GMAT & LSAT CR 1

TEST A
Time 30 minutes 20 Questions
1. Mr. Janeck: I don t believe Stevenson will win the election for governor. Few
voters are willing to elect a businessman with no political experience to such a
responsible public office.
Ms. Siuzdak: You re wrong. The experience of running a major corporation is a
valuable preparation for the task of running a state government.
M. Siuzdak s response shows that she has interpreted Mr. Janeck s remark to
imply which of the following?
(A) Mr. Janeck considers Stevenson unqualified for the office of governor.
(B) No candidate without political experience has ever been elected governor of
a state.
(C) Mr. Janeck believes that political leadership and business leadership are
closely analogous.
(D) A career spent in the pursuit of profit can be an impediment to one s ability
to run a state government fairly.
(E) Voters generally overestimate the value of political experience when
selecting a candidate.
2. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
One tax-reform proposal that has gained increasing support in recent years is the
flat tax, which would impose a uniform tax rate on incomes at every level.
Opponents of the flat tax say that a progressive tax system, which levies a higher
rate of taxes on higher-income taxpayers, is fairer, placing the greater burden on
those better able to bear it. However, the present crazy quilt of tax deductions,
exemptions, credits, and loopholes benefits primarily the high-income taxpayer,
who is consequently able to reduce his or her effective tax rate, often to a level
below that paid by the lower-income taxpayer. Therefore, ______
(A) higher-income taxpayers are likely to lend their support to the flat-tax
proposal now being considered by Congress
(B) a flat-tax system that allowed no deductions or exemptions would
substantially increase actual government revenues
(C) the lower-income taxpayer might well be penalized by the institution of a
flat-tax system in this country
(D) the progressive nature of our present tax system is more illusory than real
(E) the flat tax would actually be fairer to the lower-income taxpayer than any
progressive tax system could be

3. As part of our program to halt the influx of illegal immigrants, the administration
is proposing the creation of a national identity card. The card would be available
only to U.S. citizens and to registered aliens, and all persons would be required to
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produce the card before they could be given a job. Of course, such a system holds
the potential, however slight, for the abuse of civil liberties. Therefore, all
personal information gathered through this system would be held strictly
confidential, to be released only by authorized personnel under appropriate
circumstances. Those who are in compliance with U.S. laws would have nothing
to fear from the identity card system.
In evaluating the above proposal, a person concerned about the misuse of
confidential information would be most interested in having the author clarify the
meaning of which of the following phrases?
all persons (line 5)
however slight (line 7)
civil liberties (line 8)
appropriate circumstances (line 11)
U.S. laws (line 2)
4. At one time, European and Japanese companies tried to imitate their American
rivals. Today, American appliance manufacturers import European scientists to
lead their research staffs; American automakers design cars that mimic the styling
of German, Italian, and French imports; and American electronics firms boast in
their advertising of Japanese-style devotion to quality and reliability. In the
world of high technology, America has lost the battle for international prestige.
Each of the following statements, if true, would help to support the claim above
EXCEPT:
(A) An American camera company claims in its promotional literature to produce
cameras as fine as the best Swiss imports.
(B) An American maker of stereo components designs its products to resemble
those of a popular Japanese firm.
(C) An American manufacturer of video games uses a brand name chosen
because it sounds like a Japanese word.
(D) An American maker of televisions studies German-made televisions in order
to adopt German manufacturing techniques.
(E) An American maker of frozen foods advertises its dinners as Real European-
style entrees prepared by fine French and Italian chefs.
5. Johnson is on firm ground when he asserts that the early editors of Dickinson s
poetry often distorted her intentions. Yet Johnson s own, more faithful, text is still
guilty of its own forms of distortion. To standardize Dickinson s often
indecipherable handwritten punctuation by the use of the dash is to render
permanent a casual mode of poetic phrasing that Dickinson surely never expected
to see in print. It implies that Dickinson chose the dash as her typical mark of
punctuation when, in fact, she apparently never made any definitive choice at all.
Which of the following best summarizes the author s main point?
(A) Although Johnson is right in criticizing Dickinson s early editors for their
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distortion of her work, his own text is guilty of equally serious distortions.
(B) Johnson s use of the dash in his text of Dickinson s poetry misleads readers
about the poet s intentions.
(C) Because Dickinson never expected her poetry to be published, virtually any
attempt at editing it must run counter to her intentions.
(D) Although Johnson s attempt to produce a more faithful text of Dickinson s
poetry is well-meaning, his study of the material lacks sufficient
thoroughness.
(E) Dickinson s editors, including Johnson, have failed to deal adequately with
the problem of deciphering Dickinson s handwritten manuscripts.
6. A law requiring companies to offer employees unpaid time off to care for their
children will harm the economic competitiveness of our nation s businesses.
Companies must be free to set their own employment policies without mandated
parental-leave regulations.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion of
the argument above?
(A) A parental-leave law will serve to strengthen the family as a social institution
in this country.
(B) Many businesses in this country already offer employees some form of
parental leave.
(C) Some of the countries with the most economically competitive businesses
have strong parental-leave regulations.
(D) Only companies with one hundred or more employees would be subject to
the proposed parental-leave law.
(E) In most polls, a majority of citizens say they favor passage of a parental-
leave law.
7. If A, then B.
If B, then C.
If C, then D.
If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) If D, then A.
(B) If not B, then not C.
(C) If not D, then not A.
(D) If D, then E.
(E) If not A, then not D.
8. Dear Applicant:
Thank you for your application. Unfortunately, we are unable to offer you a
position in our local government office for the summer. As you know, funding
for summer jobs is limited, and it is impossible for us to offer jobs to all those

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who want them. Consequently, we are forced to reject many highly qualified
applicants.
Which of the following can be inferred from the letter?
(A) The number of applicants for summer jobs in the government office
exceeded the number of summer jobs available.
(B) The applicant who received the letter was considered highly qualified.
(C) Very little funding was available for summer jobs in the government office.
(D) The application of the person who received the letter was considered
carefully before being rejected.
(E) Most of those who applied for summer jobs were considered qualified for the
available positions.
9. Studies of fatal automobile accidents reveal that, in the majority of cases in which
one occupant of an automobile is killed while another survives, it is the
passenger, not the driver, who is killed. It is ironic that the innocent passenger
should suffer for the driver s carelessness, while the driver often suffers only
minor injuries or none at all.
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the reasoning in the passage
above?
(A) In most fatal automobile accidents, the driver of a car in which an occupant
is killed is at fault.
(B) Drivers of automobiles are rarely killed in auto accidents.
(C) Most deaths in fatal automobile accidents are suffered by occupants of cars
rather than by pedestrians.
(D) Auto safety experts should increase their efforts to provide protection for
those in the passenger seats of automobiles.
(E) Automobile passengers sometimes play a contributing role in causing auto
accidents.
Questions 10-11 are based on the following
As one who has always believed that truth is our nation s surest weapon in the
propaganda war against our foes, I am distressed by reports of disinformation
campaigns by American intelligence agents in Western Europe. In a disinformation
campaign, untruths are disseminated through gullible local journalists in order to
damage the interests of our enemies and protect our own. Those who defend this
practice say that lying is necessary to counter Soviet disinformation campaigns aimed
at damaging political interests. These apologists contend that one must
fight fire with fire. I would point out to the apologists that the fire department finds
water more effective.
10. The author of the passage above bases his conclusion on which of the following?
(A) A circular definition of disinformation
(B) An example of the ineffectiveness of lying as a weapon in the propaganda
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war
(C) An analogy between truth and water
(D) An appeal to the authority of the fire department
(E) An attack on the character of American intelligence agents in Western Europe
11. The author s main point is that
(A) although disinformation campaigns may be effective, they are unacceptable
on ethical grounds
(B) America s moral standing in the world depends on its adherence to the truth
(C) the temporary political gains produced by disinformation campaigns
generally give way to long-term losses
(D) Soviet disinformation campaigns have done little to damage America s
standing in Europe
(E) disinformation campaigns do not effectively serve the political interests of
the United States
12. Are you still reading the other newspaper in town? Did you know that the Daily
Bugle is owned by an out-of-town business syndicate that couldn t care less about
the people of Gotham City? Read the Daily Clarion, the only real voice of the
people of Gotham City!
Which of the following most directly refutes the argument raised in the
advertisement above?
(A) Over half of the advertising revenues of the Daily Clarion come from firms
whose headquarters are located outside of Gotham City.
(B) The Daily Clarion usually devotes more of its pages to out-of-town news
than does the Daily Bugle.
(C) Nearly 40 percent of the readers of the Daily Clarion reside outside the limits
of Gotham City.
(D) The editor-in-chief and all the other members of the editorial staff of the
Daily Bugle have lived and worked in Gotham City for ten years or more.
(E) The Daily Bugle has been published in Gotham City for a longer time than
has the Daily Clarion.
Questions 13-14 are based on the following.
The earth s resources are being depleted much too fast. To correct this, the United
States must keep its resource consumption at present levels for many years to come.
13. The argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Per capita resource consumption in the United States is at an all-time high.
(B) The United States wastes resources.
(C) The United States uses more resources than any other country.
(D) The United States imports most of the resources it uses.

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(E) Curbing U.S. resource consumption will significantly retard world resource
depletion.
14. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
(A) New resource deposits are constantly being discovered.
(B) The United States consumes one-third of all resources used in the world.
(C) Other countries need economic development more than the United States
does.
(D) Other countries have agreed to hold their resource consumption at present
levels.
(E) The United States has been conserving resources for several years.
15. Alba: I don t intend to vote for Senator Frank in the next election. She is not a
strong supporter of the war against crime.
Tam: But Senator Frank sponsored the latest anticrime law passed by the Senate.
Alba: If Senator Frank sponsored it, it can t be a very strong anticrime law.
Which of the following identifies the most serious logical flaw in Alba s
reasoning?
(A) The facts she presents do not support her conclusion that Senator Frank is
soft on crime.
(B) She assumes without proof that crime is the most important issue in the
upcoming election.
(C) She argues in a circle, using an unsupported assertion to dismiss conflicting
evidence.
(D) She attacks Senator Frank on personal grounds rather than on he merit as a
political leader.
(E) In deciding not to vote for Senator Frank, she fails to consider issues other
than crime.
16. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
the most serious flaw in television s coverage of election campaigns is its
tendency to focus on the horse-race side of politics that is, to concentrate on the
question Who s winning? at the expense of substantive coverage of the issues
and the positions on them. The endless interviews with campaign
managers, discussions of campaign strategies, and, especially, the obsession with
opinion polls have surrounded elections with the atmosphere of a football game
or a prizefight. To reform this situation, a first step might well be______
(A) a shortening of the length of election campaigns to a period of six weeks
(B) a stringent limit on campaign spending
(C) a reduction in the television coverage of opinion polls during election
campaigns
(D) the publication and distribution of voter-education literature to inform the

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public about each candidate s position on the major issues

(E) a limit on the length and number of political advertisements broadcast on
television
17. With Proposition 13, if you bought your house 11 years ago for $75,000, your
property tax would be approximately $914 a year (1 percent of $75,000 increased
by 2 percent each year for 11 years); and if your neighbor bought an identical
house next door to you for $200,000 this year, his tax would be $2,000 (1 percent
of $200,000). Without Proposition 13, both you and your neighbor would pay
$6,000 a year in property taxes (3 percent of $200,000).
Which of the following is the conclusion for which the author most likely is
arguing in the passage above?
(A) Proposition 13 is unconstitutional because it imposes an unequal tax on
properties of equal value.
(B) If Proposition 13 is repealed, every homeowner is likely to experience a
substantial increase in property taxes.
(C) By preventing inflation from driving up property values, Proposition 13 has
saved homeowners thousands of dollars in property taxes.
(D) If Proposition 13 is not repealed, identical properties will continue to be
taxed at different rates.
(E) Proposition 13 has benefited some homeowners more than others.
Questions 18-19 are based on the following.
At an enormous research cost, a leading chemical company has developed a
manufacturing process for converting wood fibers into a plastic. According to the
company, this new plastic can be used for, among other things, the hulls of small
sailboats. But what does the company think sailboat hulls used to be made of? Surely
the mania for high technology can scarcely go further than this.
18. The author s opinion of the manufacturing process described in the passage is
based primarily on the fact that
(A) plastic is unlikely to be durable enough for high-quality sailboat hulls
(B) the research costs of developing the process outweigh any savings possible
from the use of the plastic
(C) a small sailboat is not normally regarded as a high-tech product
(D) hulls for small sailboats can be made from wood without converting it into
plastic
(E) many other spheres of human activity are in far greater need of technological
research
19. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the author s
conclusion?
(A) The plastic produced by the process is considerably lighter, stronger, and

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more watertight than wood.

(B) The wood used in producing the plastic is itself in increasingly short supply.
(C) The cost of the manufacturing process of the plastic increases the cost of
producing a sailboat hull by 10 to 15 percent.
(D) Much of the cost of the research that developed the new process will be
written off for tax purposes by the chemical company.
(E) The development of the new plastic is expected to help make the chemical
company an important supplier of boat-building materials.
20. A young man eager to become a master swordsman journeyed to the home of the
greatest teacher of swordsmanship in the kingdom. He asked the teacher, How
quickly can you teach me to be a master swordsman? The old teacher replied, It
will take ten years. Unsatisfied, the young man asked, What if I am willing to
work night and day, every day of the year? the teacher replied, In that case, it
will take twenty years.
The teacher s main point is that an important quality of a master swordsman is
(A) humility
(B) willingness to work hard
(C) respect for one s elders
(D) patience
(E) determination
TEST B
Time 30 minutes 20 Questions
1. Below is an excerpt from a letter that was sent by the chairman of a corporation to
the stockholders.
A number of charges have been raised against me, some serious, some trivial.
Individuals seeking to control the corporation for their own purposes have
demanded my resignation. Remember that no court of law in any state has found
me guilty of any criminal offense whatsoever. In the American tradition, as you
know, an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty. Furthermore, as
the corporation s unbroken six-year record of growth will show, my conduct of
my official duties as chairman has only helped enhance the success of the
corporation, and so benefited every stockholder.
Which of the following can be properly inferred from the excerpt?
(A) The chairman believes that all those who have demanded his resignation are
motivated by desire to control the corporation for their own purposes.
(B) Any misdeeds that the chairman may have committed were motivated by his
desire to enhance the success of the corporation.
(C) The chairman is innocent of any criminal offense.
(D) The corporation has expanded steadily over the past six years.

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(E) Any legal proceedings against the chairman have resulted in his acquittal.
2. In the years since the city of London imposed strict air-pollution regulations on
local industry, the number of bird species seen in and around London has
increased dramatically. Similar air-pollution rules should be imposed in other
major cities.
Each of the following is an assumption made in the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) In most major cities, air-pollution problems are caused almost entirely by
local industry.
(B) Air-pollution regulations on industry have a significant impact on the quality
of the air.
(C) The air-pollution problems of other major cities are basically similar to those
once suffered by London.
(D) An increase in the number of bird species in and around a city is desirable.
(E) The increased sightings of bird species in and around London reflect an
actual increase in the number of species in the area.
3. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
In opposing government regulation of business, conservatives often appeal to the
Jeffersonian ideal of limited government, expressing the wish that government
would get off the backs of the American people. Yet, paradoxically, many of
these same conservatives address questions of private morality, such as those
dealing with sexual behavior, by calling for______
(A) a return to the restrictive sexual morality of the Victorian era
(B) a strengthening of the role of the family in setting moral norms for society
(C) a limitation on the amount of sexually provocative material appearing in
books, motives, and television shows
(D) greater freedom for individuals to choose their own way of handling sexual
issues
(E) an increased governmental role in the regulation and control of private sexual
behavior
Questions 4-5 are based on the following:
In an experiment, two different types of recorded music were played for neonates in
adjacent nurseries in a hospital. In nursery A, classical music was played; in nursery
B, rock music was played. After two weeks, it was found that the babies in nursery A
cried less, suffered fewer minor ailments, and gained more weight than did the babies
in nursery B.
4. In evaluating the validity of the conclusion suggested by the experiment above, it
would be most important to know which of the following?
(A) The musical preferences of the parents of the two groups of newborns
(B) Whether the newborns in both nurseries were equally healthy and happy at

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the start of the experiment

(C) Whether loud rock music can damage the hearing of newborns
(D) What the average weight of the neonates was before and after the experiment
(E) Whether the music was played in the nurseries at all times or only at certain
times
5. Which of the following additional experimental data would support the
hypothesis that classical music is beneficial to the development of newborn?
(A) The neonates in a nursery where no music was played fared better than those
in nursery B.
(B) Nursery A contained 15 percent more premature babies than nursery B.
(C) The newborns in nursery A cried less, suffered fewer minor ailments, and
gained more weight than did newborns in a nursery with no music.
(D) The music played in nursery A was louder than that played in nursery B.
(E) The ratio of nurses to newborns in nursery B was 1 to 4; in nursery A, it was
1 to 6.
6. The ancient city of Cephesa was not buried by an eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D.
310, as some believe. The eruption in the year 310 damaged the city, but it did not
destroy it. Cephesa survived for another century before it finally met its
destruction in another eruption around A.D. 415.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author s claim that the
city of Cephesa was not buried by the eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 310?
(A) The city of Cephesa is mentioned in a historical work known to have been
written in A.D. 400.
(B) Coins bearing the image of an emperor who lived around A.D. 410 have been
discovered in the ruins of Cephesa, which were preserved by the cinders and
ashes that buried the city.
(C) Geological evidence shows that the eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 415
deposited a 10-foot-thick layer of lava on the city of Cephesa.
(D) Artworks from the city of Cephesa have been found in the ruins of another
city known to have been destroyed in A.D. 420.
(E) A historical work written in A.D. 430 refers to the eruption of Mt. Amnos in
A.D. 415.
7. June is taller than Kristin.
Letty is taller than Maria.
Maria is shorter than Nancy.
Kristin and Nancy are exactly the same height.
If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) Letty is taller than Nancy.
(B) Letty is taller than June.

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(C) Kristin is shorter than Letty.

(D) June is taller than Maria.
(E) Kristin is shorter than Maria.
8. Current farm policy is institutionalized penalization of consumers. It increases
food prices for middle- and low-income families and costs the taxpayer billions of
dollars a year.
Which of the following statements, if true, would provide support for the
author s claims above?
I. Farm subsidies amount to roughly $20 billion a year in federal payouts and
$12 billion more in higher food prices.
II. According to a study by the Department of Agriculture, each $1 of benefits
provided to farmers for ethanol production costs consumers and taxpayers
$4.
III. The average full-time farmers have an average net worth of over $300,000.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III
9. Reva: Using extraneous incentives to get teenagers to change their attitude toward
school and schoolwork won t work. Take the program in West Virginia, for
instance, where they tried to reduce their dropout rate by revoking the driving
licenses of kids who left school. The program failed miserably.
Anne: It s true that the West Virginia program failed, but many schools have
devised incentive programs that have been very successful in improving
attendance and reducing discipline problems.
According to Anne, the weak point in Reva s claim is that it
(A) fails to consider the possibility that the majority of potential dropouts in West
Virginia do not have driving licenses
(B) doesn t provide any exact figures for the dropout rate in West Virginia before
and during the program
(C) ignores a substantial body of evidence showing that parents and employers
have been using extrinsic incentives with positive results for years
(D) assumes that a positive incentive a prize or a reward will be no more
effective than a negative incentive, like the revoking of a driving license
(E) is based on a single example, the incentive program in West Virginia, which
may not be typical
10. In many surveys, American consumers have expressed a willingness to spend up
to 10 percent more for products that are ecologically sound. Encouraged by such

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surveys, Bleach-O Corporation promoted a new laundry detergent, Bleach-O

Green, as safer for the environment. Bleach-O Green cost 5 percent more than
typical detergents. After one year, Bleach-O Green had failed to capture a
significant share of the detergent market and was withdrawn from sale.
Which of the following questions is LEAST likely to be relevant in determining
the reasons for the failure of Bleach-O Green?
(A) How effective as a detergent was Bleach-O Green?
(B) How many other detergents on the market were promoted as safe for the
environment?
(C) How much more did Bleach-O Green cost to manufacture than ordinary
detergents?
(D) To what extent did consumers accept the validity of Bleach-O Green
advertised and promoted to consumers?
(E) How effectively was Bleach-O Green advertised and promoted to
consumers?
11. The burden of maintaining the U.S. highway system falls disproportionately on
the trucking industry. Trucks represent only about 10 percent of the vehicles on
U.S. roads. Yet road use taxes assessed on trucks amount to almost half the taxes
paid for highway upkeep and repair.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The trucking industry has enjoyed record after-tax profits in three of the past
four years.
(B) Because of their weight, trucks cause over 50 percent of the damage
sustained by highway surfaces each year.
(C) Without an economically viable trucking industry, the cost of goods in the
United States would rise significantly.
(D) Road use taxes paid by trucking companies have decreased by 3 percent over
the past five years.
(E) Due to years of neglect, U.S. highways today are badly in need of major
repairs and rebuilding.
12. The upcoming presidential election in the West African republic of Ganelon is of
grave concern to the U.S. State Department. Ganelon presently has strong
political and military ties to the United States. However, the Socialist party is
widely expected to win the election, leading to fears that Ganelon will soon break
away from the pro-American bloc and adopt a nonaligned or openly anti-
American stance.
Which of the following is an assumption made in the passage above?
(A) A Socialist party government in Ganelon is more likely to oppose the United
States than is a non-Socialist party government.
(B) The people of the United States recognize their nation s interest in the

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political stability of West Africa.

(C) A weakening of U.S. political ties with Ganelon could have serious
consequences for U.S. relations with other African nations.
(D) The Socialist party leaders in Ganelon believe that their nation s interests
would best be served by an alliance with anti-American forces.
(E) The Socialist party will win the upcoming election in Ganelon.
13. No nation can long survive unless its people are united by a common tongue. For
proof, we need only consider Canada, which is being torn asunder by conflicts
between French-speaking Quebec and the other provinces, which are dominated
by English speakers.
Which of the following, if true, most effectively challenges the author s
conclusion?
(A) Conflicts over language have led to violent clashes between the Basque-
speaking minority in Spain and the Spanish-speaking majority.
(B) Proposals to declare English the official language of the United States have
met with resistance from members of Hispanic and other minority groups.
(C) Economic and political differences, along with linguistic ones, have
contributed to the provincial conflicts in Canada.
(D) The public of India, in existence sine 1948, has a population that speaks
hundreds of different, though related, languages.
(E) Switzerland has survived for nearly a thousand years as a home for speakers
of three different languages.
14. As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation s
most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new
council on business-labor relations.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?
(A) The new council must have the support of the nation s labor leaders if it is to
succeed.
(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good
relations with business leaders.
(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly
with the leaders of the nation s largest labor unions.
(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of
business management interests.
(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification
necessary for the job of chairing the new council.
15. In the effort to fire a Civil Service employee, his or her manager may have to
spend up to $100,000 of tax money. Since Civil Service employees know how
hard it is to fire them, they tend to loaf. This explains in large part why the
government is so inefficient.

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It can be properly inferred on the basis of the statements above that the author
believes which of the following?
I. Too much job security can have a negative influence on workers.
II. More government workers should be fired.
III. Most government workers are Civil Service employees.
(A) I only
(B) I and III only
(C) II only
(D) I, II, and III
(E) III only
16. Some commentators complain that a litigation explosion in the past decade has
led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product
liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly
on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has
remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown
no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal
expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred
within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal
redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so
their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional
sympathy for an injured consumer.
17. Ronald: According to my analysis of the national economy, housing prices should
not increase during the next six months unless interest rates drop significantly.
Mark: I disagree. One year ago, when interest rates last fell significantly, housing
prices did not increase at all.
It can be inferred from the conversation above that Mark has interpreted
Ronald s statement to mean that
(A) housing prices will rise only if interest rates fall
(B) if interest rates fall, housing prices must rise
(C) interest rates and housing prices tend to rise and fall together
(D) interest rates are the only significant economic factor affecting housing
prices
(E) interest rates are likely to fall significantly in the next six months

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 15

18. It s time we stopped searching for new statistics to suggest that we are not
spending enough on education. In fact, education spending increased 30 percent
overall during the last decade.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Despite increased spending on education, enrollment in our elementary and
secondary schools declined about 4 percent during the last ten years.
(B) Our spending on gasoline increased more than 100 percent during the last
decade.
(C) When adjusted for inflation, our per-pupil expenditure on education this year
is less than it was ten years ago.
(D) Eleven other economically developed nations spend more on education than
we do.
(E) The achievement levels of our students have been declining steadily since
1960, and the last decade produced no reversal in this trend.
19. The U.S. census is not perfect: thousands of Americans probably go uncounted.
However, the basic statistical portrait of the nation painted by the census is
accurate. Certainly some of the poor go uncounted, particularly the homeless; but
some of the rich go uncounted as well, because they are often abroad or traveling
between one residence and another.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?
(A) Both the rich and the poor have personal and economic reasons to avoid
being counted by the census.
(B) All Americans may reasonably be classified as either poor or rich.
(C) The percentage of poor Americans uncounted by the census is close to the
percentage of rich Americans uncounted.
(D) The number of homeless Americans is approximately equal to the number of
rich Americans.
(E) The primary purpose of the census is to analyze the economic status of the
American population.
20. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
In today s pluralistic society, textbook publishers find themselves in an
increasingly uncomfortable position. Since the schools are regarded as a
repository of society s moral and cultural values, each group within society
wishes to prevent any material that offends its own values from appearing in
textbooks. As a result, stance on an issue is certain to run afoul of one group or
another. And since textbook publishers must rely on community goodwill to sell
their books, it is inevitable that______
(A) fewer and fewer publishers will be willing to enter the financially uncertain
textbook industry
(B) the ethical and moral content of textbooks will become increasingly neutral

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 16

and bland
(C) more and more pressure groups will arise that seek to influence the content
of textbooks
(D) the government will be forced to intervene in the increasingly rancorous
debate over the content of textbooks
(E) school boards, teachers, and principals will find it nearly impossible to
choose among the variety of textbooks being offered
TEST C
Time 30 minutes 20 Questions
Questions 1-2 are based on the following.
We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two
major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of
elections, not the power of the parties. But it is worth noting that no independent or
third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last
nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever
before in support of their candidates and platforms. It seems clear that reports of the
imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.
1. Which of the following is an assumption made in the argument above?
(A) The amount of money raised and spent by a political party is one valid
criterion for judging the influence of the party.
(B) A significant increase in the number of third-party candidates would be
evidence of a decline in the importance of the two major parties.
(C) The two-party system has contributed significantly to the stability of the
American political structure.
(D) The mass media tend to favor an independent or third-party candidate over a
candidate from one of the two major parties.
(E) The mass media are relatively unimportant in deciding the outcome of most
elections.
2. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
(A) The percentage of voters registered as independents is higher today than ever
before.
(B) In a recent presidential campaign, for the first time ever, an independent
candidate was invited to appear in a televised debate with the major-party
candidates.
(C) Every current member of the U.S. Senate was elected as the candidate of one
of the two major parties.
(D) In a recent opinion poll, most voters stated that a candidate s party affiliation
was an insignificant factor in judging his or her fitness for office.
(E) In the last four years, the outcome of several statewide elections has been

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 17

determined by the strength of the third-party vote.

3. Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon
schoolchildren of violence in films. In the first experiment, grammar school
children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in
violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free-
play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed
to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second
experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a
female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving
violently afterward. The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to
imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female
model is shown.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the psychologists
conclusion?
(A) In both experiments, the victims of the filmed violence included both males
and females.
(B) In the second experiment, 28 percent of the children appeared upset during
the viewing the violent film scenes.
(C) The first group included 19 male students and 20 female students; the second
group included 20 male students and 21 female students.
(D) In the first group, 58 percent of the children appeared bored during the
showing of the film, and 12 percent fell asleep.
(E) The percentage of children known to have discipline problems prior to the
experiment was greater in the first group than in the second group.
4. Mainline Airways was bought by its employees six years ago. Three years ago,
Mainline hired QualiCo Advertising Agency to handle its promotions and
advertising division. Today Mainline s profits are over 20 percent higher than
they were five years ago and 10 percent higher than they were three years ago.
Employee ownership and a good advertising agency have combined to make
Mainline more profitable.
Which of the following best describes the weak point in the argument above?
(A) It fails to establish a causal connection between the change in ownership at
Mainline Airways and the hiring of QualiCo, on the one hand, and the rise
in Mainline s profits, on the other.
(B) It presents no evidence showing that employee-owned airlines are any more
profitable than other airlines.
(C) It assumes that the profits of Mainline Airways will continue to rise.
(D) It gives no exact figures for the current profits of Mainline Airways.
(E) It fails to explain how the profits of Mainline Airways are calculated.
5. At many colleges today, regulations have been imposed that forbid the use in

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 18

speech or print of language that offends or insults the members of any group,
especially women and racial, ethnic, and religious minorities. Although these
regulations are defended in the name of democracy, they restrict freedom of
speech and the press in a way that opposes the true spirit of democracy.
The argument above attempts to prove its case primarily by
(A) impugning the credentials of an opponent
(B) providing examples that support a theoretical principle
(C) taking advantage of inconsistencies in the definition of democracy
(D) revealing a contradiction in an opposing point of view
(E) appealing to the patriotic feelings of its audience
6. In 1980, a Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747 was sold at auction for $8,000.
Eleanor Bixby owns another Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747. When she puts
it on the market next week, it will fetch a price over $18,000.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn
above?
(A) Since 1980, the average price for rare coins has increased by over 150
percent.
(B) There are only four coins like the one in question in the entire world.
(C) Since 1980, the consumer price index has risen by over 150 percent.
(D) In 1986, a previously unknown cache of one hundred coins just like the one
in question was found.
(E) Thirty prominent, wealthy coin collectors are expected to bid for Bixby s
coin.
7. Merco has been in business longer than Nolen. Inc, Olean Industries was founded
years before the Potter Company, and the Potter Company was started years after
the Quarles Corporation. Nolen, Inc., and the Quarles Corporation were founded
in the same year.
If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) Olean Industries has been in business for more years than Merco.
(B) Olean Industries has been in business for more years than the Quarles
Corporation.
(C) Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as Olean Industries.
(D) Merco has been in business for more years than the Potter Company.
(E) Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as the Potter
Company.
8. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
A primary factor in perpetuating the low salaries of women workers has been
their segregation in the so-called pink-collar occupations, such as nursing,
teaching, library science, and secretarial work. Partly because these jobs have

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 19

traditionally been held by women, their salary levels have been depressed, and,
despite increased attempts to unionize these workers in recent years, their pay
continues to lag. Moreover, although a large percentage of women than ever
before are now entering and remaining in the job market, most continue to
gravitate toward the pink-collar fields, despite the lower salaries. It seems clear,
therefore, that if the average salaries of women workers are to approach those of
men, ______
(A) labor unions must redouble their efforts to improve the lot of working
women
(B) society s perception of pink-collar jobs as less important and less demanding
than other jobs must be changed
(C) more men must be encouraged to enter fields traditionally occupied by
women
(D) the number of jobs in the pink-collar fields relative to the size of the work
force as a whole must be markedly increased
(E) more women must enter occupations other than those traditionally reserved
for them
9. Determining the authenticity of purported pre-Columbian artifacts is never easy.
Carbon-14 dating of these artifacts is often impossible due to contamination by
radioactive palladium (which occurs naturally in the soils of Central and South
America). However, historians and anthropologists have evolved two reliable
criteria, which, utilized in combination, have proven effective for dating these
artifacts. First, because authentic pre-Columbian artifacts characteristically occur
in a coarse, granular matrix that is shifted by major earthquakes, they often
exhibit the unique scratch patterns known as gridding. In addition, true pre-
Columbian artifacts show a darkening in surface color that is caused by centuries
of exposure to the minute amounts of magnesium in the soil of the Americas.
The criteria above would be LEAST useful in judging the authenticity of which
of the following?
(A) An ax head of black obsidian, unearthed from a kitchen midden
(B) A pottery bowl with a red ocher design, found in the ruins of a temple
(C) A set of gold ear weights, ornamented with jasper pendants
(D) A black feather cape from a king s burial vault
(E) A multicolored woven sash found near the gravesite of a slave
Questions 10-11 are based on the following.
From time to time, the press indulges in outbursts of indignation over the use of false
or misleading information by the U.S. government in support of its policies and
programs. No one endorses needless deception. But consider this historical analogy. It
is known that Christopher Columbus, on his first voyage to the New World,
deliberately falsified the log to show a shorter sailing distance for each day out than
the ships had actually traveled. In this way, Columbus was able to convince his

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 20

skeptical sailors that they had not sailed past the point at which they expected to find
the shores of India. Without this deception, Columbus s sailors might well have
mutinied, and the New World might never have been discovered.
10. The author of the passage above assumes each of the following EXCEPT:
(A) Government deception of the press is often motivated by worthy objectives.
(B) Without government deception, popular support for worthwhile government
policies and programs might well fade.
(C) Attacks on the government by the press are often politically motivated.
(D) Deception for deception s sake should not be condoned.
(E) A greater good may sometimes require acceptance of a lesser evil.
11. Which of the following is the main weakness of the historical analogy drawn in
the passage above?
(A) The sailors in Columbus s crew never knew that they had been deceived,
while government deception is generally uncovered by the press.
(B) A ship s log is a record intended mainly for use by the captain, while press
reports are generally disseminated for use by the public at large.
(C) The members of a ship s crew are selected by the captain of the ship, while
those who work in the press are self-selected.
(D) The crew of a ship is responsible for the success of a voyage, while the press
is not responsible for the use others make of the factual information it
publishes.
(E) In a democracy, the people are expected to participate in the nation s political
decision making, while the members of a ship s crew are expected simply to
obey the orders of the captain.
12. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
Monarch butterflies, whose average life span is nine months, migrate from the
midwestern United States to selected forests outside Mexico City. It takes at least
three generations of monarchs to make the journey, so the great-great-
grandchildren who finally arrive in the Mexican forests have never been there
before. Yet they return to the same trees their forebears left. Scientists theorize
that monarchs, like homing pigeons, map their routes according to the earth s
electromagnetic fields. As a first step in testing this theory, lepidopterists plan to
install a low-voltage transmitter inside one grove of butterfly trees in the
Mexican forests. If the butterflies are either especially attracted to the grove with
the transmitter or especially repelled by it, lepidopterists will have evidence
that______
(A) monarch butterflies have brains, however minuscule
(B) monarch butterflies are sensitive to electricity
(C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely
(D) monarchs map their routes according to the earth s electromagnetic fields

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(E) monarchs communicate in intergenerationally via electromagnetic fields

13. In general, a professional athlete is offered a million-dollar contract only if he or
she has just completed an unusually successful season. However, a study shows
that an athlete signing such a contract usually suffers a decline in performance the
following season. This study supports the theory that a million-dollar contract
tends to weaken an athlete s desire to excel by diminishing his or her economic
incentive.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn
above?
(A) On the average, athletes whose contracts call for relatively small salaries
with possible bonuses for outstanding achievement perform better than
other athletes.
(B) Athletes are generally offered million-dollar contracts mainly because of the
increased ticket sales and other revenues they generate.
(C) Many professional athletes have careers marked by year-to-year fluctuations
in their overall levels of performance.
(D) On the average, higher-salaried athletes tend to have longer and more
successful professional careers than do lower-salaried athletes.
(E) Six of the ten leading batters in the National League this season signed
million-dollar contracts during the off-season.
14. Dr. A: The new influenza vaccine is useless at best and possibly dangerous. I
would never use it on a patient.
Dr. B: But three studies published in the Journal of Medical Associates have
rated that vaccine as unusually effective.
Dr. A: The studies must have been faulty because the vaccine is worthless.
In which of the following is the reasoning most similar to that of Dr. A?
(A) Three of my patients have been harmed by that vaccine during the past three
weeks, so the vaccine is unsafe.
(B) Jerrold Jersey recommends this milk, and I don t trust Jerrold Jersey, so I
won t buy this milk.
(C) Wingzz tennis balls perform best because they are far more effective than
any other tennis balls.
(D) I m buying Vim Vitamins. Doctors recommend them more often than they
recommend any other vitamins, so Vim Vitamins must be good.
(E) Since University of Muldoon graduates score about 20 percent higher than
average on the GMAT, Sheila Lee, a University of Muldoon graduate, will
score about 20 percent higher than average when she takes the GMAT.
15. Bill: Smoke-detecting fire alarms can save lives. I believe that every apartment in
this city should be required by law to be equipped with a smoke detector.
Joe: I disagree with your proposal. Smoke detectors are just as important for

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 22

safety in private houses as they are in apartment.

From this exchange, it can be inferred that Joe has interpreted Bill s statement to
mean that
(A) the city should be responsible for providing smoke detectors for apartments
(B) residences outside the city should not be equipped with smoke detectors
(C) only apartments should be equipped with smoke detectors
(D) the risk of fire is not as great in private houses as it is in apartments
(E) the rate of death by fire is unusually high in the city in question
16. In 1986, the city of Los Diablos had 20 days on which air pollution reached
unhealthful amounts and a smog alert was put into effect. In early 1987, new air
pollution control measures were enacted, but the city had smog alerts on 31 days
that year and on 39 days the following year. In 1989, however, the number of
smog alerts in Los Diablos dropped to sixteen. The main air pollutants in Los
Diablos are ozone and carbon monoxide, and since 1986 the levels of both have
been monitored by gas spectrography.
Which of the following statements, assuming that each is true, would be LEAST
helpful in explaining the air pollution levels in Los Diablos between 1986 and
1989?
(A) The 1987 air pollution control measures enacted in Los Diablos were put into
effect in November of 1988.
(B) In December of 1988 a new and far more accurate gas spectrometer was
invented.
(C) In February of 1989, the Pollution Control Board of Los Diablos revised the
scale used to determine the amount of air pollution considered unhealthful.
(D) In 1988 the mayor of Los Diablos was found to have accepted large
campaign donations from local industries and to have exempted those same
industries from air pollution control measures.
(E) Excess ozone and carbon monoxide require a minimum of two years to break
down naturally in the atmosphere above a given area.
17. In a marketing study, consumers were given two unlabeled cartons of laundry
detergent. One carton was bright green and yellow; the other was drab brown and
gray. After using the detergent in the two cartons for one month, 83 percent of the
consumers in the study reported that the detergent in the bright green and yellow
carton cleaned better. This study shows that packaging has a significant impact on
consumers judgment of the effectiveness of a laundry detergent.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in
the marketing study?
(A) The detergent in the bright carton contained bleach crystals; the detergent in
the drab carton did not.
(B) The detergents in the two cartons were the same.

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(C) The detergents in the two cartons were different, but they had both been
laboratory tested.
(D) The detergent in the drab carton was a popular name brand; the detergent in
the bright carton was generic.
(E) The detergent in the drab carton was generic; the detergent in the bright
carton was a popular name brand.
18. Don s, a chain of supermarkets, has entered into an agreement in which Rose
Computers will sell Don s an unlimited number of its least expensive PC s at one-
fourth the regular wholesale price. In return, Don s has agreed to purchase all of
its scanners and other electronic information-processing equipment from Rose or
from Omicron, Rose Computers parent company, for the next ten years. Don s
will offer a Rose PC free to any school that turns in Don s register receipts
totaling $100,000 within the next six months. The vice-president in charge of
advertising for Don s expects that the computer giveaway will obviate the need
for a massive new advertising campaign for the next six months and that Don s
can make up the expenditures for the PC s by writing them off its income taxes as
charitable donations.
The plans formulated by Don s assume each of the following EXCEPT:
(A) The prices that Rose or Omicron charges Don s for information-processing
equipment over the next ten years will be lower than those charged by other
companies.
(B) The tax laws will not be changed to exclude or lessen the value of charitable
donations as tax write-offs.
(C) Schools will be sufficiently attracted by Don s computer giveaway offer that
teachers will urge students to shop at Don s.
(D) Rose will be able to supply Don s with a sufficient number of PC s to meet
the demand generated by schools that collect Don s receipts totaling
$100,000.
(E) The effect of the computer giveaway offer on Don s business will be
comparable to that of a major advertising campaign.
19. Manufacturers of household appliances are still urging the public to purchase
food processors. The various manufacturers advertisements all point out that the
prices of these appliances are now lower than ever and that each food processor
comes with a lifetime service warranty. In addition, many manufacturers offer
sizable rebates to customers who purchase food processors within a given time
period. With these incentives, the advertisements contend, people can hardly
afford not to purchase food processors.
Which answer choice is a logically prior issue that the manufacturers
advertisements fail to address?
(A) Whether the cost of repairs to the food processors over the years will cancel
out the savings currently being offered

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(B) Whether potential customers have enough uses for food processors to justify
purchasing them
(C) Whether the heads of the companies manufacturing food processors own
food processors themselves
(D) Whether the food processors currently being advertised will be outdated
within the next five years
(E) Whether accessories and replacement parts will be readily available at retail
outlets
20. Since the invention of digital readout, machine designers have rushed to replace
conventional dials and gauges with digital units. Yet the digital gauge has
drawbacks in some situations. Since it presents an exact numeric value, it must be
decoded and analyzed by a human operator; its meaning cannot be read in an
instantaneous scanning. An analog dial or gauge can be marked with red to alert
the operator when a value is entering a danger zone; a digital gauge cannot. And it
is difficult to tell whether a digital readout is increasing or decreasing over time,
while the up or down movement of a pointer on an analog gauge can be quickly
and easily observed.
The author of the passage above would probably recommend the use of digital
gauge in cases when
I. warning of a sudden rise or fall in value is needed
II. an operator must read and interpret several gauges within a few seconds
III. a precise numeric value is essential
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
TEST D
Time 30 minutes 20 Questions
1. Contrary to the statements of labor leaders, the central economic problem facing
America today is not the distribution of wealth. It is productivity. With the
productivity of U.S. industry stagnant, or even declining slightly, the economic
pie is no longer growing. Labor leaders, of course, point to what they consider an
unfair distribution of the slices of pie to justify their demands for further increases
in wages and benefits. And in the past, when the pie was still growing,
management could afford to acquiesce. No longer. Until productivity resumes its
growth, there can be no justification for further increases in the compensation of
workers.
Which of the following statements by a labor leader focuses on the logical
weakness in the argument above?

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(A) Although the economic pie is no longer growing, the portion of the pie
allocated to American workers remains unjustly small.
(B) If management fails to accommodate the demands of workers, labor leaders
will be forced to call strikes that will cripple the operation of industry.
(C) Although productivity is stagnant, the U.S. population is growing, so that the
absolute size of the economic pie continues to grow as well.
(D) As a labor leader, I can be concerned only with the needs of working people,
not with the problems faced by management.
(E) The stagnation of U.S. industry has been caused largely by factors such as
foreign competition beyond the control of American workers.
2. Freud s theories of the workings of the mind, while brilliant for their day, were
formulated before most of this century s great advances in neurophysiology and
biochemistry. Today, we have a far deeper understanding of the biological
components of thought, emotion, and behavior than was dreamed of eighty years
ago. It would be foolish to continue parroting Freud s psychological theories as if
these advances had never occurred.
It can be inferred from the passage above that the author would be most likely to
favor
(A) the abandonment of most of Freud s theories
(B) a greater reliance on biological rather than psychological explanations of
behavior
(C) a critical reexamination of Freud s place in the history of psychology
(D) a reexamination of Freud s theories in the light of contemporary biology
(E) increased financial support for studies in neurophysiology and biochemistry
3. To avoid a hostile takeover attempt, the board of directors of Wellco, Inc., a
provider of life and health insurance, planned to take out large loans and use them
to purchase a publishing company, a chocolate factory, and a nationwide chain of
movie theaters. The directors anticipated that these purchase initially would
plunge the corporation deep into debt, rendering it unattractive to those who
wanted to take it over, but that steadily rising insurance rates would allow the
company to pay off the debt within five years. Meanwhile, revenues from the
three new businesses would enable the corporation as a whole to continue to meet
its increased operating expenses. Ultimately, according o the directors plan, the
diversification would strengthen the corporation by varying the sources and
schedules of its annual revenues.
Which of the following, assuming that all are equally possible, would most
enhance the chances of the plan s success?
(A) A widespread drought decreases the availability of cacao beans, from which
chocolate is manufacture, diving up chocolate prices worldwide.
(B) New government regulations require a 30 percent across-the-board rate
rollback of all insurance companies, to begin immediately and to be

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 26

completed within a five-year period.

(C) Congress enacts a statute, effective after six months, making it illegal for any
parent not to carry health insurance coverage for his or her child.
(D) Large-screen televisions drop dramatically in price due to surprise alterations
in trade barriers with Japan; movie theater attendance dwindles as a
consequence.
(E) A new, inexpensive process is discovered for making paper pulp, and paper
prices fall to 60 percent of their former level.
4. In 1981, for the first time in over two decades, the average scores of high school
students on standardized math and English tests did not decline. During the same
year, millions of American students enjoyed their first exposure to the new world
of the microcomputer, whether in schools, video arcades, or other settings. The
conclusion is clear: far from stultifying the intellectual capacities of students,
exposure to computers can actually enhance them.
The most serious weakness of the argument above is its failure to
(A) discuss the underlying causes of the twenty-year decline in students test
scores
(B) cite specific figures documenting the increases in test scores
(C) distinguish among the various types of computer being used by high school
students
(D) define the intellectual capacities tested by the standardized math and English
tests referred to
(E) explain exactly how high school students abilities on math and English tests
could have been enhanced by exposure to computers
Questions 5-6 are based on the following.
Although its purpose is laudable, the exclusionary rule, which forbids a court to
consider evidence seized in violation of the defendant s constitutional rights, has
unduly hampered law-enforcement efforts. Even when the rights violation was a
minor or purely technical one, turning on a detail of procedure rather than on the
abrogation of some fundamental liberty, and even when it has been clear that the
police officers were acting in good faith, the evidence obtained has been considered
tainted under this rule and may not even by introduced. In consequence, defendants
who were undoubtedly guilty have been set free, perhaps to steal, rape, or murder
again.
5. The author of the passage above assumes all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) The constitutional rights of criminal defendants should be protected.
(B) Most cases in which the exclusionary rule has been invoked have involved
purely technical violations of constitutional principles.
(C) The number of cases whose outcome has been affected by the exclusionary
rule is significant.

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 27

(D) Some of the defendants set free under the exclusionary rule have been guilty
of serious criminal offenses.
(E) Merely technical violations of the rules concerning evidence should be
treated differently from deliberate assaults upon human rights.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely endorse
which of the following proposals?
(A) Change of the exclusionary rule to admit evidence obtained by police
officers acting in good faith
(B) A constitutional amendment curtailing some of the protections traditionally
afforded those accused of a crime
(C) A statute limiting the application of the exclusionary rule to cases involving
minor criminal offenses
(D) Change of the exclusionary rule to allow any evidence, no matter how
obtained, to be introduced in court
(E) A constitutional amendment allowing police officers to obtain vital evidence
by any means necessary when in pursuit of a known criminal
7. The postal service is badly mismanaged. Forty years ago, first-class letter
delivery cost only three cents. Since then, the price has increased nearly tenfold,
with an actual decrease in the speed and reliability of service.
Each of the following statements, if true, would tend to weaken the argument
above EXCEPT:
(A) The volume of mail handled by the postal service has increased dramatically
over the last forty years.
(B) Unprecedented increases in the cost of fuel for trucks and planes have put
severe upward pressures on postal delivery costs.
(C) Private delivery services usually charge more than does the postal service for
comparable delivery charges.
(D) The average delivery time for a first-class letter four decades ago was
actually slightly longer than it is today.
(E) The average level of consumer prices overall has increased more than 300
percent over the last forty years.
8. When the government of a nation announced recently that a leader of the nation s
political opposition had died of a mysterious illness in prison, few seasoned
observers of the regime were surprised. As the police captain in an old movie
remarked when asked about the condition of a prisoner, We re trying to decide
whether he committed suicide or died trying to escape.
The statements above invite which of the following conclusions?
(A) The opposition leader was probably killed trying to escape from prison.
(B) The opposition leader may not be dead at all.
(C) It is unlikely that the head of the regime knows the true cause of the

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 28

opposition leader s death.

(D) The opposition leader probably killed himself.
(E) The regime very likely was responsible for the death of the opposition leader.
Questions 9-10 are based on the following.
In the industrialized nations, the last century has witnessed a shortening of the average
workday from twelve hours or longer to less than eight hours. Mindful of this
enormous increase in leisure time over the past century, many people assume that the
same trend has obtained throughout history, and that, therefore, prehistoric humans
must have labored incessantly for their very survival.
We cannot, of course, directly test this assumption. However, a study of primitive
peoples of today suggests a different conclusion. The Mbuti of central Africa, for
instance, spend only a few hours each day in hunting, gathering, and tending to other
economic necessities. The rest of their time is spent as they choose. The implication is
that the short workday is not peculiar to industrialized societies. Rather, both the
extended workday of 1880 and the shorter workday of today are products of different
stages of the continuing process of industrialization.
9. Which of the following inferences about industrialization is best supported by the
passage above?
(A) People in advanced industrialized societies have more leisure time than those
in nonindustrialized societies.
(B) An average workday of twelve hours or more is peculiar to economies in the
early stages of industrialization.
(C) Industrialization involves a trade-off between tedious, monotonous jobs and
the benefits of increased leisure.
(D) It is likely that the extended workday of an industrializing country will
eventually be shortened.
(E) As industrialization progresses, people tend to look for self-fulfillment in
leisure rather than work.
10. Which of the following, if true, would most greatly strengthen the argument made
in the passage above?
(A) In recent decades, the economy of the Mbuti has been markedly affected by
the encroachment of modern civilization.
(B) The life-style of the Mbuti is similar to that of prehistoric humans.
(C) The Mbuti have no words in their language to express the distinction
between work activities and leisure activities.
(D) The workday of a European peasant in medieval times averaged between
eleven and fifteen hours.
(E) The members of the Shaklik tribe in central Asia have an average workday of
ten to twelve hours.

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 29

11. Gloria: Those who advocate tuition tax credits for parents whose children attend
private schools maintain that people making no use of a government service
should not be forced to pay for it. Yet those who choose to buy bottled water
rather than drink water from the local supply are not therefore exempt from
paying taxes to maintain the local water supply.
Roger: Your argument is illogical. Children are required by law to attend school.
Since school attendance is a matter not of choice, but of legal requirement, it is
unfair for the government to force some parents to pay for it twice.
Which of the following responses by Gloria would best refute Roger s charge
that her argument is illogical?
(A) Although drinking water is not required by law, it is necessary for all people,
and therefore my analogy is appropriate.
(B) Those who can afford the tuition at a high-priced private school can well bear
the same tax burden as those whose children attend public schools.
(C) If tuition tax credits are granted, the tax burden on parents who choose public
schools will rise to an intolerable level.
(D) The law does not say that parents must send their children to private schools,
only that the children must attend some kind of school, whether public or
private.
(E) Both bottled water and private schools are luxury items, and it is unfair that
some citizens should be able to afford them while others cannot.
Questions 12-13 are based on the following.
Since the passage of the state s Clean Air Act ten years ago, the level of industrial
pollutants in the air has fallen by an average of 18 percent. This suggests that the
restrictions on industry embodied in the act have worked effectively. However, during
the same period the state has also suffered through a period of economic decline. The
number of businesses in the state has fallen by 10 percent, and the number of workers
employed has fallen by 12 percent. It is probable that the business decline, rather than
the regulations in the act, is responsible for at least half of the decline in the pollution.
12. Which of following is an assumption made in the passage above?
(A) Most businesses in the state have obeyed the regulations embodied in the
Clean Air Act.
(B) The economic decline of the state can be attributed, in part, to the effects of
the Clean Air Act.
(C) The amount of air pollution in a given area is likely to be proportional to the
number of businesses and workers active in that area.
(D) The restrictions on business activity in other states are less stringent than are
those embodied in the Clean Air Act.
(E) The Clean Air Act has been only very slightly successful in achieving the
goal of reduced air pollution.

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 30

13. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion
drawn in the passage above?
(A) During the last ten years, economic conditions in the nation as a whole have
been worse than those within the state.
(B) Amendments to the Clean Air Act that were enacted six years ago have
substantially strengthened its restrictions on industrial air pollution.
(C) Of the businesses that ceased operating in the state during the last ten years,
only 5 percent were engaged in air-polluting industries.
(D) Several large corporations left the state during the last ten years partly in
order to avoid compliance with the Clean Air Act.
(E) Due to its small budget, the state office charged with enforcement of the
Clean Air Act has prosecuted only two violators of the law since its passage.
14. A nutritionist studying the effects of massive doses of vitamin C found that of a
group of 600 people who regularly took 1,500 mg of vitamin C daily for a year,
fewer than 9 percent suffered serious cases of flu; of a group of 600 people who
took 250 mg of vitamin C (the standard recommended daily allowance) daily for
a year, 34 percent suffered at least one serious case of flu; and of a group of 600
people who took no vitamin C for a year (other than that found in the foods in a
balanced diet), 32 percent suffered at least one serious case of flu.
Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the evidence above?
(A) The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing serious cases of flu increases in
direct proportion to the amount of vitamin C taken.
(B) Vitamin C is helpful in preventing disease.
(C) Doses of vitamin C that exceed the standard recommended daily allowance
by 500 percent will reduce the incidence of serious cases of flu by 25
percent.
(D) Massive doses of vitamin C can help to prevent serious case of flu.
(E) A balanced diet contains less than 250 mg of vitamin C.
15. Susan: Those who oppose experimentation on animals do not properly value the
preservation of human life. Although animal suffering is unfortunate, it is
justifiable if it can lead to cures for human ailments.
Melvin: But much animal experimentation involves testing of ordinary consumer
products such as soaps, dyes, and cosmetics.
Susan: These experiments are justifiable on the same grounds, since cleanliness,
convenience, and beauty are worthwhile human values deserving of support.
Which of the following is the best statement of the logical flaw in Susan s
argument?
(A) Her claim that animal experimentation is justifiable if it supports human
values contradicts her claim that such experimentation is justifiable only if it
leads to cures for human ailments.

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 31

(B) She places a higher value on human cleanliness, convenience, and beauty
than she does on the preservation of animal life.
(C) She uses the word value in two different senses.
(D) She assumes that all ordinary consumer products aid in the preservation of
human life.
(E) She fails to show how mere support for human values actually preserves
human lives.
16. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
As long as savings deposits are insured by the government, depositors will have
no incentive to evaluate the financial strength of a savings bank. Yield alone will
influence their choice of bank. To attract deposits, banks will be forced to offer
the highest possible interest rates. And since paying higher rates inevitably
strains the financial strength of a bank, ______
(A) the government will be forced o impose limitations on interest rates
(B) deposit insurance will ultimately lead to the financial weakening of many
banks
(C) savers will be forced to choose between deposit insurance and higher interest
rates
(D) deposits will tend to go to the banks with the greatest financial strength
(E) bank profits will tend to rise to ever-higher levels
17. Every painting hanging in the Hoular Gallery is by a French painter. No painting
in the Hoular Gallery is by a Vorticist. Only Vorticists use acrylic monochromes
in their works.
If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) No French painters are Vorticists.
(B) All Vorticists use acrylic monochromes in their works.
(C) Some French painters do not use acrylic monochromes in their works.
(D) No French painters use acrylic monochromes in their works.
(E) All French painters who use acrylics use acrylic monochromes in their works.
18. We commonly speak of aesthetic judgments as subjective, and in the short term
they are, since critics often disagree about the value of a particular contemporary
work of art. But over time, the subjective element disappears. When works of art
have continued to delight audiences for centuries, as have the paintings of
Michelangelo, the music of Bach, and the plays of Shakespeare, we can
objectively call them great.
The statements above best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) When Michelangelo, Bach, and Shakespeare were alive, critics disagreed
about the value of their work.
(B) The value of a contemporary work of art cannot be objectively measured.

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 GMAT & LSAT CR 32

(C) The reputation of a work of art often fluctuates greatly from one generation
to the next.
(D) The mere fact that a work of art has endured for centuries does not establish
its greatness.
(E) If critics agree about the value of a particular cotemporary work of art, then
the work can objectively be called great.
19. Since the 55-mile-per-hour speed limit was mandated on our highways, both
money and human lives have been saved.
All of the following, if true, would strengthen the claim above EXCEPT:
(A) Most highway users find that travel times are not appreciably lengthened by
the 55-mile-per-hour speed limit.
(B) Highway driving at 55 miles per hour or less is more fuel-efficient than high-
speed driving.
(C) Nearly all highway safety experts agree that more accidents occur at speeds
over 55 miles per hour than at lower speeds.
(D) The percentage of fatalities occurring in highway accidents at speeds greater
than 55 miles per hour is higher than that for low-speed accidents.
(E) Automobiles last longer and require fewer repairs when driven at consistently
lower speeds.
20. The city council will certainly vote to approve the new downtown redevelopment
plan, despite the objections of environmentalists. After all, most of the campaign
contributions received by members of the city council come from real estate
development firms, which stand to benefit from the plan.
Which of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the argument
above?
(A) Several members of the city council receive sizable campaign contributions
from environmental lobbying groups.
(B) Members of the city council are required to report the size and source of each
campaign contribution they receive.
(C) Not every real estate development firm in the city will be able to participate
in, and profit from, the new downtown redevelopment plan.
(D) The members of the city council have often voted in ways that are opposed
to the interests of their campaign contributors.
(E) Some environmentalists have stated that the new downtown redevelopment
plan might be environmentally sound if certain minor modifications are
made.
TEST I
30 Minutes 20 Questions
1. A mail order company recently had a big jump in clothing sales after hiring a
copywriter and a graphic artist to give its clothing catalog a magazinelike format
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 GMAT & LSAT CR 873

ANSWERS
GMAT
TEST A
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. E 5. B
6. C 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. C
11. E 12. D 13. E 14. B 15. C
16. C 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. D
TEST B
1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. C
6. B 7. D 8. D 9. E 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. E 14. E 15. A
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. B
TEST C
1. A 2. C 3. E 4. A 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. E 9. D 10. C
11. E 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. C
16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. B
TEST D
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. E 5. B
6. A 7. E 8. E 9. D 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. E
16. B 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. D
TEST I
1. B 2. C 3. E 4. E 5. D
6. C 7. B 8. D 9. E 10. A
11. D 12. C 13. E 14. B 15. A
16. C 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. E
TEST II
1. B 2. C 3. E 4. E 5. C
6. A 7. D 8. D 9. E 10. D
11. B 12. B 13. B 14. E 15. A
16. D 17. C 18. D 19. E 20. E
TEST III
1. A 2. B 3. E 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. E 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. E 15. D
16. D 17. E 18. C 19. C 20. D
TEST 1
1. D 2. B 3. E 4. D 5. A
6. C 7. E 8. E 9. D 10. D
11. C 12. E 13. A 14. C 15. A
16. B 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. A

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