MySQL

▪ The most popular open source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by
Oracle Corporation.
▪ It is written in C and C++.
▪ It is named after co-founder Monty Widenius’s daughter, My.
▪ The name of the MySQL Dolphin is Sakila.

Comments

▪ From a # character to the end of the line.

▪ From a - - <SPACE> sequence to the end of the line.
▪ From a /* sequence to the following */ sequence that is multiline comments.

Data Types

Type Details
BIT[(M)] ▪ The default is 1 if M is omitted.
- BIT, BIT(30) ▪ M indicates the number of bits per value, from 1 to 64.
BOOL ▪ Zero is considered false and nonzero values are considered true.
BOOLEAN
TINYINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ 1 byte

SMALLINT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ 2 bytes

MEDIUMINT [(M)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ 3 bytes

INT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ 4 bytes

- INT, INT(30), INT UNSIGNED

BIGINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ 8 bytes

Here, M indicates the maximum display width (M <= 255)

FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ A small (single-precision) floating-point number.
▪ M is the total number of digits and D is the number of digits following the
decimal point. If M and D are omitted, values are stored to the limits
permitted by the hardware.
▪ The decimal point and the -ve sign are not counted in M.
▪ Permissible values are:
• -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 0, and
• 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38.
DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ A normal-size (double-precision) floating-point number.
- DOUBLE, DOUBLE(10,3) ▪ M is the total number of digits and D is the number of digits following the
decimal point. If M and D are omitted, values are stored to the limits
permitted by the hardware.
▪ The decimal point and the -ve sign are not counted in M.
▪ Permissible values are:
• -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308, 0, and
• 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308.
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 Decimal [(M, D)] [UNSIGNED] ▪ A packed “exact” fixed-point number.
▪ It is used when it is important to preserve exact precision, for example with
monetary data.
▪ M (max 65) is the total number of digits (the precision) and D (max 30) is the
number of digits after the decimal point (the scale).
▪ The decimal point and (for negative numbers) the - sign are not counted in M.
DATE ▪ ‘YYYY-MM-DD’
TIME ▪ ‘hh:mm:ss’
DATETIME ▪ ‘YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss’
YEAR ▪ ‘YYYY’
CHAR[(M)] ▪ A fixed-length string that is always right-padded with spaces to the specified
- CHAR, CHAR(10) length when stored. M represents the column length in characters. The range
of M is 0 to 255. If M is omitted, the length is 1

BINARY[(M)] ▪ Binary byte string.

VARCHAR(M) ▪ A variable-length string. M represents the maximum column length in
- VARCHAR(20) characters. The range of M is 0 to 65,535.

VARBINARY ▪ Binary byte string (variable-length).

LONGTEXT ▪ A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (232 − 1)
characters.

LONGBLOB ▪ A BLOB column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (232 − 1)

bytes.
ENUM(‘val1’, ‘val2’, …) ▪ An enumeration. A string object that can have only one value, chosen from
the list of values or NULL.
▪ It can have a maximum of 65535 distinct elements.

Constraints

Constraints Description

NOT NULL ▪ In MySQL, NOT NULL constraint allows to specify that a column can not contain any NULL
value.
DEFAULT def_value ▪ Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified.
Ex:
• DEFAULT 0
• DEFAULT (RAND() * RAND())
• DEFAULT (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
• DEFAULT (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
UNIQUE ▪ The UNIQUE index constraint in MySQL does not allow to insert a duplicate value in a
column.
CHECK (expr) ▪ The CHECK clause enables the creation of constraints to be checked for data values in table
rows.
▪ CHECK constraints are prohibited on columns used in foreign key referential actions.
▪ CHECK constraints are evaluated for INSERT, UPDATE, REPLACE, LOAD DATA statements and
an error (warning) occurs if a constraint evaluates to FALSE.
PRIMARY KEY ▪ A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a table.

FOREIGN KEY ▪ A FOREIGN KEY in MySQL creates a link between two tables by one(or more) specific
column of both tables.
▪ The specified column in one table must be a PRIMARY KEY and referred by the column of
another table known as FOREIGN KEY.

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 AUTO_INCREMENT ▪ An integer or floating-point column can have the additional attribute AUTO_INCREMENT.
When you insert a value of NULL (recommended) or 0 into an indexed AUTO_INCREMENT
column, the column is set to the next sequence value. Typically, this is value+1, where
value is the largest value for the column currently in the table. AUTO_INCREMENT
sequences begin with 1.
▪ There can be only one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table, it must be indexed, and it
cannot have a DEFAULT value. An AUTO_INCREMENT column works properly only if it
contains only positive values.

SQL Statements
- Data Definition Statements (DDL)
- CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements

To create and delete database schema

1. CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] database_name;

- An error occurs if the database exists and you didn’t specify IF NOT EXISTS.

2. DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] database_name;

- IF EXISTS is used to prevent an error from occurring if the database doesn’t exist.

To create and delete database table

3. CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name(

col1 datatype [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT def_val] [UNIQUE] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [PRIMARY KEY] [CHECK(expr)],
col2 datatype [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT def_val] [UNIQUE] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [PRIMARY KEY] [CHECK(expr)],
.
.
.
coln datatype [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT def_val] [UNIQUE] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [PRIMARY KEY] [CHECK(expr)],

CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY(col1, col2, ... ),

CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE(col3, col4, ... ),

CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK(expr),

CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY(col1, col2, ... )

REFERENCES ref_tablename(ref_col1, ref_col2, ... )
[ON DELETE CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT]

);

- By default, tables are created in the default database, using the InnoDB storage engine.
- IF NOT EXISTS prevents an error from occurring if the table exists.
- If the constraint names are not defined, then MySQL automatically generates a constraint name.
- CASCADE: delete/update the child table matching rows when delete/update the parent table rows.
- SET NULL: sets the foreign key column to NULL when delete/update the parent table row.
- RESTRICT: rejects the delete/update operation for the parent table.

4. DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tablename1, tablename2, ...;

- With IF EXISTS, no error occurs for nonexisting tables.

Page | 3 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

 To add new column and delete existing columns in database table

5. ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD COLUMN colname datatype [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT def_val] [UNIQUE] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [PRIMARY KEY]
[CHECK(expr)];
6. ALTER TABLE tablename
DROP COLUMN colname;

To add and delete primary key

7. ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY(col1, col2, ... );

8. ALTER TABLE tablename

DROP PRIMARY KEY;

To add/delete unique key

9. ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE(col3, col4, ... );

10. ALTER TABLE tablename

DROP INDEX unique_constr_name;

To add/delete foreign key

11. ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY(col1, col2, ... )
REFERENCES ref_tablename(ref_col1, ref_col2, ... )
[ON DELETE CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT];

12. ALTER TABLE tablename

DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_constr_name;

To add/delete default constraint

13. ALTER TABLE tablename

ALTER COLUMN colname SET DEFAULT def_value;

14. ALTER TABLE tablename

ALTER COLUMN colname DROP DEFAULT;

To add/delete check constraint

15. ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK(expr);

16. ALTER TABLE tablename

DROP CONSTRAINT check_constr_name;

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Operators

Bitwise
SELECT *
FROM employees
&, ~, |, ^, <<, >> WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN(10, 50, 100)
Arithmetic AND FIRST_NAME LIKE "l%"
AND SALARY BETWEEN 2000 AND 15000
AND COMMISSION_PCT IS NOT NULL
DIV (integer div), / (floating point div) AND MANAGER_ID>0 IS TRUE
- (minus), - (negative sign) AND LAST_NAME LIKE "___%"
%, MOD (modulus)
+ (plus)
* (multiplication)
Logical

AND, &&
OR, ||
NOT, !
XOR
Assignment

= (to assign value)

Comparison

>, >=, <, <=, !=, <> (not equal), = (equality check), <=>

BETWEEN … AND …
NOT BETWEEN … AND …

IN(val1, val2, …)
NOT IN(val1, val2, … )

LIKE pattern
NOT LIKE pattern
here, % = 0 to many chars and _ = exactly 1 char

IS boolean
IS NOT boolean

IS NULL
IS NOT NULL

COALESCE(val1, val2, … …)

SQL Statements
- Data Manipulation Statements (DML)
- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements

To insert data records into database table

1. INSERT INTO tablename[(col1, col2, col3, ... ...)] VALUES(val1, val2, val3, ... ...);

Page | 5 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

 To delete data records from database table

2. DELETE FROM tablename

WHERE condition;

To update data records in database table

3. UPDATE tablename
SET col1=val1, col2=val2, ... ...
WHERE condition;

Flow Control Operators and Functions

CASE WHEN … WHEN … ELSE … END Statements SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,

CASE
WHEN SALARY>20000 THEN 'A'
CASE WHEN SALARY BETWEEN 15001 AND 20000 THEN 'B'
WHEN [condition] THEN result WHEN SALARY BETWEEN 10001 AND 15000 THEN 'C'
WHEN [condition] THEN result ELSE 'D'
END AS "Salary Grade"
…… FROM employees;
ELSE result
END

IF(expr1, expr2, expr3) SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,

IF(SALARY>20000,
'A',
here, IF(SALARY>10000, 'B', 'C')
If expr1 is TRUE (expr1 <> 0 and expr1 <> NULL), ) AS 'SALARY GRADE'
then IF() returns expr2. FROM employees;

Otherwise, it returns expr3.

IFNULL(expr1, expr2) SELECT IFNULL(NULL,10);
-- Output: 10

here, SELECT IFNULL(1,0);

If expr1 is not NULL, -- Output: 1
IFNULL() returns expr1;
otherwise it returns expr2.

Numeric Functions ( 1, .2, 3.4, -5, -6.78, +9.10, 1.2E3 )

ABS(x) SELECT ABS(-1), ABS(10)

-- Output: 1 10
- returns the absolute value of x
FLOOR(x) SELECT FLOOR(1.2), FLOOR(-1.2),
CEIL(1.2) , CEIL(-1.2)
- returns the largest integer value not greater than x
-- Output: 1 -2 2 -1

CEIL(x)
- returns the smallest integer value not less than x
ROUND(x) / ROUND(x,D) SELECT ROUND(1.34,1), ROUND(1.35,1),
TRUNCATE(1.34,1), TRUNCATE(1.35,1)
- returns the argument x rounded to D(default 0) -- Output: 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3
decimal places

TRUNCATE(x,D)
- returns the number x, truncated to D decimal
places
Page | 6 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]
 Other functions
POW(x,y), EXP(x), LOG(B,x),
SQRT(x), RAND(), CONV(x, from_base, to_base)
Other functions
PI(), DEGREES(x), RADIANS(x),
SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x), COT(x),
ASIN(x), ACOS(x), ATAN(x)

String Functions ( ‘a string’, “another string” )

LENGTH(str) SELECT LENGTH('abcd'), LENGTH(''), LENGTH(NULL);

-- Output: 4 0 NULL
- returns the length of the string str.
LOWER(str) SELECT LOWER('AbCd'), UPPER('AbCd'), REVERSE('AbCd')
-- Output: abcd ABCD dCdA
- returns the string str with all
characters changed to lowercase.

UPPER(str)
- returns the string str with all
characters changed to uppercase.

REVERSE(str)
- returns the string str with the order of
the characters reversed.
CONCAT(str1, str2, str3, … …) SELECT CONCAT('MySQL',' ','is',' ','fun')
-- Output: MySQL is fun
- returns the string that results from
concatenating the arguments.
SUBSTR(str, pos) SELECT SUBSTR('abcdef',3), SUBSTR('abcdef',-3)
-- Output: cdef def
- returns a substring from string str
-- string indexing starts with 1
starting at position pos

SUBSTR(str, pos, len) SELECT SUBSTR('abcdef',3,2), SUBSTR('abcdef',-3,2)

-- Output: cd de
- returns a substring that is len
characters long from str, starting at
position pos.
SELECT LEFT('abcd', 3), RIGHT('abcd',3)
LEFT(str, len) -- Output: abc bcd
- returns the leftmost len characters
from the string str.

RIGHT(str, len)
- returns the rightmost len characters
from the string str
LPAD(str, len, padstr) SELECT LPAD('abcd', 8, 'xyz'), RPAD('abcd',6,'x')
- returns the string str, left-padded with -- Output: xyzxabcd abcdxx

the string padstr to a length of len

characters.

RPAD(str, len, padstr)

- returns the string str, right-padded
with the string padstr to a length of len
characters.
TRIM(str) SELECT TRIM(' abc '),
TRIM('x' FROM 'xxxabcxxx'),
TRIM(remstr FROM str)
TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxabcxxx'),
TRIM(LEADING remstr FROM str) TRIM(TRAILING 'x' FROM 'xxxabcxxx')
Page | 7 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]
 TRIM(TRAILING remstr FROM str)
-- Output: abc abc abcxxx xxxabc

- returns the string str with all

remstr(default space) prefixes or
suffixes or both(default) removed.
INSERT(str, pos, len, newstr) - replaces the substring(pos to pos+len-1) with newstr
LOCATE(substr, str [, pos] ) - returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr within str
REPLACE(str, from_str, to_str) - replaces all occurrences of from_str with to_str

Date and Time Functions (‘YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss’, ‘YYYY-MM-DD’, ’hh:mm:ss’)

NOW() SELECT NOW(), CURDATE(), CURTIME()

-- Output: 2019-10-18 12:29:34 2019-10-18 12:29:34
- returns the current datetime
CURDATE()
- returns the current date
CURTIME()
- returns the current time
DATE(datetime) SELECT DATE('2019-10-18 12:29:34'),
TIME('2019-10-18 12:29:34')
- only date part -- Output: 2019-10-18 12:29:34
TIME(datetime)
- only time part
HOUR(datetime) SELECT HOUR('2019-10-18 12:29:34'),
MINUTE('2019-10-18 12:29:34'),
- only hour part SECOND('2019-10-18 12:29:34')
MINUTE(datetime) -- Output: 12 29 34
- only minute part
SECOND(datetime)
- only second part
DAY(datetime) SELECT DAY('2019-10-18 12:29:34'),
MONTH('2019-10-18 12:29:34'),
- only day part YEAR('2019-10-18 12:29:34')
MONTH(datetime) -- Output: 18 10 2019
- only month part
YEAR(datetime)
- only year part
DATEDIFF(datetime1, datetime2) SELECT DATEDIFF('2019-10-19 00:00:00',
'2019-10-18 23:59:59'),
TIMEDIFF('2019-10-21 00:00:00',
TIMEDIFF(datetime1, datetime2) '2019-10-18 23:59:59')
-- Output: 1 48:00:01

DATE_ADD(datetime, INTERVAL n unit) SELECT DATE_ADD('2008-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL 1

SECOND)
-- Output: 2009-01-01 00:00:00
DATE_SUB(datetime, INTERVAL n unit)

unit = SECOND /MINUTE /HOUR /

DAY /MONTH /YEAR
DATE_FORMAT(date, format) SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00', '%D %M, %Y
%l:%i %p')
- date to string
-- Output: 4th October, 1900 10:23 PM

STR_TO_DATE(string, format)
- string to date SELECT STR_TO_DATE('May 01, 2013','%M %d,%Y')
-- Output: 2013-05-01

format =
%Y – YYYY, %y – yy
%M – January, %b – Jan, %m – 01..12, %c – 1..12
%D – 0th, 1st ; %d – 00, %e – 0
Page | 8 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]
 %H – 00..23, %k – 0..23, %h – 01 .. 12, %l – 1..12
%i – 00..59,
%s – 00..59
%p – ‘AM’, ‘PM’, %a – ‘Sun’ , %W – ‘Sunday’
LAST_DAY(date) – returns the last date of that month SELECT LAST_DAY('2019-12-01')
-- output: 2019-12-31

SQL Statements
- Data Manipulation Statements (DML)
- Basic Search Operations (SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, LIMIT clauses)

1. To show the whole database table data (all columns, all rows)

SELECT *
FROM tablename;

2. Row filter (showing specific rows)

SELECT *
FROM tablename
WHERE condition;

3. Column filter (showing specific columns)

SELECT col1, col2*5, col3+col4, function(col5), ... ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition];

4. Sorting table rows/data (ordering data records)

SELECT *|col1, col2*5, col3+col4, function(col5), ... ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC], col2 [ASC|DESC], ... ...;

5. Showing distinct data/removing duplicate data

SELECT [DISTINCT] col1, col2*5, col3+col4, function(col5), ... ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC], col2 [ASC|DESC], ... ...];

6. Column aliasing (can be used in GROUP BY, ORDER BY, HAVING clauses)

SELECT [DISTINCT] col1, col2*5 AS 'newcol2', col3+col4 AS 'newcol3',

function(col5) AS 'newcol4', ... ... ...
FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC], col2 [ASC|DESC], ... ... ];

7. Limiting no. of rows

SELECT [DISTINCT] col1, col2*5 [AS 'newcol2'], col3+col4 [AS 'newcol3'],

function(col5) [AS 'newcol4'], ... ...
FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC], col2 [ASC|DESC], ... ... ]
LIMIT [offset,] rowcount;

- Default LIMIT 0, total_row_count

Page | 9 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

SQL Statements
- Data Manipulation Statements (DML)
- Aggregate Operations (GROUP BY, HAVING clauses)

Aggregate/Group Functions

1. AVG([DISTINCT] expr)
- Returns the average value of expr for each group.
- The DISTINCT option can be used to return the average of the distinct values of expr.
- If there are no matching rows, AVG() returns NULL.

2. SUM([DISTINCT] expr)
- Returns the sum of expr for each group.
- If the return set has no rows, SUM() returns NULL.
- The DISTINCT keyword can be used to sum only the distinct values of expr.

3. COUNT(expr)
- Returns a count of the number of non-NULL values of expr within each group.
- The result is a BIGINT value.
- If there are no matching rows, COUNT() returns 0.

4. COUNT(*)
- It is somewhat different in that it returns a count of the number of rows retrieved, whether or not they contain
NULL values.

5. COUNT(DISTINCT expr)
- Returns a count of the number of rows with different non-NULL expr values.

6. MAX(expr)
- Returns the maximum value of expr.
- If there are no matching rows, MAX() returns NULL.

7. MIN(expr)
- Returns the minimum value of expr.
- If there are no matching rows, MIN() returns NULL.

1. To group the whole table as 1 group

SELECT groupfn(col1) [AS 'newcolname'], groupfn1(col2) [AS 'newcolname1'], ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
...
...

2. To group the whole table into several groups

SELECT col1, col2, groupfn(col3), groupfn1(col4), ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
GROUP BY col1, col2;

Note: You can only show the columns stated in group by statement i.e. col1 and col2
directly. All the other columns must be within group functions.

Page | 10 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

 or,

SELECT expression, groupfn(col2), groupfn1(col3), ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
GROUP BY expression;

Note: You can also use expression as group by criteria.

3. Group filtering (to show specific groups)

SELECT col1, col2, groupfn(col3), groupfn1(col4), ... ...

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
GROUP BY col1, col2
HAVING condition
[ORDER BY col1 [ASC|DESC], col2 [ASC|DESC], ... ...]
[LIMIT [offset,] rowcount];

Note: Having condition may involve only col1 or, col2 and any other conditions that
use aggregate functions.

SQL Statements
- Data Manipulation Statements (DML)
- Table Join Operations (JOIN, LEFT JOIN clauses)

Types of Join

1. JOIN/ INNER JOIN / CROSS JOIN

2. LEFT JOIN / LEFT OUTER JOIN
3. RIGHT JOIN / RIGHT OUTER JOIN
4. NATURAL JOIN/NATURAL INNER JOIN/NATURAL LEFT JOIN/NATURAL RIGHT JOIN

Notes:

a) For code portability across databases, it is recommended that you use LEFT JOIN instead of RIGHT JOIN.
b) Natural JOIN/ Natural LEFT JOIN is semantically equivalent to an INNER JOIN or a LEFT JOIN with a USING clause
that names all columns that exist in both tables.
c) The search_condition used with ON is any conditional expression of the form that can be used in a WHERE
clause.
d) In MySQL, JOIN, CROSS JOIN, and INNER JOIN are syntactic equivalents (they can replace each other).
e) INNER JOIN and COMMA(,) are semantically equivalent in the absence of a join condition.
f) STRAIGHT_JOIN is similar to JOIN, except that the left table is always read before the right table.

1. Table aliasing/renaming

SELECT *|col1, col2*5, col3+col4, function(col5), ... ...

FROM tablename [AS 'new table name']
...
...
...

Page | 11 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

 2. INNER JOIN Operation (maxm 61 tables)

- joining two tables

SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2, ... ...
FROM tablename1 AS t1

JOIN
tablename2 AS t2
ON join_condition

[WHERE condition]
...
...

- joining three tables

SELECT t1.*, t2.*, t3.col1, t3.col2, ... ...
FROM tablename1 AS t1

JOIN
tablename2 AS t2
ON join_condition

JOIN
tablename3 AS t3
ON join_condition

[WHERE condition]
...
...

3. LEFT OUTER JOIN Operation

- joining two tables

SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2, ... ...
FROM tablename1 AS t1

LEFT JOIN
tablename2 AS t2
ON join_condition

[WHERE condition]
...
...

Page | 12 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

 SQL Statements
- Data Manipulation Statements (DML)
- Subquery Operations (Scalar Subquery, Column Subquery, Row Subquery, Correlated Subquery, Derived table)

Subquery: A subquery is a SELECT statement within another statement.

Example:
DELETE FROM t1
WHERE s11 > ANY
(SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM t2
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM t3
WHERE ROW(5*t2.s1,77)=
(SELECT 50,11*s1
FROM t4
UNION
SELECT 50,77
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM t5
) AS t5
)
)
);

a) A subquery can return a scalar (a single value), a single row (multi-column), a single column (multi-row), or multi-row
multi-column (derived table).
b) A subquery can contain many of the keywords that an ordinary SELECT can contain:
DISTINCT, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, LIMIT, joins, UNION constructs, comments, functions, and so on.
c) A subquery's outer statement can be any one of: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SET, or DO.
d) A subquery must always appear within parentheses.

Reference:
▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/subqueries.html

1. Scalar Subquery:
▪ A subquery is a scalar subquery that returns a single value.
▪ A scalar subquery is a simple operand, and you can use it almost anywhere a single column value or literal is
legal.
▪ If the subquery result is empty, the result is NULL.

Example 1: Show the employee id, salary for only those employees having greater salary than the employee id 150.
Also show the salary of employee id 150 with each employee record.
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,
SALARY,
( SELECT SALARY
FROM employees
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=150
) AS "150 id's salary"
FROM employees
WHERE SALARY > ( SELECT SALARY
FROM employees
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=150
)

Page | 13 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

Example 2: Show all the employee details for only those employees receiving salary higher than the average salary of
all the employees. Also show the average salary of all employees with each employee record.
SELECT e1.*,
( SELECT AVG(e2.SALARY)
FROM employees AS e2
) AS whole_avg
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE e1.SALARY > ( SELECT AVG(e3.SALARY)
FROM employees AS e3
)
Example 3: Show those employee details, average salary of his own department who receives higher salary then the
average salary of his department.
SELECT e1.*,
( SELECT AVG(e2.SALARY)
FROM employees as e2
WHERE e2.DEPARTMENT_ID = e1.DEPARTMENT_ID
) AS Dept_Avg
FROM employees as e1
WHERE e1.SALARY > ( SELECT AVG(e3.SALARY)
FROM employees as e3
WHERE e3.DEPARTMENT_ID = e1.DEPARTMENT_ID
)
ORDER BY Dept_Avg ASC

References:

▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/scalar-subqueries.html
▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/comparisons-using-subqueries.html

Column Subquery: When the subquery returns a Single Column but multiple rows.

Use operators:

▪ ANY – return TRUE if the comparison is TRUE for ANY of the values in the column that the subquery returns.
▪ ALL – return TRUE if the comparison is TRUE for ALL of the values in the column that the subquery returns.
▪ IN – it is equivalent to ( = ANY ) operator.
▪ SOME – it is equivalent to ANY operator.

Example 4(ALL operator): Show those employee details for only those employees receiving salary higher than all other
employee salaries of department number 50. Also show the highest salary of department number 50 with each
employee record.
SELECT e1.*,
( SELECT MAX(e3.SALARY)
FROM employees AS e3
WHERE e3.DEPARTMENT_ID=50
) AS 'max sal of dept no 50'
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE e1.SALARY > ALL( SELECT e2.SALARY
FROM employees AS e2
WHERE e2.DEPARTMENT_ID=50
)

Page | 14 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

Example 5(ANY operator): Show those employee details for only those employees receiving salary higher than any of
the employee salaries of department no 50. Also show the lowest salary of department no 50 with each employee
record.
SELECT e1.*,
( SELECT MIN(e3.SALARY)
FROM employees AS e3
WHERE e3.DEPARTMENT_ID=50
) AS 'min sal of dept no 50'
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE e1.SALARY > ANY( SELECT e2.SALARY
FROM employees AS e2
WHERE e2.DEPARTMENT_ID=50
)
References:

▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/any-in-some-subqueries.html
▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/all-subqueries.html

Practices:

1. Find out those employee’s last name and salary who is assigned to the same job type as employee id 141.
2. Find out the employee (last name and salary) who receives the highest salary.
3. Find out the manager details who handles minimum no of employees.
4. Find out those employees who don't work in 'IT_PROG' job type and also receive lower salary than any other
employees in 'IT_PROG' job type.

2. Row Subquery: A row subquery is a subquery variant that returns a single row and can thus return more than one
column value.

Example 1: Show those employees employee id, first name, job id, department id, job id of employee number 150,
department id of employee number 150 who works in the same department and same job type as employee having
employee number 150.
SELECT e1.EMPLOYEE_ID, e1.FIRST_NAME, e1.JOB_ID, e1.DEPARTMENT_ID,
( SELECT JOB_ID
FROM employees
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=150
) AS "150 id's job_id",
( SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM employees
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=150
) AS "150 id's department_id"
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE (JOB_ID, DEPARTMENT_ID) = ( SELECT JOB_ID, DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM employees AS e2
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=150
)
Practice:

1. Find out those employees whose is assigned to the same job type as employee id 144 and receives the same
salary as employee id 144.

Page | 15 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

Example 2(multiple row, multiple column): Find out those employees employee id, department id, his salary and the
maximum salary of his department who receives the highest salary of his own department.
SELECT e1.EMPLOYEE_ID,
e1.DEPARTMENT_ID,
e1.SALARY,
(SELECT MAX(e2.SALARY)
FROM employees AS e2
WHERE e2.DEPARTMENT_ID=e1.DEPARTMENT_ID
) AS 'max sal of his dept'
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE (DEPARTMENT_ID, SALARY) IN ( SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, MAX(SALARY)
FROM employees
GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
)
Reference:

▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/row-subqueries.html

3. Derived Table: A derived table is an expression that generates a table within the scope of a query FROM clause. A
subquery in a SELECT statement FROM clause is a derived table.

▪ [AS] tablename clause is mandatory because every table in a FROM clause must have a name.
▪ A derived table cannot normally refer to (depend on) columns of preceding tables in the same FROM clause.
▪ A derived table may be defined as a lateral derived table to specify that such references are permitted.

Example 1: Show the maximum value of the department wise total salary.
SELECT MAX(dt1.c1) AS 'max total salary of a dept'
FROM (SELECT SUM(e2.SALARY) AS c1
FROM employees AS e2
GROUP BY e2.DEPARTMENT_ID
) AS dt1

Example 2: For each employee show his employee id, total no of employees hired after him and total no of employees
hired before him.
SELECT h_after.af_id, h_after.AFTER, h_before.BEFORE
FROM ( SELECT e1.employee_id AS af_id,
count(*) AS "AFTER"
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2
ON e1.HIRE_DATE < e2.HIRE_DATE
GROUP BY e1.EMPLOYEE_ID
) AS h_after

JOIN

( SELECT e3.employee_id AS bf_id,

count(*) AS "BEFORE"
FROM employees e3
JOIN employees e4
ON e3.HIRE_DATE > e4.HIRE_DATE
GROUP BY e3.EMPLOYEE_ID
) AS h_before

ON h_after.af_id = h_before.bf_id
Reference:

▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/derived-tables.html

Page | 16 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]

Practices:

1. Show the maximum no of employees handled by a manager.

2. Show the minimum amount of total salary provided by a department.

4. Correlated Subquery: A correlated subquery is a subquery that contains a reference to a table that also appears in
the outer query.

Example 1:
SELECT *
FROM t1
WHERE column1 = ANY (SELECT column1
FROM t2
WHERE t2.column2 = t1.column2
);

Example 2: Show those employee details receiving highest salary in his job type.
SELECT e1.EMPLOYEE_ID, e1.JOB_ID, e1.SALARY
FROM employees AS e1
WHERE SALARY=( SELECT MAX(SALARY)
FROM employees AS e2
WHERE e2.JOB_ID=e1.JOB_ID
)

Reference:
▪ https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/correlated-subqueries.html

Reference: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/

All Rights Reserved

Page | 17 Mohammad Imam Hossain, Email: [email protected]