Petroleum Research 6 (2021) 361e367

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Petroleum Research
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petroleum-research/

Sand production control mechanisms during oil well production and

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Sand production is considered as one of the significant production issues that significantly reduce
Received 30 January 2021 wellbore productivity. The process of sand or solids production in production operations is one of the
Received in revised form crucial operational inefficiencies that can lead to wells collapsing. Besides, the drilling mud might erupt
23 February 2021
through the formation. Therefore, it is essential to properly determine what types of solids or sand are
Accepted 25 February 2021
produced to correctly predict efficient sand control mechanisms. This paper aimed to compare different
Available online 3 March 2021
sand production control mechanisms and how to control or minimize sand production. Moreover, we
consider injection pressure and sand moisture on the sand production rate. According to this study’s
Keywords:
Sand production
findings, pressure injection and moisture increase had caused sand production increase, which should be
Expandable sand screen considered in operational performances. Furthermore, chemical injection such as resin and hydrogel
Chemical agents injection usually has efficient sand production control methods. An expandable sand screen is an
Injection pressure expandable three-layer component that is driven into the well and expanded.
Moisture © 2021 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing services provided by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi
Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Ardestani et al., 2019; Aroyehun et al., 2018; Bowes and Procter
1997; Davarpanah and Mirshekari 2019b; McLellan 1996;
Wellbore instability is considered to some known and unknown Mohiuddin et al., 2001). Determination of sand types would help
factors, which might affect the production operations (Bere and production operations as some of the sands might be useful in the
Kato, 2019; Chen et al., 2020; Cohen et al., 2019; Davarpanah and pore space cleaning. Typically, solids with an average size of 50e75
Mirshekari, 2019a; Dehghani, 2016; Garolera et al., 2019; Gholami can provide a bearing solids load that should be controlled
et al., 2016). It is classified as controllable and uncontrollable is- (Davarpanah et al., 2019; Davarpanah and Mirshekari, 2018; Zhu
sues (Davarpanah, 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Junmano et al., 2016; et al., 2020). The mechanism of sand production control is gener-
Rakhimzhanova et al., 2020; Salehi et al., 2019). The former clas- ally dragged force reduction and formation strength increase (Al-
sification is consisted of transient pore pressure, well inclination, Awad and Desouky 1997; Al-Awad and Al-Misned 1997;
erosion, and fluid-rock interaction (Davarpanah et al., 2018; Davarpanah and Nassabeh 2017; Dolui et al., 2016). Rahman et al.
Rabbani et al., 2018; Song et al., 2020; Speight, 2020; Sun et al., (2010) developed a decision-making flowchart to implement
2020; Tovar, 2018; Wang and Sharma, 2019; Yan et al., 2018). different criteria to select sand production control mechanisms.
However, the second classification has mainly consisted of tectonic This is based on the passive sand production control and integrated
stresses, unconsolidated formations, natural faults and fractures, geomechanical approaches. It is schematically shown in Fig. 1
mobile formations, and higher in-situ stresses (Aghashahi (Rahman et al., 2010).

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.N. Dehghan), [email protected] (A. Davarpanah).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.02.005
2096-2495/© 2021 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing services provided by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A. Salahi, A.N. Dehghan, S.J. Sheikhzakariaee et al. Petroleum Research 6 (2021) 361e367

Fig. 1. Decision-making flowchart to implement different criteria in selecting sand production control mechanisms (Rahman et al., 2010).

To choose a suitable and practical way to control sand and particles solidity (Shakiba et al., 2020). Roostaei et al. (2020)
determine its position in the well, it is necessary to know sand investigated the particle shape variation, fines’ composition, and
production mechanisms and which parameters affect its process. particle size distribution as a developed model to consider the sand
Discrete environmental methods are excellent tools for simulating production control. They used different sand sizes from micro sizes
sand production, especially for understanding the mechanism of to major sand faces with the various coarsening impacts. They
sand formation. Before drilling, tight formations are in the hydro- found that sand screen performance flow is controlled by slot ap-
mechanical equilibrium (static equilibrium of stress and porous ertures. Therefore, optimization the size of slots aperture would be
pressure). However, drilling hydrocarbon reservoirs to produce oil used as a sand control mechanism during the presence of multi-
and gas causes the redistribution of stress and perforation around phase flow. Moreover, it can be concluded that pore plugging would
the well. Therefore, sand particles are separated from each other and be mitigated during this process (Roostaei et al., 2020).
enter the well from the formation (Esmaeili 2018; Musa et al., 2017; In this paper, we aimed to consider different sand control
Uchida et al., 2016). In the non-continuous structure (without mechanisms in operational performances and minimize the forma-
adhesion resistance), the friction of the grains and their shape are tion instabilities in these methods. As sands can affect operational
two significant features in controlling the bulk’s behavior. The shape performances during production engineering, functional designation
of the grains and their internal friction both control the coefficient of process for efficient sand control methods can facilitate the
internal friction and resist the final failure of the case. Fig. 2 shows completion processes which can be explicitly discussed in the
the created gap just before sand production as a function of grain size following sections. Moreover, we set aside considering the profound
and internal friction. The size of the grains has a critical control factor impact of injection pressure and sand moisture on the sand pro-
in the rate of sand production, although the aggregation performed duction rate.
consists of the same characteristics of the ball similar to the angled
models in the two-axis tests. Spherical grains are about 8e4 times 2. Sand control mechanisms
larger than the original product and have a higher stable production
rate. Angled models with inter-granular friction amplitude show a 2.1. Sand control and management methods
typical decrease in sand production with the friction increase fric-
tion. Thereby, the reduction in sand production rate from the lowest The following methods control sand production: production
to the highest amount is not a linear function of the inter-granular rate control, mechanical sand control methods, chemical and con-
friction (Cerasi et al., 2005; Gago et al., 2020). trol methods, and oriented perforation. One of the crucial factors
Shakiba et al. (2020) investigated that nanoparticles addition to influencing sand production was the mobility force during the fluid
the injected water might affect the sand shortcomings obviation. flow through porous media. To control this parameter or reduce its
Injected nanoparticles would adsorb on the rock surfaces regarding effect, fluid movement speed should be reduced, especially in the
the extremely small specific areas of their surfaces which can cover wellhead area. To do this, it needs to increase the effective cross-
the surfaces of the rocks partially. This feature can be used as a sectional area as much as possible, or in other words, reduce the
prospective for unstable minerals during the low salinity water speed of the fluid by increasing the diameter of the fluid flow path.
injection which can stabilize the interparticles and fine sand This is usually the simplest, most effective, and cheapest way to
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Fig. 2. Grain size effect in the transient sand production for different sand volumes (Khamehchi and Reisi 2015).

control sand if the oil production rate increases from a critical value, with this new method, this new method is called expandable sand
the production of sand increases dramatically (Daramola and screen (henceforth; ESS). ESS is an expandable three-layer
Alinnor 2018; O’hara 2019). component that is driven into the well and expanded. Its middle
layer is called the Petra wave, which has had the main job of con-
2.2. Mechanical methods trolling the sand. The advantage of ESS rather than other methods is
that it sticks completely to the inside wall of the well and
To prevent sand production, fully latticed pipes were used that completely eliminates the circular area after it expands. This solves
are placed in front of the production formation. Hence, only the all the problems of leaking wells as in other methods. After fin-
fluid can pass through the mesh liner, and the sand particles cannot ishing the production operation, they create some space between
pass through the liner. Mechanical sand control is done in two them and the device. It stays and causes problems such as corro-
ways. The first method is to use a liner or mesh without the filter. In sion, erosion, and plugging. The advantages of the ESS method are
this method, a liner is put in the well and front of the inlet fluid flow as follows;
from the formation. Using any filter always does not cause a gap
between the liner and the wall of the formation. This distance is the (1) Reduce drilling costs: ESS allows each well to be drilled to at
biggest problem when using unfiltered sleeves. In this distance, least the size of a smaller wall pipe, which is why a drilling
which is known as the circular area, sand particles cannot pass program with a smaller final diameter can be provided after
through the liner and settle down. Thereby, the liner is entirely drilling and completing the well. The desired diameter is
closed, and production from the well is significantly reduced. The obtained, which saves a lot of the total well cost.
second mechanical sand control is the lattice liners (Dong et al., (2) Elimination of circular space: as ESS sticks to the formation
2017; Ma et al., 2020). wall, it will remove the annulus space, which has caused to
disconnect the fluid flow. Thereby, it comes into direct con-
tact with the formation, while this area still exists in the
2.3. Sand control using gravel pack
gravel pack method. Even if it is completely removed, they
will never be in direct contact with the formation.
The Gravel pack controls sand production by placing filters of
(3) Stability of the well wall and prevention of plugging: as ESS
gravel grains that keep the sand grains in the filter. The optimal size
adheres to the formation wall, it acts as a solid and can hold
of the gravel is proportional to the size of the grains in the sand. The
sand grains in place.
Gravel pack is typically coiled and can be placed in wells with wall
(4) Preventing liner erosion: ESS is in direct contact with the
pipes or open wells. The gravel packing process involves cleaning
formation and removes the circular area that prevents the
the wellbore, which is placed in front of the production layer. The
sand particles from being thrown towards the liner nets. On
main factor in the production of controlled wells with Gravel pack
the other hand, because there is no blind spot in the ESS liner,
is reducing the output fluid. The current limitation of this method
so it minimizes the possibility of erosion (Matanovic et al.,
also reduces permeability. Thus, the Gravel pack causes extra
2012).
crusting and pressure drop (Khamehchi et al., 2015).
The gravel pack arrangement in the production wells is sche-
matically depicted in Fig. 3 which is extracted from PCF software. 3. Result and discussion

2.4. Expandable sand screen Sand stabilization is one of the chemical methods of sand con-
trol that injects fluid into the formation with cement to establish a
As the world’s oil companies complete their new drilling wells bond between the grains of sand and cement and not to come out
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Fig. 3. Gravel pack arrangement in production wells which is extracted from PCF software.

with the fluid during the production and extraction of sand oil. In different amounts of moisture (10%, 15%, and 20%) were performed.
this part of the study, different sand control methods and numerical According to Fig. 5, the sand production rate is generally reduced by
solutions were discussed and compared. increasing the amount of moisture. According to research by
Papamichos et al. (2001), sand production rates are related to the
3.1. Injection pressure impact non-adhesion or adhesion of sand grains around the wellbores. As
the saturation increases, the intermolecular uptake between the
Operational factors are the strategies used to produce oil and grains of sand increases due to capillaries. It may lead to an increase
gas, such as pressure difference, injection pressure, flow rate, and in the sand mass’s adhesion and thus a decrease in the rate of sand
production rate. To investigate the effect of injection pressure on production with increasing moisture. Therefore, according to Fig. 5,
sand production, a series of tests were done on dry sands (zero the sand production rate is significantly reduced by increasing the
humidity) with injection pressure variables of 150e200 KPa were humidity from 10% to 15%, especially in 20% (Papamichos et al.,
performed. The results of these tests are shown in Fig. 4. As can be 2001; Wiggs et al., 2004).
seen in Fig. 4, sand production increases with the increase of in- Many researchers have studied all sand control methods. Ac-
jection pressure. Yim et al. (1994) stated that current-induced drag cording to the observed results, when the well is closed several
forces affect sand arcs’ stability in critical situations, which has times to make the requirements for testing or high series opera-
increased by injection pressure rise (Yim 1994). According to the tions performed, the sand production rate increases. The mecha-
research of Clearley et al. (1979), the first layers of each formation nism that leads to an increase in sand production requires further
have failed due to their dependency on the adhesive forces. investigation. The sample used is a relatively soft rock, measured
Moreover, the characteristics of bridging and the redistribution of with a single-axis compressive strength of 24.5 MPa and an esti-
stress created by sand arcs are other crucial parameters. Therefore, mated apparent adhesion resistance of 7.4 Mpa. The proportions of
the rate of sand production increases continuously by injection the sand volume produced in the initial production cycle when
pressure rise according to the theory of Clearley et al. (1979) and using water with 3.5% salt are used for the fluid pressure of 2, 1.25,
Yim et al. (1994). and 0.5 MPa are 3.8%, 1.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. Higher amounts
of sand are produced at high permeability fluid pressures due to the
3.2. Sand moisture reduced pressure around the wellbore (Godinez-Brizuela and
Niasar 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).
To investigate the effect of moisture on sand production, some The formation of soft grains has been widely discussed in the
laboratory tests with an injection pressure of 180e150 kPa with literature by previous researchers. Zeitsu (1985) provided a
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A. Salahi, A.N. Dehghan, S.J. Sheikhzakariaee et al. Petroleum Research 6 (2021) 361e367

Fig. 4. Sand Production versus injected pressure.

Fig. 5. Sand Production versus moisture for different injected pressure.

concrete model that could be used for sandstone. He suggested that Kozlan sandstones, showing that quartz grains’ locking is more
when there is a significant difference between the matrix and the critical than the amount of quartz. One of the main factors con-
grains’ maturity, the micro-cracks are preferably developed in the trolling the strength of the stone is the lock between the grains and
matrix and can become blocks when they reach a grain. Two factors the cement content. It seems that where the cement bond between
controlled the release of these micro-cracks; the difference be- the grains is lost due to the spread of micro-cracks, the locking
tween the grain size and the matrix and the micro-cracks, which between the grains is the main factor in keeping the structure
are closed by the grains at the boundary. According to previous together.
studies, the impact of minerals on sandstones’ geomechanical Hodge et al. (2002) represented a new method to evaluate
properties is not clear, and in some cases, even completely unre- gravel-pack and screen-only completion to predict the produced
lated results have been presented. For example, Bell and Lindsay solids value due to the stress increase. They concluded that for-
(1999) found that UCS increased with increasing quartz levels in mation particles amount would play a significant role in predicting
the sandstones of the Natal group in South Africa. They showed that produced solids (Hodge et al., 2002). Chemical injection, such as
increasing the amount of cement in sandstone leads to an increase resin injection, usually has one of the efficient sand production
in strength. Yulosai et al. (1994) obtained a similar result in Turkish control methods. Injectable resin should have the following
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characteristics; low injection pressure, created mass has an excel- injectivity performance for axisymmetric two-phase flow in EOR processes.
Nanomaterials 10 (9), 1818.
lent compressive strength after the injection process and sand
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sticking, and the structure’s permeability would not be significantly appropriate selective calculation methods in gas lift design. Petrol. Res. 3 (3),
reduced. Therefore, high compressive strength is achieved when a 239e247.
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with oil droplets in the waste produced water re-injection of the linear flow.
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should naturally coagulate. It has little viscosity, and this prevents Davarpanah, A., Mirshekari, B., 2019b. Numerical Modelling of Hydraulic Fracturing
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