MATH 002 Engineering & Sciences Mathematics 2

Lecture Notes

Module I

1. Exponential Functions and Their Graphs

2. Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
3. Properties of Logarithms
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
5. Exponential and Logarithmic Models

Text Book: Algebra & Trigonometry 10th Edition. (2020). Ron Larson
CENGAGE Learning. ISBN-13: 978-1-337-27117-2
 -

MODULE-I
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
(To be covered in 16 Teaching Hours)

Practice Summative
Article # CLOs Page # Class work Problems Week #
Problems Assessment

5.1 2.1 360 Example-01, Example-02, 17, 60 1 19, 20, 21, 22

Quiz # 01
Example-02, Example-05, Week # 05
5.2 2.1 371 2 16, 22, 62, 66
Example-09, 15, 21, 33, 61, 65 From topics
5.1 to 5.3
Example-01, Example-05, Assignment # 01
5.3 2.1 371 3 08, 43, 67, 68
Example-06, 05, 09, 20, 44, 69, 71 will be from
Module-I
Example-02, Example-03, 07, 10,
5.4 2.1 388 4 09, 11, 42, 54
41, 55, 59

Page 2 of 30
Definition of Exponential Function:
The exponential function 𝑓 with base 𝑎 is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 , where 𝑎 > 0,
𝑎 ≠ 1, and 𝑥 is any real number.

CW-01 Example:01 Page 360

Use a calculator to evaluate each function at the given value of 𝒙.

(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 = −𝟑. 𝟏

𝒙
(b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝒙=𝝅
𝟑
(c) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟎. 𝟔)𝒙 𝒙=
𝟐
Solution:

f(2)3.2 0.
-
1166

-
(41)
f(2) 0.1133
=

f(0.6)2 0.4647
=

Page 3 of 30
CW-02 Example:02 Page 361

In the same coordinate plan, sketch the graph of each function.

(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 (b) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙

Solution:

~
R -

3 -

2 -

1 2
C
x

2 & 4 2
2 4
4* 646 4
416

ut
16
g(x)
=

ext
↑

Page 4 of 30
 x - S

EXERCISE 5.1
= 181

CW-03 Q:17

Construct a table of values for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕𝒙 . Then sketch the graph
of the function.
Solution:

X -
2 -

1 0 1 2
2x Ea 27 17 49

-
...

Page 5 of 30
CW-04 Q:60

The number V of computers infected by a virus increases according to the

model (𝑽)𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝟒.𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝒕 , where 𝒕 is the time in hours. Find the number of
computers infected after (a) 𝟏 hour (b) 𝟏. 𝟓 hours (c) 𝟐 hours.
Solution:

Page 6 of 30
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Q:19
𝟏 𝒙
Construct a table of values for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = . Then sketch the
𝟒
graph of the function.
Solution:

* -
188
&

Q:20
𝟏 𝒙
Construct a table of values for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = . Then sketch the

xaxo
𝟒
graph of the function.
Solution:

x -
2 -
10 1 2
-

I a

Page 7 of 30
 Q:21
Construct a table of values for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟒)𝒙 𝟏 . Then sketch the
graph of the function.
Solution:

I
-

Yu
2 -

Xio
10

Yu
1

I
2
9
~
2 ....
·
·

Q:22
Construct a table of values for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟒)𝒙 𝟏 . Then sketch the
graph of the function.

Solution:

I
2
.

x -
2 -
10 1 2
3 Ya 14 16 64

Page 8 of 30
 CW-01 Example:02 Page 372
Use a calculator to evaluate the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 at each value of 𝒙.
𝟏
(a) 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 (b) 𝒙= (c) 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝟑
Solution:
f(z) 109's f(-2) 19)2) Error
=

= =

f(10) 10910
=
= D. N.E
=> 0,4771213.

Page 9 of 30
CW-02 Example:05 Page 373

In the same coordinate plan, sketch the graph of each function.

"dK
.
=,5 dis
(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 (b) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙

Solution:

x -

21 1 2 3
exx 2"
=

Y
+ 2 48

2"
(x)
- =
y x
=

·
9(X)= 1092
· ·

.....
·

Page 10 of 30
 CW-03 Example:09 Page 376

Use the properties of natural logarithms to simplify each expression.

(a) 𝒍𝒏
𝟏
𝒆
(b) 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝟓 (c) Y
𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝒆
Solution:

a) r =

ne -
=
1

e 5
=

(1

2(1) 2 =

Page 11 of 30
 EXERCISE 5.2

CW-04 Q:15

Evaluate the logarithm at the given value of 𝒙 without using a calculator.

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒 26 64 =

Solution:
64
64 1092
709, 2

k
109, =
-

709
I
2

CW-05 Q:21
𝟕
Use a calculator to evaluate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 at 𝒙 = (Round your result to three decimal places) .
𝟖

Solution:

F(x) 109(
=

= -

0.058

Page 12 of 30
 CW-06 Q:33
,35-dis
~
&
Sketch the graphs of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝒙 in the same coordinate
plane.

Solution:

x-2 -1 0 1 2
-
+x-
(na-1749
*
-
fog,X is in invers for

f(x) 7x
=

and reflect acrosses yex

Page 13 of 30
CW-07 Q:61

Use the properties of natural logarithms to simplify the expression 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝟒 .

Solution:

Ie 4
=

CW-08 Q:65

Use the properties of natural logarithms to simplify the expression 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 .

Solution:

el
fu X.

Page 14 of 30
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Q:16 Evaluate the logarithm at the given value of x without using a calculator.

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝒙=𝟓

Solution:

24k 5

-log
25 3
=

= +

* Yz
10g
- =

𝟏
Q:22 Use a calculator to evaluate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 at 𝒙 = .
𝟓𝟎𝟎
(Round your result to three decimal places)
Solution:

F(x) 10950 =
=
-
2.694

Page 15 of 30
 -
CW-01 Example:01 Page 381

Use change of base formula to evaluate 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 (𝟐𝟓).

Solution:

Page 17 of 30
 - 81-
Se -
CW-02 Example:05 Page 383
-

⑬ Expand each logarithmic expression. 3.-54-

-

I
I
- √𝟑𝒙 𝟓
(a) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒E𝒙𝟑 𝒚 (b) 𝒍𝒏
𝟕

Solution: 5 x I
109 10 109,
+

109,599-7* 409 I
*

Page 18 of 30
 CW-03 Example:06 Page 383

⑲ Condense each logarithmic function.

(a)
𝟏
𝟐
⑤
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏)

(b) 𝟐 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟏
(c) [𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)]
𝟑

Solution:

=xy(x(xx)
-log Xxx

Page 19 of 30
 EXERCISE 5.3

CW-04 Q:05
10g In
Rewrite 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝟏𝟔) as a ratio of (a) common logarithms and (b) natural
logarithms.

Solution: Waterfal
comment

CW-05 Q:09

Evaluate 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟏𝟕)using the change of base formula (Round your result to three decimal places).

Solution:

Page 20 of 30
CW-06 Q:20
𝟏
Find the exact value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 without using a calculator. (If it is not
𝟏𝟐𝟓
possible, state the reason).

Solution:

109g( s) -
3La

109, f

CW-07 Q:44

Use the properties of logarithms to expand 𝒍𝒏(𝒙𝒚)𝟑 as a sum, difference, and

/or constant multiple of logarithms. (Assume all variables are positive).

Solution:

In(xy)=3 (Insx31] 3 [Lux 2n 3)

=
+

3(nx 32-y
=
+

Page 21 of 30
CW-08 Q:69

Condense the expression 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛 to the logarithm of a single

quantity.

Solution:
log X-109 y2 + lo9Z
3

109
[*]

CW-09 Q:71

Condense the expression 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − [𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟏)] to the logarithm of a

single quantity.

Solution:

Im x
-

[Ancx x
x)
xx

fax fn (x 1)-

X
In
x- 1)

Page 22 of 30
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Q:08 Rewrite 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐.𝟔 (𝒙) as a ratio of

(a) common logarithms and (b) natural logarithms.

Solution:
natural
Common

1nx
f09X
12.3
1092.6

Q:43
[
Use the properties of logarithms to expand 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝒙𝟑 as a sum, difference, and
/or constant multiple of logarithms. (Assume all variables are positive).

Solution:

X3
log.
=

10g,

Page 23 of 30
Q:67
·
I
Condense the expression 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏) to the logarithm of a single
quantity.

Solution:

Log x Lo
+
x P
x

Log(X(x ,] x

CW-09 Q:68

Condense the expression 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟖 − 𝟓 𝒍𝒏(𝒛 − 𝟒) to the logarithm of a single

quantity.

Solution:
-In 18- (n(z - 4)
-(n64 (n(z- -
4)
In [is]

Page 24 of 30
 CW-01 Example:02 Page 389 -

- -
Solve each equation, and approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.
𝟐
(a) 𝒆11
I
𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟒
=𝒆 (b) 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟒𝟐

Solution:
x
109;]
x-3x s
2 14
=

a) -
-

& Sjd
·

4 0 3 109 2* 109 14
34
=
-

x
=

Iagr
0
y)(x 1)
=
+

(X -

X 40-
=
x1 + 0
=

X 4 =
x 1 =

X y 3.807
= =

g4it
3.5 =

Page 25 of 30
CW-02 Example:03 Page 389
-
Solve the equation 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟎, and approximate the result to three decimal
places, if necessary.

Texas,
Solution:

xine=In 55
X 1n
=
53
x =4.007.

EXERCISE 5.4

CW-03 Q:07 42

/
Solve for 𝒙: 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔

Solution:

=y
*

X 2.
=

Page 26 of 30
 CW-04 Q:10
condence.
Solve for 𝒙: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙⑧
− 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎

Solution:
x
109 = O
10
-
I
⑧

X
=10 7 =I
10 X 10
=

CW-05 Q:41

Solve the exponential equation 𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒆𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎, algebraically.

Approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.

Solution:
4 -
4n 5 - 0
=

14 5)(4 1) 0
=

- +

I
4 -
5 04 =
+ 1 0
=

4 1
Y3
=
-

e" =
- 1

e*=5 (rc (n(1) =

x(ye 2n( 1)
Ine" (n5
-
=

an()
=

x =

x Lye ns D. N.E Page 27 of 30

S

X InS
=

X 1.609
=
CW-06 Q:55

Solve the logarithmic equation 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟐 , algebraically.

Approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.

Solution:

In = 2

X
e2
=

x 1
+

No Solution.

CW-07 Q:59

Solve the logarithmic equation 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎) , algebraically.

Approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.

Solution:

23(3+ 4)
+

19(X
=
- 10)

-5

*
·, ,
-S1 .

↓
h 2!
X F
-
⑦E
-
=
-

-39)
acceled
releted.
-
x -
=

rejecteds
7
=
SCI ration
Page 28 of 30
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS TO SOLVE
Q:09 Solve for 𝒙: 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution:

Lu 2 -O

i 4x 2
*
=

Q:11 Solve for 𝒙: 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟐

Solution:

Line Ln =
2

Luc h= =

X Ln
=

X 0.693
=

Page 29 of 30
 Q:42 Solve the exponential equation 𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒆𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎, algebraically.
Approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.

Solution:
425n b
+ 0
=

(4 3(14 2) 0
- -
=

4 3
- 0
=
4 2- 0
=

4 2
=

4 3 =

ex 2
=

ex 3 =

Lne=Ina
x ine In 2

tre
=

X Ln2
- In 3 =

haye=hu
X Ss=
[In 3. In 23
x 1n 3
$1.099,0.6933
=

Q:54 Solve the logarithmic equation 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒙 − 𝟔) = 𝟏𝟏 , algebraically.

Approximate the result to three decimal places, if necessary.
Solution:
4109(X -

6) 2
=

Log(X - 6) 2
=

4 6 10
-

X 6 410" x +6
-
=

X 368.341
=

Page 30 of 30