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OSPF

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's Algorithm to determine the best path in IP networks, sending triggered updates rather than periodic ones. It establishes neighborship through a series of message exchanges, including Hello messages for discovery and LSAs for sharing routing information, with specific criteria for forming neighbor relationships. OSPF operates within defined areas, supports various router types, and includes important commands for configuration, verification, and troubleshooting.

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10 views4 pages

OSPF

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's Algorithm to determine the best path in IP networks, sending triggered updates rather than periodic ones. It establishes neighborship through a series of message exchanges, including Hello messages for discovery and LSAs for sharing routing information, with specific criteria for forming neighbor relationships. OSPF operates within defined areas, supports various router types, and includes important commands for configuration, verification, and troubleshooting.

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monikashinde.dv
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What is OSPF?

Characteristic:
 OSPF is a link-state routing protocol used in IP networks.
 OSPF uses Dijkstra's Algorithm (SPF) it is shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, that is used to find
the best path between the source and the destination router using its own shortest path first.
 A link-state routing protocol
 It sends triggered updates (i.e., if there is a change observed in the learned routing table then
the updates are triggered only, not like the distance-vector routing protocol where the routing
table is exchanged at a period of time.)
 It is a network layer protocol that works on protocol number 89
 AD value is 110.
 OSPF uses multicast address 224.0.0.5 for normal communication and 224.0.0.6 for updating to
the designated router (DR)/Backup Designated Router (BDR).
 Example: Google Maps

How is Neighborship is formed

OSPF messages –
OSPF uses certain messages for the communication between the routers operating OSPF.

 Hello message –
These are keep-alive messages used for neighbor discovery /recovery. These are exchanged
every 10 seconds. This includes the following information: Router I’d, Hello/dead interval, Area
I’d, Router priority, DR and BDR IP address, authentication data.

 Database Description (DBD) –


It is the OSPF route of the router. This contains the topology of an AS or an area (routing
domain).

 Link state request (LSR) –


When a router receives DBD, it compares it with its own DBD. If the DBD received has some
more updates than its own DBD then LSR is being sent to its neighbor.

 Link state update (LSU) –


When a router receives LSR, it responds with an LSU message containing the details requested.

 Link state acknowledgement –


This provides reliability to the link-state exchange process. It is sent as the acknowledgement of
LSU.
 Link state advertisement (LSA) –
It is an OSPF data packet that contains link-state routing information, shared only with the
routers to which adjacency has been formed.

Note – Link State Advertisement and Link State Acknowledgement both are different messages.

Criteria:
 It should be present in the same area.
 The router I’d be unique.
 The subnet mask should be the same.
 Hello, and the dead timer should be the same.
 The stub flag must match.
 Authentication must match

Neighborship Process (States):


 Down: No OSPF packets exchanged.
 Init: Hello packet received.
 2-Way: Neighbors agree on communication.
 ExStart: Master-slave relationship starts for database exchange.
 Exchange: Routers exchange LSAs. LSA (Link-State Advertisement): Describes network topology
and routing information.
 Loading: Routers process LSAs. LSU (Link-State Update): Delivers LSAs to neighbors for
synchronization or updates. LSR
 Full: Neighbors are fully synchronized.

Cost Calculation
Cost= Reference Bandwidth / Link Bandwidth-By default, the Reference Bandwidth is 100 Mbps. The
Link Bandwidth is the actual bandwidth of the interface (in bits per second)

Example:
o For a 100 Mbps link: Cost=100/100=1
o For a 10 Mbps link: Cost=100/10=10

OSPF Areas
1. Area 0 (Backbone Area): Central area to which all other areas connect.
2. Stub Area: Blocks external routes
3. NSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area): Allows limited external routes.
4. Totally Stubby Area: Most restrictive, only default route allowed.
OSPF Router Types
 Internal Router : All interfaces in the same area.
 Backbone Router : Belongs to Area S0.
 Area Border Router (ABR) : Connects different areas.
 Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR): Redistributes routes from external
sources into OSPF.

DR and BDR
 DR (Designated Router): acting as the central point for updates in a multi-access network. it’s
like team leader
 BDR (Backup Designated Router): Takes over if the DR fails.

OSPF Timers
 Hello Interval: (default: 10 seconds).
 Dead Interval: (default: 40 seconds).

OSPF LSA Types

Router LSA Generated by all routers


Network LSA Generated by DR
Summary LSA ABR sends between areas
ASBR Summary LSA used to reach ASBR
External LSA external routes
NSSA External LSA used in NSSA areas

Important OSPF commands and configuration:

Configuration Commands
#router ospf [process-id] – Enable OSPF process
#router-id [A.B.C.D] – Assign router ID
#network [network-address] [wildcard-mask] area [area-id] – Add network to OSPF

Interface Commands
#ip ospf [process-id] area [area-id] – Activate OSPF on an interface
#ip ospf cost [cost] – Set OSPF interface cost
#ip ospf hello-interval [seconds] – Set hello interval
#ip ospf dead-interval [seconds] – Set dead interval

Route Summarization
#area [area-id] range [network-address] [subnet-mask]
Verification Commands
#show ip ospf – Display OSPF configuration
#show ip ospf neighbor – Display neighbors
#show ip ospf interface [interface-id] – Display OSPF interfaces
#show ip ospf database – Display OSPF database
#show ip route ospf – Display OSPF routes

Troubleshooting Commands
#clear ip ospf process – Restart OSPF
#debug ip ospf [options] – Debug OSPF

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