Manual

List of Experiments

1. Study of resistance color codes, identification of active and passive electronic

components.
2. Study and use of bread board trainer kit.
3. Study of multimeter, oscilloscope, function generation and regulated power supply.
4. Soldering of electronic components on PCBs.
5. Study of battery types, specifications, construction and ratings.
6. Study of semiconductor device (Diodes, Transistors, Thyristors) functionality and
specifications.
7. Study of Optoelectronics Devices (LEDs, Photoresistors, Photodiodes, Phototransistors).
8. Study of Basic Filter types and their design issues.
9. Study of Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies.
10. Study of Audio Electronic Circuits (Microphones, Preamplifiers, Mixer circuits).
11. Embedded System design with Arduino and Arduino IDE.

Case Studies/Mini Projects

Any three design projects related to
1. Power Supply Design
2. Amplifier Design
3. Signal Source Design
4. Filter Design
5. Electromechanical Design
6. Arduino
 EXPERIMENT-1(a)

Study of Resistance Colour Coding And Identification Of Active & Passive Components

AIM: To identification the Active & Passive Components and to study the resistance Colour
Coding

THEORY:

1- Introduction.

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an

electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components
are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with
electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic
components. Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks
of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated
circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices.

2- Classification.

The electronics components are mostly classified into three type active
components, passive components and electromechanical components. But for the scope of
Under Graduate students the importance is given only to the active and passive components.

 Active Components: An active component is a device that has an analog electronic

filter with the ability to amplify a signal or produce a power gain. There are two types
of active components: electron tubes and semiconductors or solid-state devices. A
typical active component would be an oscillator, transistor or integrated circuit.

An active component works as an alternating-current circuit in a device, which works

to increase the active power, voltage or current. An active component is able to do
this because it is powered by a source of electricity that is separate from the electrical
signal.
 Passive Components: A passive component is a module that does not require energy
to operate, except for the available alternating current (AC) circuit that it is connected
to. A passive module is not capable of power gain and is not a source of energy. A
typical passive component would be an inductor, resistor, transformer, or capacitor.

Generally, passive components are not able to increase the power of a signal nor are
they able to amplify it. However, they can increase current or voltage by an LC circuit
that stores electrical energy from resonant frequencies or by a transformer that acts
like an electrical isolator.
3- Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors may be used to reduce current
flow, and, at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels within circuits.
 Electronic symbols and notation.

(a) resistor.(b) rheostat (variable resistor), (c) potentiometer.

IEC resistor symbol

 Ohm’s Law: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. An, ideal resistance
always satisfy Ohm’s Law.

V
I=
R
The above equation is the mathematical representation of Ohm’s Law where I is the current
through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the voltage measured across the conductor in
units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically,
Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.

4- Capacitor: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By
contrast, batteries store energy via chemical reactions.

The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction
consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used
as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Capacitors are also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them, some are
marked with 3-digit codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed above for
resistors can also help you identify capacitor values. They are typically marked with a “C” on
a circuit board.

Fig. – Above, two figures are aluminum electrolytic capacitors and Ceramic EMI suppression
capacitors respectively. The next two are internal structure of ceramic capacitor and
theoretical capacitor representation respectively.
 5- Inductor: An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal
electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of
a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it,
energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor
changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in
current that created it. Inductors, also called coils, can be a bit harder to figure out their
values. If they are color coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good
meter that can measure inductance will be needed. They are typically marked with an “L” on
a circuit board.

6- Diode: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with

asymmetric conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one
direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. Semiconductors, such as
Diodes (typically marked with an “D” on a circuit board).

7- Transistors: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with
at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current
applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another
pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
 controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors
are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Transistors (typically marked with a “Q” on a circuit board).

EQUIPMENT USED:

1- Electronic components ( Resistor)

2- Digital Multimeter.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

Determining resistance value.

Resistance Colour Code Table:

PROCEDURE:

1. First notice the colour on the resister. Keep the gold or silver colour on th right side.
Start calculating the resistance value from the left side of the resister.
2. The first value in the left side of the resister is the first digit.
3. The second digit is the second digit.
4. The third digit is the number of zero’s to be multiplied to the value.
5. The next colour will be either gold or silver and this value is the tolerance value of the
resister. This whole value is resistance value.
SAMPLE EXPERIMENT:
Determine the value for the given data.

Measured
Colour Code Actual Value
S. No Value(Ohm’s)

1 Red, red, black

2 Red, black, orange

3 Blue, gray, green

4 10M

5 33K

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT-1(b)

BREADBOARD PRACTICE

AIM: To find the equivalent resistance of the given circuit by making the circuit on
breadboard and using multimeter.

APPARATUS: 1.bread board -1No

2. Resistors -5No
3. Digital Multimeter -1No

DESCRIPTION: Breadboard has been designed for easy circuit connection.

Breadboarding is the name given to the construction of prototypes for evaluation. There
are multiple ways to do it. It involves connecting components together to build a circuit
or device. These include breadboarding sockets, perforated (Perf) board, PC board
blanks, and a few others.

Breadboarding Sockets:
Bread board connection diagram
 Figure shows a more detailed layout. For each five-hole group, a pressure
connector on the backside of the socket electrically connects up to five leads or wires
together. The long strings of holes running along the sides of the boards are buses or
power rails used to connect the circuits to the power supply voltage and ground.
The upper and the lower parts of the bread board are similar and are generally
used for ground connections. The middle parts are similar. Part I (AB) consists of 100
holes in four groups with insulation in between succeeding horizontal and vertical 25-
hole groups. All 25 holes in each group are short circuited.

Part II (abcde) of the bread board has 5 rows with 65 holes in each row.
All holes are short circuited horizontally and insulated vertically.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PROCEDURE:

1. Determine the value of resistance of the resistors using color coding.

2. Connect the resistors circuit as per the circuit diagrams on the bread board
3. Find the equivalent resistance across AB and A’B’ theoretically by minimizing
the circuit.
3. Find the practical value of the equivalent resistance by using digital multimeter

OBSERVATIONS:
RAB theoretical value=
RA’B’ theoretical value=
RAB Reading in the multi meter=
RA’B’ Reading in the multi meter=
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

RESULT:

Hence observed the connections on the breadboard and calculated theoretical and practical
equivalent resistance by connecting the circuit on breadboard.
 EXPERIMENT-2

Volt-Ampere Characteristics of PN junction diode

Aim: 1. To plot Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diode.
2. To find cut-in Voltage for Silicon P-N Junction diode.
Apparatus Required:
S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. PN Junction diode 01
2. Resistors 1 KΩ 01
3. Regulated Power supply (0- 30)V 01
4. Ammeter (0-100mA),(0-500μA) 01,01
5. Voltmeter (0- 1)V 01
6. Breadboard and Wires As per
requirement

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Explained in Lab

Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. For forward bias, the RPS positive is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS negative is
connected to the cathode of the diode.
3. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Note down the voltage
across the diode in steps of 0.1V and the corresponding current through the PN junction Diode in the
tabular column
4. Take the readings until a voltage across the diode is 0.7V
5. Plot the graph VF versus IF on the graph Sheet in the 1st quadrant as in Fig.
6. Observe and note down the cut in Voltage of the diode.
REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. For reverse bias, the RPS positive is connected to the cathode of the diode and RPS negative is
connected to the Anode of the diode.
3. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Note down the voltage
across the diode in steps of 0.1V and the corresponding current through the PN junction Diode in the
tabular column
4. Take the readings until a voltage across the diode is 0.7V
5. Plot the graph VR versus IR on the graph Sheet in the 3rd quadrant as in Fig
6. Observe and note down the break down Voltage of the diode.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the diode. This may lead to
damage the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per
the circuit diagram.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Forward Bias
S.No Voltage across the Diode in Volts Current passing through the diode in
mA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Reverse Bias:
S.No Voltage across the Diode in Volts Current passing through the diode in μA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Model graph:
Result: Thus the VI characteristic of PN junction diode is verified
Cut in voltage = ……… V
 EXPERIMENT 3
Diode Rectifier Circuits
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM: To find out Ripple factor and percentage of Regulation in Half wave rectifier with and without
Capacitor filter.

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Transformer 230V/9V 01
2. PN Junction diode IN4001 01
3. Capacitor 1000F/16V, 01 each
470F/25V
4. Decade Resistance Box 01
5. Multi meter 01
6. CRO 20MHz 01

7. Breadboard and Wires As per

requirement

PROCEDURE:

WITHOUT CAPACITOR:
1. Connect the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram
2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230V, 50Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100Ω
4. Connect the Multi meter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB) from 100Ω to 1KΩ and
note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance (DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load)
7. Calculate ripple factor γ =
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation =

WITH CAPACITOR
1. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure from steps 2 to 8.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
WITHOUT CAPACITOR FILTER AND WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

WAVE SHAPES:

Tabular Forms

(a) Without Filter V NL = ---------------------

Volts

S.No Load Vac(v) Vdc(v) Ripple %

Resistance Factor Regulation
Γ= Vac/ Vdc
 1. 100 Ω
2. 200 Ω
3. 300 Ω
4. 400 Ω
5. 500 Ω
6. 600 Ω
7. 700 Ω
8. 800 Ω
9. 900 Ω
10. 1K Ω

(b) With Filter V NL = --------------------- Volts

S.No Load Vac(v) Vdc(v) Ripple %

Resistance Factor Regulation

1. 100 Ω
2. 200 Ω
3. 300 Ω
4. 400 Ω
5. 500 Ω
6. 600 Ω
7. 700 Ω
8. 800 Ω
9. 900 Ω
10. 1K Ω

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS FOR RIPPLE FACTOR & % REGULATION:

(a) WITH OUT FILTER:

For a Half-Wave Rectifier,
Vrms=Vm/2
Vdc=Vm/П
Therefore, Ripple factor Γ=√ (Vrms/ Vdc ) -1 = 1.21
2

% regulation = [(VNL-VFL)/VN ]*100

L

(b) WITH FILTER:

Ripple factor for a Half-Wave Rectifier is Γ=1/ (2√3 fRC).
Where f =50Hz
C =100μF
R=(1-10)KΩ
Therefore, for 1KΩ, Ripple factor, Γ = 0.0577
% regulation = [(VNL-VFL)/VN ]*100
L

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

Result :
 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM: To Study the Full – wave rectifier Circuit & to Find its, Ripple factor

EQUIPMENT:

Name Range
Quantity
Transformer 9-0-9V/12-0-12V 1
Bread Board 1
Digital Multimeter 1
Resistor 1kΩ,10kΩ 1
Connecting wires

THEORY:

The conversion of AC into DC is called Rectification. Electronic devices can convert

AC power into DC power with high efficiency

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tap transformer, which results in equal
voltages above and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a positive voltage
appears at the anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears at the anode of D 2. Due to this
diode D1 is forward biased it results in a current Id1 through the load R.
During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and
hence it is forward biased. Resulting in a current I d2 through the load at the same instant a
negative voltage appears at the anode of D 1 thus reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t
conduct.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS (Neglecting Rf and Rs)

The current through the load during both half cycles is in the same direction and hence it is
the sum of the individual currents and is unidirectional
Therefore, I = Id1 + Id2
Vac  Vm sin  t
 Vm
Id1  sin 0  ωt  π
tR
  ωt  2π
0

Id2 0 0  ωt  π
-V
 m sin    ωt  2π
tR

The individual currents and voltages are combined in the load and there fore their average
values are double that obtained in a half – wave rectifier circuit.

AVERAGE OR DC VALUE OF CURRENT Idc

 2
Idc =1/2  Im (sint) dt -  Im (sint) dt = 2 Im / 
0 
Similarly,

Vdc = 2Vm /

The RMS VALUE OF CURRENT

=
 1 1 2
2 2  Im sin t dt
0
2 2

I
= m

2

Vm
Similarly, Vrms 
2

RIPPLE FACTOR

Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the effective value of AC components to the
average DC value. It is denoted by the symbol 
 Vac

Vdc
( =
0.48)
RECTIFICATION FACTOR

The ratio of output DC power to the input AC power is defined as efficiency

Efficiency, 

 = 81% (if R >> Rf . then Rf can be neglected)

Where Rf – forward resistance of two diode

Peak – Inverse – Voltage (PIV)

It is the maximum voltage that has to be with stood by a diode when it is reverse biased
PIV = 2Vm

Advantages of Full wave Rectifier

1.  is reduced
2.  is improved
Disadvantages of Full wave Rectifier
1. Output voltage is half the secondary voltage
2. Diodes with high PIV rating are used
Manufacturing of center-taped transformer is quite expensive and so Full wave rectifier with
center-taped transformer is costly.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (With out Filter):

(With C -Filter) :

PROCEDURE:
5. Make connections as per the Circuit Diagram.
6. Note down the AC and DC Voltages and Currents without Filter and with Load.
7. And again observe the AC and DC Voltages and Currents with Filter and with load.
8. Observe the Voltage across the secondary of the Transformer (i.e. Vrms).

Tabular Column:

Condition Vac Vdc Vm R

Without Filter

Condition Vac Vdc Vm C R

With C Filter

CALCULATIONS:
Vac
Ripple factor =
Vdc
Pdc
Efficiency    Vdc * Idc
* 100
Pac V rms I ac2  I dc 2
 Percentage of regulation = VNL – VFL
X 100 %
VFL

VNL = Voltage across load resistance,

When minimum current flows though it

VFL = Voltage across load resistance, When maximum current flows through it.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

Input Waveform

Vac
Vm

0 π 2π 3π t4π

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

Vac
Vm

0 π 2π 3π
4π
t
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

vr

vd
c

VR = Ripple Voltage

RESULT:

Parameters Without With C Filter

filter
Ripple Factor

Efficiency
 EXPERIMENT 4

Voltage Regulator using ZENER diode

Aim: 1. To observe the voltage regulation characteristics of Zener diode
Apparatus Required:
S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Zener diode IMZ 6.2 01
2. Resistors 1 KΩ 01
3. Regulated Power supply (1- 30)V 01
4. Ammeter (0-100) mA 01
5. Digital multimeter 01
6. Breadboard and Wires As per
requirement
7. Decade Resistance Box 01

Circuit Diagram: Will be explained in lab

Procedure :

a) Zener Diode as Line Regulator (for variations in supply voltage):

1. Connect the circuit for Line regulation as shown in figure.

2. Vary supply voltage (Vs) in steps of 1volt from 0 - 15 volts and note the corresponding Zener
Current (IZ), Load Current (IL) and Output Voltage (VO).
3. Plot the graph between VS and VO taking VS on X-axis and VO on Y-axis.

b) Zener Diode as Load Regulator (for variations in load connected):

1. Connect the circuit for Load regulation as shown in figure.

2. Now fix the power supply voltage, Vs at 10V.
3. Without connecting the load RL, note down the No-Load Voltage (VNL).
4. Now connect the load (RL) [ Decade Resistance Box (DRB) ] and vary the resistance in
steps 100 ,200 ,---, 1K and 1K to10K in steps and note the corresponding
Zener Current (IZ), Load Current (IL) and Output Voltage (VO) for 10 readings and
calculate the percentage regulation.
5. Plot the graph between RL and VO taking RL on X-axis and VO on Y-axis.

Tabular column:

a) Line Regulation Characteristics

Load Resistance RL = ____________ (K )

S.NO Unregulated Zener Current Regulated Output

Power Supply Vs Iz (mA) Voltage Vo (V)
(V)
 Percentage of line regulation can be calculated by =
b) Load Regulation Characteristics

Input Supply Voltage VS = _________ Volts

No-load DC Voltage, VNL = _________ Volts

S.NO Load Resistance RL Zener Current Regulated Output

(K ) Iz (mA) Voltage Vo (V)

% of Regulation =

Model Graph
Line Regulation
Load Regulation:

Precautions:

1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the readings of the diode. This may lead to
damaging of the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram

Result:
 EXPERIMENT 5
Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier Design with Op-amps.

AIM:
To design an Inverting and non inverting Amplifiers for the given specifications using Op-Amp
IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1. Function Generator 1
2. CRO 1
3. Dual RPS 0 – 30 V 1
4. Op-Amp IC 741 1
5. Bread Board
6. Resistors As required
7. Connecting wires and probes As required

THEORY:
a) Inverting Amplifier: The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1
and the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is grounded. The output voltage Vo is fed
back to the inverting input terminal through the Rf - R1 network, where R f is the feedback
resistor. The input terminals of the opamp draw no current because of the large differential input
impedance. The potential difference across the input terminals of an op-amp is zero because of
the large open loop gain. Due to these two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual ground
potential. So the current flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.
Ii = If
i.e, Vin/Ri = - Vo /Rf

Therefore Vo/Vin = Av = - Rf/ Ri,

Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800 phase shift
(inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired
value.

b) Non - Inverting Amplifier

The input signal Vi is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the op-amp. This circuit
amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is also called negative feedback system
since the output is feedback to the inverting input terminals. The Rf and Ri are the feedback and
input resistance of the circuit respectively.
Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri
Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase with the input. By
varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired value.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
a) Inverting Amplifier

OBSERVATIONS:
MODEL GRAPH:

b) Non - Inverting Amplifier

PROCEDURE:
a) Inverting Amplifier
1. Check the components.
2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
4. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate input
voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
5. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms are
plotted in a graph sheet.
b) Non - Inverting Amplifier
1. Check the components.
2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
4. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate input
voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
5. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms are
plotted in a graph sheet.

DESIGN:
a) Inverting Amplifier Gain of an inverting amplifier Av = Vo/Vin = - Rf / Ri
The required gain = 10,
That is Av = - Rf/ Ri = 10
Let Ri = 1KΩ, Then Rf = 10KΩ
b) Non - Inverting Amplifier
Gain of an Non-inverting amplifier Av=Vo/Vin = 1+Rf/ Ri,
Let the required gain be 11,
Therefore Av = 1+Rf/ Ri= 11
Rf/ Ri = 10
Take Ri= 1KΩ, Then Rf = 10KΩ

Simulation Experiments using PSPICE

MOSFETs in PSPICE

Objectives:
The experiments in this laboratory exercise will provide an introduction to simulating
MOSFET circuits using PSPICE. The objectives of this experiment include:
 Review basic principles of MOSFETs from ELEC 2210
 Become familiar with PSPICE for circuit simulation
 Continue to develop professional lab skills and written communication skills.

Introduction

A thorough treatment of MOSFETs can be found in Chapter 4 of the ELEC 2210 textbook,
Microelectronics Circuit Design by R.C. Jaeger. This text and the associated website also
provide some PSPICE-based examples. Further PSPICE support and examples are
provided at this link:

MOSFET is often used as a voltage-controlled switch, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

 Motor M Power
Supply
iD Voltage

MOSFET
+
Control
Voltage vGS iD

–
Figure 1. MOSFET switching circuit. When the control voltage exceeds the
threshold voltage, the MOSFET is “ON” and current flows through the motor.
Otherwise, the MOSFET is “OFF,” and no current flows.

The amount of current which flows is determined by the control voltage. For most
switching applications, the MOSFET is operated in the triode region when it is conducting
current. In this region, the MOSFET channel presents a small resistance in series with the
load, as desired. In order to turn off, the MOSFET is operated in cutoff.

Pre-Lab (not for submission):

 Review Experiment 7, especially the MOSFET regions of operation.
 Download and install PSPICE if you will be using your own computer.
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~troppel/pspice_links.html
 Obtain the data sheet for the IRF150 power MOSFET. You can get this from the
class website or the web.

Lab Exercise: (See submission instructions at the end of the writeup.)

(1) Threshold Voltage

Use the circuit shown in Fig. 2 to determine the threshold voltage of the IRF150. On
the data sheet, the threshold voltage is defined to be the value of VGS when ID =
250 μA, with the drain connected to the gate.
Figure 2. Simulation setup for measuring the threshold voltage with PSPICE.

Measure the value of VTN as accurately as possible, rescaling the plot as necessary and
using the cursor. Does your measured value of VTN fall within the range specified on the
data sheet? Also compare with the value listed in the model parameters for the IRF150.
The procedure for finding this is described in Fig. 3.

(b) (a)
(c)

Figure 3. Showing the MOSFET parameters. (a) Click on the part, (b) select Edit
/ Model to get the dialog box shown, (c) click on the middle button “Edit
Instance Model (Text)”, (d) find the line which gives the value of Vto. This is
the threshold voltage parameter.

(2) ID vs. VDS and Estimating Kn

In this part, you will use the PSPICE to trace ID as a function of VDS for several values of
VGS. From your observations, you will estimate the value of Kn for your MOSFET.

Construct the circuit shown in Fig. 4. Use the nested sweep capability of PSPICE to sweep
VDD from 0 to 20 V in .01 V steps (main sweep) and VGS from 0 to 10 V in 1 V steps
(nested sweep). To set up the nested sweep, click on the “Nested Sweep” button in the DC
Sweep dialog box.
Figure 4. Circuit for plotting ID vs. VDS and determining Kn. To set up the nested
sweep, click on the “Nested Sweep” button in the DC Sweep dialog box.

The resulting family of curves, called the output characteristics, is shown in Fig. 5. Use
this result to determine the value of Kn. Calculate the values of Kn based on each of the
curves for VGS = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 V. Use a similar procedure to the one you used in lab,
namely, measure the current in saturation using the cursor, and use the saturation region
equation for the MOSFET together with the threshold voltage you found in Part (1).

Make a table of the values of Kn. Are they consistent? What is the average value? What is
the percent difference between the lowest & highest values? Calculate this as:

highest  lowest
100%
average
Figure 5. Plot of the output characteristics, ID vs. VDS, for the IRF150. The
topmost curve corresponds to the largest value of VGS, which is 10 V in this
case. The next curve down is for VGS = 9 V, etc.

(3) MOSFET Switching Circuits and ON Resistance (RDS).

Construct the circuit shown in Fig. 6.

Figure 6. Switching circuit. The gate voltage is provided by a VPULSE part.
The parameters are shown. The pulse width (PW) and period (PER) are 0.5 and
1 second, respectively. The rise and fall times (TR and TF) are 1 microsecond.
The pulse goes between V1 and V2 (0 and 10 V).

When we run this simulation, we want to display the current on one plot. The voltages Vin
and VDS will be shown together on a separate plot. In PROBE, you can add a plot to the
window as shown in Fig. 7.

Figure 7. Adding a plot to the PROBE window. It is usually best to show

currents on a separate plot from voltages.
If you use this technique together with some of the annotation capabilities in PROBE, you
can get a window like the one shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 8. Window showing VDS and ID for the MOSFET. The x and y gridlines
have been turned off to unclutter the view. The cursor and Plot/Label/Mark
features have been used to indicate the minimum value of VDS and the
maximum value of current. These values can be used to calculate RDS, the on
resistance of the MOSFET.

When the MOSFET is on, it is like a closed switch with a certain amount of resistance.
This on resistance is called RDS on the data sheet. During the time that the MOSFET is on,
the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 9 pertains.

ID

+
VDS

?? –

Figure 9. Equivalent circuit for Fig. 6 when the MOSFET is in the on state.

When the MOSFET is on, maximum current will flow, and VDS will be at its minimum
value.

Preparing and submitting your report:

Prepare your report in electronic form and save it for the remainder of this semester, but
submit it in hardcopy. Your GTA or professor may ask you at a later time to email or
upload your electronic version if there are questions about the hardcopy submission.

For each part, provide the following, in this order:

(a) Circuit diagram from Schematics showing parameter values, similar to those
shown in this writeup.
(b) Output file (.out), condensed with extraneous blank lines and duplicate
headers removed. Be sure to keep the original formatting (Courier font or
equivalent) so that table columns line up, etc.
(c) Probe plot(s), suitably annotated to convey your measurements clearly. Part of
your job is to make it as easy as possible for the reader to understand your
results.
(d) Hand calculations and discussion as requested in this writeup.

Separate your report into three parts, corresponding to the three parts of this writeup. Start
each part on a new page.