Different systems of IC engine

1. Fuel supply system

2. Governor
3. lubrication system
4. cooling system
5. Ignition system
6. Transmission System
Fuel supply system
Fuel used in IC engines & their heat value
The heat liberated by combustion of a fuel is
known as calorific value or heat value of the
fuel. It is expressed in kcal/kg of the fuel.
Calorific values (kcal/kg) of different fuels are as
follows:
1) Petrol – 11,100 (highest)
2) Power kerosene – 10,850
3) High speed diesel oil (HSD oil)- 10,550
4) Light diesel oil (LDO oil) – 10,300
FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

The fuel supply system of spark ignition engine

consists of
1. Fuel tank
2. Sediment bowl
3. Fuel lift pump
4. Carburetor
5. Fuel pipes
 Carburetor

• The process of preparing air-fuel mixture away from

the engine cylinder is called carburetion. and the
device in which this process takes is called carburetor.
Functions of carburetor
1. To mix the air and fuel thoroughly
2. To atomize the fuel
3. To regulate the air- fuel ratio at different speeds and
loads on the engine.
4. to supply correct amount of mixture at different speeds
and loads
 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM IN DIESEL
ENGINE
1. Fuel tank
2. Fuel lift pump or fuel feed pump -1.5 to 2.5 Kg/cm2
3. Fuel filter
4. Fuel injection pump - 120 to 175 kg/cm2
5. High pressure pipe
6. Over flow valve
7. Fuel injector
Fuel filter
Multi element fuel injection pump
 Governor
• Governor is a mechanical device designed to
control the speed of an engine within
specified limit used on tractor or stationary
engine for:
• (i) maintaining a nearly constant speed of
engine under different load conditions
• (ii) protecting the engine and the attached
equipments against high speeds, when the
load is reduced or removed.
• Engine Governor is used for automatically
controlling the speed of an engine regulating
the intake of fuel or injection fuel, so that
engine speed is maintained at the desired
level under all conditions of loading.
• Governor used on tractor engine is called
variable speed governor
• one used on stationary engine is called
constant speed governor.
Lubrication system
Importance:
Internal combustion engines are made up of
many moving parts.
Due to continuous movement of two metallic
surfaces over each other, there is continuous
wearing of moving parts, generation of heat
and loss of power in the engine.
To prevent all these harmful effects the
lubrication system is essential.
 Purpose of lubrication system

• Reducing the friction

• Cooling effect
• Sealing effect
• Cleaning effect
The engine parts which are to be lubricated
• internal surfaces of cylinder walls,
• piston pin,
• piston rings,
• crankshaft,
• big and small end of the connecting rod,
• crankpin,
• valve operating mechanism,
• camshaft bearings,
• cooling fan,
• water pump
• ignition mechanism.
 Types of Lubricants
 The lubricants are the different types of oils used for
lubrication.

 Lubricants are obtained from animal fat, vegetables and

minerals.

 The lubricants made of animal fat does not withstand much

heat, it becomes gummy and waxy and hence not suitable for
machines.

 Vegetable lubricants are obtained from seeds and plants such

as cotton seed, olive oil, linseed oil and castor oil are used as
lubricant in small machines.
 Properties of lubricating oil

Viscosity
Flash point and Fire point
Cloud point and Pour point
Oiliness and Wettability
Volatility
Carbon residue
Methods of Lubrication systems
– Petro-oil lubrication system.
– Splash lubrication system
– Forced feed or pressure lubrication system
- Combination Of splash and forced feed
system
Splash lubrication system
 Forced feed or pressure
lubrication system
In this system, the oil is pumped directly to the
crankshaft, connecting rod, piston pin, timing gears
and camshaft of the engine through suitable paths of
oil
Usually the oil first enters the main gallery, which
may be a pipe or a channel in the crankcase casting.
From this pipe, it goes to each of the main bearings
through holes. From main bearings, it goes to big end
bearings of connecting rod through drilled holes in
the crankshaft.
Forced feed or pressure lubrication system
Combination of splash and forced feed system
In this system, the engine component, which
are subjected to very heavy load are
lubricated under forced pressure, such as
main bearing, connecting rod bearing and
camshaft bearing.
The rest of the parts like cylinder liners, cams,
tappets etc. are lubricated by splashed oil.
Cooling System
• Fuel is burnt inside the cylinder of an internal combustion
engine to produce power and hence large amount of heat is
produced inside the engine cylinder.
• This raises the temperature of the cylinder, piston and valves.
• The temperature may reach 1600 oC, which is above the
melting point of the engine parts in contact.
• The material strength is reduced even at 150 oC. Because of
heat the lubricating oil is also gets oxidized.
• So the cooling system is necessary for the engine to remove
the excess heat from the engine block and to maintain the
temperature of the components within the limit.
• The cooling system keeps the engine running efficiently.
• It is estimated that about 40% of the total heat produced in the
engine cylinder is passed to the atmosphere by the exhaust
gases, 30% is removed by cooling system and only about 30%
is used to produce useful power
Effect of high temperature in the engine
 Cylinder and piston may expand to such an extent that the
piston would seize in the cylinder and stop the engine.
 Lubricating quality of the oil inside the cylinder would be
reduced due to high temperature and resulting poor
sucking of air in the cylinder
 Preignition of fuel mixture would take place and cause
engine knocking as well as loss of power.
 For satisfactory performance of the engine, neither
overheating nor over-cooling is desirable. Experiments
have shown that best operating temperature of Internal
combustion engine lies between 60°C to 93°C, depending
upon types of engines and load conditions.
Purpose of cooling
 The main purpose of cooling are :
 To maintain optimum temperature of engine for efficient
operation under all conditions.
 To dissipate surplus heat for protection of engine
components like cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston
rings and valves.
 To maintain the lubricating property of the oil inside the
engine cylinder for normal functioning of the engine.
Methods of cooling the engine
 Air cooling system
 Water cooling system.
Air cooling system
 In this type of cooling system, air is used as a medium for removing
heat from engine to atmosphere.
 Air cooled engines are those engines, in which heat is conducted from
the working components of the engine to the atmosphere directly.
 In such engines, cylinders are generally not grouped in a block.
 Air cooling is usually employed for light vehicles.
 Radial ribs or fins are used to increase the external surface area of the
cylinder.
 The length of these fins will be the greatest where the cylinder is the
hottest, particularly near the cylinder head and will progressively
reduce towards the crank case.
• In some engines, the cylinder of an air cooled engine has fins to
increase the area of contact with air for speedy cooling.
• The cylinder is normally enclosed in a sheet metal casing called
Cowling
Advantages of air cooled engine
• It is simpler in design and construction.
• Water jackets, radiators, water pump, thermostat, pipes, hoses etc.
are eliminated.
• It is more compact.
• Air-cooled engines operate well in both hot and cold climates.
• Air-cooled engines, rapidly reach their working temperature from
cold.
• Air cooling is natural cooling and it is free from corrosive products.
• This system is more reliable and less maintenance is required.
• Air-cooled engines can operate at higher working temperatures than
equivalent liquid cooled.
• Air cooled engines have no coolant leakage (or) problems
• It is comparatively lighter in weight.
Disadvantages of air cooled engine
 There is uneven cooling of the engine parts.
 Each cylinder has to be cast individually. Fin
design and casting is difficult.
Used only in small engines provided in brush
cutter and weeder engines, portable engines,
lawn mower engines, sprayer engines ,small
generator engine etc.,
Water cooling system
 Methods of water cooling:
i. Open jacket or hopper method
ii. Thermo syphon method
iii. Forced circulation method
iv. Pressurized cooling
 Forced Circulation method
 In this method, a water pump is used to force water from
the radiator to the water jacket of the engine.
 After circulating the entire run of water in jacket, water
comes back to the radiator where it loses its heat by the
process of conduction.
 To maintain the correct engine temperature, a thermostat
valve is placed at the outer end of cylinder head.
 Cooling liquid is by-passed through the water jacket of the
engine until the engine attains the desired temperature.
 Then thermostat valve opens and by-pass is closed,
allowing the water to go to the radiator.
Pressurized cooling:
 In this type of cooling, the system is made tight enough to
bear the additional pressure (Fig. 5.4).
 A special spring loaded cap for the radiator is provided to withstand
the pressure.
 An overflow pipe is fitted above the spring loaded part of the cap.
 There is a vacuum relief disc, a spring and the pressure cap.
 When the engine cools, the water level in the radiator goes down and
a vacuum is created.
 The vacuum operates the disc which is pushed down to save the
radiator tubes from collapsing.
 With the increase in pressure, the boiling temperature of water
increases from 100oC to 172oC.
 The higher water temperature gives more efficient engine
performance and is useful at high altitudes.
Pressurized cooling system
1. Radiator
• The radiator transfers the heat absorbed by the water to the
surrounding air. The radiator is flat and rectangular in shape.
• It consists of tubes which are made of copper or aluminum alloy.
These tubes expose large surface area to the air stream.
• Fins are attached to these tubes. These fins improve the
effectiveness of air convection heat dissipation.

Radiator
2. Cooling fan
• A fan is positioned between the radiator and the engine and is driven by
engine crankshaft. Fan is to increase the normal air movement across the
radiator core tubes. The resultant air movement will provide a continuous
air stream over the tubes and fins to dissipate the heat from the hot water
which is circulated.

Cooling fan
C. Thermostat
 The function of the thermostat is to regulate heat dissipation by
controlling the rate of water flow through the radiator. Normally
engines are designed to operate most efficiently over a temperature
range between 80º C and 100ºC. Thermostat is placed in the outlet
of cooling water from the engine. The thermostat has a valve,
which opens only when the normal operating temperature of about
60ºC is reaches by the water. The water flows from engine to upper
part of the radiator through thermostat.

Thermostat
3. Water Pump
• A centrifugal pump is used to speed up the rate of
water circulation in the cooling system.
4. Pressure Cap: