CH-1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

1.What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.
2.Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write equations for these
reactions.
3.Write one equation each for the decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat,
light or electricity.
4.Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
(a) Oxidation and (b) Reduction.
5.Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances which are reduced in the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s) (ii) CuO (s) + H2(g) → Cu (s) + H2O(l)
6.Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
7. solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
8.Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
9. When copper powder is heated in a watch glass, a black substance is formed. (i) Why is this black
substance formed? Name it. (ii) How can this black substance be reversed to its original form
10.What is observed when aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed together? Name
the type of reaction and write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.
11.Silver chloride kept in a China dish turns grey in sunlight. (a) Write the colour of silver chloride when it
was kept in the China dish. (b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place and write the chemical
equation for the reaction. (c) State one use of the reaction. Name one more chemical which can be used for
the same purpose.
12. In the electrolysis of water: (a) Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode. (b) Why is it that the
volume of gas collected on one electrode is two times that on the other electrode? (c) What would happen if
dil. H S2 4 O is not added to water?
CH-2. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.
1.Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filing
2. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container. Explain why?
3. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd ?
4. (a)Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does?
(b)Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
5. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like
alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
6. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved
extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds
formed is calcium chloride.
7. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you
test for the presence of this gas? If one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
8. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the
acid?
9. After seeing the above image answer the following questions.
(i) What was the colour of the crystals before heating and after heating?
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
(iii) Which pungent smelling gas is evolved during the reaction? What is the nature of this gas?
10. The teacher while conducting practical in the laboratory divided the students into three groups and gave
them various solutions to find out their pH and classify them into acidic, basic and neutral solutions.
Group A Lemon juice, vinegar, colour less aerated drink
Group B Tomato juice, coffee, ginger juice
Group C Sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, lime water
(a) For the solutions provided, which group is/are likely to have pH value
(i) less than 7, and (ii) greater than7?
(b) List two ways of determining pH of a solution 1
(c) Explain, why the sour substances such as lemon juice are effective in cleaning the tarnished copper
vessels.
11. A cloth strip dipped in onion juice is used for testing a liquid ‘X’. The liquid ‘X’ changes its odour.
Which type of an indicator is onion juice? ‘The liquid ‘X’ turns blue litmus red. List the observations the
liquid ‘X’ will show on reacting with the following:
(a) Zinc granules
(b) Solid sodium carbonate
Write the chemical equations for the reactions involved.
12(a). Define water of crystallization. Give the chemical formula for two compounds as examples. How can
it be proved that the water of crystallization makes a difference in the state and colour of the compounds?
12(b).2 ml of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a few pieces of granulated zinc metal taken in a test
tube. When the contents are warmed a gas evolves which is bubbled through a soap solution before testing.
Write the equation of the chemical reaction involved and the test to detect the gas. Name the gas which will
be evolved when the same metal reacts with a dilute solution of a strong acid?

CH- 3 METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Given reasons:
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Metals like sodium and potassium are stored under oil.
2. Silver articles become black when kept in open for some time, whereas copper vessel loses their shiny
brown surfaces and gain a green coat when kept in open because silver articles reacts with sulphur
compounds such as hydrogen sulphide present in the air to form silver sulphide (Ag2S) whereas copper
reacts slowly with CO2 and water present in the air to form green coating of mixture of copper carbonate
and copper hydroxide.
3. How is sodium hydroxide manufactured in industries? Name the process. In this process, a gas X is
formed as a byproduct. This gas reacts with lime water to give a compound Y, which is used as a bleaching
agent in the chemical industry. Identify X and Y and write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
4. Write equations for the reactions of
(i) iron with steam.
(ii)calcium and potassium with water.
5. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical
reaction that takes place.
(i) Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) What are ions present in these compounds?
6. (a) Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
(b)What are ions present in these compounds?
7. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides?
8. Write chemical equations that show aluminium oxide reacts with acid as well as base.
9. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test
tube over it, as shown in the figure.
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus paper?
(ii) moist litmus paper?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

10. Give reasons:

(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.
11.(a).Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel.
(b). What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
12. Explain the following:
(i) Metals at the top of the reactivity series do not occur in the free state in nature.
(ii) Finely powdered ore is mixed with a suitable oil and water in the concentration of a sulphide ore.
(iii) Sulphide ores need to be roasted after concentration.
(iv) Mercury can be obtained just by roasting the ore.
(v) Highly reactive metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction of their compounds.

CH 4 carbons and its compounds

1. What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclo pentane?
2. Draw the structures for the following compounds:
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromo pentane (iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal
3 (a) What are oxidising agents?
(b)Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
4. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example
5. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other
solvents such as ethanol also?
6. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
7. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
8. Which compounds are called (i) alkanes, (ii) alkenes and (iii) alkynes? C4 H10 belongs to which of
these? Draw two structural isomers of this compound.
9. An organic compound with molecular formula C H3 8O reacts with sodium metal to produce hydrogen
gas. Deduce the possible structure of the compound. Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction
10. How would you name the following compounds?

11. An organic compound A is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula
C2H4O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound B
(a) Identify the compound A.
(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction with ethanol to form compound B.
(c) How can we get compound A from B?
(d) Name the process and write corresponding chemical equation.
(e) Which gas is produced when compound A reacts with washing soda? Write the chemical equation.
12. (a) The formula of an ester is CH3 COOC2H5 . Write the structural formulae of the corresponding
alcohol and the acid.
(b) (i) Mention the experimental conditions involved in obtaining ethene from ethanol.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the above reaction

Ch 5 Life Processes
1. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
2. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining
oxygen for respiration?
3. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
4. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
5. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
7. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by products?
8. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the
anaerobic mode of respiration.
9. Why do herbivores have longer small intestine than carnivores?
10. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi cellular organisms like humans?
11. State where are stomata ideally located? Are they cellular structures?
12. Using only flowchart write the path of oxygen from nostrils to respiring tissue cell.
 Ch:6 Control and Coordination
1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
2. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards
light?
3. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?
4. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
5. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise?
6. Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
7. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
8. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
9. Using only flowchart write the path of oxygen from nostrils to respiring tissue cell.
10. Name one plant hormone which inhibits growth. Write its one more function.
11. List two body functions that will be affected if cerebellum gets damaged?
12. Name the system which facilitates communication between central nervous system and the other parts of
the body.
Ch:7 How do organism Reproduce?
1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
2. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through
regeneration?
3. How is the process of pollination different from fertilization?
4. What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?
5. What are the functions performed by the testis in human beings?
6. Why does menstruation occur?
7. How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multi cellular organisms?
8. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
9. Mention two types of nerves it consists of along with their organs of origin.
10. How does Planaria reproduce? Is this method sexual or asexual?
11. What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?
12. State the basic requirements for sexual reproduction?
How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body?
Ch:8 Heredity
1. How does the creation of variation in a species promote survival?
2. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
3. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is
this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant? Why or why
not?
4. How is the sex of child determined in human beings?
5. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes.
On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or
why not?
6. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
7. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction. How
does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually?
8. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?
9. Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an Xchromosome?
10. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea plant bearing
white flowers.
11. What will be the result in F1 progeny?
12. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O.
Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits blood group A or O is dominant? Why or why not?
13. Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny was obtained by Mendel in F1
and F2 generations when he crossed the tall and short plants? Write the ratio he obtained in F2 generation
plants.

Chapter 9 Light – Reflection & Refraction

1. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
2. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it.
Where is the image located?
3. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away
from the normal? Why?
4. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the needle
placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also, find the power of the lens.
5. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the
range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is the nature of the image? Is the image larger or smaller
than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
6. One-half of a convex lens is covered with black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object?
Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your observations.
7. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what distance
from the mirror should a screen be placed so that a sharply focused image can be obtained? Find the size and
nature of the image.
8. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the prescribed lens
diverging or converging?
9. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass slab and mark angle of refraction and
the lateral shift suffered by the ray of light while passing through the slab.
10. The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification – 1. If the image is at
a distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image be if the object
is moved 20 cm towards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new position of the
object to justify your answer.
11. The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1.7. Find the speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108m/s.
12. An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm.
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens.
(ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this
case.
(iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of part (ii).

Chapter 10- Human Eye & the Colourful World

1. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?
2. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the type of
corrective lens used to restore proper vision?
3. A student has difficulty reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect
the child is suffering from? How can it be corrected?
4. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?
5. A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near
vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting
(i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
6. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens
required to correct the problem?
7. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m.
What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal
eye is 25 cm.
8. Why do stars twinkle?
9. Name the part of the eye :
(i) that controls the amount of light entering into the eye.
(ii) that has real, inverted image of the object formed on it.
10. What is atmospheric refraction? List two phenomena which can be explained on the basis of atmospheric
refraction.
11. What happens to a beam of white light when it gets refracted through glass prism? Which colour deviates the
most and the least after refraction through a prism? What is likely to happen if a second identical prism is
placed in an inverted position with respect to the first prism? Justify your answer.
12. When do we consider a person to be myopic or hypermetropic?
List two causes of hypermetropia. Explain using ray diagrams how the defect associated with hypermetropic
eye can be corrected.

Chapter 11 Electricity
1. Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material, when connected
to the same source? Why?
2. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
3. An electric lamp of 100 Ω, a toaster of resistance 50 Ω, and a water filter of resistance 500 Ω are
connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What is the resistance of an electric iron connected to the same
source that takes as much current as all three appliances, and what is the current through it?
4. Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in one hour through a potential
difference of 50 V.
5. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity of 1.6 × 10 –8 Ω m. What will be the length of this
wire to make its resistance 10 Ω? How much does the resistance change if the diameter is doubled?
6. The values of current I flowing in a given resistor for the corresponding values of potential difference V
across the resistor are given below –

I (Ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

V (Volts) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the resistance of that resistor.
7. Several electric bulbs designed to be used on a 220 V electric supply line, are rated 10 W. How many
lamps can be connected in parallel with each other across the two wires of 220 V line if the maximum
allowable current is 5 A?
8. An electric heater of resistance 8 Ω draws 15 A from the service mains 2 hours. Calculate the rate at
which heat is developed in the heater.
9. (i) Write Joule’s law of heating.
(ii) Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in parallel to electric
mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is 200 V.
10. While studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing
through it, in order to determine the resistance of the resistor, a student took 5
readings for different values of current and plotted a graph between V and I. He got a straight line graph
passing through the origin. What does the straight line signify? Write the method of determining
resistance of the resistor using this graph.
11. Two identical resistors, each of resistance12 Ω, are connected in (i) series, and (ii)
parallel, in turn to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the ratio of the power consumed in the
combination of resistors in each case.
12. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3 cells of 2 V each, a
combination of three resistors of 10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω connected in parallel, a plug key and an ammeter,
all connected in series. Use this circuit to find the value of the following:
(a) Current through each resistor
(b) Total current in the circuit
(c) Total effective resistance of the circuit

Chapter 12 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

1. List the properties of magnetic field lines.
2. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
3. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
4. An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current
rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
5. How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine the north and south poles of a current–
carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain.
6. When is the force experienced by a current–carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest?
7. Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving
horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right
side. What is the direction of magnetic field?
8. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?
9. What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of (i) a current carrying solenoid and (ii) a bar
magnet. List two distinguishing features between the two fields.
10. Given below are three diagrams showing entry of an electron in a magnetic field. Identify the case in which
the force on electron will be maximum and minimum respectively. Give reason for your answer. Find the
direction of maximum force acting on electron.

11. (a) State Fleming's left hand rule.

(b) List three characteristic features of the electric current used in our homes.
12. What happens to the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying conductor when the current is reversed?