Study Material

<Program Code: CO/CM/CW/DE/EJ/ET/EN/EX/EQ/IE/IS/IC/MU> :<Course

: Code: 22320><Course
><Course Name: Digital Techniques>
<Topic Name: Combinational Logic Circuits>
<UO3f><Study Material>

Key words Learning Objective:

Objective
LT,RBI,RBO,BI, To develop the specified type of code converter

Key Questions Concept Map

 Define Encoder; write the
IC number of IC used as
decimal to BCD encoder.
 Design BCD to seven
segment decoder using IC
7447 with its truth table.
 Give the function
ofthefollowing terminals
of IC 7447.
i) LT ii) RBI iii) BI iv) RBO

UO3f Notes Key Definitions

Definitions:
A code converter is a logic circuit that changes data LT (Lamp Test)
Test)-
presented in one type of code to another type of code. LT is a LAMP TEST input. It's active low so when
Definition of Decoder at logic level 1, it has no effect; when at logic
 The decoder as its name level 0, every output is active so you can check if
suggests
uggests “DE” and “CODER” a segment or an output is broken.
 A decoder is also a combinational circuit as encoder RBI (ripple Blanking Input
Input) –
but its operation is exactly reverse as that of the RBI is RIPPLE BLANKING INPUT is used in multi-
encoder. digit display and should be connected to the RBO
 A decoder is a device that generates the original of the previous dig
digit (the digit to the left).
signal as output from the coded input signal.
sig BI(Blanking Input)
Input)-

 It basically decodes the coded bits into another Blanking input (BI) which can be used to control

format. the lamp intensity (by pulsing) or to inhibit the

 A decoder converts n bit coded data inputs into outputs.

2n output lines. RBO(ripple Blanking Output)

Output)- Ripple blanking

 The particular coded data is converted into original output; Used for cascading multiple LED’s

information signal with the help of internal logic

circuitry involved with
within the decoder.
Definition of Encoder
 Encoder is a combinational circuit whose function is
the reverse of decoder. An encoder may generally
have “n”
n” inputs and “m” outputs where 2m ≥ n.
 For a normal encoder, out of “n”inputs only one
input can be activated at any instant of time
corresponding to each activated input, we get a
specified “m”bit code at its output.
Key Differences Demultiplexer and Decoder
1. The demultiplexer is basically a switching element which switched the input signal from one output path to other. The decoder is the
circuit which decodes the signal from one particular format to another desired format.
2. The demultiplexer and decoder may resemble each other, but if you observe carefully, you can understand the difference very clearly.
In demultiplexer, the combination of the selections lines decides the output terminal to be selected, in decoder the combination of the
data input lines decides the output terminal to be selected.
3. Another key difference between demultiplexer and decoder is that a demultiplexer accepts only single input while a decoder can accept
several inputs.
4. The demultiplexer and decoder are different in functioning; the former acts switch while the latter performs the complete different
action of decoding.
Key Differences between Encoder and Decoder

1. The encoder circuit basically converts the applied information signal into a coded digital bit stream. While a decoder performs reverse
operation and recovers the original information signal from the coded bits.
2. The applied input in case of an encoder is an active input signal. As against decoder accepts coded binary data as its input.
3. The encoder generates coded data bits as its output that is fed to the decoder. On the contrary, a decoder provides an active output
signal (original message signal) in response to the coded data bits.
4. The number of inputs accepted by an encoder is 2n but decoder accepts only n inputs.
n
5. The output lines for an encoder are n while for the decoder it is 2 .
6. The operation of an encoder is quite simple but the operation of the decoder is complex as it needs to understand the coding format of
the encoder.
7. In a communication system, the encoder is installed at the transmitting end whereas decoder circuit is installed at the receiving side.
Comparison between ENCODER and DECODER:-

PARAMETER ENCODER DECODER

Input applied Active input signal (original message signal Coded binary input

Output generated Coded binary output Active output signal (original message)

n
Input lines 2 N

n
Output lines n 2

Operation Simple Complex

Basic logic element OR gate AND gate along with NOT gate

Applications E-mail , video encoders etc. Microprocessors, memory chips etc.

Types of ENCODERS:-

 Decimal- to- BCD Priority Encoder

This type of encoder performs the same operation as that of a normal decimal to BCD encoder as encoding the decimal digits into 4-bit BCD
outputs. However, it consists of an additional functionality of providing priority. That means the BCD output is produced corresponding to the
highest priority of a decimal digit appearing on the inputs irrespective of all other inputs.
The figure below shows the truth table of a decimal to BCD encoder. This encoder has nine active low inputs representing the decimal digits
from 1 to 9. According to the highest order activated input, it produces the inverted BCD code.

Figure: Decimal to BCD Priority encoder

Above figure shows the logic symbol and truth table of a 10-line decimal to four-line BCD encoder providing priority encoding for higher-order
Digits, with digit 9 having the highest priority. In the functional table shown, the input line with highest priority having a LOW on it is encoded
irrespective of the logic status of the other input lines.
 Octal to binary Priority encoder
Let us take the case of an octal-to-binary encoder. Such an encoder would have eight input lines, each representing an octal digit, and three
output lines representing the three-bit binary equivalent.
The truth table of such an encoder is given in that D0 to D7 represent octal digits 0 to 7. A, B and C represent the binary digits.
The eight input lines would have 28= 256 possible combinations.
However, in the case of an octal-to-binary encoder, only eight of these 256 combinations would have any meaning. The remaining combinations
of input variables are ‘don’t care’ input combinations. Also, only one of the input lines at a time is in logic ‘1’ state.
Figure shows the hardware implementation of the octal-to-binary encoder described by the truth table. This circuit has the shortcoming that it
produces an all 0s output sequence when all input lines are in logic ‘0’ state. This can be overcome by having an additional line to indicate an all
0s input sequence.
Let us also assume that input lines D2, D4 and D7 are all simultaneously in logic ‘1’ state. Inthat case, only D7 will be encoded andthe output will
be 111. The truth table of such a priority encoder will then be modified it implies that, if D7 = 1, then, irrespective of the logic status of other
inputs, the output is 111 as D7 will only be encoded.

Figure: logic gate diagram of octal to binary priority encoder

BCD to 7-segment Decoder:-
Seven segment displays is the most popular display device used in digital system. For displaying data using this device the data have to be
converted from BCD to 7-segment code. The decoder / driver circuit has 4 input line for BCD data and 7 output lines to drive a 7-segment
display. Output terminals at “ato g” of decoder are to be connected to “a to g” of the display respectively. If the outputs are active low then 7-
segment LED must be of the common anode type, whereas if the outputs are active high then 7-segment LED must be of the common cathode
type.
Applications:-
Usedin computers, digital electronics, and microprocessors, etc.

Key Take away

Definition of encoder and decoder, difference between encoder and decoder, block diagram and truth table of Decimal to BCD encoder. Octal
to binary encoder and BCD to 7-segment decoder.