Vishwas

convent sr. sec.

school

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:- Sangam

CLASS:- XIITH A (Science)

SUBMITTED TO:- Akash khatri

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that sangam, a
student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of Mr.
Akash khatri (subject teacher)
during the year 2024– 2025 in
partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank god for being able
to complete this success. Then I would like
to thank my physics teacher Mr. Akash
khatri , whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project
and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served
as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
Last but not least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
1. Certificate of Excellence
2. Aim Of Project
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Apparatus Required
6. Procedure Follwed
7. Observation
8. Conclusion
9. Precaution
 Introduction

The transformer is a device used for

converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa.
A Transformer based on the principle
of mutual induction according to this
principle , the amount of magnetic
flux linked with a coil changing, an
E.M.F is induced in the neighboring
coil.

A transformer is an electrical device

which is used for changing the A.C
voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high
current circuit .
 As such transformer are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tones
of gram where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
 Theory

When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to

the primary coil P1 P2 , an alternating
current starts falling in it. The alternating
current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary.
 In A Step Down
Transformer
Es˂E so K ˂ 1, Hence NS ˂NP
If
Ip = value of secondary primary current at
same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this
instant , then Input power at the instant =
EpI p
And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then input power = output
power
Or
Ep Ip=Es Is
Or
E s/Ep=Ip/Is=K
 Thus if E p and E s be the instantaneous values f the e.m.f’s
induced in the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dϕ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at

this instant, we have
Ep= -Np dϕ/dt………………. (1)
And
Es = -N sdϕ/dt………………….(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by diving 2 by 1 , we get
Es/Ep = -N s/Np……………….(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil P1 ,so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference
(E – E p) in the instantaneous value of the applied and
back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance coil

o, P 1 P2
is given by
Ip = E-Ep /Rp
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is
called a
step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is
step-down transformer.
Tranformer is therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

Objective
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of:-
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary
coiland primary coil of a self made
transformer.
E-Ep= Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f = input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant turn or
transformation ratio.
In A Step Up Transformer

Es˃E so K˃1, hence Ns ˃Np As , K ˃1, so Ip ˃Is is

or
Is > I p
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, what ever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current
 Energy Losses

1. Copper Loss is the energy loss in the form of heat

in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron Losses is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the iron core of the transformer.This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core.It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best

insulations.There,rate of change of magnetic flux

linked with each turn of S1 S2 is less than the rate

of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of

P1 P2 .
4. Hysteresis Loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer
 Circuit
Diagram
The mutual inductance term in the primary circuit
represents the load of the secondary. It has the
negative sign because it helps the source to
produce more current in response to increasing
load in the secondary circuit.

V p = I pR1 + L 1ΔIp / Δt – M(ΔI s/t)

M(ΔI p/t) = I s R2 + L 2ΔIs/Δt

The mutual inductance term in the secondary represents the couping from the primary and acts as the
primary and acts as the voltage source that drives source that drives the secondary circuit.
 Procedure Followed
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of thin
Cu wire on thick paper(say
60) . This constitutes primary coil of
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound
relatively smaller number of turns ( say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1 ,P2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly,measure the output voltage and
current through S 1 and S 2.
5. Now connect S1 and S 2 to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made
transformer by changing number of turns in
 Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio ( N s/ Np) with respect
to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between
input and output coil of a transformer
.
Uses Of Transformers

1. In voltage regulator for T.V. , refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer in used for
welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the
production of X – Rays and NEON
advertisement.
5. Transformer are used in voltage
regulators and stabilizied power supplies.
6. Transformer are used in the transmission
of a.c. over long distances.
7. Small transformer are used in radio sets,
telephones
,loud speakers and electric bells etc
 Precautions
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current
and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

Sources of error
1. Values of current can be changed
due o heating effect
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.
Bibiliography

1. Ncert textbook
class 12
2. Ncert physics lab
manuel
3. Internet
4. www.yahoo .com
5. www.scribd.com
6. www.google.com