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The document discusses the differences between amorphous and crystalline structures, highlighting concepts such as isotropy, anisotropy, and the periodicity of patterns in crystals. It explains various types of bonding in solid materials, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, along with their characteristics and implications for material properties. The document emphasizes the significance of bonding types in determining the stability, conductivity, and melting points of materials.

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10 views22 pages

Lec 01 - Merged - Removed

The document discusses the differences between amorphous and crystalline structures, highlighting concepts such as isotropy, anisotropy, and the periodicity of patterns in crystals. It explains various types of bonding in solid materials, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, along with their characteristics and implications for material properties. The document emphasizes the significance of bonding types in determining the stability, conductivity, and melting points of materials.

Uploaded by

kobladas4
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MSE 2101

Crystallography and Structure of Materials


Amorphous versus Crystalline Structure

• Isotrpy
• Anisotropy- in a crystal is
found to a greater or lesser degree,
-for example, in electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal expansion,
elastic constants, optical constants, and chemical reactivity of exposed
surfaces.
• Regularity
-Periodicity of pattern
- Symmetry
• a large number of different kinds of
structures are available
• it has been amply shown that only 230
combinations can be formed in three
dimensions.
• When a solid has a crystalline structure, the
atoms are arranged in repeating structures
called unit cells. The cells form a larger three
dimensional array called a lattice.
• If many crystals are growing in a melt at the
same time, the crystals will eventually meet and form grains. The
junctions of the crystallites are
called grain boundaries.
• The crystal structure of a
material depends on the
nature of the bonding.
• Before going further discussion
we need to discuss briefly about
the major types of bonds that
exist in solid materials
Ionic Bonding.
• All general things you know
about ionic bonding.
• Electrostatic attraction and
repulsion force.
Covalent bonding

Nonmetal to
nonmetal
• Nonmetal to nonmetal bond bonding by
sharing electron
Metallic bonding
• unrestricted sharing of electrons
• electrons are free to move throughout
the metal.
• Such freedom of motion is possible
because in metallic bonding there is
no way of determining to which nucleus
any particular valence electron belongs.
• A metal may be pictured as
a geometric array of nuclei and inner
electrons (with net positive charges)
and a cloud of valence electrons
(with negative charges).
❑Ionic Bonding
➢ Outer shell electrons from outer shell of an atom transferred to the
outermost shell of another atom.
➢ Acquire electronic configuration of noble gas., (Ar, Kr, Xe)
➢ Atoms lossing of electron = Positive charge (+ve)
➢ Atoms gaining of electron = Negative charge (-ve)
➢ Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bond
➢ Bond occurs between metal and non metal
• Each ion in the plane, four
nearest neighbors of opposite
sign and is surrounded at a
greater distance, by a ring of
four ions of its same sign.
❑Covalent or Homopolar Bonding
➢ Elements of Group IV in periodic table are reduced to closed shell electronic
configuration as energy needed to remove all the valence electrons is too
large. Ionic bonding is impossible.
➢ Possible for atom to complete its outer shell by sharing electrons rather than
donating it to the neighboring atom.
➢ Ex: Carbon atom having 4 electrons in outer shell, to complete the
configuration one carbon atom can share its 4 electrons with another carbon
atom having the shape of tetrahedron.
• Covalent can happen also between
two dissimilar atoms.
• Covalent bonding
can happen between
two dissimilar atoms
like in water.
• Electron sharing is
the only way if the
atoms are so close
that the electrons can
pass from an orbit of
one atom to another
without becoming
completely detached.
❑Outcome of Covalent Bonding

• Covalent bonding is the strongest of chemical bonds


(Vander-Waals, Dipole-dipole, H-Bonding)
• Solids having this bonds are insoluble
• Great stability
• Very high melting and boiling temperature.
• Do not yield ions to such solutions.
❑Why Ionic is the strongest bond of all?
▪ Strong non-directional electrostatic force
▪ Ionic lattice structure
▪ Bond strength
❑ Is Ionic bond always the strongest?
▪ “No”
❑ Why?
▪ Polar Solvent
▪ Ion size and charge
influencing lattice energy
(MgO>CsCl)
▪ Environmental factors (Dry
or aqeoues solution)
❑Metallic Bonding
▪ Unrestricted sharing of electrons
▪ Good electrical & thermal conductivity
▪ Freedom of motion of electrons
▪ No way of determining to which nucleous the
electrons belong
▪ Valence electrons are free to move and form
electron cloud
▪ Inner electrons are bound to nuclei
▪ 1/2/3 outer shell electrons, weakly bonded with nuclei
▪ Putting a number of Mg atom, the outer electrons bonded
loosely
with nuclei, atom become Mg2+, repelling each other but still
in contact due to electronic attraction
▪ Closest possible packing

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