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Physics 2024-25

The document outlines an investigatory project on self-designed transformers, detailing the aim, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, results, uses, and conclusions related to transformers. It explains the principles of operation, including the step-up and step-down functions, efficiency, and energy losses. The project emphasizes the relationship between voltage, current, and the number of turns in the transformer coils, while also noting potential sources of error and precautions during experimentation.

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yaaminitulasi123
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2 views20 pages

Physics 2024-25

The document outlines an investigatory project on self-designed transformers, detailing the aim, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, results, uses, and conclusions related to transformers. It explains the principles of operation, including the step-up and step-down functions, efficiency, and energy losses. The project emphasizes the relationship between voltage, current, and the number of turns in the transformer coils, while also noting potential sources of error and precautions during experimentation.

Uploaded by

yaaminitulasi123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

1.CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF THE PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. RESULT
10. USES OF TRANSFORMER
11. CONCLUSION
12. PRECAUTIONS
13. SOURCES OF ERROR
14.BIBLIOGRAPHY

• out
AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation


between the ratio of –
1.Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary
coil of a self-designed
transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device which is used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer is based on the Principle of mutual
induction. According to this principle, with the amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f
is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used in both low and high current circuits.
Transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weighs only a
few tens of grams whereas in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip
can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0
or
Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np
=K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If ,
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And ,
Is = value of secondary current at this instant
Then ,
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence, Ns > Np


As,
k>1
So,
Ip > Is
Or,
Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current
in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
ILLUSTRATION
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of


output power to the input power.
i.e,
η = output power / input power
= Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

Efficiency, η
= output power/input power x 100%
= input power – losses/input power x 100%
= 1 - (losses/input power) x 100%
ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a


transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

• Two Copper wires gauge


(26 and 36)
• Ac Multimeter
• Cardboard Core
• Ac Source
• Ac Ammeter
• Ac Voltmeter
• Tape
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with


a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper. This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet
of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.
3.Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and
measure the input voltage and current
using A.C multimeter
4. Similarly, measure the output
voltage and current through s1and s2.
5.Now connect s1and s2 to A.C main
and again measure voltage and
current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-
designed transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
OBSERVATIONS

S.NO Ns Np Es Ep Is Ip
NO OF NO OF VOLTAG VOLTAG CURREN CURRE
TURNS TURNS IN E IN E IN T IN NT IN
IN PRIMARY SECON PRIMAR SECOND PRIMA
SECONDA DARY Y ARY RY
RY

1 120 1760 15 220 0.2 0.013

2 120 1760 0.4 6 0.0003 0.005

3 120 1760 0.6 8 0.0005 0.007


RESULT

• The output voltage of the


transformer across secondary
coil depends on the turn ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to input
voltage --- 0.06
• The output current of the
transformer across the
secondary and primary coil
depends on the (Ns/Np) with
respect to input current ---0.06
• There is a loss of power
between input and output coil
of transformer
USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c


operations -
• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
• A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c
over long distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
CONCLUSION

1.The output voltage of the


transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the


transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage

3.There is a loss of power between


input and output coil of a
transformer.
PRECAUTIONS

• Keep yourself save from voltage

• While taking the readings of current


and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

• Values of current can be changed due


to heating effect

• Eddy currents can change the readings


BIBLIOGRAPHY

• NCERT TEXTBOOK CLASS 12


• NCERT PHYSICS LAB MANUAL
• GOOGLE.COM
• PINTEREST.COM
• WIKIPEDIA.COM
• YOUTUBE.COM
• HELP FROM TEACHERS
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-2025

Name
- S AASHRITH RAM

Class
Grade 12

School
Sir. C. R. Reddy Public School

Topic
''Self-designed transformer''

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