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Effects of Color Mixing Components on Offset Ink and Printing Process

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DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2017.1279323

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Effects of color mixing components on offset ink

and printing process

Cem Aydemir, Semiha Yenidoğan, Arif Karademir & Emine Arman

To cite this article: Cem Aydemir, Semiha Yenidoğan, Arif Karademir & Emine Arman (2017)
Effects of color mixing components on offset ink and printing process, Materials and Manufacturing
Processes, 32:11, 1310-1315, DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2017.1279323

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 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
2017, VOL. 32, NO. 11, 1310–1315
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279323

Effects of color mixing components on offset ink and printing process

Cem Aydemira, Semiha Yenidoğana, Arif Karademirb, and Emine Armana
a
Department of Printing Technologies, School of Applied Science, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey; bDepartment of Forest Product Engineering,
Bursa Technic University, Bursa, Turkey

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In printing, the most important element is to obtain the correct substrate and ink combination. Received 6 October 2016
Transparent white and opaque white are used for the lightening of printing inks, but they are also an Accepted 24 December 2016
important component for the mixing of inks. The primary objective of this study was to assess the result KEYWORDS
of using transparent and opaque white in mineral oil-based offset printing inks on the rheological and Color; ink; lightening;
printability properties of these inks as well as the ideal mixing ratios in terms of print quality. Transparent mixing; offset; opaque;
and opaque white were added into the standard offset magenta ink variable ratios. Differences in ink printability; transparent
viscosity, tack, and flow (rheological) values affect such parameters as adhesion, transferability, and
printing stability in these inks. Prints were made on matt-coated papers of the same grammage with
Downloaded by [Marmara Universitesi] at 04:53 17 October 2017

these inks, and contact angle, solid ink density, color strength, and print gloss values of these ink films
�
were measured. Color differences (DEab ) of inks in comparison to the standard ink were calculated and the
effects of transparent and opaque white on the rheological and printability properties of the ink were
presented. Finally, the ideal mixture ratios of transparent and opaque white into the ink were determined
in terms of print quality and recommendations were presented.

Introduction achieving the same printing features (density, color, and print
gloss) with these inks as the base color inks is another signifi-
The greatest proportion of the process of printing occurs in
cant target.
the transfer of ink onto the substrate surface. The visible
The ink is increased generally by its transparent structure
character and condition of printed materials relies strongly
consisting of resin. In terms of the structure of the mixture,
on how well the ink has bonded to a board or paper’s surface,
what differentiates transparent white from classical ink is the
and, in particular, on the ink’s fixing and drying process [1].
lack of coloring pigments. Apart from that, all other compo-
In essence, ink is a dispersion system consisting of pigment,
nents such as varnish and drying agents display similar
binder, and solvent. It is based on a structure allowing the
properties with a classical mineral oil-based ink.
pigment to dissolve or disperse within varnish. However, inks
Pantone catalogue displays the proportional compositions
have different chemical contents depending on the areas of
of the standard ink colors to be used in printing. Both trans-
usage (Table 1) [2].
parent white and opaque white can be used for obtaining
Inks gain rheological and printability properties thanks to
new colors with Pantone colors and for bleaching processes.
the chemicals and additives they contain. When the content
Transparent white is an ink which has no pigment, but simply
of the ink changes, thus, these properties are affected. The
the other two elements of an ink, vehicle and dryer/modifiers.
ink should not dry on the container, rollers, and mold surface.
This ink is mixed with other inks in order to lessen the
It should be able to disperse homogeneously in the rollers and
pigment load of the ink in order to either make the ink lighter
hold on to them in the form of a thin film, and from there, it
or to make the ink more transparent. Differently from trans-
should be transferred to substrates at the same thinness level
parent white, opaque white contains white pigment granules.
and should dry in a short time [2]. Such rheological features
Another area of usage of opaque white is obtaining spot colors
of the ink as viscosity, tack, and flow are of great importance
other than Pantone. This ink can be used in mixing, but
so that it can properly hold on to the printing material and it
generally serves the purpose of lightening the ink with which
can have resistance against physical and chemical factors
it is mixed. It is used in creating tints of colors and pastels.
following printing; in other words, its visual features are not
Opaque whites are mostly used to cover backgrounds, but they
deformed. The ink having the right rheological features is
are also added to spot inks to achieve a covering effect [4].
transferred from the ink tank of the printing machine to the
The main objective of this study is to assess the effects of
printing plate and substrates properly [3], while inks having
color mixing components on ink rheology and printing quality
varying rheological structures lead to printing problems. Thus,
parameters in offset inks and to present the ideal addition
color mixing components should not change such rheological
ratios in terms of printing stability.
properties of the ink as viscosity, tack, and flow [4]. Also,

CONTACT Cem Aydemir [email protected] Department of Printing Technologies, School of Applied Science, Marmara University,
34722 İstanbul, Turkey.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/lmmp.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 1311

Table 1. Chemical composition of the inks. The study is based on CIE L*a*b* Cyan coordinates
Ink contents Mineral oil-based inks (accepted in ISO 12647-2:2013). A density value of 1.40 which
Pigment Organic and inorganic pigment is ideal L*a*b* is accepted from all inks test prints. The
Binding agent Phenolic and hydrocarbon resins changes in the value of the density are measured in a time-
Solvent Mineral and herbal oils (soybean oil, linseed oil, etc.)
Additive Drying agents, wax, filling materials
dependent manner.
Print gloss values of ink films were measured at 60°
geometry via BYK Gardner, Sheen Instrument, U.K.,
Materials and Methods Glossmeter in accordance with ISO 2813:2014.
In the present study, transparent white and opaque white were
added into standard process magenta ink (DIN ISO 2846-1) at Results and Discussion
varying ratios and test inks were obtained (Table 2). The ratio Viscosity, tack, and flow properties of inks are of paramount
of magenta color-pigment standard ink was kept stable at 50% importance so that the ink can be transferred, can disperse
in all mixtures. homogeneously in and hold on to the rollers, and dries on
In order to determine the printing performances of the the substrates [5].
prepared inks, offset prints were made on matt-coated papers In the present study, the effects of compounds used in the
whose features are shown in Table 3. preparation of mixed inks on ink rheology were tested and the
The rheology of the ink, which affects printability, is deter- results are given in Table 4.
mined by the chemicals and additives, which it contains as well
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It was detected in rheological characterization that opaque

as their amounts. white liquefies ink while transparent white makes it more
In this study, viscosity measurement was performed via viscose and thick. The flow value of standard ink is lower than
Physica MCR 50 Rheometer (Timber Ridge Drive Ashland, those of the inks mixed with transparent white and opaque
Virginia 23005, USA), tack values were measured via white. As the amount of opaque white increased, flow value
Inkometer device, and flow tests were carried out at the of the ink increased as well. The flow value closest to that of
1–10 and 60th minutes on a 45° glass plate with the aim of base ink was obtained in the mixture (Ink3) where the rate
determining the rheological behaviors of standard magenta of transparent white was highest. In the rheological tests, it
and other mixed inks. was observed that transparent white increased the tack value
Before printing, papers were conditioned for 24 hours at 23 of the ink while opaque white reduced viscosity and tack
� 1°C and 50% � 3% relative humidity in laboratory values. According to the addition ratios of all components into
conditions. The ink transfer was carried out with standard the ink, the viscosity, flow, and tack values closest to those of
ink using the IGT-C1 Offset Printability Tester (IGT, The the base ink were obtained with 50% transparent white.
Netherlands), under laboratory-controlled conditions. Test In the process of offset print, the drying occurred with the
prints using the inks obtained were carried out at 350 Newton absorption of the liquid phase in the ink film that was trans-
printing pressure and 0.3 m/s printing speed under optimal ferred to the print substrate by the porous print surface. In this
printing conditions in compliance with DIN ISO 12647- mechanism, the paper surface absorbed the dissolvent in the
2:2013 standard. The standard conditions were preserved in ink film that formed the varnish and then resolved it from
the measurements following printing. the resin and pigment. The dissolvent was resolved from the
Solid ink density and colorimetric values of test inks were resin and pigment mixture due to its chemical structure and
measured via Gretag Macbeth SpecktroEye Spectrophotometer penetrated into the thin capillary ductules of the paper both
(CIE standard illuminant D50, CIE standard observer 2°, 0°/45° horizontally and vertically (Fig. 1). Thus, the freed resin and
instrument geometry, and white backing) and recorded. pigment created a hard and firm layer on the surface. The sur-
face of the ink film was displayed via SEM, which paved the
way for a better observation of the pigmentation differences
Table 2. Ratios of transparent white and opaque white in ink mixtures.
between the inks (Fig. 2).
Mixture/ink Unit Ink1 (base) Ink2 Ink3 Ink4 Ink5 Ink6
Ink films where transparent white and opaque white were
Process magenta (%) 100 50 50 50 50 50
Transparent white (%) 0 0 50 37.5 25 12.5
intensely used were preferred along with the reference ink so
Opaque white (%) 0 50 0 12.5 25 37.5 that the surface analyses could be distinctive. SEM images of
the surface characterization of ink films were also taken by
utilizing Jeol JSM-5910 LV, operated at 20 kV, respectively
(Fig. 1).
Table 3. Properties of the paper substrate used in experimental study.
When surface topography of offset-printed ink films was
Properties Unit Test method Matt coated
examined via SEM, it was detected that the pigmentation on
Basis weight g/m2 ISO 536 115 the surface of the standard process magenta color ink film
Gloss Lehmann % ISO 8254-2 48
Brightness D65/10° % ISO 2470-2 100 was highly smooth and homogeneous (Ink1). It was also
Whiteness CIE % ISO 11475 129 determined that the homogeneity and smoothness closest to
Opacity ISO % ISO 2471 94.5 this surface film were obtained with the ink film containing
Bulk cm3/g ISO 534:1995 0.87
Gloss Hunter % ISO 8254-1 51 50% transparent white (Ink3). Addition of an excessive
Air permeability µm/Pa · s TAPPI T 460 0.0580 amount of opaque white into the ink resulted in sporadic
Smoothness PPS 1 MPa µm ISO 8791-4 1.3 white pigment clusters and negatively affected homogeneity
 1312 C. AYDEMİR ET AL.

Table 4. Rheological properties of printing inks.

Properties/inks Ink1 Ink2 Ink3 Ink4 Ink5 Ink6
c
Ink tack (g-m) ASTM D 4361 6.8 5.5 6.8 6.5 6.2 6
Viscosity(Pa.s./25°C/25 s-1/CP50) ASTM D4040-81 38.7 26.6 37.7 36.6 34.4 32.2
Flow (cm) 1 min 4.1 6.9 5.5 6 6.2 7
Flow (cm) 10 min 9.1 15.6 11.8 12.3 14 16.1
Flow (cm) 60 min 18.5 21 (30 min) 19.4 21 (55 min) 21 (38 min) 21 (30 min)
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Figure 1. Absorption mechanism of offset printing inks [2].

Figure 2. Surface SEM images of test ink films.

(Ink2). This is a possible outcome of the existence of pigments to the surface of the solid [8]. When the surface area of a
in the structure of opaque white, which affects the quality of liquid (the adhesive) is smaller than the surface energy of
solid printing in an adverse manner. the solid, it will wet the solid (the adherend). For contact
Surface energy has a sensitivity to the surface chemistry, as angles that are larger than 0, Young’s equation provides the
well as to the existence and morphology of adsorbed materials. force equilibrium or balance at the solid–liquid boundary
The adsorption of chemicals on a surface lowers its surface (Eq. (1)) [6].
free energy (wettability). Surfaces that possess high surface Young from the interfacial tensions [8].
energies will show a greater tendency in their capacity to
adsorb atmospheric materials (e.g., particles of dust or clv cos h ¼ csv csl ð1Þ
moisture), which decreases wettability [6]. The primary data
where
in wettability studies are generally the measurement of contact
γlv ¼ liquid–vapor interaction
angles. This points to the degree of wetting that occurs in the
γsv ¼ solid–vapor interaction
interaction of a fluid and a solid. Larger contact angles (>90°)
demonstrate low wettability, whereas smaller contact angles
(<90°) demonstrate high wettability [7].
Young was the first to properly investigate the interaction
between fluids and solids in 1805. A state of equilibrium is
achieved when the solid, liquid, and gas phases mutually
interact, as shown in Fig. 3. The interaction between the outer
limits of each of the three phases determines the droplet’s
shape and form as well as its wetting behavior with regard Figure 3. Contact angle <90° [2].
 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 1313

γsl ¼ solid–liquid interaction

where h represents the contact angle, and γlv, γsv, and γsl rep-
resent the surface free energies of the liquid–vapor, solid–
vapor, and solid–liquid boundaries. As the contact angle
decreases, the tendency for the fluid to wet the solid increases,
until the stage is reached at which full wetting has occurred
(contact angle h ¼ 0, cos h ¼ 1). For complete and full wetting
to be present, the surface tension of the liquid has to be smaller
than or equivalent to the critical surface tension found in the
substrate (γsv γsl). A poor and incomplete degree of wettabil-
ity can be the result of larger contact angles (Fig. 3) [6].
The wettability of the ink film is one of the most important
features for the acceptance of inks of other colors in printing
and the drying process as well as the initiation of procedures Figure 5. The surface energy of ink films.
after printing, including, but not limited to, finishing and
folding as well as the final binding. In this study, the wettabil-
ity was determined as the contact angle with the sessile water [1]. In this study, the effects of transparent white and opaque
droplet method (Fig. 4). The characteristics of printed ink film white on the density value of the ink film were measured (ISO
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surfaces were determined with volume change and contact 12647-2:2013) periodically for 96 hours depending on the time
angle (TAPPI T 458). Distilled water was employed as the as of the moment of printing.
wetting liquid in order to determine and measure the func- In the study, it was observed that transparent white
tions of time with a Pocket Goniometer Model PG-X, (FIBRO increased the density value of ink film as of the moment of
Systems AB, Sweden), program version 3.4. Images of water printing. The increase in the amount of transparent white
droplets were then recorded by using a CCD video camera. added into standard ink is directly proportional to the increase
Surface “free” energy was calculated according to ASTM in the ink density value. As for opaque white, it decreased ink
D5946 standard test method [10] depending on the water con- density in the course of time.
tact angle. In cases where transparent white and opaque white were
Surface energy of ink film containing 50% transparent added into standard ink at equal amounts, a significant change
white (Ink3) is closer to that of standard ink film (Ink1) when was not observed in the density of the printed ink in time. The
compared to the ink film containing 50% opaque white (Ink2) time-dependent density changes remain within �0.10 toler-
(Fig. 5). When SEM images of the base ink film which had the ances which is specified in ISO 12647-2 (Fig. 6).
highest level of surface energy (Ink1) were examined, it was One of the most significant qualities of all print products is
determined that it had the smoothest and most homogeneous gloss [12]. When an ink appears glossy, sufficient ink vehicle
surface structure and as the surface energy of other printed ink has filmed on the surface of the paper to provide a covering
films reduced, surface roughness and heterogeneity increased. layer for pigment particles in the ink. When an ink appears
When the print made with the ink containing opaque white dull, sufficient vehicle has been drained from the surface so
was examined, it was observed that white pigment pieces that the irregularities of the individual pigment particles and
decreased surface smoothness efficiently (Fig. 2). paper surface are not covered with a vehicle film thick enough
The observed density of the ink film was a significant para- to create gloss [13].
meter [11]. Ink density changes outside the tolerances nega- The highest print gloss values were obtained with the
tively affect the CIE L*a*b* color space values. Ink density addition of transparent white into standard ink alone and at
value which refers to the ability of the printed ink film to the rate of 50% as for opaque white; it decreased print gloss
absorb the light and affects print quality differs depending at the rate of addition (Fig. 7). Opaque whites are based on
on the components of the ink. Differences in the amounts of titanium dioxide, which achieves a very high opacity; however,
pigments, binding agents, solvents, and additives that the ink they have a higher density compared to the colored pigments
contains result in changes in the density value of cyan ink contained in offset inks. The particles are larger and harder

Figure 4. Sessile water droplet images.

 1314 C. AYDEMİR ET AL.

calculated according to the following equation specified in

the L*a*b* color space CIE in 1976 (Eq. (2)):

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
DE�ab ¼ ðL�2 L�1 Þ2 þ ða�2 a�1 Þ2 þðb�2 b�1 Þ2 ð2Þ

[19].
where ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* are differences in L*, a*, and b*
values between specimen color and target color.
�
It was found out that the color differences (DEab ) occurring
Figure 6. Changes in cyan ink film density on matt-coated paper. in all inks prepared in this study when base ink (Ink1) was
taken as reference remained within the tolerance values
specified in DIN ISO 12647-2. However, the closest color
was obtained in the ink mixtures (Ink3, Ink4) where trans-
parent white was used in excessive amounts. It was also
observed that the color difference from the base ink increased
linearly as the amount of opaque white increased (Ink4, Ink5,
and Ink6, respectively).
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The CIE L*a*b* color space is presented as a spherical,

three-dimensional model. Lightness is represented by the L*
axis which ranges from White to Black. In the model, L* ¼ 100
defines absolute White, while L* ¼ 0 represents absolute
Black. The red area is connected to the green by the a* axis,
while the b* axis runs from yellow to blue. Achromatic colors
can be found at the sphere’s center. The further away from
the center a color shade is situated, the more saturated and
brilliant it can be said to be.
Measuring the L*a*b* coordinates using the spectrophot-
Figure 7. Print gloss values of inks on matt-coated papers.
ometer enables any shade of color to be defined within the
boundaries of this system [20].
[14]. The failure of the inks mixed with opaque white to reach Within the present study, CIE*b values of standard
a satisfactory print gloss level is attributed to the titanium magenta color and test inks were measured via spectrophot-
dioxide concentration that opaque white contains. ometer and results are shown in Fig. 8.
Colorimetric coordinates allow a color to be placed in a When CIE*b value measurements of inks were assessed, it
colorimetric space. By these means, the characterization of was seen that transparent white caused the color of the base
an object’s color as it is apprehended and perceived by a hypo- ink to tend to blue while opaque white caused it to tend to
thetical observer looking at it in standard lighting conditions yellow. When compared to standard ink, the closest results
can be demonstrated mathematically. By placing diverse sam- were obtained with the inks into which transparent white
ples within this area, colorimetric differences can be effectively was added. The more opaque white was added, the more dif-
calculated [15,16]. ferent the color became from that of standard magenta. It was
The CIE delineated a color space known as CIE L*a*b* in concluded that the closest color to the standard one was
1976. This is still widely deployed in the measurement of color.
According to the CIE L*a*b* color space, the interval between
the measurement coordinates is calculated within three-
dimensional color space. By using the Euclidean distance
measure, the distance (ΔE) between those two points which
represent the colors in the color space can be assessed [17,18].
Primarily, color L*a*b* (CIELAB space) value measure-
ments were carried out for base ink (Ink 1) and printed mixed
ink films via spectrophotometer with the aim of detecting the
color differences (DE�ab ) of the test inks from to the base (ref-
erence) ink. The color differences given in Table 5 were

�
Table 5. Inks color difference (DEab ).
Test Inks Ink1 Ink2 Ink3 Ink4 Ink5 Ink6
� Ref. Ink
DEab value 3.3 1.11 0.53 1.42 2.01 Figure 8. Display of CIE*b values of mixed inks at Color Space.
 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 1315

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