Design of Microstrip Patch Antennas at 5
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Syed Zeeshan AliDesign of Microstrip Patch Antennas at 5
Uploaded by
Syed Zeeshan Ali Master
Thesis
Design
of
Microstrip
Patch
Antennas
at
5.8
GHz
Kapsch
TrafficComm
AB,
Jönkoping,
Sweden
Prepared
By:
Asad
ullah
Noor
Supervisor:
Hans
Johansson
Senior Radio Engineer, R & D Department.
Examiner: Per-‐Simon Kildal
Professor at Chalmers University of Technology
Table
of
Contents
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Chapter
1
Overview
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7
1.1 Kapsch
TrafficCom
AB……………………………………………………………………………..
7
1.2
Products
and
Components…………………………………………………………..………...
7
1.2.1
Multi-‐Lane
Transceiver……………………………………………………
7
1.2.2
Single-‐Lane
Transceiver………………………………………………….
8
1.2.3
Access
System………………………………………………………………..
8
1.2.4
On-‐Board
Units………………………………………………………………
8
1.2.5
OBU
Programming
Station……………………………………………..
9
1.2.6
OBU
Mobile
Reader……………………………………………..…………
9
1.3 Research Work……………………………………………………………………………..………... 9
Chapter 2
Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antennas………………………………………………………… 11
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages……………………………………………………………. 11
2.3 Basic Principles of Operation……………………………………………………………….. 12
2.4 Feed Techniques………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.4.1 Coaxial Probe Feed ……………………………………..…………….... 13
2.4.2 Microstrip Line Feed ……………………………………………………. 14
2.4.3 Aperture Coupled Feed………………………………………………... 14
2.5 Antenna Parameters ………………………………………………………………………….… 15
2.5.1 Bandwidth……………………………………………………………………. 15
2.5.2 Polarization………………………………………………………………….. 15
2.5.3 Return Loss………………………………………………………………….. 17
2.5.4 Radiation Pattern…………………………………………………………. 17
2.5.5 Directivity…………………………………………………………………….. 18
2.5.6 Gain……………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.5.7 Conversion Gain…………………………………………………………… 19
2.5.8 Axial Ratio………………………………………………….................... 19
Chapter 3
X Antenna …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………... 20
3.1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….
20
3.2
Design………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20
3.3
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………….
21
3.3.1
Simulated
Results……………………………………………………….
21
3.3.2
Measured
Results……………………………………………….....…
25
3.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Chapter 4
Circular Patch Antenna with Aperture Coupling…………………………………………….. 28
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
4.2 Design……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
4.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
4.3.1 Simulated Results………………………………………………………. 29
4.3.2 Measured Results………………………………………………………. 33
4.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Chapter 5
Circular Patch Antenna with Probe Feeding……………………………………………………. 37
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
5.2 Design……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
5.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
5.3.1 Simulated Results………………………………………………………. 38
5.3.2 Measured Results………………………………………………………. 43
5.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Chapter 6
Truncated Patch Antenna……………………………………………………………………………………… 45
6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
6.2 Design……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
6.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.3.1 Simulated Results for Antennas with Nelco Substrate………….……... 46
6.3.2 Measured Results for Antennas with Nelco Substrate….…………..….. 48
6.3.3 Simulated Results for Antennas with FR4 (0.8mm) Substrate…...…. 50
6.3.4 Measured Results for Antennas with FR4 (0.8mm) Substrate….….... 53
6.3.5 Simulated Results for Antennas with FR4 (1.6mm) Substrate………. 55
6.3.6 Measured Results for Antennas with FR4 (1.6mm) Substrate…….... 57
6.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…………..….…………….. 59
Chapter
7
Other Antenna Designs……………………………………………………………………………………… 60
7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
7.2 Parasitic Patch Antenna……………………………………………………………..….. 60
7.3 Spiral Antenna………………….……………………………………………………………. 63
7.4 U Parasitic Antenna…………………….…………………………………………..…….. 65
7.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Chapter
8
Antennas Comparison…………………………………………………………….………………….……… 68
8.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
8.2 Results Comparison for X Antenna………………………………………...…….. 68
8.3 Results Comparison for Patch antenna with aperture coupling…….. 72
Chapter 9
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………
73
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
References………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
77
Acknowledgement
I
would
like
to
express
my
sincere
gratitude
to
both
CHALMERS
and
Kapsch
TrafficCom
AB
Jönköping
for
the
effective
contribution
in
carrying
out
this
thesis
work.
It
has
been
a
great
learning,
and
the
experiences
which
I
have
achieved
during
these
months
have
proven
to
be
valuable
when
designing
antennas.
My
deepest
appreciation
is
due
to
my
supervisor
Hans
Johansson
for
his
guidance
and
encouragement
throughout
the
thesis
work.
I
would
like
to
thank
my
examiner
Per-‐Simon
Kildal
who
let
me
work
in
the
Antenna
Group
with
an
HFSS
License.
I
would
also
like
to
mention
the
significant
help
I
have
got
from
• AWR
Technical
Support
• CHALMERS
Antenna
Group
• Cogra
Pro
AB
Finally,
I
would
like
to
thank
my
family
and
friends
for
their
support
during
this
thesis
work.
5
Abstract
The
purpose
of
this
thesis
work
was
to
design
microstrip
antennas
at
5.8
GHz
dedicated
short-‐range
communication
(DSRC)
band.
This
frequency
band
includes
road
transport
and
traffic
telematics
(RTTT)
applications,
which
impose
severe
cost
and
size
limitations
on
microwave
RTTT
devices.
Initially
extensive
literature
study
at
dedicated
short-‐range
communication
(DSRC)
band
was
done
for
the
selection
of
antenna,
feasible
for
our
interested
band
which
can
meet
the
specification.
Later
on
the
selected
antennas
were
designed
both
in
Microwave
Office
and
HFSS.
The
dielectric
substrates
used
are
FR4
and
Nelco
4350-‐RF13.
Different
thicknesses
of
these
dielectrics
were
used
for
different
antennas.
6
Chapter
1
Overview
1.1 Kapsch TrafficCom
Kapsch
TrafficCom
is
an
international
supplier
of
innovative
traffic
telematic
solutions.
The
company
develops
and
delivers
primarily
electronic
toll
collection
systems,
especially
for
multi-‐lane
free-‐flow
traffic
and
offers
technical
and
commercial
operation
of
these
systems.
In
addition
Kapsch
TrafficCom
offers
traffic
management
solutions
focusing
on
traffic
safety
and
control,
electronic
access
systems
and
parking
management
systems.
With
references
in
41
countries
on
five
continents,
and
with
about
64
million
delivered
on-‐
board
units
(OBUs),Kapsch
TrafficCom
has
positioned
itself
among
the
leading
suppliers
of
ETC
systems
worldwide.
Kapsch
TrafficCom
is
headquartered
in
Vienna,
Austria,
and
has
subsidiaries
and
representative
offices
in
25
countries
[15].
1.2 Products
and
Components
Kapsch
TrafficCom
designs,
develops
and
manufactures
its
core
technology
components
in
its
eight
engineering
competence
centers
on
4
continents.
The
product
design
philosophy
is
based
on
cornerstones
of
creating
high
product
configurability,
standards-‐based
interfaces,
user-‐friendliness,
esthetic,
yet
robust
design.
In
software
and
hardware
design
the
company
utilizes
state
of
the
art
technologies
[15].
1.2.1
Multi-‐Lane
Transceivers
The
Kapsch
CEN
DSRC
Multi-‐Lane
transceivers
are
based
on
the
latest
processor
technology
and
are
designed
for
maximum
lifetime
and
reliability.
The
Kapsch
multi-‐lane
transceivers
consist
of
the
following
product
families:
• Kapsch
TRX-‐1220
CEN
DSRC
Multi-‐Lane
Transceivers
This
transceiver
platform
is
optimized
for
Multi-‐Lane
applications
on
highways.
The
TRX-‐1220
transceivers
are
the
smallest
CEN
DSRC
transceivers
on
the
market
[15].
• Kapsch
TRX-‐1230
CEN-‐DSRC
Low
Power
Multi-‐Lane
Transceiver
The
Kapsch
TRX-‐1230
Multi-‐Lane
transceiver
has
been
designed
especially
for
multi-‐
lane
applications
on
the
secondary
street
network,
where
no
data
connection
and
power
connection
is
available.
The
TRX-‐1230
has
very
low
power
consumption
which
allows
for
a
power
supply
via
independent
power
sources
(e.g.
solar
power
panels).
Data
connection
to
the
central
system
can
be
done
via
a
GSM/GPRS
connection
[15].
• Kapsch
TS-‐3252
CEN-‐DSRC
Multi-‐Lane
Transceiver
The
TS-‐3252
Multi-‐Lane
transceiver
is
equipped
with
a
unique
functionality
that
is
able
to
report
the
direction
to
a
communicating
on-‐board
unit
(localization
7
functionality).
This
localization
functionality
is
independent
of
signal
strength
and
it
is
essential
in
a
Multi-‐Lane
or
urban
enforcement
system
to
be
able
to
match
an
on-‐
board
unit
to
a
vehicle
that
is
detected
by
a
vehicle
detection
system
[15].
• Kapsch
1430
CEN-‐DSRC
Multi-‐Lane
Transceiver
The
1430
transceiver
is
the
newest
Kapsch
CEN
Multi-‐Lane
transceiver.
As
TS-‐3253
it
has
a
localization
functionality.
In
a
long
term
this
transceiver
will
replace
the
TS-‐
3252
Transceiver
[15].
1.2.2 Single-‐Lane Transceivers
The
Kapsch
TS3200/06
Roadside
System
comprises
a
family
of
equipment
for
Dedicated
Short-‐Range
Communication
(DSRC)
intended
for
Electronic
Fee
Collection
(EFC)
applications
in
a
single-‐lane
environment.
The
high
performance
of
the
system
makes
it
suitable
for
high
speed
implementations
as
well
as
for
conventional
low
speed
lanes
equipped
with
a
barrier.
The
combination
of
full
compliance
with
the
CEN
TC278
DSRCstandards,
and
to
other
harmonized
specifications
such
as
A1,
CARDME
and
CESARE/PISTA,
secures
interoperability
with
other
EFC
systems.
The
basic
transceiver
platform
of
the
TS3200/06
Roadside
System
is
the
single-‐lane
transceiver
TRX1320-‐E
that
in
one
compact
unit
handles
both
the
DSRC
and
the
EFC
functionality.
The
transceiver
can
be
configured
at
commissioning
to
handle
several
different
EFC
applications
to
allow
on
board
units
from
several
issuers
to
be
accepted
by
the
system
[15].
1.2.3
Access
Systems
The
Access
Transceivers
TRX-‐1321-‐A
and
TRX-‐1221-‐A
are
devices
for
communication
with
on-‐board
units
and
transponders
to
control
parking
areas,
restricted
areas,
payment
applications
and
generate
traffic
statistics.
Full
compliance
with
DSRC
standards
according
to
CEN
TC278
secures
interoperability
with
other
systems.
Access
Transceivers
act
as
the
stationary
communication
device
between
DSRC
vehicle
on-‐
board
units
and
an
Access
Control
System.
Their
main
purpose
is
to
automatically
identify
and
report
the
identity
and
the
content
of
the
on-‐board
unit
to
the
host
computer.
The
host
computer
is
part
of
the
Access
Control
System
and
controls
all
peripherals
like
barriers,
vehicle
detection
sensors
as
well
as
the
Access
Transceiver [15].
1.2.4 On-‐Board Units (OBU)
Kapsch
offers
a
variety
of
CEN-‐compliant
DSRC
on-‐board
units
suitable
for
any
kind
of
EFC
application:
• Kapsch
TS3203
mini
tag
for
passenger
cars
• Kapsch
OBU
3021/4021
for
heavy
goods
vehicles
with
integrated
MMI
• Kapsch
TS3209
hybrid
DSRC/GPS
on-‐board
unit
suitable
for
passenger
cars
as
well
as
heavy
goods
vehicles.
8
The
On-‐Board
Units
above
provide
CEN
TC278
5.8
GHz
based
DSRC
functionality
enabling
interoperability
with
CEN-‐compliant
DSRC
systems
from
other
vendors.
• Kapsch
TS3304
tolling
tag
• Kapsch
TS3306
intellidrive
tag
The
On-‐Board
Units
above
provide
IEEE
802.11p
5.9
GHz
WLAN
based
DSRC
functionality
designed
for
the
US
market.
All
on-‐board
units
are
designed
for
windscreen
mounting
and
are
self-‐installable
within
a
few
minutes.
Due
to
a
very
simple
MMI
all
on-‐board
units
are
designed
for
easy
use.
The
OBUs
can
be
easily
distributed
via
a
broad
spectrum
of
point-‐of-‐sales
such
as
gas
stations,
kiosks,
etc
[15].
1.2.5 OBU Programming Station (OPS)
The
Kapsch
OBU
Programming
Station
OPS
is
designed
for
personalization
of
the
on-‐
board
unit.
Prior
to
issuance
to
a
user
and
first
use,
an
on-‐board
unit
requires
"personalization"
with
specific
vehicle
data
(e.g.
license
plate
number,
nationality,
type
of
contract
etc.).
For
this
purpose,
Kapsch
provides
an
easy-‐to-‐use
OBU
Programming
Station
which
can
be
operated
at
any
point-‐of-‐sale
[15].
1.2.6 OBU Mobile Reader (OMR)
The
Kapsch
OBU
Mobile
Reader
OMR
allows
reading
out
on-‐board
unit
data
via
a
handheld
terminal
to
control
parking
fees,
access
authorizations
etc.
The
OBU
Mobile
Reader
OMR
consists
of
a
ruggedized
PDA
with
color
touch
screen
and
a
DSRC
modem
for
communication
with
the
OBU.
Add-‐on
modules
(WLAN,
GPRS,
GPS)
transmit
the
data
and
additional
information
to
a
central
system.
The
OMR
can
be
used
for
manual
enforcement
of
vehicles
in
on-‐street
parking
applications
and
for
payment
purposes
(e.g.
payment
of
fares
on
ferries)
[15].
1.3 Research Work
As mentioned in the Products and Components section, the On-‐Board Unit or transponder as
shown in the figure 1.1 is one of the most important components in Road tolling system. The
transponder is normally mounted on the inside of the vehicle windscreen. Kapsch TrafficCom
delivers each year approx. 3 million transponders all over the world.
Figure
1.1
A
transponder
9
The
transponders
are
based
on
a
European
short
range
communication
standard,
using
the
5.8
GHz
frequency
band.
The
antenna
in
the
transponder
is
very
important
for
the
system
performance
and
has
a
high
influence
of
the
production
cost
efficiency
[15].
The
task
is
to
investigate
the
concept
of
antennas
and
design
a
cost
and
space
effective
antenna.
The
new
antenna
concept
should
have
the
possibility
to
replace
the
existing
antennas
and
must
be
possible
to
produce
in
volume
production.
The
following
tasks
are
included
in
the
Research/Thesis
work
:
• Literature
study
• Patent
review
• Construction
of
the
antenna
• Development
of
prototypes
• Testing
and
verification
• Cost
estimate
Some
basic
requirements
for
the
antennas
are
as
under
• Return Loss better than -‐10 dB.
• Left hand circularly polarized.
• Good peak gain as well as within ±35o for both azimuth and elevation.
• As small as possible (around 20mm x 20mm).
• Low cost production.
10
Chapter
2
Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antennas
2.1 Introduction
A
microstrip
patch
antenna
is
a
narrowband,
wide-‐beam
antenna
fabricated
by
etching
the
antenna
element
pattern
in
metal
trace
bonded
to
an
insulating
dielectric
substrate,
such
as
a
printed
circuit
board,
with
a
continuous
metal
layer
bonded
to
the
opposite
side
of
the
substrate
which
forms
a
ground
plane
as
shown
in
the
figure
2.1.
Low
dielectric
constant
substrates
are
generally
preferred
for
maximum
radiation.
The
conducting
patch
can
take
any
shape
but
rectangular
and
circular
configurations
are
the
most
commonly
used
configurations.
Other
configurations
are
complex
to
analyze
and
require
heavy
numerical
computations.
A
microstrip
antenna
is
characterized
by
its
Length,
Width,
Input
impedance,
polarization,
Gain
and
radiation
patterns
[16].
Figure
2.1
A
Microstrip
Patch
Antenna
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
Microstrip
patch
antennas
are
increasing
in
popularity
for
use
in
wireless
applications
due
to
their
low-‐profile
structure.
Therefore
they
are
extremely
compatible
for
embedded
antennas
in
handheld
wireless
devices
such
as
cellular
phones,
pagers
(used
for
messaging
only)
etc...
The
telemetry
and
communication
antennas
on
missiles
need
to
be
thin
and
conformal
and
are
often
in
the
form
of
Microstrip
patch
antennas.
Another
area
where
they
have
been
used
successfully
is
in
Satellite
communication
[18].
Some
of
the
major
advantages
are
• Light weight and low volume.
• Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface.
• Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
• Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
11
• Can
be
easily
integrated
with
microwave
integrated
circuits
(MICs).
• Capable
of
multiple
frequency
operations.
• Mechanically
robust
when
mounted
on
rigid
surfaces.
Microstrip
patch
antennas
suffer
from
drawbacks
compared
to
conventional
antennas.
Some
of
their
major
disadvantages
are
given
below:
Narrow
bandwidth
•
Low
efficiency
•
Low
Gain
•
Extraneous
radiation
from
feeds
and
junctions
•
Low
power
handling
capacity.
•
Surface
wave
excitation
•
2.3 Basic
Principles
of
Operation
The
figure
2.2
shows
a
patch
antenna
in
its
basic
form:
a
flat
plate
over
a
ground
plane
(usually
a
PC
board).
The
center
conductor
of
a
coax
serves
as
the
feed
probe
to
couple
electromagnetic
energy
in
and/or
out
of
the
patch.
The
electric
field
distribution
of
a
rectangular
patch
excited
in
its
fundamental
mode
is
also
indicated
[6].
Figure
2.2
A
Side
view
of
Microstrip
Patch
Antenna
The
electric
field
is
zero
at
the
center
of
the
patch,
maximum
(positive)
at
one
side,
and
minimum
(negative)
on
the
opposite
side.
It
should
be
mentioned
that
the
minimum
and
maximum
continuously
change
side
according
to
the
instantaneous
phase
of
the
applied
signal.
The
electric
field
does
not
stop
abruptly
at
the
patch's
periphery
as
in
a
cavity;
Rather,
the
fields
extend
the
outer
periphery
to
some
degree.
These
field
extensions
are
known
as
fringing
fields
and
cause
the
patch
to
radiate.
Some
popular
analytic
modeling
techniques
for
patch
antennas
are
based
on
this
leaky-‐cavity
concept.
Therefore,
the
fundamental
mode
of
a
rectangular
patch
is
often
denoted
using
cavity
theory
as
the
TM10
mode.
12
Since
this
notation
frequently
causes
confusion,
we
will
briefly
explain
it.
TM
stands
for
transversal
magnetic
field
distribution.
This
means
that
only
three
field
components
are
considered
instead
of
six.
The
field
components
of
interest
are:
the
electric
field
in
the
z
direction
and
the
magnetic
field
components
in
x
and
y
direction
using
a
Cartesian
coordinate
system,
where
the
x
and
y
axes
are
parallel
with
the
ground-‐plane
and
the
z-‐axis
is
perpendicular.
In
general,
the
modes
are
designated
as
TMnmz.
The
z
value
is
mostly
omitted
since
the
electric
field
variation
is
considered
negligible
in
the
z-‐axis.
Hence
TMnm
remains
with
n
and
m
the
field
variations
in
x
and
y
direction.
The
field
variation
in
the
y
direction
(impedance
width
direction)
is
negligible;
Thus
m
is
0.
And
the
field
has
one
minimum-‐to-‐
-‐maximum
variation
in
the
x
direction
(resonance
length
direction)
;
Thus
n
is
1
in
the
case
of
the
fundamental.
Hence
the
notation
TM10
[6].
2.4 Feeding Techniques
There are several feeding techniques for micro-‐strip patch antennas:
• Coaxial probe feed
• Micro-‐strip transmission line feed
o Edge feed
o Inset feed
• Aperture coupled feed
• Proximity coupled feed
However, only those techniques will be discussed which are used in this research work.
2.4.1 Coaxial Probe Feed
The
Coaxial
feed
or
probe
feed
is
a
very
common
technique
used
for
feeding
Microstrip
Patch
antennas.
The
inner
conductor
of
the
coaxial
connector
extends
through
the
dielectric
up
to
the
patch,
while
the
outer
conductor
is
connected
to
the
ground
plane.
Figure
2.3
shows
a
microstrip
antenna
with
coaxial
feeding
[18].
Figure
2.3
Coaxial
Feeding
of
Microstrip
Antenna
The
main
advantage
of
this
type
of
feeding
scheme
is
that
the
feed
can
be
placed
at
any
location
inside
the
patch
in
order
to
match
with
its
input
impedance.
This
feed
method
is
13
easy
to
fabricate
and
has
low
spurious
radiation.
However,
a
major
disadvantage
is
that
it
provides
narrow
bandwidth
and
is
difficult
to
model
since
a
hole
has
to
be
drilled
in
the
substrate
and
the
connector
protrudes
outside
the
ground
plane
[18].
2.4.2 Microstrip line feed
There
are
two
methods
in
which
this
type
of
feeding
can
be
used
however
in
the
thesis
work
only
Inset
feed
method
is
used.
Since
the
current
is
low
at
the
ends
of
a
patch
and
increases
in
magnitude
toward
the
center,
the
input
impedance
(Z=V/I)
could
be
reduced
if
the
patch
is
fed
closer
to
the
center
as
shown
in
the
figure
2.4.
The
distance
yo
is
optimized
to
get
the
best
return
loss.
Figure
2.4
Micro-‐strip
transmission
line
Inset
feeding
2.4.3 Aperture coupled feed
In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the microstrip feed line are separated
by the ground plan. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through an
aperture in the ground plane as shown in the figure 2.5. The upper substrate is normally
made with a lower permittivity to produce loosely bound fringing fields, yielding better
radiation. The lower substrate can be independently made with a high value of permittivity
for tightly coupled fields that don't produce spurious radiation. The major disadvantage of
this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also
increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also provides narrow bandwidth [18].
14
Figure
2.5
Aperture
Coupled
Feeding
of
Microstrip
Antenna
2.5 Antenna Parameters
Antenna
parameters
are
used
to
characterize
performance
of
an
antenna
when
designing
and
measuring
antennas.
In
this
Section,
terms
like
bandwidth,
radiation
pattern,
gain,
polarization,
input
impedance
are
explained.
2.5.1 Bandwidth
Bandwidth
is
a
fundamental
antenna
parameter.
It
describes
the
range
of
frequencies
over
where
the
antenna
parameters,
such
as
input
impedance,
radiation
pattern,
polarization,
side-‐lobe
level
and
gain
is
within
an
acceptable
value
from
those
at
the
center
frequency.
Often,
the
desired
bandwidth
is
one
of
the
determining
parameters
used
to
decide
upon
an
antenna.
For
instance,
many
antenna
types
have
very
narrow
bandwidths
and
cannot
be
used
for
wideband
operation
[16].
However
the
bandwidth
requirements
for
the
thesis
work
was
not
very
strict.
That’s
why
many
antennas
with
a
narrow
bandwidth
were
selected
to
be
studied
in
this
work.
2.5.2 Polarization
The
polarization
of
an
electromagnetic
field
is
defined
in
terms
of
the
direction
of
its
electric
field
vector.
If
the
electric
field
vector
is
always
in
one
plane,
then
it
is
said
to
be
linearly-‐
polarized.
Special
cases
are
vertical
polarization
for
the
electric
field
vector
in
a
vertical
plane,
and
horizontal
polarization
for
the
electric
field
vector
in
a
horizontal
plane
(typically
with
reference
to
the
surface
of
the
earth).
In
general,
the
electric
field
vector
rotates
about
a
line
parallel
to
the
direction
of
propagation
and
its
tip
traces
out
an
ellipse.
This
is
known
as
elliptical
polarization.
Circular
polarization
(CP)
is
a
special
case
of
elliptical
polarization
in
which
the
trace
of
the
electric
field
vector
is
a
circle.
Because
the
electric
field
vector
travels
as
a
wave,
the
actual
pattern
is
that
of
a
spiral
with
an
elliptical
or
circular
cross
section.
The
polarization
of
the
receiving
15
antenna
must
be
matched
to
the
polarization
of
the
transmit
antenna
in
order
to
extract
maximum
power
from
the
field.
If
the
antenna
polarization
is
perpendicular
to
the
field
polarization
(such
as
vertical
vs.
horizontal
or
right
hand
vs.
left
hand
circular)
the
antenna
will
not
extract
any
power
from
the
incident
wave
[16].
As
all
the
antenna
designs
in
this
thesis
work
are
circularly
polarized
it
will
be
discussed
in
detail
in
the
next
section
Circular Polarization
In
general,
circularly
polarized
microstrip
antennas
can
be
categorized
into
two
types
according
to
the
number
of
feed
points:
namely
single-‐fed
and
dual-‐fed
antennas.
The
basic
configurations
of
a
dual-‐fed
CP
antenna
are
illustrated
in
figure
2.6
(a).
Figure
2.6
(a)
shows
the
antennas
that
are
fed
with
an
external
polarizer,
such
as
a
3
dB
hybrid
or
offset
feedline.
In
such
an
antenna
system,
the
polarizer
excites
two
linearly
polarized
orthogonal
waves.
The
fields
due
to
these
orthogonal
waves
have
equal
amplitude
and
are
90°
out
of
phase.
Therefore,
an
antenna
excited
by
an
external
polarizer
acts
as
a
CP
wave
radiator.
Both
the
impedance
and
axial
ratio
characteristics
of
dual-‐fed
antennas
are
broader
than
those
of
single-‐fed
antennas
because
the
3-‐dB
hybrid
is
typically
broadband.
On
the
other
hand,
single-‐fed
circularly
polarized
patches
are
very
attractive,
because
they
can
be
arrayed
and
fed
like
any
linearly
polarized
patch.
The
basic
configurations
of
a
single-‐
fed
antenna
are
shown
in
figure
2.6
(b).
Dual-‐fed
CP
patches
require
an
additional
circuit,
which
makes
the
overall
size
of
the
radiating
element
quite
large,
thus
limiting
the
frequency
performance
of
the
array
because
of
grating
lobes.
Single-‐fed
CP
patches
have
been
extensively
evaluated
in
the
literature,
where
they
are
shown
to
be
extremely
narrowband
antennas
(1%
bandwidth
or
less).
The
most
frequently
used
types
of
single-‐fed
circularly
polarized
patches
are
the
slotted
patch,
the
notched
patch
and
the
“almost
square”
patch.
In
figure
2.6
(b),
∆s
represents
the
size
of
the
perturbation
segment
as
shown
at
the
edges
of
single-‐fed
circularly-‐polarized
Microstrip
Antennas
and
S
denotes
the
area
of
the
antenna.
The
two
orthogonal
(“degenerate”)
modes
are
separated
into
two
modes
by
the
effect
of
the
perturbation
segment
∆s.
The
radiated
fields
caused
by
these
two
modes
are
perpendicular
to
each
other
and
have
equal
amplitude,
but
are
90°
out
of
phase
if
the
size
of
the
perturbation
segment
for
an
antenna
is
adjusted
to
the
optimum.
Therefore,
a
single-‐fed
antenna
with
an
optimum
perturbation
segment
acts
as
a
CP-‐wave
radiator
without
using
an
external
polarizer.
Due
to
the
perturbation,
the
patch
surface
currents
in
the
x
and
y
directions
are
simultaneously
affected,
which
makes
the
manufacturing
tolerance
critical
for
CP
operation.
To
avoid
the
need
for
fine
tolerance,
in
this
study
the
simple
CP
design
technique
was
applied
to
single
probe-‐feed
elliptical
microstrip
antennas.
In
an
elliptical
microstrip
patch
antenna,
the
feed
position
is
located
along
the
45º
line
between
the
long
and
short
axis
of
the
elliptical
patch,
in
order
to
simultaneously
excite
the
two
nearly
degenerate
modes
corresponding
to
the
long
and
short
axes
of
the
elliptical
patch.
The
impedance
matching
is
achieved
by
varying
the
feed
position
that
is
by
moving
the
feed
along
the
45º
line
between
the
patch
edge
and
the
patch
center
[16].
16
2.5.3 Return Loss
Return
loss
is
an
important
parameter
when
connecting
an
antenna.
It
is
related
to
impedance
matching
and
the
maximum
transfer
of
power
theory.
It
is
also
a
measure
of
the
effectiveness
of
an
antenna
to
deliver
power
from
the
source
to
the
antenna.
The
return
loss
(RL)
is
defined
by
the
ratio
of
the
incident
power
of
the
antenna
Pin
to
the
power
reflected
back
from
the
antenna
of
the
source
Pref
[1]
the
mathematical
expression
is:
For
good
power
transfer,
the
ratio
Pin/
Pref
shall
be
high.
If
we
have
low
RL
there
is
a
risk
that
there
will
occur
standing
wave
phenomena’s
(resonances)
and
it
will
end
up
in
a
frequency
ripple
of
gain
etc.
In
most
practical
circuits
a
RL
value
of
-‐10
dB
is
good
enough.
2.5.4 Radiation Pattern
Radiation
pattern
is
defined
as
“the
spatial
distribution
of
a
quantity
that
characterizes
the
electromagnetic
field
generated
by
antenna”
(IEEE,
1993).
Radiation
pattern
can
be
a
two-‐
or
three-‐dimensional
spatial
distribution
of
power
flux
density,
radiation
intensity,
field
strength,
directivity,
phase
or
polarization.
Radiation
pattern
is
a
function
of
the
observer’s
position
along
a
path
or
surface
of
constant
radius
(Balanis,
1997)
and
goes
through
a
direction
at
which
maximum
radiation
occurs.
Usually,
the
spherical
coordinate
system
is
used
to
visualize
the
radiation
pattern.
A
two-‐dimensional
pattern
can
be
a
function
of
the
elevation
angle,
θ,
at
constant
azimuth
angle,
φ,
or
a
function
of
φ
at
constant
θ-‐value
[1].
The
spherical
coordinate
system
is
shown
in
figure
2.7.
17
Figure 2.7 Spherical Coordinate Systems for Antenna Analysis
2.5.5 Directivity
Directivity
is
“the
ratio
of
the
radiation
intensity
in
a
given
direction
from
the
antenna
to
the
radiation
intensity
averaged
over
all
directions”
(IEEE,
1993).
It
is
a
function
of
direction
but
it
is
often
defined
only
to
the
direction
of
the
major
lobe
Directivity
can
be
expressed
as
Where
ω
is
the
radiation
density
per
solid
angle
and
pt
is
the
total
power
transmitted
by
the
antenna
and
is
the
solid
angle
(Lindell
&
Nikoskinen,
1995).
2.5.6 Gain
The
directivity
was
defined
from
the
radiation
intensity
in
the
main
beam
direction
and
the
total
radiated
power.
The
antenna
gain
has
the
same
definition,
except
that
the
total
radiated
power
is
replaced
by
the
total
power
delivered
to
the
antenna
port
[1].
This
may
be
expressed
by
using
the
directivity
as
Where
erad
is
the
total
radiation
efficiency
and
epol
is
the
polarization
efficiency.
18
2.5.7
Conversion
Gain
The
conversion
gain,
CG,
quantifies
the
ratio
between
incident
power
and
returned
power
in
a
CEN
DSRC
OBU.
It
is
called
'conversion'
gain
because
it
indicates
the
relative
level
of
an
output
which
has
been
converted
to
a
frequency
which
differs
from
that
of
the
input.
In
an
OBU
the
conversion
gain
(dB)
can
be
calculated
as
the
sum
of
the
input
antenna
gain,
the
output
antenna
gain
and
the
modulator
gain.
According
to
the
CEN
DSRC
standard
the
conversion
gain
must
have
a
value
between
1
and
10
dB
within
±35o
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation.
2.5.8
Axial
Ratio
The
polarization
ellipse
is
the
curve
which
the
peak
of
the
E-‐field
describes
when
the
time
varies
in
a
plane
normal
to
the
propagation
direction
of
the
wave.
The
ellipse
can
be
characterized
by
its
maximum
and
minimum
field
values,
|Emax|
and
|Emin|,
respectively
[1].
The
axial
ratio
(AR)
of
the
ellipse
is
defined
by
For
a
desired
circular
polarization
the
axial
ratio
AR
in
dB
and
the
amplitudes
of
the
co-‐
and
cross-‐polar
fields
are
related
by
19
Chapter
3
X
Antenna
3.1
Introduction
Many
wireless
application
systems
use
microstrip
patch
antennas
due
to
their
compact,
conformal,
and
low-‐cost
designs.
The
X
Antenna
is
also
designed
on
the
basics
of
microstrip
technology.
We
call
it
X
Antenna
because
there
are
two
diagonal
slots
in
the
patch
which
makes
an
X
shape
in
the
patch.
The
slots
are
used
to
achieve
circular
polarization.
Circularly
polarized
antennas
are
particularly
of
interest
to
radio
communication.
Enabling
the
space
orientation,
such
antennas
also
reduce
considerably
the
multipath
fading
and
thus
increase
the
spectral
efficiency
of
RF
systems.
In
addition,
the
use
of
receive
and
transmit
antennas
with
circular
polarization
can
maximize
the
isolation
between
the
two
antennas
[3].
3.2
Design
Figure
3.1
shows
the
top
and
side
view
of
the
optimized
single-‐feed
patch
antenna
operating
at
5.8
GHz
and
having
a
circular
polarization.
This
antenna
is
designed
using
both
Microwave
Office
and
HFSS-‐Ansoft
software.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.1 Top (a) and Side (b) view of X Antenna
Firstly
it
was
required
to
determine
the
resonant
length
of
the
antenna,
which
in
circular
antenna
can
be
called
the
diameter.
So
the
diameter
of
the
patch
for
a
frequency
of
5.8
GHz
and
dielectric
of
4.3
was
calculated
as
ð
L
=12.2
mm
20
However
when
the
design
was
optimized
the
diameter
was
found
to
be
11.6
mm.
So
the
antenna
is
composed
of
a
circular
patch
with
a
radius
of
5.8
mm
printed
on
a
FR4
substrate
with
εr
=4.3
and
thickness
of
3.2mm.
The
two
diagonal
slots
have
length
of
9mm
and
width
of
0.5mm.
The
antenna
is
fed
by
a
probe
with
a
radius
of
1.3
mm. The
feed
location
and
the
slots
were
optimized
to
give
good
impedance
matching
and
circular
polarization.
The
size
of
the
ground
plane
is
21
mm
21
mm.
The
hole
in
the
ground
plane
for
the
SMA
connection
is
4
mm.
3.3
Results
The
results
are
obtained
from
both
HFSS
and
Microwave
Office
and
are
quite
similar.
In
the
following
chapter
the
simulated
results
on
both
tools
are
presented.
3.3.1
Simulated
Results
Return
Loss
The
simulated
return
loss
of
the
optimized
antenna
from
MWO
is
shown
in
figure
3.2.
At
5.8
GHz
a
return
loss
of
-‐11
dB
is
achieved.
Figure
3.2
Return
Loss
of
X
Antenna
in
Microwave
Office
In
comparison
to
MWO
the
return
loss
in
HFSS
showed
slightly
better
matching.
The
figure
3.3
shows
the
return
loss
from
HFSS.
At
5.8
GHz
a
return
loss
of
-‐14
dB
is
achieved.
21
Figure
3.3
Return
Loss
of
X
Antenna
in
HFSS
Radiation
Pattern
Since
a
microstrip
patch
antenna
radiates
normal
to
its
patch
surface,
the
radiation
pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
are
important.
Figure
3.4
shows
the
radiation
pattern
from
MWO
both
at
φ=0o
and
φ=90o.
Figure
3.4
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
in
Microwave
office
22
It
can
be
seen
that
radiation
pattern
is
almost
same
for
both
φ=0o
and
φ=90o.
Similarly
the
radiation
pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
from
HFSS
is
also
shown
in
figure
3.5
Figure
3.5
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
in
HFSS
Both
simulators
show
almost
similar
radiation
patterns.
There
may
be
a
slight
difference
in
the
back
lobe
however
the
radiated
power
backwards
shows
low
values
and
small
variations
in
power
is
magnified
in
the
diagrams
because
they
are
presented
in
dB.
Because
of
the
low
power
radiated
backwards
is
small,
the
differences
are
not
very
important.
Gain
The
Gain
for
LHCP
(Left
Hand
Circular
Polarization)
is
very
important
considering
the
fact
that
microstrip
antennas
always
yield
low
gain.
The
peak
gain
and
the
gain
at
θ=±35o
are
for
this
application
really
important
to
consider.
The
Gain
curve
from
MWO
is
shown
in
figure
3.6.
A
peak
gain
of
5.5
dB
is
achieved.
At
θ=+35o
a
gain
of
4.6
dB
and
at
θ=-‐35o
a
gain
of
3
dB
is
achieved.
A
good
separation
between
the
co
and
cross
polarization
is
also
visible
which
will
guarantee
a
good
circular
polarization.
Figure
3.6
Gain
(RHCP
(pink)
and
LHCP(red)
)
in
Microwave
Office
23
Similarly
the
Gain
from
HFSS
is
shown
in
figure
3.7.
A
peak
gain
of
5.6
dB
is
achieved
at
θ=10o.
A
gain
of
4.5
dB
and
3
db
are
achieved
at
θ
=+35o
and
θ=-‐35o.
However
the
separation
between
the
co
and
cross
polarization
is
not
as
much
as
it
was
in
MWO.
Both
MWO
and
HFSS
have
shown
that
the
peak
gain
is
slightly
tilted
towards
positive
θ.
Figure
3.7
Gain
(RHCP(red)
and
LHCP(gray)
)
in
HFSS
Axial Ratio
Axial
ratio
is
an
important
factor
to
check
the
circular
polarization.
To
have
good
circular
polarization
an
axial
ratio
below
3
dB
is
expected.
The
axial
ratio
plot
from
MWO
is
shown
in
figure
3.8.
The
most
part
of
the
curve
is
less
than
3
dB.
The
peak
value
however
is
3.5
dB
Figure
3.8
Axial
Ratio
in
Microwave
Office
24
Similarly,
the
axial
ratio
from
HFSS
is
also
shown
in
Figure
3.9.
It
can
be
seen
that
axial
ratio
was
a
lot
better
in
Microwave
Office
than
it
is
in
HFSS
which
is
because
of
the
high
cross
polarization
curve
in
HFSS.
Figure
3.9
Axial
Ratio
in
HFSS
3.3.2 Measured Results
The measured results for the different antenna parameters are shown below.
Return Loss
Both
simulators
showed
a
return
loss
better
than
-‐10
dB
and
the
same
values
were
expected
in
the
measurements.
The
return
loss
measured
in
the
network
analyzer
for
the
X
Antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
11
which
is
-‐10
dB
for
5.8
GHz.
Comparing
simulations
and
measurements
shows
almost
identical
shapes
and
values.
0
-‐2
-‐4
-‐6
-‐8
-‐10
-‐12
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Figure
3.10
Measured
Return
Loss
25
Gain
During
the
gain
measurements
it
was
noticed
that
the
antenna
is
delivering
the
peak
gain
at
5.75
GHz
and
because
of
this
the
gain
measurements
were
done
at
5.75
GHz.
The
gain
in
azimuth
is
shown
in
the
figure
12
below.
Compared
with
simulations
the
measurements
are
not
as
symetrical,
also
the
peak
gain
is
not
in
bore
sight
but
at
20
deg
offset.
A
peak
gain
of
5.9
dB
is
achieved
which
is
more
than
the
simulated
results.
At
+35o
a
gain
of
4.5
dB
and
at
-‐
35o
a
gain
of
4
dB
is
achieved
which
is
quite
impressive
considering
the
size
of
the
antenna.
Figure
3.11
Measured
Gain
in
Azimuth
Similarly
the
gain
in
the
elevation
which
is
shown
in
figure
3.12
is
equally
important.
The
curve
is
almost
identical
to
the
previous
one
which
proves
that
the
antenna
delivers
good
gain
both
in
azimuth
and
elevation.
Figure
3.12
Gain
in
Elevation
26
Cross Polarization
The
cross
polarization
of
both
azimuth
and
elevation
is
shown
in
the
figure
3.13.
The
major
region
of
both
the
curves
are
below
-‐10
dB
which
ensures
excellent
circular
polarization.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.13 Cross Polarization in Azimuth (a) and Elevation (b)
3.4 Conclusion
The
X
antenna
shows
good
results
for
all
the
major
requirements.
Firstly
it
has
a
good
return
loss
secondly
it
has
shown
nice
gain
and
thirdly
it
has
excellent
circular
polarization.
And
also
the
beam
width
of
the
antenna
is
very
wide
which
helps
to
achieve
good
gain
within
±35o.
The
major
question
mark
about
this
antenna
is
that
it
uses
a
substrate
thickness
of
3.2mm
which
makes
it
a
little
more
expensive
however
it
is
fabricated
with
a
standard
FR4
substrate
which
is
significantly
cheaper
than
substrates
made
especially
for
microwave
applications.
27
Chapter
4
Circular Patch Antenna with Aperture Coupling
4.1 Introduction
As
described
earlier
in
the
feeding
technique
section,
the
aperture
coupling
is
a
very
common
method
for
feeding
a
microstrip
antenna.
It
has
some
disadvantages
like
narrow
bandwidth
and
increased
thickness
because
of
multiple
layers
however
bandwidth
is
never
an
issue
in
the
requirements
of
this
research
work
and
also
the
thickness
of
a
few
mm
isn’t
a
big
problem
because
there
is
enough
space
inside
the
transponder
to
place
the
antenna.
On
the
other
hand
the
advantage
of
using
this
technique
is
that
firstly
no
drilling
for
via
holes
is
needed
and
secondly
the
spurious
radiation
is
minimized
due
to
the
reason
that
ground
plane
lies
between
patch
and
the
feed
line.
4.2 Design
A
power
divider
with
one
arm
extended
by
λ/4
distance
(to
get
90o
phase
shift)
as
compared
to
the
other
arm
is
used
to
feed
the
antenna
in
order
to
achieve
circular
polarization.
An
FR4
substrate
with
εr
=4.3
and
thickness
of
0.8mm
is
used
below
the
power
divider.
Two
rectangular
slots
with
optimized
size
of
8.1mm
x
2.7mm
are
made
in
the
ground
plane
of
33mm
x
33mm
for
the
aperture
coupling.
The
complete
design
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.1
Figure
4.1(a)
Circular
Patch
Antenna
with
Aperture
Coupling
Similarly the side view of the antenna is also shown in the figure 4.1 (b)
28
Figure
4.1
(b)
Side
view
of
the
antenna
design
The
patch
of
a
radius
10.5
mm
is
placed
at
optimized
distance
from
the
ground
plane.
This
distance
or
air
spacing
is
adjusted
in
both
tools.
In
Microwave
Office
an
air
spacing
of
5.2
mm
is
set
between
ground
plane
and
the
patch
to
achieve
the
best
gain
however
in
HFSS
an
air
spacing
of
2.7
mm
is
set
to
get
the
optimized
gain.
4.3 Results
Both Simulation and Measured Results are shown in the following section.
4.3.1 Simulated Results
Simulation results with both simulators are shown below.
Return Loss
The
return
loss
calculated
from
Microwave
Office
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.2
below.
A
return
loss
of
-‐15
dB
is
achieved
at
5.8
GHz.
An
impedance
bandwidth
(S11<-‐10dB)
is
calculated
to
be
33%.
Figure
4.2
Return
Loss
in
Microwave
Office
29
Similarly
the
return
loss
from
HFSS
is
also
displayed
in
the
figure
4.3
which
is
very
similar
to
the
one
from
MWO.
A
return
loss
of
-‐14
dB
is
achieved
at
5.8
GHz
with
an
impedance
bandwidth
of
38
%.
Figure
4.3
Return
Loss
in
HFSS
Radiation Pattern
The
elevation
pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
is
really
important.
Figure
4.4
shows
the
radiation
pattern
from
MWO
both
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o.
Figure
4.4
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
in
Microwave
Office
Similarly
radiation
pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
from
HFSS
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.5
30
Figure
4.5
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
from
HFSS
Gain
The
gain
curve
from
MWO
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.6
below.
A
peak
gain
of
5.5
dB
is
achieved
at
around
0o
and
a
gain
of
2.3
dB
at
±
35o.
A
good
separation
between
co
and
cross
polarization
is
also
confirmed
which
ensures
good
circular
polarization.
Figure
4.6
Gain
(RHCP
and
LHCP)
from
Microwave
Office
31
On
the
other
hand
the
gain
calculated
from
HFSS
is
higher
as
compared
to
MWO
as
shown
in
the
figure
4.7.
A
peak
gain
of
7.5
dB
at
-‐5o
and
a
gain
of
4
dB
at
±35o
is achieved. The cross
polarization results are also better in HFSS
Figure
4.7
Gain
(RHCP
and
LHCP)
from
HFSS
Axial Ratio
Axial
ratio
from
both
tools
is
also
calculated.
The
figure
4.8
below
shows
the
Axial
ratio
from
MWO.
A
good
part
of
the
desired
region
(0
to
±35o)
is
under
-‐3
dB.
Figure
4.8
Axial
Ratio
from
Microwave
Office
32
Similarly
axial
ratio
from
HFSS
is
also
displayed
in
the
figure
4.9.
The
result
is
even
better
due
to
the
fact
that
a
better
cross
polarization
was
observed
in
HFSS.
The
entire
region
from
(0
to
±35o)
is
below
-‐3
dB
level.
Figure
4.9
Axial
Ratio
from
HFSS
4.3.2 Measured Results
The measured results for the antenna are shown below
Return Loss
Both
Simulators
showed
a
return
loss
in
the
region
of
-‐15
dB
and
the
measurement
results
are
no
different.
A
return
loss
of
-‐15
dB
is
achieved
at
5.8
GHz
in
the
measurement
in
Network
Analyzer
as
shown
in
the
figure
4.10
0
-‐5
-‐10
-‐15
-‐20
-‐25
-‐30
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Figure
4.10
Measured
Return
Loss
33
Gain
Both
simulators
have
shown
different
gain
as
it
was
shown
in
the
simulation
results.
In
MWO
a
gain
of
5.5
dB
and
in
HFSS
a
gain
of
7.5
dB
was
recorded.
The
measured
results
of
the
gain
are
closer
to
the
HFSS
results.
A
peak
gain
of
7
dB
is
achieved
both
in
azimuth
and
elevation.
At
±35o
a
gain
of
around
3.5
dB
is
achieved.
The
air
spacing
between
ground
plane
and
the
patch
is
2.7mm.
The
measured
gain
in
azimuth
plane
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.11.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure
4.11
Gain
in
Azimuth
Similarly
the
measured
gain
in
elevation
plane
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.12
which
is
very
much
identical
to
the
gain
in
azimuth
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure
4.12
Gain
in
Elevation
34
Cross
polarization
Cross
polarization
results
have
also
been
measured
to
confirm
the
good
circular
polarization.
The
cross
polarization
in
azimuth
plane
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.13
0
-‐5
-‐10
-‐15
-‐20
-‐25
-‐30
-‐35
-‐100
-‐80
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure
4.13
Cross
polarization
in
Azimuth
Similarly the cross polarization result in Elevation Plane is shown in figure 4.14
0
-‐2
-‐4
-‐6
-‐8
-‐10
-‐12
-‐14
-‐16
-‐100
-‐80
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure
4.14
Cross
Polarization
in
Elevation
It
can
be
seen
from
the
previous
four
graphs
that
there
exists
a
good
separation
between
co
and
cross
polarization
which
proves
a
good
circular
polarization.
35
4.4
Conclusion
The
antenna
has
a
nice
performance
overall.
It
has
a
desired
return
loss,
high
gain
and
a
good
circular
polarization.
Size
is
also
small,
even
if
the
ground
plane
is
bigger
than
with
the
X
antenna.
Especially
when
high
gain
is
needed
it
can
be
a
good
choice.
36
Chapter
5
Patch Antenna with probe feeding
5.1 Introduction
This
antenna
is
similar
to
the
one
discussed
in
the
previous
chapter.
The
difference
is
the
feeding
technique
being
used.
The
geometry
of
transponder
allows
us
to
use
air
as
a
substrate
for
the
antenna
as
some
vacant
air
space
is
available
on
either
side
of
the
ground
plane.
It
is
known
that
the
gain
can
be
enhanced
using
air
as
a
substrate.
For
that
reason
air
is
used
as
the
substrate
in
this
design.
5.2 Design
The
same
power
divider
used
in
chapter
4
is
used
with
this
antenna
with
the
same
0.8
mm
FR4
substrate
however
instead
of
using
an
aperture
coupling,
probe
feeding
is
used.
So
the
probe
which
starts
from
the
power
divider
goes
into
the
0.8
mm
FR4
substrate
and
is
than
continued
in
the
air
up
to
the
patch
as
shown
in
the
figure
5.1
Figure
5.1
Patch
Antenna
with
probe
feeding
Similarly
a
side
view
of
the
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
5.2
to
get
a
clear
idea
of
the
antenna
feeding.
37
Figure
5.2
Side
view
of
the
antenna
The
radius
of
the
circular
patch
is
13.5
mm
and
of
the
two
probes
is
0.5
mm.
The
ground
is
33mm
x
33mm
and
the
air
spacing
between
the
ground
and
the
patch
is
set
3mm
in
both
MWO
and
HFSS.
5.3 Results
Both Simulated and measured results will be shown here.
5.3.1 Simulated Results
Simulation results are shown in the following section.
Return Loss
The return loss from MWO is shown in the figure 5.3. A S11 of -‐12 dB is achieved at 5.8 GHz
Figure
5.3
Return
Loss
in
Microwave
Office
38
Similarly
return
loss
in
HFSS
is
shown
in
the
figure
5.4
which
shows
an
S11
of
-‐10
dB
at
5.8
GHz.
Figure
5.4
Return
Loss
in
HFSS
Radiation Pattern
The
radiation
pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
gives
a
good
measure
of
the
radiation
pattern.
Figure
5.5
shows
the
radiation
pattern
from
MWO
both
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o.
Figure
5.5
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
in
Microwave
Office
Similarly
the
radiation
pattern
from
HFSS
is
also
shown
in
the
figure
5.6
for
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
39
Figure
5.6
Radiation
Pattern
for
φ=0o
and
φ=90o
from
HFSS
Gain
A
high
gain
was
expected
as
compared
to
the
previous
designs.
The
peak
gain
from
MWO
is
8.5
dB
which
was
desired.
A
gain
of
5
dB
was
achieved
at
±35o.
A
very
good
isolation
is
also
achieved
between
co
and
cross
polarization
as
shown
in
the
figure
5.7.
Similarly
the
gain
result
in
HFSS
is
also
shown
in
the
figure
5.8.
A
peak
gain
of
7.5
dB
is
achieved
which
is
slightly
low
as
compared
to
MWO.
At
±35o
the
gain
is
found
to
be
4
dB
which
is
still
very
good
however
the
cross
polarization
is
a
bit
higher
in
HFSS.
Hence
both
the
tools
have
proved
that
the
gain
is
enhanced
with
the
air
substrate.
It
is
interesting
to
compare
these
simulated
results
with
the
measured
results.
40
Figure
5.7
Gain
(RHCP
and
LHCP)
in
Microwave
Office
Figure
5.8
Gain
(RHCP
and
LHCP)
in
HFSS
Axial Ratio
The
axial
ratio
in
MWO
is
shown
in
the
figure
5.9.
It
is
even
lower
than
the
2
dB
level
for
the
range
0
to
±35o.
41
Figure
5.9
Axial
Ratio
in
MWO
The
axial
ratio
in
HFSS
is
also
shown
in
the
figure
5.10.
It
is
a
bit
higher
as
compared
to
MWO
which
was
expected
because
cross
polarization
level
in
HFSS
was
higher
compared
to
MWO.
Figure
5.10
Axial
Ratio
in
HFSS
42
5.3.2
Measured
Results
Different measured results are shown in this section.
Return Loss
The
measured
return
loss
of
the
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure.
A
return
loss
of
-‐30
dB
is
achieved
at
5.8
dB.
0
-‐5
-‐10
-‐15
-‐20
-‐25
-‐30
-‐35
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Figure
5.11
Measured
Return
Loss
Gain
The
gain
curve
in
azimuth
plane
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
A
peak
gain
of
around
8
dB
in
bore
sight
and
4.5
dB
at
±35o
is
achieved.
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-‐70
-‐60
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure
5.12
Gain
in
Azimuth
43
Similarly
the
gain
plot
in
elevation
plane
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
It
shows
a
peak
gain
of
7.7
dB
and
around
4.5
at
±35o.
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure
5.13
Gain
in
Elevation
Cross Polarization
The
cross
polarization
is
shown
in
the
figure
below
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
planes,
which
proves
good
circular
polarization.
0 0
-‐10
-‐5
-‐20
-‐10
-‐30
-‐40
-‐15
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
(a) (b)
Figure 5.14 Cross Polarization in azimuth (a) and Elevation (b) plane
5.4 Conclusion
The
antenna
has
shown
very
nice
results
i.e.
high
gain,
good
return
loss
and
circular
polarization.
Also
the
gain
within
±35o
is
very
nice.
The
drawback
is
that
the
size
is
slightly
large
and
also
to
achieve
probe
feeding
in
volume
production.
Both
this
antenna
and
the
antenna
in
chapter
4
are
very
similar,
there
is
just
the
difference
in
the
feeding
technique,
however
this
antenna
has
shown
better
gain
results.
The
beam
width
is
more
wide
which
helps
to
achieve
better
gain
within
±35o.
44
Chapter
6
Truncated Patch Antenna
6.1 Introduction
The
truncated
patch
antenna
is
a
simple
microstrip
patch
antenna
with
a
rectangular
patch
over
a
substrate
and
a
ground
plane
at
the
bottom.
This
antenna
was
the
last
antenna
designed
in
the
thesis
work
and
was
designed
in
a
limited
time.
There
were
six
antennas
designed
of
this
particular
type
which
although
used
a
same
geometry
but
had
different
substrates,
feeding
techniques
and
substrate
thicknesses.
6.2 Design
The
design
of
the
truncated
patch
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure.
The
figure
shows
the
antenna
with
coaxial
probe
feeding
and
the
figure
shows
the
antenna
with
Microstrip
line
feeding.
Figure
6.1(a)
Truncated
Patch
antenna
Figure
6.1(b)
Truncated
Patch
antenna
with
Microstrip
Feeding
with
Coaxial
Probe
Feeding
The
edges
are
truncated
to
achieve
circular
polarization
and
the
slit
used
in
the
figure
6.1(a)
is
also
used
to
get
better
circular
polarization.
Two
different
substrates
were
used
in
this
antenna
i.e.
FR4
with
a
dielectric
of
4.3
(with
a
thickness
of
0.8mm
and
1.6mm)
and
Nelco
with
a
dielectric
of
3.48
(and
thickness
of
0.51mm).
The
six
antennas
designed
with
different
substrate
and
feeding
technique
are
shown
in
the
table
6.1
below
45
Antenna
Feeding
FR4
(1.6mm
FR4
(0.8mm
Nelko
4350-‐RF13
Number
technique
thick)
thick)
1
Coaxial
Probe
Yes
-‐
-‐
2
Coaxial
Probe
-‐
Yes
-‐
3
Coaxial
Probe
-‐
-‐
Yes
4
Microstrip
Line
Yes
-‐
-‐
5
Microstrip
Line
-‐
Yes
-‐
6
Microstrip
Line
-‐
-‐
Yes
Table
6.1
However
all
of
these
designs
showed
not
acceptable
degradation
of
measured
performance
compared
with
the
simulated.
The
designs
which
worked
to
some
extent
have
been
mentioned
here
and
the
rest
are
presented
in
the
Appendix.
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Simulated Results for Antennas with Nelco Substrate
Return Loss
The
return
loss
of
the
antenna
with
both
feeding
techniques
is
shown
below.
So
at
5.8
GHz
the
antenna
with
microstrip
line
feeding
shows
a
return
loss
of
5.8
dB.
On
the
other
hand
the
antenna
with
probe
feeding
has
a
return
loss
of
-‐10
dB.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.2 Return Loss of the antenna with Microstrip (a) and Probe (b) feeding
Gain
The
gain
measurements
for
both
the
antennas
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.3.
The
antenna
with
microstrip
line
feeding
has
shown
a
gain
of
6
dB
and
the
probe
fed
antenna
showed
a
gain
of
4.2
dB.
46
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.3 Gain of the antenna with Microstrip (a) and Probe (b) feeding
Cross polarization
The cross polarization curves for the two antennas are shown in the figure 6.4
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.4 Cross Polarization of the antenna with Microstrip (a) and Probe (b) feeding
The
cross
polarization
values
are
a
little
high.
These
antennas
were
not
designed
in
HFSS
due
to
the
time
shortage
at
the
end
of
the
thesis
work
and
they
were
manually
optimized
which
became
a
little
tricky.
Radiation Pattern
The
radiation
pattern
for
azimuth
and
elevation
for
both
antennas
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.5
below.
The
antenna
with
probe
feeding
shows
a
little
difference
in
radiation
for
azimuth
and
elevation
planes
47
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.5 Radiation Pattern of the antenna with Microstrip (a) and Probe (b) feeding
6.3.2 Measured Results for Antennas with Nelco Substrate
The
measured
results
for
the
antenna
with
Nelco
Substrate
are
shown
below.
These
results
have
not
followed
the
simulation
results
and
hence
are
below
the
expectations
Return Loss
The return losses of the antenna with both feeding techniques are shown in the figure 6.6
0
0
-‐1
-‐5
-‐2
-‐10
-‐3
-‐15
-‐4
-‐20
-‐5
-‐25
-‐6
-‐7
-‐30
-‐8
-‐35
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.6 The Return Loss of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Coaxial (b) Feeding
If
these
results
are
compared
with
the
simulation
results
they
look
entirely
different.
For
the
antenna
design
with
Microstrip
Line
Feeding
the
return
loss
was
-‐22
dB
in
the
simulation
48
results
and
was
centered
at
5.8
GHz
however,
in
the
measured
results
the
return
loss
is
around
-‐7
dB
and
centered
at
5.5
GHz.
Similarly
for
the
antenna
with
coaxial
probe
feeding,
the
simulated
return
loss
at
5.8
GHz
was
around
-‐10
dB
which
changed
to
-‐29
dB
at
5.52
GHz.
Gain
The
gain
measurements
are
also
very
different
from
the
simulated
ones.
The
gain
curves
for
the
antenna
with
microstrip
feeding
line
technique
in
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.7.
These
measurements
are
taken
on
frequencies
with
minimum
return
loss
value.
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-‐0.5
-‐0.5
-‐1
-‐1
-‐1.5
-‐1.5
-‐2
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
50
-‐2
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.7
Gain
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
Similarly the gain curves for the antenna with probe feeding are shown in the figure 6.8
2
2
1.5
1
1
0
0.5
0
-‐1
-‐0.5
-‐2
-‐1
-‐3
-‐1.5
-‐2
-‐4
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
50
-‐70
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
50
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.8
Gain
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
There
is
a
vast
difference
between
the
measurement
and
simulation
results
for
the
gain
curves.
Both
antennas
have
shown
a
3-‐4
dB
gain
reduction
from
the
simulated
results.
49
Cross
Polarization
The
cross
polarization
results
for
the
microstrip
line
feeding
antenna
are
however
nice.
The
measured
results
for
the
cross
polarization
in
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.9
-‐10
-‐11
-‐11
-‐13
-‐12
-‐15
-‐13
-‐17
-‐14
-‐19
-‐15
-‐21
-‐16
-‐23
-‐17
-‐25
-‐18
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.9
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
Similarly
the
measured
cross
polarization
for
probe
fed
antenna
in
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.10
which
are
again
below
then
the
expectation
level.
0
1
0
-‐5
-‐1
-‐10
-‐2
-‐3
-‐15
-‐4
-‐20
-‐5
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
-‐70
-‐20
30
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.10
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
6.3.3 Simulated Results for Antennas with FR4 (0.8mm) Substrate
The
same
two
antennas
were
designed
with
FR4
substrate
however
only
the
one
with
coaxial
probe
feeding
will
be
discussed
here
as
the
other
one
didn’t
yield
any
result
at
all,
however
there
are
more
information
in
the
appendix
of
the
report.
50
Return
Loss
The
return
loss
for
this
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.11
which
is
around
-‐11
dB
for
5.8
GHz.
Figure
6.11
Return
Loss
of
the
antenna
Gain
The
simulated
gain
for
the
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
A
peak
gain
of
6
dB
at
2o
and
a
gain
around
3.7
dB
at
±35o
is
achieved.
The
gain
curve
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.12
below.
Figure
6.12
Gain
of
the
antenna
51
Cross
Polarization
The
cross
polarization
level
is
an
important
factor
to
check
the
circular
polarization.
The
cross
polarization
curve
is
shown
in
the
figure
below
which
shows
a
good
separation
from
the
co
polarization
of
the
above
figure
6.13.
Figure
6.13
Cross
Polarization
of
the
antenna
Radiation Pattern
The
radiation
pattern
of
the
antenna
is
another
important
factor.
The
radiation
pattern
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
pattern
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.14
below
Figure
6.14
Radiation
Pattern
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
52
Axial
Ratio
Axial
ratio
gives
an
idea
about
how
good
the
circular
polarization
is
for
an
antenna.
The
Axial
ratio
simulation
result
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.15
below.
The
result
shows
a
little
higher
axial
ratio
value
for
the
negative
angle
values.
Figure
6.15
Axial
Ratio
6.3.4 Measured results for Antennas with FR4 (0.8mm) Substrate
Return Loss
The
return
loss
measured
from
the
network
analyzer
is
shown
in
the
figure
6.16
below.
It
is
quite
similar
to
the
simulation
result.
At
5.8
GHz
a
return
loss
of
-‐14
dB
is
measured.
0
-‐2
-‐4
-‐6
-‐8
-‐10
-‐12
-‐14
-‐16
-‐18
5
5.5
6
6.5
Figure
6.16
Return
Loss
53
Gain
The
gain
curves
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane
were
measured
in
the
anechoic
chamber
however
even
with
a
good
return
loss
the
measured
gain
values
were
below
the
expectations.
The
gain
curves
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
planes
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.17
below.
3
2
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.17
Gain
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
Cross Polarization
Measured
results
for
cross
polarization
were
also
far
from
simulated
values.
The
cross
polarization
curves
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.18
below.
Both
curves
show
high
cross
polarization
values.
2
1
0
0
-‐2
-‐1
-‐4
-‐2
-‐6
-‐3
-‐8
-‐4
-‐10
-‐12
-‐5
-‐14
-‐6
-‐80
-‐30
20
70
-‐80
-‐30
20
70
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.18
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
54
6.3.5
Simulated
Results
for
Antennas
with
FR4
(1.6mm)
Substrate
Two
antennas
with
different
feeding
techniques
were
designed
with
this
substrate
simulation
results
of
these
antennas
are
shown
below.
Return Loss
The
return
loss
recorded
in
MWO
for
both
the
antennas
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.19
below.
A
return
loss
of
-‐12
dB
for
microstrip
line
feed
antenna
and
-‐16
dB
for
the
coaxial
probe
feed
antenna
is
achieved.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.19 The Return Loss of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Coaxial (b) Feeding
Gain
Similarly the gain the curves are also shown in the figure 6.20 for both antennas.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.20 Gain of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Probe (b) feeding
It
is
however
interesting
to
see
that
the
antenna
with
the
probe
feeding
is
showing
more
gain
than
the
antenna
with
microstrip
line
feeding.
55
Cross
Polarization
Cross
polarization
is
another
parameter
which
should
be
as
low
as
possible.
Cross
polarization
curves
for
both
the
antennas
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.21
below.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.21
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
Both curves showed that the cross polarization level will be lower than -‐5 dB level.
Radiation Pattern
Radiation
pattern
gives
a
good
idea
that
how
much
an
antenna
is
radiating
and
in
what
direction.
These
plots
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.22
below
for
both
antennas
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.22
Radiation
Pattern
of
the
antenna
with
Microstrip
(a)
and
Probe
(b)
feeding
56
Axial
Ratio
Axial
ratio
is
another
factor
which
gives
the
circular
polarization
status
of
an
antenna.
The
axial
ratio
curves
for
both
antennas
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.23
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.23
Axial
Ratio
of
the
antenna
with
Microstrip
feeding
(a)
and
Probe
feeding
(b)
The
axial
ratio
for
the
microstrip
line
fed
antenna
is
slightly
high
however
for
the
probe
fed
antenna
it
is
in
the
desired
region
which
is
around
3
dB.
6.3.6 Measured Results for the Antennas with FR4 (1.6mm thick) Substrate
The measured results for these antennas are shown in this section
Return Loss
The
return
loss
measured
from
the
network
analyzer
for
both
the
antennas
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.24.
The
return
loss
for
the
microstrip
line
feed
antenna
is
slightly
high
which
is
-‐9
dB
however
for
the
probe
fed
antenna
the
return
loss
is
around
-‐25
dB
0 0
-‐5
-‐2
-‐10
-‐4
-‐15
-‐6
-‐20
-‐8
-‐25
-‐10
-‐30
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
5
5.3
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.5
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.24 The Return Loss of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Probe (b) Feeding
57
Gain
The
gain
curves
were
measured
in
anechoic
chamber
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
plane.
The
gain
curves
for
microstrip
line
fed
antenna
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.25
below.
4
4
3.5
3.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-‐70
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
-‐50
-‐30
-‐10
10
30
50
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.25 Gain of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Probe (b) feeding
A
peak
gain
of
3
dB
is
achieved
which
is
a
little
lower
than
the
simulation
result
which
showed
a
peak
gain
of
4.5
dB.
Similarly
the
gain
curves
for
the
probe
fed
antenna
are
shown
in
the
figure
6.26
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
planes
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.26 Gain of the antenna with Microstrip Line (a) and Probe (b) feeding
A
peak
gain
of
4.4
dB
is
achieved
which
is
also
at
least
2
dB
lower
than
the
simulation
results
where
a
gain
of
almost
7
dB
was
recorded.
However
the
beam
width
of
the
antenna
is
quite
wide
which
will
ensure
a
good
gain
value
at
±35o
that
is
around
3.5
dB
Cross Polarization
The
cross
polarization
curves
are
also
shown
in
the
figure
6.27
below
for
the
microstrip
line
fed
antenna.
The
figure
shows
a
cross
polarization
for
both
azimuth
and
elevation
planes.
58
The
results
are
very
identical
to
the
simulation
results
and
ensured
good
circular
polarization.
0 0
-‐5
-‐5
-‐10
-‐10
-‐15
-‐15
-‐20
-‐20
-‐25
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.27
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
Similarly the cross polarization curves for probe fed antenna are shown in the figure 6.28
0 -‐2
-‐2 -‐4
-‐4 -‐6
-‐6 -‐8
-‐8 -‐10
-‐10
-‐12
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
-‐60
-‐10
40
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.28
Cross
Polarization
in
both
azimuth
(a)
and
Elevation
(b)
plane
The cross polarization values are a bit high as compared to the simulation results.
6.4 Conclusion
These
antennas
did
not
show
as
good
results
as
they
should
have.
A
vast
difference
between
the
simulated
and
measured
results
is
visible.
The
gain
is
low
and
the
cross
polarization
is
also
considerably
high
which
shows
that
designing
an
antenna
on
a
thin
substrate
can
be
very
tricky.
59
Chapter
7
Other Antenna Designs
7.1 Introduction
Some
other
antennas
were
also
designed
and
although
they
did
yield
good
results
but
were
not
selected
to
manufacture
due
to
the
complexity
and
cost.
These
antenna
designs
will
be
discussed
in
this
chapter.
They
were
designed
only
in
MWO
and
will
not
be
explained
in
entire
detail
as
they
were
not
manufactured.
7.2 Parasitic Patch Antenna
This
antenna
design
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
It
consists
of
a
rectangular
patch
with
two
square
slots.
A
circular
parasitic
patch
is
placed
at
an
optimized
distance
from
the
normal
patch.
The
spacing
between
ground
and
the
patch
is
t1
and
the
spacing
between
the
normal
patch
and
the
parasitic
patch
is
t2.
Both
of
these
are
air
spacing
which
makes
it
expensive
and
at
the
same
time
hard
to
manufacture
as
it
will
need
three
layers.
Figure
7.1
Parasitic
Patch
Antenna
60
Results
The simulation results of this antenna are shown below
Return Loss
The
return
loss
of
the
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
An
S11
of
-‐12
dB
is
achieved
at
5.8
GHz.
Figure
7.2
Return
Loss
Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern for φ=0o and φ=90o is shown in the figure below.
Figure
7.3
Radiation
Pattern
61
Gain
The
gain
for
(RHCP
and
LHCP)
is
also
shown
in
the
figure
below.
A
peak
gain
of
8
dB
is
achieved
and
a
gain
of
5
dB
at
±35o
which
is
really
good.
A
good
separation
between
co
and
cross
polarization
is
also
achieved.
Figure
7.4
Gain(blue)
and
cross
polarization(red)
Axial Ratio
The
axial
ratio
of
this
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
An
axial
ratio
of
around
5
dB
is
achieved
for
±35o.
Figure
7.5
Axial
Ratio
62
7.3
Spiral
Antenna
A
spiral
antenna
was
also
designed
as
shown
in
the
figure.
This
antenna
is
without
a
ground
plane
and
it
radiates
in
both
directions.
A
ground
plane
is
needed
at
a
distance
of
λ/4
from
the
antenna
to
make
it
radiate
in
only
one
direction
and
secondly
it
also
needs
a
differential
feeding
mostly
implemented
with
a
balun.
Due
to
those
complexities
this
antenna
was
not
manufactured
although
it
was
very
small
in
size
i.e.
15mm
x
15mm.
Figure
7.6
A
Spiral
Antenna
Results
The simulation results of the spiral antenna are shown in the following section.
Return Loss
The return loss is shown in the figure below. At 5.8 GHz a return loss of -‐20 db is achieved
Figure
7.7
Return
Loss
63
Radiation
pattern
The radiation pattern is shown for φ=0o and φ=90o in the figure below
Figure
7.8
Radiation
Pattern
Gain
A
gain
of
6.7
db
is
achieved
at
the
center
frequency
as
shown
in
the
figure.
The
results
show
a
very
wide
beam
width
and
a
gain
or
around
5
dB
at
±35o.
However
the
cross
polar
level
is
a
bit
high
which
will
affect
the
circular
polarization.
Figure
7.9
Gain(blue)
and
Cross
Polarization(pink)
64
Axial
Ratio
The
axial
ratio
plot
is
shown
in
the
figure
below
and
is
a
little
bit
high
due
to
the
high
cross
polarization
level.
Figure
7.10
Axial
Ratio
7.4 U Parasitic Antenna
The
U
parasitic
Antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure
below.
It
consists
of
two
u
shaped
parasitic
patches
and
a
rectangular
patch
in
the
center.
The
antenna
used
an
FR4
substrate
with
a
thickness
of
4
mm
which
was
one
of
the
main
reasons
it
was
not
manufactured.
This
antenna
is
linearly
polarized,
however
a
technique
might
have
been
used
to
excite
the
circular
polarization
however
the
substrate
thickness
of
4
mm
made
it
a
really
expensive
choice.
Figure
7.11
U
Parasitic
Antenna
65
Results
The
results
of
this
antenna
are
described
in
the
following
section.
This
antenna
is
designed
at
a
frequency
of
6
GHz
in
the
research
paper
so
the
same
parameters
have
been
used
to
design
this
antenna
here.
Return Loss
The
return
loss
of
this
antenna
is
shown
in
the
figure.
At
6
GHz
a
return
loss
of
-‐22
dB
is
achieved.
Figure
7.12
Return
Loss
Gain
A peak gain of over 7 dB was achieved from this antenna with a gain of 5 dB at ±35o.
Figure
7.13
Antenna
Gain
66
7.5
Conclusion
All
three
antennas
discussed
in
this
chapter
showed
good
results
however
due
to
manufacturing
cost
and
complexity
they
were
not
selected
for
the
manufacturing
process.
67
Chapter
8
Antennas
Comparison
8.1
Introduction
In
this
chapter
we
will
compare
the
measured
antenna
results
with
Microwave
Office
and
HFSS
to
get
a
good
idea
about
the
accuracy
of
the
simulators.
Three
antennas
were
designed
both
in
HFSS
and
Microwave
Office
i.e.
X
Antenna,
Circular
Patch
Antenna
with
aperture
coupling
and
Patch
antenna
with
probe
feeding.
8.2 Results Comparison for X Antenna
In
the
following
section
the
measured
results
of
X
Antenna
are
compared
with
HFSS
and
Microwave
Office
Return Loss
The return loss from MWO and HFSS are shown in the figure below.
(a) (b)
Figure 8.1 Return Loss in MWO (a) and in HFSS (b)
Similarly
the
Return
Loss
measured
in
Network
Analyzer
is
shown
in
the
figure
8.2.
So
at
5.8
GHz
from
MWO
the
return
loss
achieved
was
-‐11
dB,
from
HFSS
the
return
loss
was
found
to
be
-‐13
dB
and
during
the
measurements
the
return
loss
was
found
to
be
-‐10
dB.
Also
the
shape
of
the
curves
was
very
similar.
Both
simulators
showed
accurate
results
for
the
return
loss.
68
0
-‐2
-‐4
-‐6
-‐8
-‐10
-‐12
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Figure
8.2
Measured
Return
Loss
Gain and Cross Polarization
Similarly
the
gain
and
cross
polarization
curves
from
MWO
and
HFSS
are
shown
in
the
figure
below.
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.3 Gain and Cross Polarization in MWO (a) and HFSS (b)
The
measured
values
for
Gain
and
Cross
Polarization
are
shown
in
the
figure
8.4.
At
5.8
GHz
the
peak
gain
calculated
from
MWO
was
5.5
dB
and
from
HFSS
was
5.7
dB.
In
the
measured
results
the
peak
gain
was
5.9
dB
which
is
more
than
expectation
so
again
both
simulators
have
shown
accurate
results.
Regarding
shape
of
the
curves
there
was
a
small
deviation.
The
simulated
curves
were
very
symmetric
but
the
measured
curve
was
little
asymmetric.
69
Coming
to
the
cross
polarization
results,
MWO
showed
a
peak
cross
polarization
value
of
-‐8.5
dB,
HFSS
showed
a
very
high
cross
polarization
value
of
-‐3
dB
however
the
measured
results
showed
a
peak
cross
polarization
value
of
-‐7.5
dB.
Hence
for
the
cross
polarization
results,
MWO
showed
more
accurate
results.
Regarding
curve
shapes
the
simulated
and
measured
results
showed
big
differences,
the
measured
curve
were
more
complex.
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.4 Measured Gain (a) and Cross Polarization (b)
8.3 Results Comparison for Patch antenna with aperture coupling
In
this
section
the
measured
results
of
Patch
Antenna
with
aperture
coupling
are
compared
with
HFSS
and
Microwave
Office.
Return Loss
The
return
loss
calculated
by
both
MWO
and
HFSS
are
shown
in
the
figure
8.5
(a)
and
8.5
(b)
below.
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.5 Return Loss from MWO (a) and HFSS (b)
70
Similarly
the
return
loss
measured
from
the
network
analyzer
is
shown
in
the
figure
4.3.
So
at
5.8
GHz
the
return
loss
recorded
in
MWO
is
-‐16
dB
in
HFSS
-‐14
dB
and
in
measurements
it
is
found
to
be
-‐15
dB.
So
again
both
simulators
have
shown
similar
and
accurate
results.
0
-‐5
-‐10
-‐15
-‐20
-‐25
-‐30
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Figure
8.6
Measured
Return
Loss
Gain and Cross Polarization
Gain and cross polarization plots from MWO and HFSS are shown in the figure 4.4
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.7 Gain and Cross Polarization in MWO (a) and HFSS (b)
71
Similarly
the
measured
gain
and
cross
polarization
plots
from
network
analyzer
are
shown
in
the
figure
8.4.
The
gain
recorded
in
MWO
is
around
5.5
dB
and
that
found
in
HFSS
is
7.5
dB
so
there
is
a
little
difference
between
the
two
simulators.
The
measured
result
shows
a
gain
of
7
dB
which
is
more
close
to
HFSS
results.
All
curve
shapes
looks
very
similar.
Similarly
for
the
cross
polarization
results,
both
simulators
showed
cross
polarization
in
the
range
of
-‐10
dB
which
is
proved
in
the
measurement
results.
Also
very
interesting
is
that
the
curve
shape
of
HFSS
and
measured
cross
polarization
looks
similar,
the
similarity
with
the
MWO
is
smaller.
8
0
7
-‐5
6
-‐10
5
-‐15
4
-‐20
3
-‐25
2
1
-‐30
0
-‐35
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-‐100
-‐50
0
50
100
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.8 Measured Gain (a) and Cross Polarization (b)
72
Chapter
9
Conclusion
Different
Antennas
were
designed
in
this
thesis
work
according
to
the
requirements
of
different
products.
Some
products
needed
a
good
peak
gain
and
some
needed
good
gain
at
±35o.
In
this
chapter
a
final
conclusion
is
shown
about
all
the
antennas
which
have
been
designed,
manufactured
and
tested
during
this
thesis
work.
The
first
designed
antenna
was
X
antenna
which
was
very
small
in
size
and
still
showed
good
results
for
all
major
requirements.
Firstly
it
showed
an
acceptable
return
loss
around
-‐10
dB,
secondly
it
showed
nice
gain
and
thirdly
it
proved
to
have
an
excellent
circular
polarization.
Also
the
beam
width
of
the
antenna
is
very
wide
which
helps
to
achieve
good
gain
within
±35o.
The
major
question
mark
about
this
antenna
is
however
that
it
uses
a
substrate
thickness
of
3.2mm
which
makes
it
a
little
expensive,
however
it
is
fabricated
with
a
standard
FR4
substrate
which
is
significantly
cheaper
than
substrates
made
especially
for
microwave
applications.
The
second
antenna
was
a
circular
patch
antenna
which
was
fed
through
aperture
coupling.
The
idea
behind
this
antenna
was
to
use
air
as
a
substrate
and
reduce
the
cost
of
the
substrate.
The
overall
performance
of
the
antenna
was
good.
It
has
a
desired
return
loss,
high
peak
gain
and
a
good
circular
polarization.
Size
is
also
small,
even
if
the
ground
plane
is
bigger
than
then
the
one
with
X
antenna.
However
the
gain
drops
considerably
at
±35o
so
it
is
not
a
very
good
choice
for
the
products
which
need
good
gain
within
±35o.
The
third
designed
antenna
was
a
circular
patch
antenna
which
was
fed
through
extended
probes.
Again
the
idea
was
to
use
air
as
a
substrate
and
reduce
the
cost.
This
antenna
also
showed
very
nice
results
i.e.
high
peak
gain,
good
return
loss
and
circular
polarization.
Also
the
gain
within
±35o
is
very
nice.
The
drawback
is
that
the
size
is
slightly
large
and
also
it
is
expensive
to
use
probe
feeding
in
volume
production
however
it
can
be
used
for
almost
all
products
as
it
showed
a
high
peak
gain
and
also
good
gain
within
±35o.
The
last
antenna
which
was
designed
in
this
thesis
work
was
truncated
patch
antenna.
This
antenna
was
designed
with
two
feeding
techniques
and
on
three
different
substrates.
It
was
the
last
antenna
in
this
thesis
work
so
due
to
shortage
of
time
it
was
only
designed
in
Microwave
Office
and
not
in
HFSS.
The
antennas
did
not
show
results
according
to
the
expectations.
A
reasonable
difference
between
the
simulated
and
measured
results
is
visible.
The
gain
is
low
and
the
cross
polarization
is
also
considerably
high.
One
reason
that
can
be
given
for
such
results
is
that
the
antenna
was
not
designed
in
HFSS
so
the
optimizing
techniques
available
in
HFSS
were
not
used.
So
some
optimization
is
needed
before
this
antenna
is
ready
to
be
used.
73
Overall
it
can
easily
be
said
that
the
thesis
work
was
a
success.
From
the
four
antennas
manufactured,
three
have
shown
nice
results.
These
antennas
might
replace
existing
antennas
in
different
products
in
future.
74
Appendix
X
Antenna
(with
1.6
mm
Substrate)
An
effort
was
made
to
design
the
X
antenna
with
1.6
mm
substrate
thickness.
However
it
was
not
successful
as
both
gain
and
cross
polarization
got
worse.
The
substrate
used
was
FR4.
The
antenna
had
similar
dimensions
as
the
previous
X
Antenna.
Results
The
results
for
the
X
Antenna
are
shown
in
the
following
section.
The
results
include
both
simulated
and
measured
values.
Return Loss
Both
simulated
and
measured
values
of
return
loss
are
shown
in
the
figure
below
which
are
almost
the
same
except
that
the
frequency
is
slightly
shifted.
Ansoft LLC XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
0.00 Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
0
-2.50
-5.00
-‐5
-7.50
-‐10
dB(S(1,1))
-10.00
-12.50
-‐15
-15.00
-17.50 -‐20
-20.00
-‐25
-22.50
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Freq [GHz]
(a) (b)
Simulated (a) and Measured (b) Return Loss
Gain and Cross Polarization
The
gain
curves
from
both
simulation
and
measurements
are
shown
in
the
figure
below.
The
measurement
results
are
a
little
lower
as
compared
to
the
simulation
results.
75
4
3
2
1
0
-‐1
-‐2
-‐50
-‐40
-‐30
-‐20
-‐10
0
10
20
30
40
50
(a) (b)
Simulated (a) and Measured (b) Gain
Similarly
the
cross
polarization
curves
are
also
shown
in
the
figure
below
which
also
shows
measured
values
higher
than
simulation
results.
Ansoft LLC XY Plot 4 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
0.00 Curve Info
dB(GainLHCP)
-2.50
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.8GHz' Phi='0deg' 0
-5.00
-‐1
-7.50
dB(GainLHCP)
-10.00
-‐2
-12.50
-‐3
-15.00
-‐4
-17.50
-20.00 -‐5
-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00
Theta [deg]
50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
-‐50 -‐30 -‐10 10 30 50
(a) (b)
Simulated (a) and Measured (b) Cross Polarization
Although
the
simulation
results
were
not
very
strong
either
but
at
least
the
gain
was
around
5
dB
and
cross
polarization
-‐2
dB
so
it
was
decided
that
if
it
yields
similar
results
may
be
it
will
be
a
possibility
to
work
further
on
this
design
however
it
was
not
the
case.
76
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[2]
J.
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James
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P.
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[3]
Halim
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[4]
D.
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“An
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Proceedings
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[5]
Rattapong
Suwalak
and
Chuwong
Phongcharoenpanich.
“A
Two-‐Square-‐Aperture
Antenna
Excited
by
a
Probe
on
Rectangular
Ground
Plane
with
Elliptical
Parasitic
Patch
for
UHF-‐RFID
Reader”
Proceedings
of
ECTI-‐CON
2008
[6]
D.
Orban
and
G.J.K
Moernaut,
“The
Basics
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Patch
Antenna.”
[7]
Debatosh
Guha,
Sudipta
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Jawad
Y.Siddiquf.
“Estimation
of
Gain
Enhancement
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PTFE
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Air
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Microstrip
Patch
Antenna.”
IEEE
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Propagation
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2010
[8]
Sang-‐Hyuk
Wi,
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Lee,
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Jong-‐Gwan
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Microstrip
Patch
Antenna
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U-‐Shaped
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IEEE
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Ali
K.
Aswad
,
Lway
Faisal
Abdulrazak
and
Tharek
Abd.
Rahman.
”
Design
and
development
of
high-‐gain
wideband
circularly
polarized
patch
antenna”
IEEE
International
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and
Microwave
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[10]
Wen-‐Shyang
Chen,
“Inset-‐microstripline-‐fed
circularly
polarized
microstrip
antennas.”
[11]
Jong
Moon
Lee,
Nae
Soo
Kim,
Cheol
Sig
Pyo.
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RFID
Reader”
Asia-‐Pacific
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2005.
[12]
Halim
Boutayeb
and
Tayeb
A.
Denidni,
“Gain
Enhancement
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a
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Crystal
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Transactions
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2007.
[13]
A.
F.
A.
Ayoub,
"Analysis
of
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1755-‐1766.
77
[14]
Chih-‐Yu
Huang,
Jian-‐Yi
Wu
and
Kin-‐Lu
Wong,
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compact
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antenna”
[15]
http://www.kapsch.net
[16]
http://www.antenna-‐theory.com/
[17]
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http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/8167/1/Fatthi%20Alsager.pdf
78
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