Drilling Rig, Components &
Equipment
(Part I)
Reference Books:
Oil Well Drilling Engineering: Principles and Practice by H. Rabia
Well Engineering & Construction by H. Rabia
Applied Drilling Engineering by Adam et al.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering
Indian Institute of Petroleum & Energy
Visakhapatnam
These slides are prepared for teaching purpose only
Well:
It’s a conduit made in the crust of earth through which
hydrocarbons may flow from bottom to surface.
Objective of Drilling a Well:
- to confirm the existence of the hydrocarbon, the depth, the
boundaries & the limits in which H/C is available.
- To find quality and quantity of oil, porosity, permeability
=> Then a feasibility report is made that it is commercially
viable to produce oil
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Drilling:
The process of fragmenting (breaking into small pieces)
a rock in controlled manner to produce a cylindrical
conduit in the crust of the earth.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Type of Oil and Gas Wells
• Wildcat / Exploration Well:
- A well drills in the area with little known geological information.
• Appraisal / Delineation Well:
- A well drills to investigate the extent of the reservoirs and to
evaluate potential.
• Production / Development Well:
- A well drills to produce hydrocarbon.
• In-filled Well:
- A well drills to optimize hydrocarbon recovery.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Type of drilling
❑Full hole drilling – non coring
❑Core drilling – (conventional, wire line drilling)
➢Direct circulation rotary drilling
➢Reverse circulation rotary drilling
❖Vertical drilling (0.5 deg max deviation)
❖Inclined drilling
❖Directional drilling
✓Horizontal
✓Extended reach drilling (ERD) ( 2 or 3:1 ratio of H/V)
✓Lateral drilling
▪ Percussion drilling
▪ Rotary percussion drilling
▪ Rotary drilling
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Drake Well – Pennsylvania, U.S.
• Cable tool drilling
• First well
• 1859
• depth 65 ft
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Cable Tool Drilling
Bit
• heavy steel bar (Carbon & molybdenum silicon alloy)
• 4-8 ft long
• Lower or drilling end – varying sharpness, depending
upon formation
Drill Stem
• to add weight on the bit
• Cylindrical steel bar (10 – 20 ft)
Drill Jar
• to provide jerking action (telescoping
action), when drill string got stuck in
mud
• Like two links in a chain
Coupling
• used to hold wire rope with the help of metal
*Tapered joints are used in drilling
Hoist drum
• used to increase wire rope length
• Rotated by engine, so that we can get rope up
and down
Calf wheel/Pulley
• to hold or lower down casing
Bailer
• a hollow cylinder having one valve at
the bottom
• Used to get out mud or mixture of
water and cuttings
Drawback
▪ Depth limitation
▪ Not all type of formation can be drilled
▪ No method to control the walls while
collapsing
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Cable tool Drill string components
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Well Classification on the basis of depth
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Actions required of bit for
drilling;
✓Rotation → shearing force
✓WOB → Axial Force
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rotary Drilling Rig
➢ Stand: generally consists of two to
four joints of made-up drill pipe.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rotary Drilling Rig
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rig
equipment
lay out
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rig Equipment Lay out
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
• Derrick (main component) is a large load
bearing steel structure of sufficient
height & strength.
Functions
• Supports all equipment
• provides vertical clearance to raising &
lowering the drill string into & out of
hole during drilling operations.
Types
• Standard
• Portable
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Types
Standard
• It is of bolted construction
• assembled part by part
• For transportation, it must be disassembled.
• Standard derrick has 4 legs standing at the corners of the
substructure.
Portable derrick (Mast)
• A portable derrick that can be raised as unit.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
LAND RIG
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
RIG
LAND
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
RIG
LAND
• Truck mounted rotary drilling rig/ Tailor rig
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Standard Derrick Components
• Leg
• Brace (Inclined steel bars)
• Girth (Horizontal steel bars)
• Ladder
• Water table: It is a walkaround at the top
which supports the crown block.
• Monkey Board: The platform on which the
derrick man works when tripping pipe.
• Gin Pole: An “A” frame structure located at
the top of the standard derricks used to lift and
lower the crown block into position in Mast.
• Finger Board (Racking finger): Fingers or
members where the stands are racked and
secured while tripping pipe.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
SUBSTRUCTURE:
• The foundation in which the derrick or mast and usually the
Drawworks sit.
• In contains space for storage and well control equipment.
Functions
• Support of derrick (derrick’s rest)
• placement of equipments
• working platform for rig crew
• installment place of BOPs.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Functions
• Generates power (depending upon rig size, well depth & engine size)
Supporting Operations
• power consumes in mud pumps
• draw works
• crew cabins
• continuous drilling operations, etc.
Engines Used
• Electric motors (Electric Drilling Rig)– used in cities drilling where
power availability & noise restrictions have made in practical.
• Internal combustion engine (Mechanical Rig)– most drilling rigs are
powered by one or more IC engines, burns natural gas, gasoline or
diesel.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Mechanical Drilling Rig : Power is distributed to rig components
through devices such as chains, sprockets, clutches and shaft.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Electric Drilling Rig : Source of power is effected by the
combination of engines, generator set, control system and electric
motors.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Power Transmission
Transmission system provides a means for
easy changing the direction of the power
supply to drum, catheads, rotary table as per
requirement.
Power Transmission Devices;
• V Belt drive
• Parallel Belt drive
• Cross belt drive
• Chain drive
• Chain & sprocket drive
• Gear drive
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rig component responsible for the Raising & lowering of the drill string .
Consists of
1. Mast or Derrick
2. Drawworks
3. Crown Block
4. Traveling Block
5. Deadline Anchor
6. Supply Reel
7. Hook
8. Drilling Line
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
2. Drawworks
• The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig.
• It is essentially a winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus
raises or lowers the drillstring.
• This is an assembly of a Hoist (rotating) drum, a series of shafts, clutches,
chains and gears, brakes, weight indicator, cooling element.
• The drilling line is wound a number of times around the drum, the end of the
line then passes on the crown and travelling block.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Drawwork
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgUV5ov2jC0
Draw work component: CATHEADS
• Friction type – for lifting or
moving heavy equipment on
the floor.
• Make up Cathead:
to provide the torque
needed to screw or unscrew
sections of pipe.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Draw work component: Clutches
• Used to engage mechanically the hoisting drum with the
transmitted power.
• The friction type pneumatic clutches are in common use.
• They consist of an expanding element, in side of which a
number of friction shoes are attached, which cause the
clutch to become engaged as the pneumatic element is
expanded.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Friction Pneumatic Clutch Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU1JLXvsdik
3. Crown Block
• A block located at the top of the derrick.
• It contains a number of sheaves on which the drilling line is
wound/reeved .
• The crown block provides a means of taking the drilling line from the
hoisting drum to the travelling block.
• Each sheave inside the crown block acts as an individual pulley.
CROWN
SHEAVE
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Crown block
Pulleys are lubricated or cooled by oil.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
4. Travelling Block
• An assembly of sheaves or pulleys through which the drilling line is
reeved and which moves up and down in the Derrick or Mast.
• Number of sheaves in TPB is always less than those in the crown block.
• The drilling line is wound continuously on the crown and travelling
blocks, with the two outside ends being wound on the hoisting drum
and attached to the deadline anchor respectively.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
BLOCK HOOK
Travelling Block
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
5. Deadline Anchor
• An equipment that holds down the deadline part of the wire rope.
• It is usually bolted on to the substructure.
• allows new lengths of line to be fed into the system to replace the worn
parts of the line that have been moving on the pulleys
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
6. Supply Reel
• A spool that stores the unused
portion of drilling line
Slip and Cut Practice
Slipping the line, then cutting it
off helps to increase the lifetime
of the drilling line.
• After a number of trips the drilling line is unclamped and approximately 30 ft
of new drilling line is fed out.
• This process ensures that the same portion of the drilling line does not
remain at points of high stress.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rotating Deadline Anchor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEEEOqzSv8E
7. Hook
• Connect the Kelly or top drive with the
travelling block.
• The hook carries the entire drilling
load.
Traveling block with dynaplex hook Traveling block with unimatic hook
8. Drilling Line
• The wire rope used to support the Drilling Tools.
• made up of strands wound around a steel core.
• Each strand contains a number of small wires
wound around a central core.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
• The size of the drilling line varies from ½ "to 2 ".
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
8. Drilling Line
Lay:
Its method of twisting wires in strands and strands in drilling line
Right Lang Lay
Left Lang Lay
Right Regular Lay
Left Regular Lay
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
8. Drilling Line
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
if N=10,
the fastline travels 10 times faster than the travelling block in
order to spool or unspool drilling line from the hoisting drum.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
The Rig Equipment responsible for rotating the Drillstring.
1. Swivel
2. Kelly Spinner
3. Kelly or Top Drive
4. Kelly Bushing
5. Master Bushing
6. Rotary Table
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Swivel
• A rotary tool that is hung from the hook and
traveling Block
• to suspend and permit free rotation of the
drill stem.
Prevents the rotary motion of Kelly from being
transferred to drilling line
→ Lower half of swivel rotates on a set of
heavy duty roller bearing
• provides a connection for the rotary hose
and a passageway for the flow of drilling
fluid into the drill stem.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Swivel
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Length → 40 - 54 ft
Kelly
The heavy steel member that is suspended
from the Swivel through the Rotary Table and
connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to
turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns.
✓Transmits the motion of the rotary table to
the drill string
✓It receives this motion from the Kelly
bushing, to which it is joined through a
sliding coupling, so that it can move
vertically.
✓It has a bored passageway that permits
fluid to be circulated into the drill stem and
up the annulus or vise versa.
✓Supports the wt. of the drill string
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Kelly
Cross-section - Hexagonal Kelly
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Kelly Valves - Safety valves
→used to close the inside of the drill string in
the event of a kick (shut off back flow)
→Operated Manually
→Allows free passage of drilling fluid
→Has box and pin joint
1. Upper kelly valve
→At top – between the lower end of the
swivel sub & the upper end of the kelly
2. Lower kelly valve
→At bottom – lower end of Kelly and upper
end of pipe (Kelly saver sub)
→Automatic Mud saver valve
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
opening
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
KELLY SPINNER:
• A pneumatically controlled device for spinning the drill pipe.
• When actuated causes the Kelly to spin.
• It is mounted below the Swivel
*The Kelly/pipe spinner is used for handtightening, while the tongs are used
for final tightening. Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
KELLY BUSHING
• A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to the Kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the Kelly.
• It engages the master bushing by drive pins or square on the bottom.
(When the Kelly is disconnected from the string and set back, the drive
bushing is lifted and set back with it.)
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Kelly Bushing
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Kelly Bushing
Sliding Coupling
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Kelly Bushing
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
MASTER BUSHING
• A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips
(Slips → wedge-shaped devices, lined with tooth-like gripping elements.)
• To drive the Kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary
table can be transmitted to the Kelly.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rotary Table
• Used to rotate the drill stem and support the drilling assembly.
• It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion
• It has an opening into which the bushings are fitted to drive and
support the drilling assembly.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
➢Rat Hole → Inclined, for Kelly
➢Mouse Hole → Vertical, for pipe
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Rotary Table – Kelly Bushing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHRD8sT0PvM
Adding Drillpipe (Making a connection)
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Adding Drillpipe (Making a connection)
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Adding Drillpipe (Making a connection)
• When the bit has drilled the equivalent of a length of pipe (30 ft), the drill
string must be lengthened by screwing a new joint of drill pipe onto the
bottom of the kelly.
• During drilling, the crew places a joint of pipe in a sheath, called the
mousehole, located near the rotary table.
• The driller engages the draw works to hoist the drill string to the first length of
drillpipe under the kelly.
• The crew puts the slips in place and the kelly can be unscrewed since the drill
string is supported by the rotary table. (Mud circulation has of course been
stopped)
• The crew screws the kelly to the box end of the length of drillpipe in the
mousehole. Pipe is screwed and made up in the mousehole.
• The driller hoists the kelly and drillpipe with the drawworks.
• Once the new joint of pipe has been screwed and made up on the drill string,
the driller resumes drilling fluid circulation.
• The crew places the kelly bushing back in the rotary table and drilling can be
resumed. Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Drilling – Adding a Pipe - Animation Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEV6Cg70c74
The round trip (tripping)
When the bit is worn or when total borehole depth has been reached, all of the drill
string must be pulled out of the hole to change bits or run in casing pipe.
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
The round trip (tripping)
• The first step is to disconnect the swivel from the hook and place the kelly and the
swivel – which is still connected to the mud pumps by the hose – in a sheath called the
rathole.
• The crew latches the elevator under the tool joint of the first length of drillpipe and
the driller hoists the drill string to a height of three joints of pipe with the draw works.
• The fourth length of pipe is clamped in the rotary table by the slips and the connection
is unscrewed with the tongs.
• A stand of three lengths of pipe is then hanging from the elevator. The crew pushes
the lower end of the stand so that is rests on the setback. Then the derrickman, who
stands on the monkey board, unlatches the elevator, holds the stand and places the
upper end of the stand in the pipe rack.
• The operation continues down to the drill collars that are also stacked vertically in
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
threes.
• The stand length depends on how high the derrick is. The largest rigs handle stands in
threes, lightweight rigs in twos and the smallest ones can manage only singles. The
running in or tripping in, operation is carried out in the same way.
• During a round trip both rotation and circulation are at a standstill. If either is needed,
the kelly is taken out of the rathole and screwed back onto the drill string.
Rotating component – Top Drive
• The top drive is a device which consist motor that rotates the drill string
without the use of a kelly and rotary table.
• It is located below the Swivel and is operated from a control console on the
rig floor.
• It allows the drilling rig to drill longer sections of a stand of drill pipe.
• Chosen both for increased safety and efficiency.
• Mounted on rig swivel
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Top Drive - Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_v8umjDOSw
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Top Drive System - Spinning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_iPgaWkE88
Top Drive - Advantages
• It is capable of drilling with three joint strands
• It decreases the frequency of stuck pipe → cost saving
• Allows drillers to more quickly engage and disengage pumps
or the rotary while removing or restringing the pipe.
• Preferable for challenging extended reach or directional well
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Making a Connection – Adding Pipe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azQvZr8tbdY&list=WL&index=149&pbjreload=10
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Making a Connection – Adding Pipe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVh_Jv0n1ZQ&list=WL&index=151
Tripping Out Pipe – Using Top Drive
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDu-gPPAlmc&list=WL&index=152
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Adding Pipe – Using Makeup Cathead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOCho54uLV4&list=WL&index=157
Dr. Shailesh Kumar | IIPE Vizag
Derrick Hand
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLNdOn47uMg&list=WL&index=154
