LAW ENTRANCE COACHING
CLASS XII (2024- 2025)
GENERAL AWARENESS (Current Affairs)
MODULE- 1
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NAME : ..........................................................................................
DATE : .......... / ............... / ................
The following are the contents of the module. When in class, please go through each section as and
when it is being taught in class.
CURRENT AFFAIRS JANUARY 2024
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Current Affairs Jan 2024
Important Days
January 3 - International Mind-Body Wellness Day
January 9 – NRI Day (Pravasi Bharthiya Divas) The day also marks
the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to India in 1915,
symbolizing the leadership that fuelled India’s freedom struggle.
January 12 – National Youth Day (Swami Vivekananda’s Birthday)
January 15 – Army Day - This day is important because it marks the
anniversary of the Indian Army getting its first Indian
chief in 1949. This chief was General K.M. Cariappa.
January 16 – National Start-up day
January 23 – Parakram Divas - the birth anniversary of Netaji Subash
Chandra Bose. First observed in 2021.
January 24 – National Girl Child Day/ International day of Education
January 25 – National Voters’ Day
January 25 - National Tourism Day.
January 26 – International Day of Clean Energy
January 29 – Newspaper Day (India’s first newspaper Hickey’s
Gazette, more formally titled Bengal Gazette appeared
in Calcutta on Jan 29, 1780).
January 30 – Martyrs’ Day
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National
The new scheme launched by the Indian government to revive wetlands and
mangroves - Amrit Dharohar.
(to promote unique conservation values of the Ramsar Sites in the country while
generating employment opportunities and supporting local livelihoods)
Tamil Nadu has the highest number of such designated areas in the country.
The first state to initiate a dedicated road safety and traffic management force –
Punjab.
State to which the ‘Kutia Kondh Tribe’, recently classified as Particularly Vulnerable
Tribal Group belongs - Odisha
(Two Kutia Kondh individuals, belonging to a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group
in Odisha, have been invited as special guests to the Republic Day parade in New
Delhi).
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The Ministry of Education recently approved reforms in Higher Education
Institutions’ accreditation system based on recommendations from -
Dr. Radhakrishnan Committee.
Banking on the ”brand value” of Bharat Jodo Yatra, the Congress renamed its
Manipur-to-Mumbai, Nyay Yatra .
According to the Congress, the Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra from Manipur to Mumbai
highlighted anyay kaal (period of injustice) during the 10 years of the Narendra Modi
government.
The Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra which began on January 14 covered more than 6,500
km and passed through 100 Lok Sabha constituencies across 15 States.
Together, these States account for 355 of the 543 Lok Sabha seats. The yatra will be
flagged off from a private ground in Manipur’s Thoubal district, instead of Imphal,
the initial choice as a venue, by party president Mallikarjun Kharge. The yatra ended
in Mumbai on March 20 after completing the journey in 67 days and was covered
mostly on a customised bus with five-seven km stretches of padayatra.
The NAMASTE (National Ayush Morbidity and Standardised Terminologies
Electronic) Portal is associated with the field of - Traditional Medicine.
(Traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha, and Homeopathy).
The scheme for constructing permanent houses for poor tribals – PM- JANMAN
(Pradhan Mantri-Janjatiya Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan)
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The operation initiated by the Indian Army in J & K to counter terrorism in the Pir
Panjal range – Operation Sarvashakti
On October 11, the Ministry of External Affairs launched ‘Operation Ajay’ , a
repatriation programme ,to bring back Indian citizens from Israel amid the
ongoing 2023 Israel-Hamas war.
The conflcit started on 7th October when the Gaza-based Hamas militants invaded
Israel from the Gaza strip.
Other evacuation processes of India:
- Operation Dost – launched to bring back stranded Indian citizens following the
- massive earthquake that hit Turkiye and Syria in February 2023
- Operation Kaveri – launched in April 2023 to evacuate Indian citizens stranded
in Sudan.
- Operation Ganga – launched in 2022 to bring back Indians stranded in Ukraine.
- Operation Devi Shakthi – launched in 2021 by the IAF to evacuate Indians
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from Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover.
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- Operation Samudra Setu – launched during the COVID-19 pandemic to bring
back Indians stranded in foreign countries.
- Operation Karuna , launched in May 2023 - An Indian military operation to
provide humanitarian aid to cyclone hit Myanmar
India ranked 93rd out of 180 nations in the 2023 Corruption Perception Index by
Transparency International
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on the occasion of the Ayodhya Ram Mandir
consecration, announced an initiative, “Pradhanmantri Suryodaya Yojana.” This
ambitious project is designed to boost solar energy usage in India and marks a
significant step towards energy self-reliance and sustainability.
Bhavish Aggarwal, Ola's visionary, secured $50M for Krutrim, an AI start-up, co-
founded by Bhavish Aggarwal. It has swiftly emerged as a prominent player in the
realm of Artificial Intelligence.
CoRover.ai, a prominent player in Conversational AI, introduced BharatGPT, India's
inaugural Large Language Model, aiming to transform AI dialogues across 22 Indian
languages.
The initial release of ChatGPT - November 30, 2022
Programming language is ChatGPT written in - Python
The platform ChatGPT primarily operates on – Cloud Computing platforms
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The type of system ChatGPT is - classified as- Chatbot
The acronym “GPT” represents in the term ChatGPT- General-purpose
technology
The artificial intelligence that ChatGPT operates is based on - Large Language
Models (LLMs)
Chat GPT is owned by- OpenAI LP, an artificial intelligence research lab
CEO of ChatGPT – Sam Altman
In a significant move towards promoting multilingualism in education, the central
government introduced the ‘Anuvadini’ app, an Artificial Intelligence-based
platform. The initiative aims to make study materials for all school and higher
education courses available in digital form, specifically in the 22 Indian languages
listed in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
After a hiatus of nine years, Moh-Juj, the traditional buffalo fights, made a comeback
in Assam.
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The 'Statue of Social Justice,' in Andhra Pradesh, standing at a height of 206 feet,
dedicated to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. is one of the top 50 tallest statues globally, with
Sardar Vallabhai Patel’s ‘Statue of Unity’ in Gujarat, claiming the top spot.
Aimed at strengthening cultural ties, the Government of India, under the New
Education Policy, decided to include Farsi (Persian) as one of the nine classical
languages of India.
Before Farsi’s inclusion, India recognized six languages as classical: Tamil (2004),
Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia
(2014).
The criteria for declaring a language as ‘Classical’ include a recorded history of
1500-2000 years, a valuable heritage of ancient literature, an original literary
tradition, and distinctness from modern forms or offshoots.
The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, governed by Articles 344(1) and
351, lists the official languages of India, currently numbering 22. This schedule
initially included 14 languages in 1950.
Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu emerged as the best-performing states in
the Startup Ranking for 2022
Kerala's Drug Control Department initiates Operation Amrith, a strategy combating
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by curbing antibiotic overuse in the state.
The Government of Maharashtra recently declared the establishment of a new
Conservation Reserve in the Atpadi region of Sangli district, named the 'Atpadi
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Conservation Reserve'.
In a significant step towards modernization and operational efficiency, the Indian
Army has declared 2024 as the "Year of Technology Absorption."
A grievance redressal committees under the Street Vendors Act 2014, aiming to
swiftly resolve disputes among vendors was unveiled.
PAiSA Dashboard: This online platform provides real-time updates on the progress
of the PM SVANidhi Mission scheme. Vendors can track loan applications,
disbursements, and repayments at their fingertips, fostering transparency and
accountability.
Hyderabad’s Begumpet Airport hosted Wings India 2024, the country’s most
significant civil aviation event. It was jointly organized by the Ministry of Civil
Aviation and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Indian Industry.
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Odisha’s ‘Kai Chutney’ was given the GI tag. In the heart of Odisha’s Mayurbhanj
district, a unique culinary tradition has thrived for centuries. Locally known as ‘Kai
Chutney,’ this savoury delight is crafted using red weaver ants.
‘Prasadam,’ is nation’s first healthy and hygienic food street was inaugurated at
Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh.
The Prasadam initiative aims to connect common citizens across the nation with pure
and safe local and traditional food.
India’s inaugural inclusive festival for persons with disabilities , The International
Purple Fest was held in Goa.
The Union Cabinet recently gave its approval to declare Ayodhya Airport as an
international airport and be renamed “Maharishi Valmiki International Airport,
Ayodhyadham,” reflecting the historical and cultural significance of the region.
The 10th edition of the Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors Summit was held in
Gandhinagar. The theme for this edition is “Gateway to the Future.” This biennial
event serves as a crucial platform for global policymakers, diplomats, business
leaders, and investors to foster collaborations, partnerships, and explore investment
opportunities.
The Chief guest of this function was Czech Republic’s Prime Minister Petr Fiala.
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Binny Bansal, co-founder of Flipkart ventured into the e-commerce space once again
with his latest startup, OppDoor. The startup aims to facilitate the global expansion of
e-commerce firms by offering comprehensive end-to-end solutions. The launch of
OppDoor holds particular significance as it marks Binny Bansal’s re-entry into the e-
commerce domain after the completion of a five-year non-compete clause following
the sale of Flipkart to Walmart in 2018.
Jammu and Kashmir became the first Union Territory to implement the PM
Vishwakarma Yojana (PMVY). This initiative, launched by the Central government
in September 2023, aims to uplift and recognize the crucial role these skilled
individuals play in preserving and enriching India’s cultural heritage.
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the first all-girl Sainik School in
Vrindavan, Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh.
The Indian Space Research Organisation marked the beginning of 2024 with a
significant milestone, launching its first mission of the year. On January 1, ISRO
successfully lifted off the XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) along with 10 other
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satellites from the Sriharikota spaceport, using the PSLV-C58 rocket.
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This groundbreaking mission marks India’s foray into space-based polarisation
measurements of X-ray emissions from celestial sources, with a specific focus on the
enigmatic world of black holes.
Uttar Pradesh is set to build India’s first A city in Lucknow to promote AI
ecosystem.
Persons
The new Chief of the Indian Air Force - Vivek Ram Chaudhari.
Former India captain and head coach Ravi Shastri was awarded the Col CK Nayudu
Lifetime Achievement Award by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
The Indian government named IAS officer Senthil Pandian C as the ambassador to
the World Trade Organisation in Geneva.
Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge emerged as the consensus choice to be the
chairperson of the Indian National Developmental, Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) at a
virtual meeting of Opposition leaders.
Justice Sanjiv Khanna was appointed as the Executive Chairperson of the National
Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
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The government appointed Arvind Panagariya, former Niti Aayog vice chairman and
Columbia University professor, as the chairman of the Sixteenth Finance
Commission. The Commission is entrusted with the crucial task of recommending the
tax revenue sharing formula between the Centre and the States for the upcoming five-
year period starting from April 2026.
Nitish Kumar took oath as Bihar CM for record ninth time with BJP support ahead
of the upcoming Lok Sabha polls.
Kerala teenager Suchetha Satish achieved a remarkable feat by setting a Guinness
World Record during her performance at the ‘Concert for Climate’ in Dubai on
November 24, 2023 singing in 140 languages The event was part of the COP 28
summit, attended by representatives from over 140 nations, emphasizing the global
significance of her achievement.
Awards
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Winner of Ranjit Trophy 2024 – Mumbai defeating Vidarbha
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Naorem Roshibina Devi of Manipur, clinched the title of International Wushu
Federation Female Athlete of the Year.
Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award was conferred upon Savita Kanswal.
Savita Kanswal is the Mount Makalu (8485 m) within an astonishing span of 16 days.
She is from Uttarakhand.
The ANUBHAV Awards Scheme, initiated by the Department of Pension and
Pensioners Welfare is an innovative platform for recognizing the contributions made
by retired officials to nation-building during their tenure in government service
Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023: Indore and Surat shared Cleanest City Titles.
Indore secured the cleanest city title for the seventh time.
Equestrian athlete, Divyakriti Singh, was conferred with the Arjuna Award, making
her the first woman from Rajasthan to achieve this honour.
She is also the first woman from Rajasthan to clinch a medal in Equestrian at the
Asian Games.
Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award:
Satwik Sairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty (badminton)
Books
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Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched a book titled ‘Assam’s Braveheart Lachit
Barphukan’ by Munjuluri Krishna Kumari in Guwahati, Assam.
The book “An Uncommon Love: The Early Life of Sudha and Narayana Murthy,” is
authored by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.
M.J. Akbar, along with co-author K. Natwar Singh, launched a new book titled
“Gandhi: A Life in Three Campaigns.”
2024 Republic Day
Republic Day is celebrated to honour the day when the Constitution of India came
into effect, replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document
of India. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950 Republic
Day, was adopted on November 26, 1949.
The themes for Republic Day 2024, “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat –
Loktantra ki Matruka” (India – Mother of Democracy), encapsulate the aspirations
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and democratic ethos of the nation.
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January 26 was chosen as Republic Day in India because it’s the date when the Indian
National Congress declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) at the Lahore
Session in 1930 ( Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the session), as opposed to
the dominion status offered by the British Regime.
The inaugural Republic Day Chief Guest was Dr. Sukarno, the first President of
Indonesia.
French President , Emmanuel Macron, was the chief guest in the 75th Republic Day
celebrations.
The space mission highlighted in the Republic Day 2024 parade was Chandrayaan-3,
India's successful lunar mission that landed near the Moon's south pole in May 2023.
The foreign country contingent that participated in the Republic Day Parade belonged
French Foreign Legion, an elite cadre of foreign volunteers serving under the French
flag. The contingent also included six Nepali soldiers.
A special highlight in the 2024 Republic Day parade was the all-women Tri-Service
contingent, a historic first showcasing the strength and capabilities of Indian women.
Tableau on theme 'India: Mother of Democracy' by the Ministry of Culture clinched
First Spot at Republic Day Parade 2024
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Bharat Ratna
Karpoori Thakur who was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna was the former
Chief Minister of Bihar
Lal Krishna Advani, M S Swaminathan, and PV Narasimha Rao were also awarded
with this prestigious award.
( The first recipients of Bharat Ratna (1954) were: C Rajagopalachari ( the last
governor general of independent India), S Radhakrishnan ( First Vice President of
India) and C V Raman (Nobel Laureate in Physics 1930)
Padma Awards
6 Padma Vibhushan, 17 Padma Bhushan. 110 Padma Shri
International
Events
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The country which launched a digital nomad ‘workation’ visa , allowing foreigners to
live and work remotely while visiting – South Korea
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A high – altitude observation balloon, a surveillance blimp, deployed by Israel amid
escalating tensions with the Hezbollah militants along the Lebanese border - Sky
dew.
The company which successfully implanted the first brain chip into a human being -
Neuralink, the neurotechnology company co-founded by Elon Musk.
Japan marked a significant achievement in space exploration by becoming the fifth
country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the Moon. The Smart Lander for
Investigating Moon (SLIM) touched down near the Shioli crater, south of the lunar
equator, after a four-month journey from the Tanegashima Space Centre.
So far, in order of successful soft moon landings are the Soviet Union (1966), the
United States (1966), China (2013), India (2023) and Japan (2024).
The United States is still to this day the only country to have successfully landed
humans on the Moon.
The first Indian crewed spacecraft- Gaganyaan
NASA has targeted September 2025 for Artemis II, the first crewed Artemis mission
around the Moon, and September 2026 for Artemis III, which is planned to land the
first astronauts near the lunar South Pole.
ARTEMIS - Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the
Moon's Interaction with the Sun.
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Christina Koch will be the first woman to go to the moon.
The 19th Non-Aligned Movement Summit was held in Uganda.
(The Non-Aligned Movement is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally
aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded with the view to
advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation.
After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.
The founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) were Jawaharlal Nehru of India,
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia and Tito of
Yugoslavia. The first summit of NAM was held in Belgrade in 1961.
South Africa in December had moved the ICJ, invoking the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948, against Israel, accusing
it of committing genocide during its ongoing military campaign in Gaza. South
Africa has sought the indication of provisional measures to stop the genocide while
Israel has rebutted the allegation that it had any genocidal intent in its response to the
October 7 terrorist attack by Hamas.
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The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Both South Africa and
Israel are signatories to the Genocide Convention of 1948, which was invoked by
South Africa.
The Genocide Convention, 1948, was the first human rights treaty to be adopted by
the UN General Assembly. It primarily arose form a commitment to ‘never again’
allow mass killing of people such as the Holocaust. South Africa’s case is based upon
Article II which says genocide means acts such as killing members of a national,
racial, ethnic or religious group; causing serious bodily and mental harm to the
members of the group; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.
Established in 1945, the ICJ is seated at the Peace Palace in The Hague, the
Netherlands following decades of international conflicts in the form of two World
Wars.
The multilateral forum has dual jurisdictional powers — advisory jurisdiction and
jurisdiction in contentious cases. While the former relates to the jurisdiction of the
court in providing legal opinions on matters referred to it by the organs and
specialised agencies of the UN, the latter involves settling disputes between countries
and determining “state responsibility” for crimes committed in violation of
international law.
The court has a total strength of 15 judges who are appointed for nine-year terms
through separate, simultaneous elections at the UN General Assembly and the UN
Security Council. However, ‘ad-hoc judges’ are sometimes appointed in cases that
require specialised knowledge about the concerned dispute. Although the court’s
decisions are legally binding and cannot be appealed against, they are often defied in
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the absence of an enforcement mechanism of its own. The UN Charter authorises the
UNSC to enforce the court’s decisions — however, its compliance is often at the
mercy of the power politics of the permanent members of the Security Council. The
enforcement of any adverse ruling against Israel is likely to be vetoed by its strongest
ally, the U.S.
Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels, seeking revenge against Israel, intensified
attacks on Red Sea ships. US and UK respond with strikes.
The Houthi movement, or Ansarallah, emerged in the 1990s under leader Hussein al-
Houthi, advocating for Zaidism, a subsect of Shia Islam .
The Yemeni civil war began in 2014 when Houthi forces seized the capital, leading to
a wider conflict in 2015 with a Saudi-led coalition attempting to counter them.
World leaders converged at Davos in Switzerland for WEF 2024.
Theme of World Economic Forum 2024 – Rebuilding Trust
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The World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Telangana government are jointly
establishing the 19th Centre of the WEF’s Fourth Industrial Revolution Network
(4IR) in Hyderabad. The WEF-Telangana Centre, slated for launch in February 2024,
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will be the world’s inaugural thematic centre dedicated to health tech and life
sciences.
On the sidelines of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, India unveiled the
“Alliance for Global Good-Gender Equity and Equality” an initiative with the World
Economic Forum (WEF) and Invest India joining as crucial partners.
WEF Founder and Chairman Klaus Schwab
WEF spotlighting Disease X—an illness stemming from an unknown microbial
threat. WHO underscored the urgency for cross-cutting R&D preparedness. Disease
X, designated by the WHO in 2017, holds a place alongside pathogens like Ebola and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) as a top priority for research.
Essentially, it represents an illness arising from an unknown but serious microbial
threat, with COVID-19 serving as a tangible example.
In the 2024 Global Firepower Military Strength Rankings, the US secured the top
position, with Russia and China following. India claimed the 4th spot. Bhutan ranked
lowest.
In 2024, the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India stand as the world’s
foremost economic powers, as indicated by their respective Gross Domestic Product
data.
The traditional method employed to assess a country’s GDP involves the expenditure
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approach, where the total is calculated by summing expenditures on new consumer
goods, investments, government spending, and the net value of exports.
China recently sent a groundbreaking astronomical satellite named Einstein Probe
into space on a mission to observe mysterious transient phenomena in the universe.
Tropical Cyclone 'Alvaro' struck Morombe, Madagascar, on January 1, 2024, causing
extensive damage to property and impacting over 4,500 individuals.
Microsoft India unveiled the ‘AI Odyssey’ initiative, aiming to train 100,000 Indian
developers in the latest AI technologies.
The Peregrine-1 lunar lander, operated by private firm Astrobotic, successfully
launched from Cape Canaveral, marking the first American lunar mission in 51 years.
Russia assumed the Chairmanship of BRICS 2024.
Persons
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Taiwan’s President-elect Lai Ching-te secured an unprecedented third consecutive
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term for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) after pitching himself as the
defender of Taiwan’s democratic way of life.
Communist China claims Taiwan, separated from the mainland by a 180-km strait, as
its own and refuses to rule out using force to bring about “unification”, even if
conflict does not appear imminent.
Francoise Bettencourt Meyers made history by becoming the first woman to amass a
staggering $100 billion fortune. With this , she becomes the 12th-richest person
globally, Bettencourt Meyers, serves as the vice-chair of the board of L’Oréal.
Word of the Year 2023
Oxford – Rizz - “pertaining to someone’s ability to attract another person through
style, charm, or attractiveness,
Merriam Webster – Authentic highlights the desire for genuine experiences and
connections.
Collins Dictionary – AI
Cambridge – Hallucinate - refers to AI generating false or inaccurate data,
highlighting the need for caution and critical thinking in the digital age.
Macmillan Dictionary: Chose “survival mode” to reflect the resilience and
perseverance shown in the face of hardship.
Dictionary.com: Also selected “metaverse” as another noteworthy word capturing the
growing interest in virtual worlds and online experiences.
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Awards
Best FIFA Men’s Player Award – Lionel Messi
Australian Open 2024
Jannik Sinner secured his first Grand Slam in men’s singles, while Aryna Sabalenka
claimed her second in women’s singles. Rohan Bopanna, at 43, became the oldest
man to win men’s doubles.
Golden Globe Awards 2024
The 81st Golden Globe Awards presented at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills,
California, USA
Best Film – Drama Oppenheimer
Best Actress – Lily Gladstone, Killers of the Flower Moon
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Best Actor – Cillian Murphy, Oppenheimer
Best Director - Christopher Nolan, Oppenheimer
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Military Exercises
Exercise Cyclone conducted between India & Egypt
The inaugural joint military exercise, Sada Tanseeq, between the armies of India and
Saudi Arabia, was conducted in Rajasthan.
India, France, and the United Arab Emirates conducted a major air exercise, named
'Desert Knight', over the Arabian Sea.
India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR kicked off at the Special
Forces Training School in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh.
The Indian Navy and Royal Thai Navy joined forces for the maiden bilateral exercise
named ‘Ex-Ayutthaya’.
The Indian and Japanese Coast Guards have recently conducted a successful joint
exercise named ‘Sahyog Kaijin’ off the coast of Chennai
The collaborative military exercise ‘Desert Cyclone 2024‘ is set to mark a significant
milestone in the partnership between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Scheduled to take place in Rajasthan.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) launched its largest military
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exercise in Europe in decades, Steadfast Defender 2024
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