed by the expert and opinion will given .

21. How can you collect and preserve biological body fluid from a used condom found at the
scene of crime of a rape case.
Ans- The mouth of the condom should be tight by a string . Then two sterile swab collection
sticks are taken . One stick will be used for collection of biological fluid i.e Vaginal secretion
stain from outside .Then sting will be united . Another sterile swab collection stick will be
inserted inside to collect male secretion i.e semen . Both are dried in room temperature and
packed separately .
22. Write three sign and symptoms on human being of alcohol intoxication.
Ans: The three signs and symptoms are (i) Excitement (ii) In-coordination (iii) Narcosis.
Depending on the percentage of alcohol in the blood they are categorized.
(i) When alcohol percentage is from 0.05% to 0.1% i.e 50 mg to 100 mg per 10000 ml. blood.
(ii) When alcohol percentage is 0.1% to 0.3% it in in-coordination stage . if a person drive
vehicle at this stage, there is 100% if facing accident as there is lack of coordination between
different organs of the body.
(iii) When alcohol sample is in between o.3% to 0.4% , at this stage the a person may go to
coma stage just prior to facing death.
23. Whom to IO sends alcohol exhibits for opinion and what sort of information to obtain
from that source?
Ans: Alcohol samples are to be sent to the scientific officer of the concerned DFSL. Information
like (i) whether the exhibit contain any alcohol (ii) if so type of alcohol (iii) percentage of
alcohol. But if information like poisonous material, it is to be sent to State FSL or RFSL.
24. Write characters of fracture available on glass pan of a close room due to excess heat and
hitting by a blunt weapon?
Ans: when a glass is hit by a blunt object, we get two type of fracture like-Radial and concentric
which are of certain characters; But glass pan fracture due to excess heat in a close chamber
does not have any specific characters but have highly irregular type of fracture.
25. How to distinguish suicidal and homicidal firing?
Ans: If hand swab of the shooter/deceased confirms presence of gunshot residues, it is a case
of suicide. Non availability of gun shot residues in the hand swab of the deceased confirms
homicidal firing Distant range firing also ruled out suicidal firing./But close range or contract
range firing indicate towards both suicidal and homicidal firing. In this condition we have to
search for GSR in the hand of t he shooter.
26. How to know a close range and distant range firing by studying a firing wound?
Ans: Characters of contact range or close range firing are available at the entry wound. No
characters are available at the exit would. Availability of barrel impression or detection unburnt
propellant powder in the track of the bullet inside the dead body confirms as contact range
firing. Availability of the scorching, blackening and tattooing characters at the entry wound
confirms for close range characters with 15 cm, 30 cm and 60 cm maximum range for long
barrel respectively.
27. What type of information IO obtains related to 25/27 Arms Act?
Ans: Arms Act 25/27 are for illegal possession of arms, ammunition or their components, firing
by the firearm.
Information related to above act.
(i) Whether it is a firearm (ii) if so its make and caliber (iii) effective range (iV) Sign of recent
firing (v) working condition (vi) Live cartridge (viii) Calibre, make (viii) link the fire cartridge and
fired bullet with the firearm (ix) purview of arms Act (x) gun shot residues from the hand swab
of shooter (xi) range of the firing.
28. What are the importance of hand swab . Describe its method of collection.
Ans: hand swab confirms about suicidal or homicidal firing. If gun shot residues (GSR) detected
in the hand swab of deceased it was a case of suicide. If GSR not detected in the hand of
deceased, it was a case if homicide. To collect hand swab 2 pair of glove, sterilized cotton and
50m ml of distilled water are required. Wearing a pair of glove pour little amount of distilled
water on the sterilized cotton and wipe out both side of left palm. Repeat the procedure for
right hand using second pair of glove. Send two swab exhibit along with control cotton with
distilled water to the forensic lab for confirmation of gun shot residues.