Student Number Student Name

CARINGBAH HIGH

T
VINCTT

CaringbahHigh School
Biology: HScCourse
PRACTICE Trial 2021
General Instructions
Reading time 5 minutes
-

Working time -3 hours

Write using black or blue pen
Draw diagrams and graphs using pencil
NESA approved calculators may be used
Total marks:
100 This paper has two parts, Part A and Part BB
Part A-20 marks
Attempt Questions 1-20
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Part B - 80 marks

Attempt Questions 21-37

Allow about 2 hour and 25 minutes for this part
Section I
20 marks

Attempt Questions 1-20.

Allow about 35 minutes
for this section.
Use the
multiple-choice answer sheet provided for Questions 1 -20.
1 The secretion of
specific hormones is carefully regulated
prepare the uterus for the during the ovulation cycle to
implantation of an embryo. After ovulation the
enlarges and starts to secrete hormones X and Y. corpus luteumn
If fertilisation and
is secreted from theimplantation occur, the pregnancy is controlled by hormone Y, which
corpus luteum in the first three months and
later from the placenta.
Hormone Z controls birth by causing coordinated
contractions of uterine muscles.
What are hormones X, Y and Z
respectively?
A.
Oestradiol, oxytocin, progesterone
B. Oxytocin, oestradiol progesterone
D.
Oestradiol, progesterone, oxytocin
Prolactin, progesterone, oxytocin

2 A geneticist compared the sequences of two genes (I and I) from a bacterium.

contained 32% cytosine and Gene II contained 14% cytosine. Which of the Gene I
statements about the chemical following
makeup of the genes can be deduced from these data?
Gene I contained 32% adenine.
BGene II contained 36% adenine.
No conclusion can be drawn the base
in eukaryote DNA.
as
pairing in bacterial DNA is not the same as
D. Gene I contained more thymine than Gene II.

3 Several responses of the immune system result in the

perforation of specific
subsequent rupture of the cells due to the inflow of extracellular fluid.
cells and
This process can
be directly caused by:

A. both T-cells and B-cells

B. mast cell activity
C. T-cells and mast cells
D. complement action

2
4 It is often difficult to draw
conclusions about the inheritance of traits in humans as
may be more than one possible explanation for the observed phenotypes over several there
generations. At best a researcher
might only be able to rule out specific possibilities.
Which of the following statements can the researcher conclude based on the following
pedigree?

II
3

10 11 12

A. Theresearcher couldreliably conclude thatthistrait is autosomal dominant.

Individual I13 must be heterozygous.
C. The trait could be recessive.
The researcher could rule out the possibility that the trait is sex-linked because
D.
there are equal numbers of males and females who show the trait.

5 Homologous chromosomes:

A. are present in pairs in all cells.

have identical alleles

contain only coding regions of DNA.
can exchange sections during meiosis.

6 The process by which scientists remove a gene from one species and insert it into another

is best described as:

biotechnology.
\B genetic engineering.
C. gene therapy.
D. artificial insemination.

-3
 and
7
DNA profiling can be used to test for paternity. Three men (George, Emmanuel
Simon) were tested to determine the paternity of a childand the following banding
patterns were produced.

Mother Child George Emmanuel Simon

Which individual could you conclude is the most likely to be the father from these data?

A. George
B. Emmanuel
C. Simon
D. None of the three men, as none of their profiles exactly matches that of the child.

Emmanuel has been playing the saxophone in jazz and rock bands since his high scho0ol
days and now, in his fifties, has noticed that he has difficulty hearing, especially the
higher-pitched notes of his jazz vocalist. Which of the following most likely explains his
hearing loss?

A. Damage to the cochlear hair cells

Damage to the inner ear bones
C. Stressrelating tohispossibBeimpending paternitysuit
D. Damage to his Eustachian tubes from playingthesaxophone.
9 The table below illustrates the
chromosomes in a single somatic cell from four different
individuals from the same plant
species.

II III IV

Which of the following statements is correct?

Image II is an example of polyploidy and is due to duplication and translocation of

chromosomes.
B. The normal chromosome number for this species is represented by image IV and is
n= 8.
C. Image I is an example of trisomy as the chromosome number is divisible by 3.
D. Image II and IlI are examples of aneuploidy.

10 Antibodies:

are ineffective against bacterial pathogens.

B are produced in an individual to confer passive immunity.
C. are involved in
stimulating the complement system.
D. are produced by phagocytes following the initial infection
by a pathogen.

11 Which of the following lists only non-infectious diseases?

A. Malaria, diabetes, polio

B. Diabetes, cystic fibrosis, food poisoning
Asthma, influenza, hepatitis
Cystic fibrosis, scurvy, haemophilia

-5-
 12 The table below illustrates the genetic code.
Table of mRNA codons and associated amino acids

UUU
UUC phe UCU
UCC UAC tyr UGCcys
ser
|UUA leuUCA UAA stop UGA stop
UUG UCG UAG stop UGG trp
CUU CCU CAU 1 hisCGU
CUC leu CCC pro CAC CGC arg
CUA CCA CAA gln CGA
CUG
AUU ACU
CCG CAG
AAU
gncGGAGU
asnAGc ser
AUC ile ACC thr
AAC
AUA ACA
AAA ys
AAG Iys AGG
AGA
arg
|AUG met ACG
GUU GCU GAU GGU
asp GGC
GUC valGCc
ala
GAC
Bly
GUA GCA GAA glu GGA
GUG GCG GAG GGG
The following DNA sequence is part of the gene coding for an enzyme in a species of yeast.
ACG CCA GTG ACA CTG GAT

Researchers have identified several strains of this yeast in their laboratory that have
undergone changes to this sequence. Three examples of such changed sequences are given
below:

ACG CCA GTG ACA GCT GGA

ACG GGG GTG ACA CTG GAT

II AC6 CCAGFG ACT CTG GAT

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. The amino acid sequence coded by the original DNA sequence is thr pro val thr leu
asp.
B. Sequence I would result in a frameshift mutation and is the least likely to affect the
synthesis of the enzyme.
C. Sequence II is the most likely to affect the synthesis of the enzyme as it contains
the most base changes.

D) Sequence II has introduced a stop codon so no functional gene product will be

synthesised.

-6-
13 Restriction endonucleases are used in
molecular biology to
A. splice exons out of pre-RNA before translation.
B. attach DNA primers to
target DNA during the polymerase chain reaction.
C. prepare DNA fragments for electrophoresis.
Dsplice DNA into plasmids for gene duplication.
14 A population of laboratory rats in a medical research institute was suffering from an
unknown disease. Researchers isolated three suspected pathogens (which they labeled I,
II and III) from affected rats and carried out a biochemical analysis to determine which
classes of organic compounds were present in the three suspects. Their results were as
follows:

II III
DNA X X
RNA X
protein

lipid
carbohydrate X

Which of the following could the researchers conclude from these results?

A. Neither Lnor ILcouldbe-pathagens-astheytonot contairDANA-

B.Lcould notbe apathege asitcontaiuisHonucleic acid.
C. ILcould hea fungus.
D. II and III are both cellular pathogens.

15 Once isolated, the researchers carried out a series of investigations, using a population of
healthy rats, to establish that one of the suspected pathogens was indeed the cause of the
disease. The scientist who is credited with devising this procedure is:

A. John Snow
Robert Koch
C. Robert Ross
D. Louis Pasteur

1
16 Frankliniella occidentalis (below) is a small thrip that is known to infect plants of the
genus Pelargonium (geraniums) with a virus (the pelargonium flower-break virus
Symptoms caused by the virus include white streaks on flowers, discoloration of leaves
and reduced plant growth. The virus is transmitted by thrips moving virus-infected pollen
Trom plant to plant. It infects the plant through wounds made by the thrips as they feed on
the plant tissues.

The thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis.

But all is not lost for geranium growers. A nematode in the genus Heterorhabditis is
known to infect the thrips and once inside it releases a bacterium that rapidly kills the
thrip. The nematode is being investigated as a potential biological control agent.

Based on this information, which of the following descriptions CANNOT be accurately

applied to F. occidentalis and Heterorhabditis:
A. pathogens
B. hosts
vectors
macroparasites

17 Insulin is released in response to various physiological processes in the body relating to

glucose homeostasis. One of the actions of insulin is to:
increase uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells.
B. decrease conversion of glucose to fat in fat cells.
C. increase excretion of glucose in the urine.
D. increase blood glucose concentration.

-8
18 The following diagram shows a single nephron from a kidney. Physiological processes at
various points are mediated by hormones to control how much water and solutes are
excreted by the kidney.

A D

C
Which of the following statements is correct?

permeability of the membrane to water so that

more
A. ADH acts at C to increase the
water will be excreted by the kidney.
membrane to water that more
ADH acts at C to decrease the permeability of the
so
B.
water will be excreted by the kidney.
membrane to water that less
ADH acts at E to increase the permeability of the
so
C.
water will be excreted by the kidney.
permeability of the membrane to water so that
more
D. ADH acts at E to increase the
water will be excreted by the kidney.

incidence is defined as:

19 In an epidemiological study of disease,
the total number of people suffering from the disease.
time interval.
the number of new cases of the disease occurring in specific
a

C. the number of localities where the disease has occurred.

an estimate of the number of people
infected based on knowledge of what
D
percentage of people who are ill report to a doctor or hospital.

20 Each of the evolutionary phenomena listed below is more likely to affect gene
Which of these processes
frequencies in small populations compared to large populations.
requires a small population for it to have any impact?
A. Genetic drift
B. Natural selection
Mutation
D. Sexual selectio

.9
Question 21. ( marks)
Environment has a
significant effect on many aspects of an organism's phenotype and function.
(a) Discuss an
example of how the environment influences phenotype. 2 marks

(b) Some'species of animals, plants and fungi alternate between sexual and asexual
forms of reproduction. Explain why a population would switch from asexual to
sexual reproduction, with reference to the differences between the two types of
reproduction and the specific advantage that each type has under particular
environmental conditions. 3 marks

- 11
Question 22. (3 marks)
cells.
that occurs in eukaryote
illustrates a process
The diagram below

pre-mRNAA

mRNA

this
Identify the black and grey regions of
the pre-mRNA and explain the role
(a) 2 marks
eukarvote cells.
process plavs in

and 'does not occur n

(b) Explain why this process is unique to eukaryote cells 1 mark
Drokarvotes.

- 12-
Question 23. (4 marks)
esearcherS reported in 2013 on
which they were able to determinea child suffering from mitochondrial
was caused encephalomyopathy,
TRNA
coding for tryptophan.! by a mutation in the anticodon region of
The symptoms affected all
major organs of the child's the body.
USing your knowledge of the role of
mutation would tRNA in cell function, discuss the
have on normal cell
function. potential impact this
4 marks

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1Roos, S. et al. (2013) A novel mitochondrial tRNA Arg mutation

mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. European Journmal resulting in an anticodon swap in a patient with
of Human Genetics 21: 571-573

- 13
 Question 24. (6 marks)
(a) Draw a cell with 2n = 4 at Metaphase of mitosis and a second cell with 2n=4 at
Metaphase I of meiosis. Explain how the differences between the two influence the
genetic makeup of the daughter cells in each case. 4 marks

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(b) Using specific examples, describe the types of mutations that can result
that occur during meiosis. from errors
2 marks

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- 14
Question 25. (2 marks
The sex
of birds is determined by the ZW chromosome system: males have twoL
nromosomes and females have a Z and a W chromosome. The shape and colour of the tail
eathers of a certain species of bird was found to be controlled by two gene loci.i

The gene for tail shape is on the Z chromosome and the two alleles(Z and 2*) of this gene
show incomplete dominance. The phenotypes, expressed as the size of the tail feathers, are:

Males that are homozygous for the allele Z have large tail feathers
Males that are homozygous for the allele ZS have small tail feathers
Males that are heterozygous and females that carry one Z allele have medium-sized
tail feathers
Females that carry the Z allele haveno tail feathers

The gene for feather colour is on an autosomal chromosome and the two alleles (B and Y)
also show incomplete dominance. The phenotypes are:

Birds that are homozygous for B have black feathers

Birds that are homozygous for Y have yellow feathers
Birds that are heterozygous have brown feathers

What would be the phenotype ratio of the offspring ofa cross between a male bird with
medium-sized yellow feathers and a female bird with medium-sized black feathers? Show your
2 marks
working BBN- Mezkwi Blud Sema le
ellow M l
YY22- Mecnm

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-15
Question 26. (5 marks)
control certain characteristics in
Aruicial insemination is a process used in agriculture to describe the
Populations of farmed animals. Using specific examples, process and evaluate the
benefits of this application and its potential impact on biodiversity. 5 marks

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- 16-
 on 27.
(5 marks)
ne term cloning is used to refer to copying a gene (gene cloning) and to copying an enure

organism (whole animal cloning).

(a) Name and briefly describe two different processes that can be used to clone a gene.
2 marks

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(b) Describe the process of whole animal cloning and discuss some of the ethical issues
3 marks
associated with its application.

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-17
 Question 28. (5 marks)
which infectious diseases can be
(a) Using examples, describe three different ways by
transmitted. For each example, include the name of the disease, the causative agent
and the mode of transmission. 3 markss

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(b) For one of the diseases described in (a),

explain how specific adaptations of the
pathogen responsible facilitate the transmission of the disease between hosts. 2 marks

-18
Question 29. (3 marks)
Describe a plant disease of agricultural significance, including the symptoms resulting irom
intection and what processes have been used to prevent or control it. 3 marks

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Question 30. (3 marks)

A number of diseases caused by either over-consumption or a lack of certain nutrients in thee
are
nutritional disease.
diet. Name and describe the cause, symptoms and treatment of one such
3 marks

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- 19-
Question 31. (6 marks)
since 1960 of antiviralT
Viral infections have always been difficult to treat so the development
drugs has been of great benefit.
2 marks
(a) Why has it been difficult to treat viral infections?
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2 marks

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and how do they function? 2 marks

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-20
Question 32. (9 marks)
opulations of the Tasmanian devil have been declining dramatically over the past 20 years due
to the devastating impact of devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), as outined in a recent paper:

"Although cancer rarely acts as an infectious disease, a recently emerged transmissible

cancer in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) is virtually 100% fatal. Devil facial
tumour disease (DFTD) has swept across nearly the entire species' range, resulting in
than 80% in less
localized declines exceeding 90% and an overall species decline of more
than 20 years." (Epsteinetal., 2016, p1)

(a) The DFTD cancer cells first arose in mutated Schwann cells surrounding the
neurons ofa single individual and are now being transmitted between devils through
is known to
bites. This is one of only a very small number of cases in which
cancer
1 mark
be infectious. What are the more common causes of cancer?

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their own
(b) The DFTD cancer cells evade the devil's immune system by destroying
MHC molecules. Explain why destroying the cancer cells' MHC molecules prevents
I mark
the immune system from detecting them.

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Were the DFTD cells the result of a somatic or a germ-line mutation?

(c) cancer
2 marks
Explain your answer.

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Question continues over page.

transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. Nature Communications|

Epstein, B, et al. (2016) Rapid evolutionary response to a

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12684

21-
 (d) The Tasmanian research team has provided some hope that the disease may be
halted and the devil population saved from extinction. By comparing over y0,000
single nucleotide polymophisms (SNPs) between pre- and post-infection
populations, they have discovered two genomic regions that contain genes related to
mmune function and these genes appear to be undergoing strong selection.
Explain the advantages of using SNP sequences in genetic analyses. 2 marks

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(e) Work is now

proceeding on the development of a vaccine, using killed DFTD
tumour cells. How will
injecting devils with killed tumour cells provide immunity to
the disease?
3 marks

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-22-
Question 33. (8 marks)
in1997,Dr Holger Jannasch of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts,
wrote" decided early that a medical profession was not for me, because I aspired to study
microbes as allies, not as enemies."
Many people even today only think of microorganisms such as viruses, fungi and bacteria as
but there are also many instances in which particular types provide us with major
pathogenic
benefits.
have
(a) Discuss some of the impacts, both negative and positive, that microorganisms 3 marks
on human health.
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3Jannasch, H.w. (1997) Small is Powerful: Recollections ofa Microbiologist and Oceanographer. Annu. Rev
Microbiol. 51:1-45

-23
 and
have been used in agriculture
that microorganisms 5 marks
0Outine some ofthe ways
industry to benefit society.
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-24
 Question 34. (3 marks)
The progression of cancer in a patient is classified into different stages:

cancer.
Stage I: the cancer is small and only in one area. Also called early stage
Stage II: the cancer has grown but has not spread.
nodes.
Stage lll:the cancer has grown into nearby tissues or lymph
cancer.
Also called advanced
Stage IV: the cancer has undergone metastasis.

diagnosed in
indicate at what stage different types of
cancers were
The following graphs
Australia in 2011.

At what stage were cancersdiagnosed?

Melanoma of the skin (persons)
Colorectal cancer(persons)
Per cent
Per cent 100
100
80
60 1
60
40
40
20
20
1 V Un
VUn- known
Lung cancer (persons) Stage
Stage
Per cent

100
80
60
40
20

i! Un-
krnown
Stage Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
(males)
(females) Per cent
Per cent
100 80
80 .
G0
0
0
20
L
1
Stage
Un
known
l IV
Stage
Un-
known

Source: AlHW AUstralian Cancer Database (ACD) 2014

Question continues over page.

no. 122. Cat no. CAN
in Australia: In brief2019. Cancer series
"Australian Institute Health and Welfare (2019) Cancer Licence and with
of the written permission the AIHW.)
of
Creative Commons
126. Canbera: AIHW. (Reprinted under

25
 1 mark
What is meant by the term metastasis?
(a)
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b) Suggest possible reasons for the differences between the graphs.

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-26-
Question 35. (4 marks)
pectacles and contact lenses have
long been prescribed for a variety of visual disorde
(a) Describe one such visual disorder and explain how spectacles are designed to
correct the disorder. 2 marks

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(b) Discuss how technology has been used to replace spectacles
more recent 2 marks
disorder.
lenses for this, or any other, visual
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- 27-
 and water
Question 36. (4 marks) temperature
for controlling both
adaptations
have evolved a variety of
Plants
balance. on grass
in

m o r e pleasant
it is to walk
much cooler
familiar with how why the grass is
(a) Ou are probably on a hot day. Explain 2 marks
concrete footpath
bare
feetthan on a
on your feet than the footpath.
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Australian plants. 2 marks

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- 28-
Question 37. (5 marks)
USing specific examples, evaluate the
control of potential of genetic technologies for the
non-infectious disease. preventionarks
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-29-