Chapter (11) Trigonometry

Chapter (11)
Trigonometry
Angle
In trigonometry an angle is determined
by rotating a ray about its endpoint from
an initial position to terminal position.

Positive Angles and Negative Angles

Angles measured from the X-axis

in an anticlockwise direction are
positive angles.

Angles measured from the X-axis

Scan for Dynamic
Representation in a clockwise direction are
negative angles.

Radian Measure of an Angle

The radian measure of an angle is

r s
the ratio of the length of the arc (s)
whose centre is at the vertex of the
angle to the radius (r). r

length of arc AB s
radian measure of AOB = =
length of radius r

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 Chapter (11) Trigonometry
One Radian
One radian is the angle subtended at
r s=r
the centre of a circle by an arc that is

equal in length to the radius of the circle.

r
Scan for Animation
If s = r,
length of arc AB s r
= = =  1 radian
length of radius r r

The Relation between Degree and Radian Measure

 radians = 180°
180
1 radian = and


1 = radians
Scan for Derivation 180

Examples : Conversion of Degree to Radian

180 
(a) 15 = 15  = rad (rad = short form of radian)
 12
180 4
(b) 80 = 80  = rad
 9
Conversion of Radian to Degree
Scan for Online
Converter
  180
(a) rad =  = 12
15 15 
  180
(b) rad =  = 2230'
8 8 
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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Exercise (1)
1. Convert the following to radian measures.
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 90
(e) 120 (f) 135 (g) 150 (h) 180
(i) 210 (j) 225 (k) 240 (l) 270
(m) 300 (n) 315 (o) 330 (p) 360
Scan for Solution

2. Convert the following to degree measures.

11 7 5
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3
3 4 5 7
(e) (f) (g) (h)
2 3 4 6
5 3 2
(i)  (j) (k) (l)
Scan for Solution 6 4 3
   
(m) (n) (o) (p)
2 3 4 6

3.
(a) Locate the degree measures in problem (1) in cartesian
plane.

(b) Locate the radian measures in problem (2) in cartesian

Scan for Solution plane.

Degree and radian, each of these measures has its own place. Measuring angles
in degrees is easier, but measuring angles in radians is preferable when doing
computations.

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
The Six Trigonometric Ratios

In right ABC, viewing from A,

c = AB = hypotenuse side
a = BC = opposite side
b = AC = adjacent side

sine of A = sin A = cotangent of A = cot A =

cosine of A = cos A = secant of A = sec A =

tangent of A = tan A = co secant of A = tan A =

Basic Identities
For any angle ,
sin  1 cos 
1. tan θ = 2. cot θ = =
cos  tan  sin 
1 1
3. sec θ = 4. cosec θ =
Scan for Proof cos  sin 
5. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 6. tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ

7. 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise (2)
tan   1  sec  1  sin 
Prove that (a) = .
tan   1  sec  cos 
1  cos x
(b)  2 cosec2 x  2 cosec x cot x  1 .
1  cos x

Scan for Solution (c) (1+ tan x − sec x) (1+ cot x + cosec x) = 2

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios of 30, 45 and 60

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ cosec θ

 1 3 3 2 3
30o ( ) 3 2
6 2 2 3 3
Scan for  2 2
45o ( ) 1 1 2 2
Explanation 4 2 2
 3 1 3 2 3
60o ( ) 3 2
3 2 2 3 3

Unit Circle

A unit circle is a circle with a radius of one.

Unit Circle and Six Trigonometric Functions

In OPN, OP = 1, ON = x and PN = y.
Therefore
Y
y x (0, 1)
sin  = =y cot  = P
1 y
1
x 1 (–1,0)
y (1,0)
cos  = =x sec  = 
1 x O x N X
y 1
tan  = cosec  =
x y
(0, –1)
Since – 1  y  1, – 1  sin   1.
Similarly – 1  x  1, hence – 1  cos   1.

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angles

Trigonometric Ratios of (180 o – )

sin (180o – θ) = sin θ cot (180o – θ) = – cot θ
cos (180o – θ) = – cos θ sec (180o – θ) = – sec θ
tan (180o – θ) = – tan θ cosec (180o – θ) = cosec θ
Scan for Derivation
Trigonometric Ratios of (180 o + )
sin (180o + θ) = – sin θ cot (180o + θ) = cot θ
cos (180o + θ) = – cos θ sec (180o + θ) = – sec θ
tan (180o + θ) = tan θ cosec (180o + θ) = – cosec θ
Scan for Derivation
Trigonometric Ratios of (360 o – )
sin (360o – θ) = – sin θ cot (360o – θ) = – cot θ
cos (360o – θ) = cos θ sec (360o – θ) = sec θ
tan (360o – θ) = – tan θ cosec (360o – θ) = – cosec θ

Scan for Derivation

Trigonometric Ratios of (90 o – )
sin (90o – θ) = cos θ cot (90o – θ) = tan θ
cos (90o – θ) = sin θ sec (90o – θ) = cosec θ
tan (90o – θ) = cot θ cosec (90o – θ) = sec θ
Scan for Derivation
Trigonometric Ratios of (90 o + )
sin (90o + θ) = cos θ cot (90o + θ) = – tan θ
cos (90o + θ) = – sin θ sec (90o + θ) = – cosec θ
tan (90o + θ) = – cot θ cosec (90o + θ) = sec θ
Scan for Derivation

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios of (270 o – )
sin (270o – θ) = – cos θ cot (270o – θ) = tan θ
cos (270o – θ) = – sin θ sec (270o – θ) = – cosec θ
tan (270o – θ) = cot θ cosec (270o – θ) = – sec θ
Scan for Derivation
Trigonometric Ratios of (270 o + )
sin (270o + θ) = – cos θ cot (270o + θ) = – tan θ
cos (270o + θ) = sin θ sec (270o + θ) = cosec θ
tan (270o + θ) = – cot θ cosec (270o + θ) = – sec θ
Scan for Derivation

Trigonometric Ratios of (– )
sin (– θ) = – sin θ cot (– θ) = – cot θ
cos (– θ) = cos θ sec (– θ) = sec θ
Scan for Derivation
tan (– θ) = – tan θ cosec (– θ) = – cosec θ

Basic Acute Angle

 The acute angle between the terminal side and the X -
axis is called the basic acute angle.

 The basic acute angle is a positive acute angle.

Scan for
Explanation

Trigonometric Ratios of 0, 90, 180 and 360

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ cosec θ
o
0 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
o
90 1 0 undefined 0 undefined 1
180o 0 –1 0 undefined –1 undefined
Scan for 270 o
–1 0 undefined 0 undefined –1
Explanation o
360 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Coterminal Angles
Coterminal angles are angles which when drawn
at standard position (so their initial sides are on
the positive x-axis) share the same terminal side.
Example : 60, – 300, 780 coterminal angles.
In trigonometry coterminal angles have the same
trigonometric values.
Exercise (3)
1. Find the six trigonometric ratios of
(a) 120 (b) 135 (c) 150 (d) 210
(e) 225 (f) 240 (g) 300 (h) 315
(i) 330 (j) – 120 (k) –135 (l) –150
(m) – 210 (n) – 225 (o) – 240 (p) – 300
Scan for Sample
(q) 480 (r) – 420 (s) – 495 (t) 870
Solution

2. Find the value of θ, 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o for the following equations. Do not use table.
1 3
(a) sin θ = – (b) cos θ = –
2 2
1
(c) cos θ = – (d) tan θ = 3
2
(e) tan 2θ = 1 (f) tan 3θ = – 1
1 Scan for Solution
(g) tan (3θ – 30o) = – 1 (h) cos 2θ = –
2
3 1 1
(i) sin (2θ + 30o) = (j) tan θ = –
2 2 3
(k) sin θ = 0.6521 (l) cos θ = – 0.3854

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
3. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360.
(a) 2 sin x cos x = sin x
(b) 3 tan x sin x = 2 tan x
(c) 3 sin2 x = 4 sin x
(d) 5 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
(e) cos2 x – cos x = 2
(f) 2 sin x cos x – cos x = 0
Scan for Solution
(g) 2 sin2 x – sin x = 1
(h) 2 sin x cos x = 3 cos x
(i) 2 sin x cos x – cos x + 4 sin x – 2 = 0
(j) 8cos2 x – 2 cos x – 5 = sec x.

4. If  +  +  = 180, prove that

(a) sin ( + ) = cos (90 – )
 
(b) sin = sin (90 +
)
2 2
  
(c) tan = cot (180 + )
2 2
5. Prove that in any triangle ABC,

(a) sin( A  B)  sin C Scan for Solution

(b) cos( A  B )  cos C  0

A B C
(c) cos  sin
2 2
A B C
(d) tan  cot
2 2
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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Compound Angle Formulae

Sum and Difference Formulae Double Angle Formulae

sin ( +  ) = sin  cos  + cos  sin  sin 2 = 2 sin  cos
sin ( –  ) = sin  cos  – cos  sin 
cos 2 = cos2 – sin2
cos ( +  ) = cos  cos  – sin  sin 
cos ( –  ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin  = 2 cos2 – 1
tan   tan 
tan ( +  ) = = 1 – 2 sin2
1  tan  tan 
tan   tan  2 tan 
tan ( –  ) = tan 2 =
1  tan  tan  1  tan 2 

Scan for Scan for

Derivation Derivation

Half Angle Formulae Factor Formulae

 1  cos     
sin =± sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
   
 1  cos  sin – sin = 2 cos sin
cos = ± 2 2
2 2    
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
2 2
 1  cos  1  cos  sin 
tan = ± = =    
2 1  cos  sin  1  cos  cos – cos = – 2 sin sin
2 2

Scan for Scan for

Derivation Derivation

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Exercise (4)
1. Use the compound angle formulae to find the following in surd form:
(a) sin 105 (b) cos15 (c) tan 75
(d) cos 165 (e) sin 345 (f) sin 75
(g) cos105 (h) tan 165 (i) cos 345
(j) tan 15 (k) sin (–15) (l) sec (–75)

2. Express the following as single trigonometric ratios:

(a) sin 37 cos 41 + cos 37 sin 41
1  tan15
(b)
1  tan15
(c) cos 25 cos 15 – sin 25 sin 15
(d) cos 75 cos 24 + sin 75 sin 24
(e) sin 126 cos 23 – cos 126 sin 23
tan 27  tan13 Scan for Solution
(f)
1  tan 27 tan13

3. (a) Express cos 3x in terms of cos x.

(b) Express sin 3x in terms of sin x.
(c) Express tan 3x in terms of tan x.
(d) Express cot 2x in terms of cot x.

25 3
4. If tan (x – y) = and tan x = , find the exact value of tan y.
24 4
1
5. Without the use of table evaluate tan (  +  +  ), given that tan  = ,
2
1 1
tan  = , tan  = .
3 4

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
1 1 1
6. Given that tan  = , tan  = , tan  = . Without the use of table
3 4 6
evaluate tan ( +  –  ).

119
7. Given that cos 2A = and that A is acute, find, without using tables, the
169
value of tan 2A and cos A.

8. Given that tan  = p and tan ( –  ) = q, express tan  in terms of p and q.

Calculate the values of tan ( +  ) when p = 1 and q = 0.5.

9. If sin  = a, where  is an acute angle express the following in terms of a:

1
(a) tan2  (b) cos 2 (c) sin 4 (d) cos2 .
2

10. Given that  is an acute angle and cos  = x, find, in terms of x the value of
1
(a) tan2  (b) sin 2 (c) cos 4 (d) sin .
2

11. If sin  = a, where  is an acute angle express the following in terms of a:

(a) cot 2 (b) sec 2 (c) cosec 2.

4 12
12. Given that sin  = – , cos  = – and that  and  are in the same
5 13
quadrant, find each of the following without the use of tables.

(a) sin 2 (b) cos 2 (c) cos (c) tan 2.
2
15 3
13. Given that sin  = , cos  = – and that  and  are in the same quadrant,
17 5

find without using tables, the value of (a) sin 2 (b)cos (c) cos 2.
2

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
3 7
14. Given that tan  = , cos  = – and that  and  are in the same quadrant,
4 25
tan 
evaluate .
cos 
3 12
15. Given that sin  = , and cos  = – ,  and  are in the same quadrant.
5 13
Find the values of sin ( +  ) and cos ( +  ).

4 3
16. Given that tan x = , sin y = – and that x and y are in the same quadrant,
3 5
cos ( x  y)
find without using tables, the value of .
sin ( y  x)
12 4
17. Given that sin  = and cos  = , where  and  are in the same quadrant.
13 5
Without using tables, find the values of tan ( +  ) and tan ( –  ).

3 4
18. Given that tan  = , 180 <  < 270 and sin  = – , 270 <  < 360 find
4 5

the values of sin and sin ( +  ).
2

5 3
19. Given that sin  = , where 90 <  < 180 and cos  = – , where
13 5
180 <  < 360, find the values of
(a) tan ( + 45o) (b) sin ( + ) (c) cos 2 (d) sin 2.

sin(   ) 5
20. Given that = , show that 3 tan  = 7 tan . Given further that
sin(   ) 2
 +  = 45, find the value of tan  + tan .

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
21. Express the following as factors.
(a) sin 5x + sin 3x (b) cos 3x – cos 5x (c) sin 3x + sin x
(d) sin 5x – sin x (e) cos 2x + cos 7x (f) cos 9x – cos x

22. If  +  +  = 180, prove that

(a) tan + tan  + tan  = tan  tan  tan 
  
(b) sin  + sin  + sin  = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
(c) sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 4 sin  sin  sin 
  
(d) sin  – sin  + sin  = 4 sin cos sin
2 2 2
  
(e) sin ( +  ) + sin ( +  ) = 2 cos cos
2 2
  
(f) sin ( +  ) – sin ( +  ) = – 2 sin sin
2 2
     
(g) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(h) sin² α + sin² β + sin² γ = 2 + 2 cos α cos β cos γ
Scan for Solution
(i) sin² α + sin² β – sin² γ = 2 sin α sin β cos γ
(j) cos² α + cos² β + cos² γ = 1 – 2cos α cos β cos γ

23. If  +  +  = 90, prove that

(a) sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ = 4 cos α cos β cos γ
(b) tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = 1


24. If  +  = , prove that (1 + tan ) (1 + tan  ) = 2.
4

25. If  +  = and  + γ = , show that tan  = 2 tan γ + tan .
2

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
26. Prove the following identities:
(a) cos (60 + x) + sin (30 + x) = cos x
(b) tan  + cot  = 2 cosec 2
(c) cosec 2x + cot 2x = cot x
(d) tan 2x (2 cos x – sec x) = 2 sin x
(e) (tan x + sin x) (tan x – sin x) = tan2 x sin2 x
(f) (1 + tan x – sec x) (1 + cot x + cosec x) = 2
(g) sin (x + y) sin (x – y) = sin2 x – sin2 y
tan y  tan x sin( y  x)
(h) =
tan y  tan x sin( y  x)
cos   cos   
(i) = tan
sin   sin  2
sin   sin   
(j) = cot
cos   cos  2
sin 2 x
(k)
1  cos 2 x
= tan x Scan for Solution
sin 3 cos 3
(l)   2 cot 2
cos  sin 
1 cos 2
(m)   tan 2
cos 2 1  sin 2
tan  tan 
(n)   2 cosec 
sec   1 sec   1
2  cosec2  sin   cos 
(o) 2

cosec   2 cot  sin   cos 
sin 2 x
(p) 1   cos x
1  cos x
1  cot 2 x cos   sec 
(q) 2
  sec 2 x (r) = cos  sec 
1  cot x cos   sec 
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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Equation of the Type : a sin θ ± b cos θ = c

If a and b are positive,

a sin θ ± b cos θ can be written in the form R sin (θ ± α),

a cos θ ± b sin θ can be written in the form R sin (θ  α),

Scan for Derivation

b
2 2
where R = a  b , R cos α = a , R sin α = b and tan α = a with 0 < α < 90.

Exercise (5)

1. Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360.

(a) 3 cos θ – sin θ = 2.

(b) 2 sin θ – 3 cos θ = 3.

(c) cos θ + 2 sin θ = 2.

(d) 8 sin θ + 6 cos θ = 5

Scan for Solution
(e) 3 cos θ + sin θ = 2

(f) sin θ – cos θ = 2

(g) 4 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 0

(h) cos θ – sin θ = 0.5

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Solving Triangles

The Law of Cosines and The Law of Sines

The Law of Cosines The Law of Sines

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2 bc cos  a b c
 
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2 ac cos  sin  sin  sin 
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos  sin  sin  sin 
A
 
a b c
b2  c2  a 2
cos  =  A
2bc c b 
a  c2  b2
2
c b
cos  =
2ac β 
a  b2  c2 B
2
a C β 
cos  =
2ab B a C

Exercise (6)

1. Solve  ABC with b = 18.1, c = 12.3, and  = 115.

2. In  ABC, a = 5,  = 75 and  = 41. Find , b and c.
3. Solve  ABC with a = 3, b = 4, c = 6.
4. Solve ABC with a = 3, b = 4,  = 50.
5. In ABC a = 15, b = 20, α = 30. Solve the triangle.
6. Solve the following triangles.
(a) α = 25  = 55 b = 12.
(b)  = 110  = 28 a = 8.
(c) a = 9 b = 11  = 60.
(d) a = 5 b=8 c = 7.

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
(e)  A = 154  B 1530' c = 20.
(f)  A = 6420'  B = 50 b = 5.
7. In  ABC, AB = x, BC = x + 2, AC = x – 2 where x > 4, prove that cos A = x 8 .
2( x  2)
Find the integral values of x for which A is obtuse.
8. In  ABC, AB = x – 2, BC = x, AC = x + 2 where x > 4, find the cosine of
 ABC. Hence find  ABC when x = 5.
9. In ABC, if (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = 3ac, find  B.

10. In any ABC, if cos B = a prove that the triangle is isosceles.

2c
11. In a triangle ABC, if a cos A = b cos B, then prove that the triangle is either a
right triangle or an isosceles triangle.
Ambiguous Case

Given : side a, α < 90 and side b. Given : side a, α < 90 and side
C b. C

a = b sin α
b sin α

b a If a < b sin α, b If a = b sin α,

No triangle exists. One triangle exists.
α α
A A B
Given : side a, α < 90 and side b. Given : side a, α < 90 and side
C b. C
If b sin α < a < b, If a > b,
b sin α
b sin α

b a b a
a Two triangles exist. One triangle exists.
α
α A
A B1 B2 B

Given : side a, α  90 and side b. Given : side a, α  90 and side b.
C a C
If a  b, a If a > b,
b b
No triangle exists. α One triangle exists.
α A
A

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
Exercise (7)

1. Solve ABC with a = 3, b = 4, β = 50.

2. In ABC a = 15, b = 20, α = 30. Solve the triangle.
3. Solve the ABC, given a = 31.5, b = 51.8, and  A= 3340'.
4. Given ABC with  B = 34, b = 15 cm, and c = 20 cm, solve the triangle.

Exercise (8)
1. A man standing at a point P, sees two trees, X and Y, which are respectively
250 m and 310 m away from him. If  XPY = 120, how far apart are the two
trees.
2. To approximate the distance between two points A and B on opposite side of
a swamp, a surveyour selects a point C and measures it to be 140 m from A and
260 m from B. Then he measures the angle ACB, which turns out to be 49o.
What is the distance from A to B?
3. To find the distance from the house at A to the house at B, a surveyor measures
the angle BAC to be 40, then walks off a distance of 100 ft to C and measures
the angle ACB to be 65. What is the distance from A to B?
4. A and B are two points on one bank of a straight river, distance from one
another 649 yds. C is on the other bank and the measures of the angles CAB,
CBA are respectively 48 32' and 75 25'. Find the width of the river.
5. Two runners start from the same point at 12:00 noon, one of them heading
north at 6 m.p.h and the other heading 68 east of north at 8 m.p.h. What is
the distance between them at 3:00 that afternoon?
6. Two runners start from the same point at 6:00 a.m., one of them heading east
at 6 m.p.h and the other heading N 30 E at 8 m.p.h. What is the distance
between them at 9:00 that morning?

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Chapter (11) Trigonometry
7. A man walking due to west along a level road observes a tower in a direction
N 47 W. After walking 135 m, he observes it in the direction N 38 W. How
far is the tower from the road?
8. A man travels 10 km in a direction N 80 E and then 5 km in a direction
N 40 E. What is his final distance and bearing from his starting point?
9. A ship leaves harbour on a course N 72 E and after traveling for 50 metres,
changes course to 108. After a further 106 metres, find (a) the distance of the
ship from the harbour, (b) its bearing from the harbour.
10. A, B, C are three towns, B is 10 miles away from A in a direction N 47 E. C is
17 miles away from B in a direction N 70 W. Calculate the distance and
direction of A from C.
11. A ship is 5 km from a boat in a direction N 37 W and a lighthouse is 12 km
from a boat in a direction S 53 W. Calculate the distance and direction of a
ship from the lighthouse.
12. A road PQ of length 725 km runs straight from P to East. The bearings of the
school C from P and Q are 042 and 325 respectively. What is the distance
of the school from the road?
13. A town P is 50 miles away from a town Q in the direction N 35 E and a town
R is 68 miles from Q in the direction N 4212' W. Calculate the distance and
bearing of P from R.
14. Three towns A, B, C are connected by three straight level roads. If BAC and
ACB are 25 and 55 respectively, BC = 12 km, find the distance from A to B.
15. A man walking due east along a level road observes a school in a direction
N 72 E. After walking 1500 yds, he observes it in a direction N 67 E. How
far is the school from the road?

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