Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Chapter 3
Introduction to
Engineering
Design

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Learning Objectives
1. Engineering Design Process
Explain the basic steps that engineers follow to design something
and to arrive at a solution to a problem

2. Additional Design Considerations

Describe what is meant by sustainability and its role in design; also
explain the roles of engineering economics and material in
engineering design

3. Teamwork
Explain what is meant by a design team and describe the common
traits of good teams; also explain how good teams manage
conflicts

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Learning Objectives
4. Project Scheduling and the Task Chart
Describe the process that engineering managers use to ensure
that a project is completed on time and within the allocated
budget

5. Engineering Standards and Codes

Describe why we need standards and codes and give
examples of standards and codes organizations in the United
States and abroad

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Engineering Design Process

Basic Steps
1. Recognizing the need for a product or a
service
2. Defining and understanding the need
3. Research and preparation
4. Conceptualization
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
7. Optimization
8. Presentation
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a product or a service

The need for a product or service could come from

• You
• Company
• Client(s)

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 2: Problem definition and

understanding
• The most important step in any design
process

• Before you move on to the next step,

• Make sure you understand the problem

• Make sure that the problem is well defined

• Good problem solvers are those who first

fully understand what the problem is

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 3: Research and preparation

• Collect useful information as much as you can

• Search to determine if a product already

exists that closely meets the need

• Consider if you can adopt or modify existing

components

• Review and organize the information collected

in a suitable manner

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 4: Conceptualization
• Generate ideas or concepts that could offer
reasonable solutions to your problem
• Identify the components of the system
• Analyze the merit of the developed concepts

• Evaluate alternatives (see Table 3.1, p. 55)

• Create a milestone chart

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 5: Synthesis
• At this point you begin to consider details
• Perform calculations
• Run computer models
• Narrow down the type of materials to be used
• Size the components of the system

• Answer questions about how the product is

going to be fabricated

• Consult pertinent codes and standards for

compliance

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 6: Evaluation
• Analyze the problem in more detail
• Identify critical design parameters and consider
their influence in your final design
• Make sure that all calculations are performed
correctly
• For uncertainties, perform experimental
investigation
• Identify the best solution from alternatives

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Evaluating Alternatives
• When a design is narrowed down to a few
workable concepts, evaluation of these
concepts is needed before detail design is
pursued
• Each design would have its own evaluation
criteria

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 7: Optimization – minimization

or maximization
• Optimization is based on some particular
criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight,
reliability, noise, or performance

• Optimizing individual components of an

engineering system does not necessarily lead
to an optimized system

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 8: Presentation
• Communicate your solution to your client
(e.g., your boss, coworkers, customers)

• Prepare for an oral and/or a written report

• Engineers are often required to give oral and

progress reports on regular basis to various
groups

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Civil Engineering Design Process

• Civil engineering design process is slightly
different from other engineering disciplines

• Civil engineering is concerned with providing

public infrastructures and services such as
the design and construction of
• Buildings • Roads and highways
• Bridges • Dams
• Tunnels • Mass transit systems
• Airports • Water supply systems
• Sewage
systems
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Civil Engineering Design Process

• Civil Engineers must follow specific
procedures, regulations, and standards that
are established by local, state, and federal
agencies

(e.g.) Design procedures for a bridge will be

different than for a building or a mass
transit system

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Design Process for Buildings

1. Recognizing the need for a building
(Step 1: recognizing the need for a product or a service)

2. Define the usage of the building

(Step 2: problem definition and understanding)

3. Project planning
(Step 3: research and preparation)

4. Schematic design phase

(Steps 4 & 8: conceptualization and presentation)

5. Design development phase

(Steps 5, 6, & 8: synthesis, evaluation, and presentation)

6. Construction documentation phase

(Steps 5 & 7: synthesis and optimization)

7. Construction administration phase

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a building
Examples of the need
• Build a new elementary school or expand an existing
one to accommodate more children
• Build a new medical clinic due to an increase in
medical needs and convenience to patients
• Replace or expand a factory to increase production due
to market demand
• Build, replace, or expand a bridge due to increase in
traffic volume

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a building
• Private sector
• The need is usually identified by the owners of a
business or real estate
• Public sector
• The need is usually identified by others
(e.g. a school principal, a city engineer, or a district
engineer)
• The need must be approved by the
corresponding oversight body
(e.g. school board, city council, or the department of
transportation)
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 2: Define the usage of

the building
• The client determines types of activities that
would take place in the building
(e.g.)
• New elementary school - Principal
• The number of students enrolled in the future
• The number of classrooms, computer labs, etc.
• The need for a library, cafeteria, etc.
• Medical clinic - staff
• The number of examination rooms, x-ray labs,
reception areas, record rooms, etc.

• The usage and activity data will help architects

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determine the amount of area that would be

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 3: Project planning

• The client selects potential sites for the new
building

• Factors influence site selection

• Cost and location
• Zoning
• Environmental impact
• Archaeology impact
• Traffic flow

• The client selects an architect firm or a

contractor to initiate the design phase
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 4: Schematic design phase

• The architect consults with the client to fully
understand the intended usage of the building
and to obtain an approximate budget for the
project

• The architect prepares multiple schematic

designs for the building

• The client and the architect narrow down the

options to one or two designs

• Schematic design
• Layout of rooms and spaces
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Framing system, etc.

 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

• The architect continues to finalize layout of the
building

• The architect consults with a structural

engineer to determine the limits of column
size and beam size

• The structural engineer then performs a

preliminary design for the building

• The mechanical engineer performs the

preliminary design for the HVAC system

• The electrical engineer performs the

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preliminary electrical design

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

(continued)

• The interior designer performs a preliminary design

for the interior of the building

• The contractor provides a cost estimate for the

project

• The architect meets with the client to present the

preliminary design and seek feedback

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
• All the detail work is done in this phase

• Construction document includes

• Design specifications and drawings from the
architect, civil, structural, mechanical, and
electrical engineers, and the interior
designers

• Work of landscape architect may be

included

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
(continued)
• The civil engineer provides the site plan design
which includes:
• Grading of the ground from the perimeter of
building to sidewalk
• Grading of the parking area
• Drainage for surface runoff
• Demolition plan and the relocation of power-
lines as needed

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
(continued)
• The structural engineer provides all the design details
for structural components including:
• Foundation, beams and columns, interior and
exterior walls, and connections
• Roof and floor supports and supports for openings
such as windows, doors
• Canopies, etc.
• The structural engineer must bear in mind all the
design specifications required by the building codes as
established by local government
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Step 7: Construction administration phase

• The general contractor will have a
superintendent on site to manage the
construction and its progress and to
coordinate all the subcontractors

• A project manager representing the architect

would meet with the site superintendent and
the client on a regular basis to review the
construction progress and to respond to any
issues that require further attention

• The structural engineer visits the construction

site periodically to observe the progress of the
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project
Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Additional Design Considerations

• Sustainability in design
• Earth Charter
• Engineering economics
• Material selection
• Patent, Trademark, and copyright

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Sustainability in Design
Sustainability and Sustainable Engineering
• No universal definition

• The generally accepted definition

“ Design and development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Sustainability in Design
• Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society

• In private sector, they design and produce

the goods and services that we use in our
daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high
standard of living

• In public sector, they support local, state, and

federal missions such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Sustainability in Design
• Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic
trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite
resources, more is expected of engineers

• Future engineers are expected to design and

provide goods and services that increase the
standard of living and advance health care, while
addressing serious environmental and
sustainability concerns

• In designing products and services, engineers

must consider the link among earth’s finite
resources, environmental, social, ethical,
technical, and economical factors
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
1. The world’s current economic development is
not sustainable – the world population already
uses approximately 20% more of the world’s
resources than the planet can sustain

2. The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying

capacity have now reached crisis proportions –
spiking energy costs, extreme weather events
causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea
levels threatening coastal cities. Global population
increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to
address it
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
(cont.)

1. An enormous amount of work will be required if

the world is to shift to sustainable development –
a complete overhaul of the world’s processes,
systems, and infrastructure will be needed

2. The engineering community should be leading

the way toward sustainable development but has
not yet assumed that responsibility
Civil engineers have few incentives to change Most
civil engineers deliver conventional engineering
designs that meet building codes and protect the
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
(cont.)

1. People outside the engineering community are

capitalizing on new opportunity – for example,
accounting firms and architects
The architects bring their practices into
conformity with the U.S. Green Building
Council’s leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building
Rating System

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

The Earth Charter

An ethical guideline for building a sustainable,
just, and peaceful global society in the 21st
century
• Our energy needs, clean air and water
requirements, and food supply - We need to
work together
• International competition for the Earth’s finite
resources
• Global interdependence
• Shared responsibility for the wellbeing of the
entire human family
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Engineering Economics
Economic factors always play important roles
in engineering design decision making

• Products that are too expensive cannot be

sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company

• Products must be designed to provide

services not only to make our lives better
but also to make profits for the
manufacturer

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Selection
The selection of material is an important design
decision

• Examples of properties to consider when

selecting materials
• Density
• Ultimate strength
• Flexibility
• Machinability
• Durability
• Thermal expansion
• Electrical & thermal conductivity
• Resistance to corrosion
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Properties
• Electrical Resistivity
• A measure of resistance of material to flow of
electricity
• Density
• Mass per unit volume
• A measure of how compact the material is for a
given volume
• Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
• A measure of how easily a material will stretch
when pulled or how well material will shorten
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Properties
• Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)
• A measure of how easily a material can be
twisted or sheared
• Tensile Strength

• The maximum tensile load a material

specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar
or cylinder can carry without failure

• Compressive Strength

• The maximum compressive load a material

specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar,
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cylinder, or cube can carry without failure

Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Properties
• Modulus of Resilience
• A mechanical property that shows how
effective the material is in absorbing
mechanical energy without going through
any permanent damage
• Modulus of Toughness
• A mechanical property that indicates the
ability of the material to handle overloading
before it fractures
• Strength-to-Weight Ratio
• The ratio of strength of the material to its
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specific weight
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Properties
• Thermal Expansion
• The change in the length of a material that
would occur if the temperature of the material
were changed
• Thermal Conductivity
How good a material is in transferring thermal
energy (heat) from a high temperature region to
a low temperature region within the material
• Heat Capacity
• The amount of thermal energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg mass of material by
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1oC, or 1 lb mass of material by 1oF

 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Material Properties
• Viscosity

• Fluid property that measures how easily a given

fluid can flow

• Vapor Pressure
• Under the same conditions, fluids with low
vapor-pressure values will not evaporate as
quickly as those with high values of vapor
pressure

• Bulk Modulus of Compressibility

A measurement of how compressible a fluid is

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Patent, Trademark, and Copyright

• Patent, trademark, service marks, and
copyrights provide a means to promote new
ideas and inventions

• Intellectual property is protected in many

countries

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Patent
• The right to exclude others from making,
using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention in U.S. or importing the invention
into U.S.
• Does not grant the inventor the right to
make, use, or sell the invention; it prevents
others from doing so

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Trademark
• A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its products from others

• Excludes others from using the same or

similar mark

• Does not prevent others from making the

same or similar products

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Service Mark
• A name, word, or symbol that a company
uses to distinguish its services from others
• Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
• Does not prevent others from providing the
same or similar services

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Copyright
• A form of protection provided by the laws of the
U.S. to the authors of “original works of
authorship”

• Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and

other types of intellectual works

• Covers both published and unpublished work

• Protects form of expression, not the content or

the subject matter

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Copyright
• For a work created after January 1, 1978,
copyright laws protect the work for
• the author’s life plus 70 years
• the last surviving author’s life plus 70 years in
the case of multiple authors

• Currently, no international copyright laws for

worldwide protection

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Teamwork
Design team
A group of individuals with complementary
expertise, problem solving skills, and talent
who are working together to solve a problem
or achieve a common goal

• Employers are looking for individuals who not

only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals, but can also work well with
others in a team environment

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Common Traits of Good Teams

1. The project that is assigned to a team must
have clear and realistic goals. These goals must
be understood and accepted by all members of
the team

2. The team should be made up of individuals

with complementary expertise, problem solving
skills, background, and talent

3. The team must have a good leader

4. The team leadership and the environment in which
discussions take place should promote openness,
respect, and honesty
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The team goals and needs should come before

 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

• The Organizer
Experienced and confident; trusted by members of the
team and serves as a coordinator for the entire
project
• The Creator
Good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them
with other team members, and letting the team
develop the ideas further
• The Gatherer
Enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for
possibilities, and developing contacts
• The Motivator
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

• The Evaluator
Intelligent and capable of understanding the
complete scope of the project; good at judging
outcomes correctly
• The Team Worker
Tries to get everyone to come together, does not
like friction or problems among team members
• The Solver
Reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into
practical solution
• The Finisher
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Can be counted on to finish his or her assigned
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Other Factors
Influencing Team Performance
• The way a company is organized
• How projects are assigned
• What resources are available to a team to
perform their tasks
• Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty,
and respect are promoted

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Conflict Resolution
When a group of people work together,
conflicts sometimes arise
• Miscommunication
• Personality differences
• The way events and actions are
interpreted by a member of a team

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Conflict Resolution
• Managing conflicts is an important part of a team
dynamic

• In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize

there are three types of people:

• Accommodating

• Compromising

• Collaborative

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Conflict Resolution – Type of

People
• Accommodating team members
• Avoid conflicts
• Highly cooperative
• Allow assertive individuals to dominate
• Could lead to poor team decision
• Compromising team members
• Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness
and cooperation
• By compromising, the team may have
sacrificed the best solution for the sake of
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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Conflict Resolution
• Collaborative approach
• High level of assertiveness and cooperation by
the team
• No finger pointing
• A conflict = a problem to be solved by the
team
• Team proposes solutions
• Means of evaluation
• Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution

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 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering
Engineering, SI Moaveni
Moaveni

Engineering Standards and Codes

Developed over the years by various organizations
• Product safety
• Reliability in services
• Uniformity in parts and components
Standards allow for easy ways to communicate the size
of a product
For example, if we had global standards for shirts and
shoes, then cross reference tables would not be
necessary

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Examples of Standards and Codes

Organizations in the United States
• ANSI American National Standard Institute
• ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
• NFPA National Fire Protection Association
• UL Underwriters Laboratories
• EPA Environmental Protection Agency
• ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

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accessible website, in whole or in part. 3-59
 Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

Other Codes and Standards

Conformité Europeenné

• ISO International Organization for

Standardization

• BSI British Standard Institute

• CSBTS China State Bureau of Quality & Technical

Supervision

• DIN German Deutsches Institute für Normung

© 2020 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part. 3-60