MITIGATION OF MOSQUITO LARVAE

PRODUCTION IN WATER BODIES USING

PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY APPLIED TO WATER
AGITATORS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SASIKKUMAR B (Reg.No.:312318105129)

SEBASTIAN SUGAN GOMEZ J (Reg.No.:312318105131)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI ‐ 600 025

May 2022
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Mitigation of Mosquito larvae production

in water bodies using Photovoltaic energy applied to water agitators” is the
bonafide work of SASIKKUMAR B (312318105129), SEBASTIAN
SUGAN GOMEZ J (312318105131) who carried out the project work under
my supervision.

Signature Signature

Dr. JAYARAMA PRADEEP, Ph.D., Dr. T. D. Sudhakar, Ph.D.,

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Electronics Engineering,
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering St.Joseph’s College of Engineering
OMR, OMR,
Chennai‐ 600 119. Chennai- 600 119.

II
 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

College Name : St. Joseph’s College of Engineering

Branch Name : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Semester : 08

NAME OF THE
NAME OF THE TITLE OF THE
S.NO SUPERVISOR WITH
STUDENT PROJECT
DESIGNATION
Dr. T. D. Sudhakar,
SASIKKUMAR B Mitigation of
Ph.D.,
1 (312318105129) Mosquito larvae
production in PROFESSOR
water bodies SUPERVISOR
using
SEBASTIAN SUGAN Photovoltaic Department of Electrical
2 GOMEZ J
energy applied to and
(312318105131)
water agitators Electronics Engineering,

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering of Anna University were evaluated and
confirmed to be report of the work done by the above students.

Submitted for the project viva-voice held on:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to convey our gratitude to our beloved Chairman

Dr. B. Babu Manoharan, M.A., M.B.A, Ph.D., and Managing
Director Mrs. B. JessiePriya, M.Com., and Executive Director
Mr. B. Shashi Sekar, M.Sc., of St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
St. Joseph’s group of institutions for providing an opportunity to study
in their esteemed institution.

We convey our sincere thanks to our beloved and inspiring

Principal Dr. Vaddi Seshagiri Rao, M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D.,
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering for his encouragement throughout
the course.

We express our sincere thanks and most heartfelt sense of gratitude

to Dr. Jayarama Pradeep, M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department
(Staff Affairs) of Electrical and Electronics Engineering &
Dr. T. V. Narmadha, M.E., Ph.D., Professor, Head of the Department
(Lab Affairs) of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her
dedication, commendable support and encouragement for the
completion of the project with perfection.

It is with deep sense of gratitude that we acknowledge our

indebtedness to our cherished and sincere supervisor
Dr. T. D. Sudhakar, M.E., Ph.D., Professor for his expert guidance
and connoisseur suggestion.

IV
 We wish to express our sincere and thanks to our Project
Coordinators, Dr. M. Ramesh Babu, M.E., Ph.D., Professor,
Dr. P. Velmurugan, M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor and
Dr. A. Jamna M.E., Ph.D., Assistant professor Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their enthusiastic guidance,
wonderful motivation, valuable support and constructive remarks
provided by them till the end of the project.

We thank all the faculty members, lab assistants and non-teaching

staff of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who
rendered their help in our endeavor.

We thank Tamilnadu State council for Science and Technology,

(An Autonomous body of Govt. of Tamilnadu) DOTE Campus, for
funding our project.

Our sincere thanks to our caring parents for their continuous

support, cheer and motivation for the successful completion of the
project.

V
 ABSTRACT

There are many mosquitoes borne diseases such as Chikungunya,

Dengue, Dog Heartworm, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, La Crosse
Encephalitis, Malaria, St. Louis Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis,
West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever, etc. is spreading in the country and all over
the world.
The mosquitoes are attracted to warm, humid climates and are often
found in wooded areas and near lakes, rivers, streams, or any source of
standing water to lay eggs. By disturbing the stagnant water using agitators
the egg laying phase of the mosquitoes can be avoided to an extent.
For creating disturbances in the stagnant water, the design consists
solar PV cells, power electronics converter to power the agitator. In the case
of requirement of agitation during the night time a battery backup power is
provided in the design.
Small agitators can be used for small water bodies such as wells, small
drain pits etc. and submersible pumps can be used as agitator for large bodies
like as lakes, ponds etc. A MATLAB simulation is also done for the analysis
of power converter topology with the PV panel.

VI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

NO. NO
ABSTRACT VI

LIST OF FIGURES XII

LIST OF ABBREVIATION XI
LIST OF TABLES XIV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 4
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 4
1.4 EXISTING SYSTEMS 5
TECHNIQUE
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE 5
DISSERTATION

1.6 CONCLUSION 5
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6
2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
TECHNIQUE
2.5 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED 10
SYSTEM
2.6 CONCLUSION 10

3 STUDY ON MOSQUITO 11

VII
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MOSQUITO LIFECYCLE 11
3.3 THE MOST COMMON SITES OF 12
MOSQUITO BREEDING
3.4 TYPES OF MOSQUITOES 13
3.5 HOW MANY DAYS MOSQUITO 13
CAN LIVE
3.6 TYPES OF MODQUITO 13
CONDITION ATTRACTION
3.7 REQUIREMENTS FOR LAYING 14
EGGS
3.8 WORLD MOSQUITO DAY 15
3.9 LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITO 15
3.9.1 EGG STAGE 15
3.9.2 LARVA STAGE 16
3.9.3 PUPA STAGE 16
3.9.4 ADULT STAGE 17
3.10 EXISTING MOSQUITO 17
CONTROL METHOD
3.10.1 CHEMICAL 17
CONTROL
3.10.2 SOURCE REDUCTION 18

3.10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL 18
CONTROL
3.10.4 BIOLOGICAL 19
CONTROL
3.11 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT 19
MOSQUITO
3.12 CONCLUSION 20

VIII
4 CALCULATION OF CUK CONVERTER 21

4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CALCULATION OF CUK 21
CONVERTER
4.3 CONCLUSION

5 SIMULINK CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND 24

OUTPUT WAVEFORM
5.1 INTRODUCTION 24

5.2 OVERALL SIMULATION 24

PROCEDING
5.3 CUK CONVERTER WITH 25
RESISTIVE LOAD
5.4 CUK CONVERTER WITH MOTOR 26
5.5 SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH 28
RESISTIVE LOAD
5.6 SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH 29
MOTOR
5.7 BATTERY WITH RESISTIVE 31
LOAD
5.8 BATTERY WITH MOTOR 32
5.9 COMBINED SIMULATION 35
BLOCK DIAGRAM
5.10 SIMULATION RESULT 37
6 HARDWARE 38
6.1 GENERAL 38
6.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 39
6.3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 40
6.3.1 TRANSFORMER 40
6.3.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 40
IX
 6.3.3 FILTER CAPACITOR 40
6.3.4 REGULATOR IC 40
6.3.5 LCD DISPLAY 40
6.3.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR 41
6.3.7 BATTERY 41
6.3.8 PV PANEL 41
6.3.9 PIC16F877A 41
6.4 HARDWARE MODEL 42
7 CONCLUSION 43
7.1 CONCLUSION 43
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE 43
REFERENCE 44

X
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

PV PHOTO VOLTAIC
DEET N, N-DIETHYL-META-TOLUAMIDE

ENT EAR, NOSE, TONGUE

ACT ARTEMISININ COMBINATION
THERAPY
DC DIRECT CURRENT
AC ALTERNATING CURRENT
ZIKV ZIKA VIRUS
ULV ULTRA-LOW VOLUME
SIT STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE
RIDL RELEASE OF INSECTS CARRYING
A DOMINANT LETHAL
VS VOLTAGE SENSOR

XI
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG CONTENT PAGE
NUMBER. NUMBER.
FIG 2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED 10
METHOD
FIG 3.2 LIFECYCLE OF A MOSQUITO 11
FIG 3.8 SIR DONALD ROSS 15
FIG 3.9.1 EGG STAGE OF A MOSQUITO 15
FIG 3.9.2 LARVA STAGE OF A MOSQUITO 16
FIG 3.9.3 PUPA STAGE OF A MOSQUITO 16
FIG 3.9.4 ADULT STAGE OF A MOSQUITO 17
FIG 4.2 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK 21
CONVERTER
FIG 5.3 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK 25
CONVERTER
FIG 5.3 OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM 25
FIG 5.4 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK 26
CONVERTER WITH MOTOR
FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT 26
WAVEFORM
FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM 27
FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM 27
FIG 5.5 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR CUK 28
CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
FIG 5.5 OUTPUT FOR VOLTAGE WAEVFORM 28

FIG 5.6 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR CUK 29

CONVERTER WITH MOTOR
FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT 29
WAVEFORM
FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM 30

FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM 30

XII
FIG 5.7 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF BATTERY WITH 31
RESISTIVE LOAD
FIG 5.7 OUTPUT FOR CURRENT WAVEFORM 31
FIG 5.7 OUTPUT FOR VOLTAGE WAVEFORM 32
FIG 5.8 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF BATTERY WITH 32
MOTOR
FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT 33
WAVEFORM
FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM 33
FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM 34
FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR BATTERY 34
CHARACTERISTICS WAVEFORM
FIG 5.9 COMBINED SIMULATION BLOCK 35
DIAGRAM
FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR MOTOR SPEED WAVEFORM 35
FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR BATTERY 36
CHARACTERISTICS WAVEFORM
FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR CURRENT WAVEFORM 36
FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM 37
FIG 6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HARDWARE 38
DESCRIPTION
FIG 6.4 HARDWARE MODEL 42

XIII
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE CONTENT PAGE

NUMBER NUMBER
3.4 TYPES OF MOSQUITOES 13
5.10 SIMULATION RESULT 37
6.2 HARDWARE 39
COMPONENTS

XIV
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

India being a sub-tropical country has an optimum temperature

and humidity conditions for mosquito breeding and thus is affected by
repeated epidemic like conditions created due to mosquito-borne diseases.
Especially like in Chennai city Mosquitoes transmit diseases many viral
diseases such as Chikungunya, Dengue, Dog Heartworm, Eastern Equine
Encephalitis, LaCrosse Encephalitis, Malaria, St. Louis Encephalitis,
Western Equine Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever, etc.
Between these two issues, the mosquito menace problem is realized more by
the people of Chennai than the diseases. In Chennai the chief sources for
mosquito menace are waterways and storm water drains, of which 100 Kms
length of major and minor waterways crises crossly flowing within city
limits. A total of about 800 Kms length network of storm water drains in the
city is addition to waterways; these sources have become highly
mosquitogenic. Other than this temple tanks, private wells, private sumps,
etc., add as a source of mosquitogenic.
A major chunk of these diseases namely dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever
etc., is spread by the species Aedes aegypti. The key identifying features of
this species are: a smallish, dark mosquito with conspicuous white markings
and banded legs, the proboscis is all black although the palps are white tipped,
wings are dark scaled, hind legs with femur pale scaled for basal three-
quarters with dark scales.
1
The various products used for controlling the mosquito menace are mosquito
coils, Buzzers, electrocuting devices, mosquito repellents, mats, lotions and
vaporizers. The basic materials used in these products are allethrin group of
compounds, herbs, oils or diethyl toluimide (DEET).
When these products are manufactured should get permission from Central
Insecticide Board as these products are used by human beings.
Some interventions seek to reduce the local mosquito abundance (and
subsequent blood-feeding) by disrupting the mosquito lifecycle. To illustrate,
‘source reduction’ removes suitable sites for mosquito breeding such as
stagnant water. Larvicides are juvenile insect hormone analogues which
inhibit mosquito larvae development in water sources. Adulticides reduce
adult mosquito numbers.
That is why our Project Main aim is to reduce Mosquito Larva production in
the early stage of Life cycle, when laying eggs by Mosquito breeding.
A review investigating the effectiveness of different control measures for
reducing Aedes aegypti proliferation concluded that governments relying on
chemical controls should consider adding community mobilization to their
prevention efforts; however, clinical endpoints were not considered.
Around 500 – 600 crores of rupees market value are in these types of
products, which also grows by 7 – 10 % every year. The growth is due to
increase in population and majorly environmental degradation.
Sometimes these products itself affects the people and it is found that nearly
12% of the people who uses these type of products gets affected by the
chemicals used. The various side effects are breathing trouble, Eye irritation,
Itching, Cough, cold and sneezing, Headache, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat)
problem.
2
In many parts of the world, mosquitoes have developed resistance to almost
all insecticides. In addition, rapid urbanization, unplanned cities,
industrialization are posing threat to further increase in mosquito’s
population.
Integrated vector management adopted by World Health Organization in
2004 is a cost-effective interventional approach to overcome the challenges
posed by conventional single intervention approach for mosquito control. It
uses more than one method simultaneously such as environmental, chemical,
biological, and mechanical methods to fight against mosquito menace.
Among the mosquito-borne diseases, majority of the morbidity and mortality
are attributed to Malaria and Dengue. Currently, around 100 countries are
reported to have active transmission of Malaria and Dengue.
The intensity is so high that in the interest of public health, the Chennai
Corporation is under huge cost taking anti-mosquito measures. De-weeding,
removal of rank vegetation & floating solid waste, shoreline & contour
dressing followed by spraying of chemical and bio larvicides is undertaken
in all the water ways on weekly basis to control the breeding of mosquito’s.
Portable fog machines are used to fogging of the Storm water drains to
control mosquitoes resting within the drains. The corporation has 360 spray
pumps, 179 portable fog machines and 18 motor vehicle borne fog machines
are used into service every day. Chennai Corporation has even introduced
western mosquito fish or Gambusia affinis in over 660 ponds to control
mosquito population in fresh water bodies.
Emerging anti-malarial drug resistance for newer drugs like artemisinin
combination therapy (ACT) has serious implications on global health.
Resistance to artemisinin, the key compound in ACT, has been detected in
3
four countries in South-Eastern Asia, while mosquito resistance to
insecticides has been found in 64 countries around the world.
On the other hand, for life threatening diseases like Dengue and Japanese
encephalitis, only symptomatic treatment was available till now. Currently,
vaccines are available for two mosquito-borne diseases like Japanese
encephalitis and yellow fever. Although major efforts are under way to
develop vaccines for Malaria and Dengue, no vaccines for these diseases will
be available in the near future.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Prevention of mosquito egg laying process in the water bodies with the
help of water agitators using DC-DC converter connected to solar PV cell.
By mitigating mosquito larvae production various vector borne disease can
be prevented.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

A solar dc submersible water pump is a pump running on electricity

generated by photovoltaic panels or the radiated thermal energy available
from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water
pumps.

4
1.4 EXISTING SYSTEMS TECHNIQUE:
The solar panels used in solar water pump systems to produce
electricity by using the photovoltaic effect. These solar panels absorb
the sun’s photons and convert them into energy. General inverter is used
for the conversion of DC to AC Controllers is used to essentially control
the water pump.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION

The structure of this thesis is set out into nine sections.

· Chapter 1 provides the introduction relevant to the research

work.

· Chapter 2 provide the literature survey relevant to the research

work, proposed system and technique and advantages

· Chapter 3 mosquito life cycle.

· Chapter 4 Cuk Converter derivation

· Chapter 5 Simulation Circuit Diagram and Output Waveform

· Chapter 6 Hardware Description

· Chapter 7 Conclusion

· Chapter 8 Reference

1.6 CONCLUSION

The main aim of this project is to mitigate the mosquito larvae

production in the stagnant water bodies with the help of water agitators.

5
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION:

This chapter deals with various literature survey regarding the

mosquitoes and solar DC pump.

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

1) This paper shows effects of repellents such as vaporizers, N-N, diethyl

toluamide, and herbs are widely used in the country to combat mosquito
nuisance and malaria. A multicentric questionnaire-based study revealed that
repellents are harmful to human health, and their use should be avoided and
discouraged. In this study 11.8% people using various types of repellents
complained of ill health effects, and some required medical treatment.
Although symptoms disappear shortly after with drawl, those who do not
suffer acute toxicity symptoms and continue to use these repellents for
extended periods may suffer neurotoxic and immunotoxic hazards.[1]

2) In this journal the ZIKV and novel vector control approaches is

studies. The two major preventive strategies are vaccine development
and vector control. There is considerable enthusiasm for novel vector
control approaches to prevent not only ZIKV infections but a range of
vector-borne infections transmitted by Ae.aegypti. Second innovative
approach to vector control is the release of large numbers of sterile
males. Thirdly, mosquitoes engineered to carry a lethal gene RIDL, in
which the lethal gene is repressed by tetracycline during mass rearing

6
of mosquitoes. [9]
3) This paper gives an overview of solar water pumping. Solar energy,
which is abundantly available in India, can be used for pumping water via
Solar-PV technology. Along with the analysis of performance, various socio-
economic aspects of the surrounding communities are also looked at. Based
on our findings, we have come up with a list of recommendations mainly
focused on development of community knowledge and greater accountability
from the vendors. Along with these recommendations, future work should
involve gathering of reliable data for analyzing the performance and
operation of the pump. [2]

4) In this paper, irrigation using solar water pump is studied. Solar

energy is the main source of energy and totally dependable one in India.
Irrigation done by solar pumping is a striking option for farmers. The
PV pump system designing should be done by considering the crop
water demand and the solar irradiation. The present paper aims to
present a procedure to design and analyze a solar photovoltaic water
pumping system for irrigation purpose. Other parameters have also been
considered such as the evapotranspiration, climatic parameters, sun
hours, soil-type, crop characteristics and others too.[3]

5)The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of

BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps for mass trapping at the household level to
control the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (L.), in Manaus (Brazil) by
performing a cluster randomized controlled trial. Entomological

7
monitoring indicated that mass trapping with BGS traps significantly
reduced the abundance of adult female Ae. aegypti during the first five
rainy months. In the subsequent dry season when the mosquito
population was lower, no effect of mass trapping was observed. Fewer
Ae. aegypti females were measured in the intervention arm during the
next rainy period, but no significant difference between arms was
observed. The serological survey revealed that in participating houses
of mass trapping areas recent dengue infections were less common than
in control areas, although this effect was not statistically significant.[10]

6) The flight potential and metabolism of two malaria vectors,

Anopheles gambiae s.str. and An. atroparvus, were analyzed on
flightmills. The flight distance, the flight time, and individual flight
activities of females were recorded during 22 h flight trials. The
glycogen and lipid before flight, after flight, and of unflown controls
were measured for starved, sugar-, or blood-fed females. Maximal flight
distances of An. gambiae were 9 km when sugar-fed and 10 km when
blood-fed, while in starved females it was below 3 km and the average
speed was around 1 km/h. In Anopheles atroparvus, the maximal flight
distances were 10-12 km when sugar-fed, 4.5 km when blood-fed, and
below 3.5 km when starved, with an average speed of 1.3 km/h. An.
atroparvus always depended on sugar meals for its flight activities and
barely utilized lipid reserves. An. gambiae was independent of sugar
sources for strong flights due to its early blood feeding and because of
its equicaloric lipid mobilization during flights. Strong evidence for
lipid oxidation during its flight is discussed.[11]

8
2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The requirement for power, energy and duration of agitation to reduce

larvae density will be studied. At this stage an optimal sizing for the agitator
is derived and its power requirement determined. The design of solar panel
array sizing, power electronics converter design to power the agitator is
done. In the case of requirement for agitation during the night time other
energy provision methods such as using battery backup power will also be
considered in the design. The reduction in mosquito larvae production will
also be studied using sampling the water and examination using
microscopes. Further a strategy for sizing such systems for commercial
implementation in large areas will be proposed as a result of this
implementation.

2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM TECHNIQUE

Cuk converter is used in solar energy system as a regulator where input

voltage depends on sun and battery, in order to make the output voltage as a
constant source. DC pump is used to agitate the water to mitigate the
mosquito larvae production.

9
 FIG 2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.5 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Renewable power consumption

• Cost effectiveness

• Less space occupancy

• Vector borne disease

2.6 CONCLUSION:

Thus in this chapter various literature survey regarding mosquitoes

and solar DC pump are discussed.

10
 CHAPTER 3

MOSQUITO
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Mosquitoes are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small
flies within the family Culicidae. The word "mosquito" is Spanish and
Portuguese for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one
pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and
elongated mouthparts.

3.2 MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE:

FIG 3.2 LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSQUITO

11
Knowing the different stages of the mosquito's life will help you prevent
mosquitoes around your home.
• Egg - hatches when exposed to water.
• Larva - (plural: larvae) "wriggler" lives in water; molts several times;
most species surface to breathe air.
• Pupa - (plural: pupae) "tumbler" does not feed; stage just before
emerging as adult.
• Adult - flies short time after emerging and after its body parts have
hardened.

3.3 THE MOST COMMON SITES OF MOSQUITO BREEDING:

Well, here is a list of some common mosquito breeding places
1. Standing water
2. Air Conditioner drip trays
3. Children’s play sets
4. Tree stumps and wood piles
5. Trash cans
6. Pools and spas
7. Birdbaths
8. Old tires
9. Mud pots
10. Gutters

12
3.4 TYPES OF MOSQUITOES:
Below table explains the types of mosquitoes and their diseases which them
spread.
NAME TYPES OF DISEASES LIFETIME
SPREAD
Aedes Chikungunya, Dengue Two weeks
fever, Yellow Fever, Zika

Anopheles Lymphatic filariasis Malaria Two weeks

Culex Lymphatic filariasis West One week

Table 3.4 Types of mosquitoes

3.5 HOW MANY DAYS MOSQUITO DOES A MOSQUITO CAN

LIVE:
• In general, females tend to live for a month or two while males average
a much shorter time – as little as ten days.

3.6 WHAT TYPES OF CONDITIONS MOSQUITO ATTRACT:

• Mosquitoes tend to begin making their presence known in July and
continue creating a nuisance throughout September.
• They are attracted to warm, humid climates and are often found in
wooded areas and near lakes, rivers, streams, or any source of standing
water.

13
3.7 REQUIREMENTS FOR LAYING EGGS:

• Environmental condition: Mosquitoes tend to begin making their

presence known in July and continue creating a nuisance throughout
September. They are attracted to warm, humid climates and are often
found in wooded areas and near lakes, rivers, streams, or any source of
standing water.
• Position for egg laying: The mosquitoes lay in a position such that it
uses its back most legs to hold its eggs during the egg laying process
and it looks like a rectangle and releases its eggs into the water in the
same shape. During the eggs laying process the mosquito needs to be
in an idle place so that it holds its eggs minor disturbances in water can
affect its process.
• Standing in water: The weight of the insect and structure of their feet
in combination with the surface tension of water allow mosquitoes to
walk in water. Water molecules are more attracted to each other than
they are to other materials, so they generate a force to stay together
called surface tension. To find a suitable site, a mosquito ‘tastes’ the
water by dipping in its legs and mouthparts, which activates the
insect’s sensory neurons and sends signals to its brain and they also
check for disturbances in water.

14
3.8 WORLD MOSQUITO DAY: 20 AUGUST
On The commemoration of British doctor Sir Ronald Ross's discovery
in 1897 that female anopheline mosquitoes transmit malaria between
humans.

FIG 3.8 SIR RONALD ROSS

3.9 LIFECYCLE OF AEDES MOSQUITO:

3.9.1 EGG STAGE:

FIG 3.9.1 EGG STAGE OF A MOSQUITO

• Adult, female mosquitoes lay their eggs on the inner, wet walls of
containers with water, above the waterline.
• Mosquitoes generally lay 100 eggs at a time.
• Most eggs hatch into larvae within 48 hrs.
15
3.9.2 LARVA:

FIG 3.9.2 LARVA STAGE OF A MOSQUITO

• Larvae emerge from mosquito eggs, but only after the water level rises
to cover the eggs. This means that rainwater or humans adding water
to containers with eggs will trigger the larvae to emerge.
• Larvae feed on microorganisms in the water. After molting three times,
the larva becomes a pupa.

3.9.3 PUPA:

FIG 3.9.3 PUPA STAGE OF A MOSQUITO

• Pupae will develop until the body of the newly formed adult flying
mosquito emerges from the pupal skin and leaves the water.
• Pupae develop into adult flying mosquitoes in 2-3 days.

16
3.9.4 ADULT:

FIG 3.9.4 ADULT STAGE OF A MOSQUITO

• After adult mosquitoes emerge: male mosquitoes feed on nectar from

flowers and female mosquitoes feed on humans and animals for blood
to produce eggs.
• After feeding, female mosquitoes will look for water sources to lay
more eggs.
• Aedes aegypti only flies a few blocks during its life.

3.10 MOSQUITO CONTROL METHODS:

3.10.1 CHEMICAL CONTROL:
• State and local agencies commonly use the organophosphate
insecticides malathion and naled and the synthetic pyrethroid
insecticides prallethrin, etofenprox, pyrethrins, permethrin, resmethrin
and sumithrin for adult mosquito control.
• Mosquito adulticides are applied as ultra-low volume (ULV) sprays.

17
EFFECTS:
• While the risk to humans from pyrethroids is relatively low when
applied properly, these products are far from harmless to human health.
• People exposed to large amounts of pyrethroids can experience effects
like stinging skin, dizziness, headache, or nausea that might last for
several hours.

3.10.2 SOURCE REDUCTION:

• Anti-larval operations causing the reduction or permanent elimination
of mosquito breeding places or sites are defined as source reduction
methods.
• Source reduction primarily aims to prevent development of aquatic
stages of mosquito larvae reducing breeding source.

3.10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL:

• Environmental modification such as long-lasting physical
transformation of vector habitats.
• For example, improved water supply, mosquito proofing of overhead
tanks, cisterns or underground reservoirs.
• Environmental manipulation such as temporary changes to vector
habitats that involve the management of “essential” and “non-
essential” containers and management of or removal of “natural”
breeding sites.
• Usage of chemicals in water to prevent mosquito production.

18
 EFFECTS:
• Chemical used to prevent mosquito reproduction can contaminate the
water and can also cause allergies.

3.10.4 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:

• The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a genetic suppression strategy
that involves rearing large numbers of males of the target species and
either irradiating or treating them with chemo sterilizing agents to
generate chromosomal aberrations and dominant lethal mutations in
reproduction.
• An alternative method to sterilize males for insect population
suppression has been developed in which a self-limiting gene is
introduced into mosquito populations through genetic engineering.

3.11 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT MOSQUITO:

• Mosquitoes are common, flying insects that live in most parts of the
world. Over 3,500 types of mosquitoes can be found worldwide.
• Not all mosquitoes bite people or animals. When mosquitoes bite
people, the most common reactions to the bite are itching and swelling.
• Some mosquitoes can be vectors. A vector is an animal, insect, or tick
that spreads pathogens (germs) to people and animals. The germs
(viruses and parasites) that mosquitoes spread can make you sick.
• Mosquitoes bite and suck blood for reproduction. Though male
mosquitoes only eat flower nectar, female mosquitoes eat both flower
nectar and blood. The females need the protein in blood to develop
eggs.
19
 • The average mosquito bite drains 0.01 to 0.001 milliliters of blood.
Thus, it would take somewhere between 200,000 and 2 million
mosquito bites to kill you from blood loss.
• Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito-borne illness each year
resulting in over one million deaths all over the world.
• According to the latest World malaria report, there were 241 million
cases of malaria in 2020 compared to 227 million cases in 2019.
• In 2020 the Region was home to 95% of all malaria cases and 96% of
deaths.
• Children under 5 years of age accounted for about 80% of all malaria
deaths in the Region.

3.12 CONCLUSION:

Mosquito-borne diseases are influenced by biological, ecological,

social, and economic factors. Unfortunately, in most cases, deaths occur in
rural areas where medical care is inadequate because resources are limited.

20
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Cuk converter is used for the voltage regulation for the Dc application
systems. Cuk converter is used in solar-powered system as a regulator where
input voltage depends on the irradiance of the sun, in order to make the output
voltage as a constant source Cuk converter is used.

4.2 CALCULATION OF CUK CONVERTER

FIG 4.2 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK CONVERTER

Above designed simulation is a cuk converter block diagram. (FIG 4.2).

21
Design equations for Cuk Converter

Input voltage, VS = 6V

Output voltage, VO = 12V

Output current, IO = VO / R

IO = 12 / 1.846 = 6.5 A

Input current, IS = (VO ᵡ IO) / VS

IS = (12 ᵡ 6.5)/6 = 13A

Switching frequency fsw =50 kHz , Ripple Value = 5% (Assumption)

Step 1: Duty cycle calculation

K = VO / (VS+VO)

K = 12 / (6+12) = 0.67

Step 2: Inductor value calculation

The ripple current of the input inductor L1 is:

Ripple current: ∆I1 = VsK/( fsw ᵡ L1)

The ripple current of the input inductor L2 is:

Ripple current: ∆I2 = VsK/( fsw ᵡ L2)

∆I1=∆I2=5% of Is = 5% of 13 = 0.65A

L1 = L2 = 1.2ᵡ 10–3H

Step 3: Capacitor Value selection

22
 The ripple voltage of the input capacitor C1 is:

∆VC1 = Is (1–K) / fsw C1

∆VC1 = 5% of Vs = 0.3

C1= 2.86 ᵡ 10–3F

The ripple voltage of the output capacitor C2 is:

∆Vc2 = 5% of VO= 0.6

∆Vc2 = KVs/8C2L2

C2 = 2.7916x10–5F

4.3 CONCLUSION:
In this project cuk converter is used to make the output voltage source
as a constant source.

23
 CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the simulation of solar powered cuk converter
with motor load and its connection with battery.

5.2 OVERALL SIMULATION PROCEEDING

STEP 1: Cuk converter powered by DC source

with resistive load.
STEP 2: Cuk converter powered by DC source with motor load.
STEP 3: Cuk converter powered by solar PV module with resistive load.
STEP 4: Cuk converter powered by solar PV module with motor load.
STEP 5: Battery connected with resistive load.
STEP 6: Battery connected with motor load.
STEP 7: Connecting battery and solar powered cuk converter with motor
load, i.e., by combining step 4 and step 6.

24
 5.3 SIMULATION FOR CUK CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVE
LOAD

FIG 5.3 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK CONVERTER

Above designed simulation block diagram consists of cuk converter with
resistive load. In this cuk converter used for constant dc output voltage
source (FIG 5.3).

OUTPUT:
VOLTAGE:

FIG 5.3 OUTPUT FOR VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

Above output simulation is the output waveform of cuk converter voltage.
(FIG 5.3).

25
5.4 SIMULATION FOR CUK CONVERTER WITH MOTOR

FIG 5.4 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF CUK CONVERTER WITH MOTOR

Above designed simulation block diagram consists of cuk converter in
subsystem, starter and motor. (FIG 5.4).

OUTPUT:
ARMATURE CURRENT:

FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is armature current of the motor.
(FIG 5.4)

26
TORQUE:

FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is torque of the motor. (FIG 5.4).

SPEED:

FIG 5.4 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is speed of the motor. (FIG 5.4)

27
5.5 SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

FIG 5.5 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH

RESISTIVE LOAD
Above designed simulation block diagram consists of solar, cuk converter
with resistive load. (FIG 5.5)

OUTPUT:
VOLTAGE:

FIG 5.5 OUTPUT FOR VOLAGE WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is a voltage of solar cuk converter with
resistive load.(FIG 5.5)

28
5.6 SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH MOTOR

FIG 5.6 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR CUK CONVERTER WITH

MOTOR
Above designed simulation diagram consists of solar cuk converter with
motor. (FIG 5.6)

OUTPUT:
ARMATURE CURRENT:

FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is armature current of motor.
(FIG 5.6)

29
TORQUE:

FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is torque of motor. (FIG 5.6)

SPEED:

FIG 5.6 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is speed of motor. (FIG 5.6)

30
5.7 BATTERY WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

FIG 5.7 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF BATTERY WITH RESISTIVE

LOAD
Above designed simulation block diagram features of battery
characteristics. (FIG 5.7)

OUTPUT:
CURRENT:

FIG 5.7 OUTPUT FOR CURRENT WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is current from battery. (FIG 5.7)

31
VOLTAGE:

FIG 5.7 OUTPUT FOR VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is voltage from battery. (FIG 5.7)

5.8 BATTERY WITH MOTOR

FIG 5.8 SIMULINK DIAGRAM OF BATTERY WITH MOTOR

Above designed simulation block diagram consists of battery with motor.

(FIG 5.8)

32
OUTPUT:
ARMATURE CURRENT:

FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR ARMATURE CURRENT WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is armature current. (FIG 5.8)

SPEED:

FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is speed. (FIG 5.8)

33
TORQUE:

FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is torque. (FIG 5.8)

BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS:

FIG 5.8 OUTPUT FOR BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS WAVEFORM

Above simulation output waveform is a battery characteristic. (FIG 5.8)

34
5.9 COMBINED SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 5.9 COMBINED SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

Above designed simulation block diagram features of solar, cuk converter
in a subsystem, battery and dc motor in a subsystem. (FIG 5.9)

OUTPUT:
SPEED:

FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR SPEED WAVEFORM

Above simulation diagram is motor speed of the block diagram. (FIG 5.9)

35
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS:

FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR BATTERY CHARACTERISTIC WAVEFORM

Above simulation diagram is battery characteristics of the block diagram.
(FIG 5.9)

CURRENT:

FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR CURRENT WAVEFORM

Above simulation diagram is current output of the block diagram. (FIG 5.9)

36
TORQUE TIME:

FIG 5.9 OUTPUT FOR TORQUE-TIME WAVEFORM

Above simulation diagram is torque time output of the block diagram.
(FIG 5.9)

5.10 SIMULATION RESULT

Below table is result of overall simulation result of our project

Table 5.10 Simulation result

37
 CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
6.1 GENERAL
The hardware design consists of PV panel array, DC to DC
converter, relay, micro-controller, voltage sensor, regulator, LCD display,
power source and battery charging and discharging circuit.
The PV panel is connected to a DC-to-DC converter in which
the voltage is amplified and connected to a relay which is then connected a
micro-controller and the regulator.
The battery circuit is connected to a regulator to regulate the
voltage from solar panel and battery.
The battery is connected to power source for recharging purpose.
The micro-controller is connected to a display to view the output of the
module.

FIG 6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

38
6.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION

1 TRANSFORMER 1 AMPS,
15V-0-15V

2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 12V

3 FILTER CAPACITOR 50 micro farad

4 REGULATOR IC 7812,7805

5 LCD DISPLAY 16*2

6 VOLTAGE SENSOR 25V

7 BATTERY 12V

8 PV PANEL 15V

9 RELAY 12V

10 MOTOR 12V

11 DC TO DC CONVERTER LM2596

12 PIC16F877A Microcontroller

Table 6.2 Hardware components

39
6.3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

6.3.1 TRANSFORMER:
It is a general-purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. The
transformer has 230 V primary windings and center-tapped secondary
winding. The transformer has flying-colored insulated connecting leads.

6.3.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

A bridge rectifier converts mains AC input to DC output. In power
supplies, bridge rectifiers are used to provide necessary DC voltages for
electronic components or devices.

6.3.3 FILTER CAPACITOR:

A filter capacitor is a passive filter that consists of the passive element.
Capacitor effects of any signal are frequency-dependent. This capacitor
characteristic is used to design filters that can filter out a specific frequency
range of signals as required.

6.3.4 REGULATOR IC:

It is an integrated circuit whose basic purpose is to regulate the
unregulated input voltage (definitely over a predefined range) and provide
with a constant, regulated output voltage. An IC based voltage regulator can
be classified in different ways.

6.3.5 LCD DISPLAY:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses
liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and
varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be
commonly found in smartphones, computer monitors and instrument panels.

40
6.3.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR:
Voltage sensors are wireless tools that can be attached to any number
of assets or equipment. They provide 24/7 monitoring, constantly watching
for voltage data that could indicate a problem. Low voltage may signal a
potential issue, while other assets may be in danger when voltage is too high.

6.3.7 BATTERY:
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within
its active materials directly into electric energy by means of an
electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. This type of reaction
involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another via an electric
circuit.

6.3.8 PV PANEL:
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV)
module or solar panel is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a
framework for installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of energy to
generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV
panel, and a system of PV panels is called an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic
system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.

6.3.9 PIC16F877A:
PIC16F877a is a PIC Microcontroller and is normally used in Embedded
Projects like Home Automation System, Bank Security System etc.

41
6.4 HARDWARE MODEL:

FIG 6.4 HARDWARE MODEL

42
 CHAPTER 7

7.1 CONCLUSION
The mitigation of mosquito larvae production in the water bodies
using photovoltaic energy applied to water agitators has been presented. This
project has reduced cost, complexity with increased efficiency. The water
agitation method is chosen over other method because of its unique
advantages. The benefits namely simple, allergies caused by usage of
mosquito repellants can be avoided, less complexity etc. Thus, the water
agitation method has been chosen. As the result of the project, the mosquito
egg laying phase in its life cycle can be avoided in our surroundings. After
obtaining satisfactory results in MATLAB, this system has been designed.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

• Many harmful vector borne diseases can be prevented.

• The work can be extended with hybrid renewable energy sources
making the project energy efficient.

43
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2. Amit Desai and Anand B. Rao, "A report on solar PV based pumping for
irrigation", published by Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural
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3. Gitika Dadhich, Vivek Shrivastava, “Technical analysis of solar pumping

system based on irrigation requirement,”2017 International Conference on
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4. S. G. Malla, C. N. Bhende and S. Mishra, "Photovoltaic based water

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