1

THERMODYNAMICS -LECTURE 1
CHAPTER 4
The First Law of Thermodynamics (Open system)

Presented By
Dr. Saeed Abdullah

Mechatronic L100. Department

Faculty of Engineering

Zagazig University
2024-2025

2
 Thermodynamics
Contents
 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of thermodynamics

 Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances

 Chapter 3: The First Law of Thermodynamics (Closed system)

 Chapter 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics (Open system)

 Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

 Chapter 6: Entropy

3
 Introduction
 In this chapter, we extend the energy analysis to systems that involve
mass flow across their boundaries i.e., control volumes, with particular
emphasis to steady-flow systems.
 We start this chapter with:
1- The development of the general conservation of mass relation for
control volumes.
2- We continue with a discussion of flow work and the energy of fluid
streams.
 We then apply the energy balance to systems that involve steady-flow
devices such as: Nozzles, Diffusers, Compressors, Turbines, Throttling
devices, Mixing chambers, and Heat exchangers.
4
 Conservation Of Mass And Energy

Mass And Energy Analysis Of Control Volumes

 It turns out that mass m and energy E can be converted to each other
according to the well-known formula proposed by Albert Einstein
(1879–1955): E = m. C 2

𝐻2 + 1 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑂2
2
2 𝑘g + 16 𝑘g 18 𝑘g

 For control volumes, however, mass can cross the boundaries, and so we
must keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control
volume.
5
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
The mass and volume flow rates are related by:
𝑉
𝑚 = 𝜌. 𝑉. 𝐴𝑐 = 𝜌𝑉 = , [kg/s]
𝑣
𝜌 ∶ Fluid density, 𝜌 = 1 , [𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ]
𝑣
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒,𝑉
𝑉 : Volume flow rate, 𝑉 = , [𝑚3/𝑠]
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒,𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒,𝑉
𝑣 ∶ Specific volume, 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑚
, [𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔]

 Conservation of Mass Principle:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
− =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝐶𝑉 [𝑘𝑔]
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = [𝑘𝑔/𝑠]
𝑑𝑡

 Total mass within the CV: 𝑚𝐶𝑉 = 𝜌. 𝑑𝑉

𝐶𝑉
6
 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
 Conservation of mass principle for a two-inlet–
one-outlet steady-flow system.

𝑚 = 𝑚 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠)
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟑

 Conservation of mass for single stream:

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,
diffusers, turbines, compressors, and pumps involve
a single stream (only one inlet and one outlet).

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 → 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 . 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴2
7
 Special Case: Incompressible Flow
 The fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids:
𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Steady, incompressible flow:

𝑚 = 𝜌. 𝑉. 𝐴 = 𝜌. 𝑉 , [kg/s]

 Steady, incompressible flow (for single stream):

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 → 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 . 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴2

For: 𝜌 = 𝐶.
8
 Conservation of Mass
5–7 Air enters a 28 − 𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe steadily at 𝑃1 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 20𝑜 𝐶 with a
velocity of 𝑉1 = 5 𝑚/𝑠. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 𝑃2 = 180 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and
𝑇2 = 40𝑜 𝐶. Determine:
(a) The volume flow rate of air at the inlet.
(b) The mass flow rate of air.
(c) The velocity and volume flow rate at the exit.
Solution: 𝑇1 = 20 + 273 = 293 𝐾
𝑇2 = 40 + 273 = 313 𝐾
(a) The volume flow rate of air at the inlet.
𝜋.𝐷2 𝜋. 0.28 2
𝑉1 = 𝑉1 . 𝐴𝑐 = . 𝑉1 = 5 = 0.3079 𝑚3 /𝑠
4 4
(b) The mass flow rate of air.
𝑃1 𝜋.𝐷2 200𝑥103 𝜋. 0.28 2
𝑚 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 . 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑅.𝑇 . 𝑉1 . 4 = 287𝑥293 𝑥 5 𝑥 4
= 0.7318 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
1
(c) The velocity and volume flow rate at the exit.
𝑃2 𝜋.𝐷2
𝑚 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑅.𝑇 4 𝑉2
2

180𝑥103 𝜋. 0.28 2
0.7318 = 287𝑥313 4
𝑉2 get: 𝑉2 = 5.94𝑚/𝑠
9
 Flow Work And The Energy Of A Flowing Fluid

 Open System, Control volumes involve mass flow across their

boundaries, and some work is required to push the mass into or out of the
control volume. This work is known as the flow work, or flow energy.

 Force required to push the fluid

element into the control volume.
𝐹 = 𝑃. 𝐴
 The work done in pushing the fluid
element across the boundary.
𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐹. 𝐿 = 𝑃. 𝐴. 𝐿 = 𝑃. 𝑉

𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃. 𝑣 [𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔]
10
 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The total energy of a simple compressible system consists of three parts:
𝑉2
internal (𝑢), kinetic ( ), and potential energies (𝑔𝑧).
2
On a unit-mass basis, it is expressed as:
𝑉2
𝑒 = 𝑢 + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2

Nonflowing fluid Flowing fluid

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑒=𝑢+ + 𝑔𝑧 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑒 = 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2 2
𝑢 : internal energy, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑃𝑣 : The flow energy, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑉2
: kineticl energy, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑧 : potential energy, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2
11
 The Total Energy
 The fluid entering or leaving a control volume possesses an additional
form of energy—the flow energy 𝑃𝑣, as already discussed. Then the
total energy of a flowing fluid on a unit-mass basis (denoted by 𝜃)
becomes:
𝑉2
𝜃 = 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑒 = (𝑃𝑣 + 𝑢) + + 𝑔𝑧 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2

Enthalpy: ℎ = 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑢

 The total energy of a flowing fluid is given by:

𝑉2
𝜃=ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2
12
 Energy Transport by Mass
 The total energy (𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ) of a flowing fluid of mass 𝑚 is simply 𝑚. 𝜃,
provided that the properties of the mass 𝑚 are: uniform.
𝑉2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚. 𝜃 = 𝑚. (ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 ) 𝑘𝐽
2

 Also, when a fluid stream with uniform properties is flowing at a mass

flow rate of 𝑚, the rate of energy flow with that stream is: 𝑚.θ

𝑉2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚. 𝜃 = 𝑚. (ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 ) 𝑘𝑊
2

13
 Energy Analysis Of Steady-Flow Systems
 Energy balance for a steady-flow process:

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
Rate of energy transfer in Rate of energy transfer out
by heat, work, and mass by heat, work, and mass

𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚 𝜃 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚𝜃

𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

for each inlet for each exit

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄−𝑊 = 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧 − 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

for each exit for each inlet 14

 Energy Analysis Of Steady-Flow Systems
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄−𝑊 = 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧 − 𝑚 ℎ+ + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

for each exit for each inlet

 For single-stream devices, the steady-flow energy balance equation

becomes:
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

 The energy balance on a unit-mass basis as:

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑞 − 𝑤 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
15
 Energy Analysis Of Steady-Flow Systems
 Flow in pipe (that is, ∆𝑘𝑒 = 0, ∆𝑝𝑒 = 0), the energy balance equation is
reduced further to:
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

(𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − (𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

where:
∆ℎ1−2 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
∆𝑘𝐸 = 𝑚
2

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚. 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
16
 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

1-Nozzles and 2-Turbines and 3- Throttling 4-Heat

Diffusers Compressors Valves
Exchangers

Some Steady-flow Engineering Devices

17
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
 The rate of heat transfer between the fluid flowing through a nozzle or
a diffuser and the surroundings is usually very small (𝑄 ≈ 0).
 Nozzles and diffusers typically involve no work (𝑊 ≈ 0) and any
change in potential energy is negligible (∆𝑝𝑒 ≈ 0).

Nozzles Diffusers
18
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚: 𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑄 ≅ 0, 𝑊 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0

𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑚 ℎ1 + = 𝑚 ℎ2 +
2 2

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
ℎ2 = ℎ1 −
2
𝑉12
𝑉2 ≪ 𝑉1 → ℎ2 = ℎ1 +
2
𝑉1 = 2(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) [m/s]
19
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
5–38 Steam at 𝑃1 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 400𝑜 𝐶 enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of
𝑉1 = 60 𝑚/𝑠, and it leaves at 𝑃2 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 300𝑜 𝐶. The inlet area of the nozzle
is 𝐴1 = 50 𝑐𝑚2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 75 𝑘𝑊. Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate of the steam, 𝑚𝑠𝑡 = ?
(b) the exit velocity of the steam, 𝑉2 = ?
(c) the exit area of the nozzle, 𝐴2 = ?

Solution:
Energy equation for nozzle gives,
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄1−2 − 𝑊1−2 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + g 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
Since: 𝑊1−2 = 0 , 𝑍1 = 𝑍2
𝑉22 −𝑉12
Get: (0 − 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 2 +0
20
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
The properties of steam at the inlet and exit are (Table A-6)
Point 1:
𝑃1 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣1 = 0.07343 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔
𝑇1 = 400𝑜 𝐶 ℎ1 = 3214.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(a) The mass flow rate of the steam, 𝑚𝑠𝑡 = ?
𝑚𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1. 𝐴1 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1. 𝐴1
60 𝑥 50 𝑥10−4
𝑚𝑠𝑡 = = 4.085 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
0.07343
Point 2:
𝑃2 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣2 = 0.12551 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑇2 = 300𝑜 𝐶 ℎ2 = 3024.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(b) the exit velocity of the steam, 𝑉2 = ?
3 3 𝑉22 −(60)2
(0 − 75𝑥10 ) = 4.085 𝑥 (3024.2 − 3214.5)𝑥10 + 2
+0
𝑉2 = 589.5 𝑚/𝑠
(c) the exit area of the nozzle, 𝐴2 = ?
𝑚𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1. 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴2 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2
𝑚𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑠𝑡 . 𝑣2 4.085 𝑥 0.12551
𝐴2 = = = = 8.7𝑥 10−4 𝑚2
𝜌2 . 𝑉2 𝑉2 589.5 21
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
5–39 Air at 𝑃1 = 80 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 27𝑜 𝐶, and 𝑉1 = 220 𝑚/𝑠 enters a diffuser at a
rate of 𝑚 = 2.5 𝑘g/𝑠 and leaves at 𝑇2 = 42𝑜 𝐶. The exit area of the diffuser is
𝐴2 = 400 𝑐𝑚2. The air is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 18 𝑘𝑊 during
this process. Determine:
(a) the exit velocity, 𝑉2 =?
(b) the exit pressure of the air, 𝑃2 =?
Answers: (a) 62.0 m/s, (b) 91.1 kPa
Solution:

22
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
Solution:
Energy equation for nozzle gives,
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄1−2 − 𝑊1−2 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + g 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
Since: 𝑊1−2 = 0 , 𝑍1 = 𝑍2
𝑉22 −𝑉12
Get: (0 − 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 2 + 0
𝑉22 −𝑉12
(0 − 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝑚 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + 2
3 𝑉22 −(220)2
(0 − 18𝑥10 ) = 2.5 𝑥 1005 𝑥 (42 − 27) +
2
𝑉2 = 62.048 𝑚/𝑠
(b) the exit pressure of the air, 𝑃2 = ?
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴2
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 2.5 3
𝜌2 = = = 1.008 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔
𝑉2 . 𝐴2 62 𝑥 400𝑥10−4
𝑃2 . 𝑉2 = 𝑚. 𝑅𝑇2
𝑃2 = 𝜌2 . 𝑅𝑇2 = 1.008 𝑥 287𝑥315 = 91.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎

23
 Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser
Air at 𝑇1 = 10𝑜 𝐶 and 𝑃1 = 80 𝑘𝑃𝑎 enters the diffuser of a jet engine
steadily with a velocity of 𝑉1 = 200 𝑚/𝑠. The inlet area of the diffuser is
𝐴1 = 0.4 𝑚2. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small
compared with the inlet velocity (𝑉2 ≪ 𝑉1 ). Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate of the air, 𝑚
(b) The temperature of the air leaving the diffuser, 𝑇2
Solution
At Point 1:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 → 𝑃1 = 𝜌1 𝑅𝑇1
𝑅𝑇1 287𝑥283
𝜌1 = = = 1.015 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑃1 80𝑥1000
𝑚 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 . 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 . 𝑉2 . 𝐴2
= 1.05 𝑥 200 𝑥 0.4
= 78.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 24
 1-Nozzles and Diffusers
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑄 ≅ 0, 𝑊 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
ℎ2 − ℎ1 =
2
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝐶𝑃 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 =
2
2 2
0 − 200
1005 𝑥 𝑇2 − 283 =
2
𝑇2 = 303 𝐾

25
 2-Turbines and Compressors
 Turbines produce power output whereas compressors, pumps, and fans
require power input.

Compressor
Turbine 26
 2-Turbines and Compressors

 Heat transfer from turbines and compressors is usually negligible (Q ≈ 0).

 Potential energy changes are negligible for all of these devices (∆pe≈ 0).

The velocities involved in these devices, with the exception of turbines

and fans, are usually too low to cause any significant change in the kinetic

energy (∆ ke ≈ 0).

 The fluid velocities encountered in most turbines are very high. However,

the change in kinetic energy is usually very small relative to the change in

enthalpy.

27
 2-Turbines and Compressors
5–46 Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet
conditions of the steam are 𝑃1 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 500𝑜 𝐶 , and
𝑉1 = 80 𝑚/𝑠, and the exit conditions are 𝑃2 = 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑥2 = 0.92, and
𝑉2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 . The mass flow rate of the steam is 𝑚 = 12 𝑘g/𝑠 .
Determine:
(a) The change in kinetic energy, ∆𝑘𝐸1−2
(b) The power output, 𝑊𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡
(c) The turbine inlet area, 𝐴1
Answers: (a) 21.95 𝑘𝐽/𝑘g, (b) 12.1 𝑀𝑊, (c) 0.0130 𝑚2

28
 2-Turbines and Compressors
Solution:
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through 6)
Point 1:
𝑃1 = 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣1 = 0.086442 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑇1 = 500𝑜 𝐶 ℎ1 = 3446 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Point 2:
𝑃2 = 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 289.27 + 0.92 𝑥 2335.3 = 2437.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑥2 = 0.92
(a) The change in kinetic energy, ∆𝑘𝐸1−2
𝑉22 − 𝑉12 50 2 − 80 2
∆𝑘𝐸1−2 = = = −1.95 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2 2 𝑥 1000
(b) The power output, 𝑊𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄1−2 − 𝑊1−2 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + g 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
Since: 𝑄1−2 = 0 , 𝑍1 = 𝑍2
Get:
50 2 − 80 2
−𝑊𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 12 2437.7 − 3446 𝑥103 +
2

𝑊𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 12,123 kW = 12.1 MW

(c) The turbine inlet area, 𝐴1
𝑉1 . 𝐴1
𝑚𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌1 . 𝑉1 . 𝐴1 =
𝑣1
𝑚𝑠𝑡 . 𝑣1 12 𝑥 0.086442
𝐴1 = = = 0.0130 𝑚2 29
𝑉1 80
 2-Turbines and Compressors
Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of
𝑃1 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 25𝑜 𝐶 with a low velocity and exits at
𝑃2 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 347𝑜 𝐶 with a velocity of 𝑉2 = 90 𝑚/𝑠. The
compressor is cooled at a rate of 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1500 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛, and the
power input to the compressor is 𝑊𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 250 𝑘𝑊. Determine:
1- The mass flow rate of air through the compressor.

30
 2-Turbines and Compressors

Solution

𝑇1 = 25 + 273 = 298 𝐾
𝑇2 = 347 + 273 = 620 𝐾

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄1−2 − 𝑊1−2 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + g 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
Since: 𝑍1 = 𝑍2 , 𝑉1 ≈ 0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉22 −𝑉12
Get: (0 − 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔) − (0 − 𝑊𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑚 𝐶𝑃 𝑥 𝑇2 −𝑇1 + 2

1500𝑥103 3
90 2
− 0 2
− + 250𝑥10 = 𝑚 1005𝑥 620 − 297 +
60 2
𝑚 = 0.674 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

31
 2-Turbines and Compressors
Air at 𝑃1 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇1 = 280 𝐾 is compressed steadily to
𝑃2 = 600 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 400 𝐾 . The mass flow rate of the air is
𝑚 = 0.02 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, and a heat loss of 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 16 𝑘𝐽/𝑘g occurs during the
process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible (∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ 0, ∆𝑝𝑒 = 0), determine the necessary power input to
the compressor, 𝑊𝑖𝑛 .

32
 2-Turbines and Compressors
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: ∆𝑘𝑒 = ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0

(−𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − (−𝑊𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚. 𝐶𝑃 . (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = (16𝑥1000) 𝑥 0.02 + 0.02𝑥1005 400 − 280 = 2.74 𝑘𝑊

33
 Power Generation by a Steam Turbine
EXAMPLE 5–7 The power output of an
adiabatic steam turbine is 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑀𝑊, and the
inlet and the exit conditions of the steam are as
indicated in Fig.
(a) Compare the magnitudes of ∆ℎ, ∆𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑝𝑒.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the
steam flowing through the turbine.
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.

34
 Power Generation by a Steam Turbine
Point 1:
𝑃1 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ℎ1 = 3248.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑇1 = 400𝑜 𝐶

Point 2:
𝑃2 = 15 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℎ𝑓 = 225.94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑥2 = 0.9 ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2372.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 225.94 + 0.9 2372.3 = 2361.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 2361.01 − 3248.4 = −887.39 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑉22 − 𝑉12 180 2 − 50 2

∆𝑘𝑒 = = = 16.075 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2 2
∆𝑝𝑒 = 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 = 9.81 6 − 10 = −0.03924 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

35
 Power Generation by a Steam Turbine
(b) The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑄 ≅ 0,
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
−𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

−𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −887.39 +16.075 − 0.03924 = − 871.35 kJ/kg

𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 871.35 kJ/kg

(c) The required mass flow rate for a 5-MW power output is: 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚. 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 5000
𝑚= = = 5.738 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 871.35
36
 3- Throttling Valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a
significant pressure drop in the fluid.
Throttling valves are usually small devices, and the flow through
them may be assumed to be: (q = 0), (w = 0), (∆ ke = 0), (∆pe  0).

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

ℎ2 = ℎ1 [kJ/kg]

37
 4a-Mixing Chambers
1-Mass Balance:
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚3

2-First Law for open system

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

For: [(𝑄= 0) , (𝑊 = 0) , (k.e = 0 and P.e = 0)].

𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 = 𝑚3 ℎ3

38
 4b-Heat Exchangers

 Heat exchangers are devices where two moving

fluid streams exchange heat without mixing.

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑄 = 𝑊 = 0
∆𝑘𝑒 ≅ 0, ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0
Mass balance: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 & 𝑚3 = 𝑚4
Energy balance: 𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑚3 ℎ3 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑚4 ℎ4
39
 4b-Heat Exchangers
5–76 A heat exchanger is to heat water (𝐶𝑃 = 4.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾) from 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑜 𝐶 to
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 60𝑜 𝐶 at a rate of 𝑚𝑐 = 0.2 𝑘g/𝑠. The heating is to be accomplished by
geothermal water (𝐶𝑃 = 4.31 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾) available at 𝑇𝑕,𝑖𝑛 = 140𝑜 𝐶at a mass flow rate of
𝑚𝑕 = 0.3 𝑘g/𝑠. Determine:
1- The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger, 𝑄
2-The exit temperature of geothermal water, 𝑇𝑕,𝑜𝑢𝑡

Solution:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 . 𝐶𝑃,𝑐 . 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑕 . 𝐶𝑃,𝑕 . 𝑇𝑕,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑕,𝑖𝑛

𝑄 = 0.2𝑥4.18𝑥 60 − 25 = 0.3𝑥4.13𝑥 𝑇𝑕,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 140 = 29.26 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑕,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 117.4𝑜 𝐶

40
 5-Pipe and Duct Flow

Pipe or duct flow

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: ∆𝑘𝑒 ≅= ∆𝑝𝑒 ≅ 0
(𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝐶𝑃 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

End 41
Thank You

42