CHAPTER: FIVE Exercise

Complex Numbers
Imaginary numbers Write all the following imaginary
Imaginary numbers are set of numbers numbers in the form of ni
whose squares are negative real a. √−25
numbers. for example √−1, √−7, b. √−3
√−20, c. √−49
d. √−9
A general form of this set is:
e. √−2
√−𝑛2 where n is real number
Addition and subtraction of
√−𝑛2 = √ 𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 imaginary numbers
Example
= √𝑛2 x √−1 Simplify the following imaginary
numbers
= ni a. 5i + 8i
b. 9i – 4i
Where i is √−1
c. √2i + 4i
So every imaginary number can be d. √7i - i
written in the form of ni.
Solution
Example a. 5i + 8i
Write the following imaginary number 13i
in the form of ni b. 9i – 4i
5i
a. √−16
𝑐. √2i + 4i
b. √−36
c. √−5 (√2 + 4)i
Solution
𝑑. √7i – i
a. √−16
√16 x √−1 (√7 – 1)i
4i
Exercise
b. √−36
Simplify the following
√36 𝑥 √−1
a. 9i + 7i
6i
b. 7i – 3i
𝑐. √−5 = √5 x √−1 = √5 i c. √5 i – i
Product of two imaginary numbers Complex number
Note: When a real number and an imaginary
number are added or subtracted, the
Product of two imaginary numbers is
expression formed is called complex
real
number.
Example
Operations on complex numbers
Find the product of the following
Addition and subtraction
a. 2i x 5i
Example
b. 7i x 4i
Write the following sums or difference
Solution a. ( 3 + 2i) + (5i + 6)
b. (2 + 3i) + (4 – i)
a. 2i x 5i c. (4 – 2i) – (3 + 5i)
10 i2 Solution
10 (√−1)2 a. ( 3 + 2i) + (5i + 6)
10 (-1) 3 + 2i + 5i + 6
-10 3+ 6 + 2i + 5i
9 + 7i
b. 7i x 4i
b. (2 + 3i) + (4 – i)
28 i2
2 + 3i + 4 – i
28 (√−1)2
2+ 4 + 3i – I
28(-1)
6 + 2i
-28
c. (4 – 2i) – (3 + 5i)
Exercise
4 – 2i – 3 – 5i
Simplify the following
4 – 3 – 2i – 5i
a. 3i x 6i
1 – 7i
b. 5i x 9i
Exercise
c. √6 i x √5 i Writhe the following sums and
d. √6 i x √5 i differences
a. ( 2 + 3i ) + ( 2 – 3i)
Division of imaginary numbers b. (2 + 4i ) + ( 7 – 2i )
Example c. ( 5 + 2i) – (4 + i)
Simplify d. (3 + 2i) – ( 7 + 2i)
a. 6i ÷ 3𝑖 Simplification of power of i
=2 Example : simplify
24𝑖 a. i 3 = i2(i) = -i
b. =4 b. i4 = (i2)2 = (-1)2 = 1
6𝑖
8𝑖+4𝑖
c. = 4i
3𝑖
Multiplication Division
Example: find the following product Direct division of the complex
a. (2 + 3i) (4 + 5i) number can not be made, because
b. (2- i ) (4 + 3i) the denominator is made up of two
c. (3 + 2i ) (3 – 2i ) independent terms. The difficult can
Solution be overcome by making real.
a. (2 + 3i) (4 + 5i) Example
2(4 + 5i) + 3i(4 + 5i) Divide
8 + 10i + 12i + 15i2 2+9𝑖
8 + 22i + 15(-1) 5−2𝑖
8 + 22i – 15 Solution
8– 15 + 22i 2+9𝑖
-7 + 22i 5−2𝑖
b. (2- i ) (4 + 3i)
(2+9𝑖)(5+2𝑖)
2( 4 + 3i ) –i(4 + 3i)
(5−2𝑖)(5+2𝑖 )
8 + 6i -4i – 3i2
8 + 2i – 3 (-1) 2(5 +2𝑖 )+ 9𝑖(5+2𝑖)
8 + 2i + 3 5(5+2𝑖)−2𝑖(5+2𝑖)
8 + 3 + 2i
10 + 2i 10+4𝑖+45𝑖+18i2
c. (3 + 2i ) (3 – 2i ) 25+10𝑖−10𝑖−4i2
3(3- 2i ) + 2i (3 - 2i)
10+49𝑖+18(−1)
9 – 6i + 6i – 4i2
25−4(−1)
9 + 4i2
9 4 (-1) 10+ 49𝑖−18
9+4 25+4
13
10−18+49𝑖
Exercise
29
Find the product of the following
a. (2 + i) (3 + 5i) −8+49𝑖
b. (5 – 2i) (5 -2i) 29
c. (3 + 4i)( 3- 4i) 8 49𝑖
d. (2 + i)(3 – 4i) − +
29 29
e. (5 + 4i ) (7 – i)
f. (x + yi) (x – yi)
g. (3- 1) ( 4 – i)
h. i(3 + 4i )
i. i(1 + i)(2 + i)
Exercise: Divide c. x + yi = ( 4 + i)2
𝑥=𝑦𝑖
a.
3+𝑖 d. =5−𝑖
2+ 𝑖
4−3𝑖
2−4𝑖 Complex roots of quadratic
b. equations
5−3𝑖
Consider the equation x2 + 2x + 2 =
2 0.
c.
1−𝑖 −𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
Using the formula 𝒙 =
𝑥+𝑦𝑖 𝟐𝒂
d. −2±√−4
𝑥−𝑦𝑖 we find that = . previously,
2
7−𝑖 we dismissed solutions of this type,
e.
𝑖+7𝑖 in which 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 0 as not being
Equal complex numbers real. But now, √−4 = 2i
a + bi = c + di
Note: two complex numbers are Example
Solve the following equation
equal if only if the real terms and
x2 + x + 1 = 0
imaginary terms are equal separately.
solution
Therefore:
x2 + x + 1 = 0
a = c and bi = di
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Example 𝑥=
2𝑎
solve the following equation for x and y
x + Yi = ( 3 + i)( 2 – 3i) −1±√12 −4(1)(1)
𝑥=
2(1)
solution
x + yi = (3 + i)( 2 – 3i) 𝑥=
−1±√1 − 4
x + yi = 3(2 – 3i) + i(2 – 3i) 2

x + yi = 6 -9i + 2i – 3i2 𝑥=
−1±√−3
x + yi = 6 – 7i – 3 (-1) 2

x + yi = 6 – 7i + 3 The solutions are:

x + yi = 6 + 3 – 7i −1+ √3 1 √3
x + yi = 9 – 7i 𝑥= i =- + i
2 2 2
then
or
x = 9 and
yi = -7i −1 − √3 1 √3
𝑥= i=- - i
2 2 2
y = -7
Exercise Example
Solve the following equations for x and Solve the following equation
2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
y
a. 3 + 4i = (x + yi)(1 + i) Solution
2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
b. X + yi = ( 3 + 2i ) (3 – 2i )
 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝒃
𝑥= tan∅ = .
2𝑎 𝒂
r is the modulus of z and ∅ is the
−3±√32 −4(2)(5)
𝑥= argument of z
2(2)
The value of ∅ that satisfies the in
−3±√9 −40
𝑥= equality -𝜋 < ∅ ≤ 𝜋 is called principal
4
argument.
−3 ±√−31
𝑥= Example
2

The solutions are: Find the polar form of the complex

−3+ √31 3 √31 number

𝑥= i =- + i
4 4 4 2 + 3i
Or Solution
−3− √31 3 √31
𝑥= i =- - i Let us find r (modulus)
4 4 4
a = 2 and b = 3
Exercise
1.Solve the following equations r = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
a. x2 + x + 3 = 0
b. x2 - 4x + 13 = 0 r = √22 + 32
c. 3x2 + 2x + 7 = 0 r= √4 + 9
d. x2 + 2x + 6 = 0
r= √13
e. 2x2 - x + 5 = 0
f. x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 let us find ∅ (argument)
g. x2 + 8x + 12 = 0 𝑏
tan∅ =
h. 6x2 + 11x + 3 = 0 𝑎
2.Form the equations whose roots are: 3
tan∅ =
a. 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i 2
b. 2 + i, 2 – i 3
∅ =tan-1
c. 1 + 3i, 1 – 3i 2
3. One of the roots x2 + px + q = 0 ∅ =560
is 2 + 3i. find values of p and q
a. 4. find the complex factors of a. Polar form of the complex number is:
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 b. x2 - 2 x + 17 z = r (cos∅ + isin∅)
= 0 c. x3 - 8 = 0
z = √13 (cos560 + isin560)
Complex numbers in polar form
The polar form of the non-zero complex Example
number z = a + ib is given by: Find the polar form of the complex
z = r (cos∅ + isin∅)
number
Where:
r2= √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 1-i
 z1 z2= r1r2 [cos(∅1 + ∅2) + isin(∅1 +
∅2)]
Solution
 To multiply two complex
Let us find r (modulus) numbers, multiply moduli and
add arguments
a = 1 and b = -1
Example
r = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Find the product of the complex
numbers. Leave the answers in polar
r = √12 + (−1)2 form.
z1=4(cos500+ isin500),
r= √1 + 1
and z2=7(cos1000+ isin1000)
r= √2 Solution
let us find ∅ (argument) z1 z2= r1r2 [cos(∅1 + ∅2) + isin(∅1 +
𝑏 ∅2)]
tan∅ =
𝑎
z1 z2= 4x7 [cos(500+ 1000) + isin(500
−1
tan∅ = + 1000)]
1

∅ =tan-1 −1 z1 z2= 28[cos1500 + isin1500]

𝜋 Example
∅ =-450 in radians this is − Find the product of the complex
4
Polar form of the complex number is: numbers. Leave the answers in polar
form.
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
z = r(cos− + isin− ) z1=5(cos + isin ),
4 4
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
z = √2 (cos− + isin− )
4 4 𝜋 𝜋
and z2=6(cos + isin )
Exercise 4 4
Express each of the following in polar
form
a. 1 - √3 Solution
b. – 2 + 2i z1 z2= r1r2 [cos(∅1 + ∅2) + isin(∅1 +
c. -3 – 4i
d. 1 + i
∅2)]
e. -1 + 1
f. √3 + i 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
g. 5 + 12𝑖 z1 z2= 5x6 [cos( + ) + isin( +
4 4 4
h. 1 - i√3
i. 2 𝜋
j. -5i )]
4

Product of complex numbers in polar 5𝜋 + 𝜋 5𝜋 + 𝜋

form z1 z2= 30[cos( ) + isin( )]
4 4
Let z1 = r1 (cos∅1 + isin∅2) and
Z2 = r2 (cos∅2 + isin∅2) then
 6𝜋 6𝜋 z1 12 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
z1 z2= 30[cos + isin ] = [cos( - ) + isin( - )]
4 4 𝑍2 4 4 4 4 4
3𝜋 − 𝜋 3𝜋 − 𝜋
3𝜋 3𝜋 = 3[cos( ) + isin( )]
z1 z2= 30[cos + isin ] 4 4
2 2 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 3[cos + isin ]
4 4
Exercise 𝜋 𝜋
Find the product of the complex
= 3[cos + isin ]
2 2
numbers. Leave the answers in polar
form Example
𝐳𝟏
1. z1=6(cos200+ isin200) Find . Leave the answer in polar form
𝒁𝟐
z2=7(cos500+ isin500) . z1=10(cos
7𝜋 7𝜋
+ isin ), z1=2(cos
2𝜋
+
2. z1=4(cos150+ isin150) 3 3 3
2𝜋
z2=7(cos250+ isin250) isin )
3
𝜋 𝜋 Solution
3. z1=3(cos + isin ), z1
5 5 𝑟1
𝜋 𝜋 = [cos(∅1 - ∅2) + isin(∅1 - ∅2)]
z2=4(cos + isin ) 𝑍2 𝑟2
10 10 z1 10 7𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋 2𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 = [cos( - ) + isin( - )]
4. z1=3(cos + isin ), 𝑍2 2 3 3 3 3
8 8 7𝜋 − 2𝜋 7𝜋 − 2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 = 5[cos( ) + isin(
z2=10(cos + isin ) 3 3
16 16
5. z1=cos + isin
𝜋 𝜋 )]
4 4 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 = 5[cos + isin ]
z2= cos + isin 3 3
3 3
𝜋 𝜋 Exercise
6. z1=cos + isin 𝐳𝟏
6 6 Find . Leave the answer in polar form
𝜋 𝜋 𝒁𝟐
z2= cos + isin 1. z1= 20(cos750+ isin750)
4 4
Quotient of complex numbers in z2=4(cos250+ isin250)
polar form
Let z1 = r1 (cos∅1 + isin∅2) and 2. z1=50(cos800+ isin800)
Z2 = r2 (cos∅2 + isin∅2) then
𝐳𝟏 𝒓𝟏 z2=10(cos200+ isin200)
= [cos(∅1 - ∅2) + isin(∅1 - ∅2)]
𝒁𝟐 𝒓𝟐
7𝜋 7𝜋
Example 3. z1=3(cos + isin )
𝐳𝟏 10 10
Find . Leave the answer in polar form
𝒁𝟐 𝜋 𝜋
3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 z2=4(cos + isin )
. z1=12(cos + isin ), z1=4(cos + 10 10
4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
isin ) 4. z1=3(cos + isin )
4 18 18
Solution
z1 𝑟1 𝜋 𝜋
= [cos(∅1 - ∅2) + isin(∅1 - ∅2)] z2=10(cos + isin )
𝑍2 𝑟2 16 16
 6𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
5. z1=21(cos + isin ) = (√2)8 (cos 8𝑥 + isin 8𝑥 )
5 5 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
z2=7(cos + isin ) = 24 (cos 2𝜋 + isin2𝜋)
10 10
8𝜋 8𝜋
6. z1=3(cos + isin ) = 16 (cos 2𝜋 + isin2𝜋)
5 5
𝜋 𝜋 = 16
z2=4(cos + isin )
5 5
Powers of complex numbers Exercise
Demoivre’s theorem Find the indicated power of the complex
The formula for the nth power of a number. Write the answers in
complex number is called Demoivre’s rectangular form
theorem. 1.[4(cos150 + isin150)]3
Formula 2. [2(cos800 + isin800)]3
zn = rn (cos n∅ + isin n∅) 3. [2(cos100 + isin100)]3
Example 4. [2(cos400 + isin400)]3
Find [2(cos200 + isin200)]6. Write the 1 𝜋 𝜋
answer in rectangular form 5. [ (cos + isin )]6
2 12 12
Solution 5𝜋 5𝜋
zn = rn (cos n∅ + isin n∅) 6. [√2 (cos + isin )]4
6 6
= 26 (cos 6x200 + isin 6x200) 1 𝜋 𝜋
7. [ (cos + isin )]5
= 64(cos 1200 + isin 1200) 2 10 10
5𝜋 5𝜋
1 √3 8. [√3 (cos + isin )]6
= 64(- + ) 18 18
2 2
5
= - 32 + 32𝑖 √3 9. ( 1 - i )
Example
Find ( 1 + i )8. Write the answer in Roots of complex numbers in polar
rectangular form. Use demoivre’s form
n ∅ + 2πk
theorem zk = √r[cos( ) +
n
Solution ∅ + 2πk
isin( )] radian
n
First change 1 + i into polar form
n ∅ + 3600 k
𝜋 𝜋
zk = √r[cos( ) +
n
1 + i = √2[cos + isin ]
4 4 ∅ + 3600 k
isin( )] degree
n
there fore: where k = 0, 1, 2, ……. n – 1
Example
𝜋 𝜋 8
8
(1 + i) = [√2(cos8𝑥 + isin )] Find the fourth roots of
4 4
16(cos 1200 + isin 1200)
zn = rn (cos n∅ + isin n∅) Solution
 n ∅ + 3600 k 4 8400 8400
zk = √r[cos( ) + √16[cos( ) + isin( )]
n 4 4
∅ + 3600 k 2 (cos2100 + isin2100)
isin( )]
n
The fourth roots can be found by When k = 3
substituting 0, 1, 2, 3, for k 4 1200 + 3600 (3)
√16[cos( ) +
When k = 0 4
4 1200 + 3600 (0) 1200 + 3600 (3)
√16[cos( )+ isin( )]
4 4
1200 + 3600 (0) 1200 + 10800
isin( )] 4
√16[cos( ) +
4 4
4 1200 1200 1200 + 10800
√16[cos( )+ isin( )] isin( )]
4 4 4
2 (cos300+ isin300) 4 12000 12000
√16[cos( ) + isin( )]
When k = 1 4 4

4 1200 + 3600 (1) 2 (cos 3000 + isin 3000)

√16[cos( )+ Note: The fourth roots are equally
4
spaced at 900 intervals on circle with
0 0
120 + 360 (1) radius 2
isin( )]
4

4 1200 + 3600
√16[cos( ) +
4
1200 + 3600
isin( )] Example
4
Find all the cube roots of 8. Write the
4 4800 4800 roots in rectangular form
√16[cos( ) + isin( )] Solution
4 4
we have to write 8 or 8 + 0i in polar
2 (cos1200 + isin1200) form.
When k = 2 r(cos ∅ + isin ∅)
8(cos0 + isin0)
4 1200 + 3600 (2)
√16[cos( ) + There are three cubs of 8
4 n ∅ + 2πk
zk = √r[cos( ) +
1200 + 3600 (2) n
isin( )] ∅ + 2πk
4 isin( )]
n
4 1200 + 7200 k = 0, 1, 2
√16[cos( ) +
4 when k = 0
3 0 + 2π(0) 0 + 2π(0)
1200 + 7200 √8[cos( ) + isin( )]
isin( )] 3 3
4
3 0 0
√8[cos( ) + isin( )]
3 3
2 [cos0 + isin 0] = 2( 1 + 0i) = 2 3. Simplify the following
When k = 1 a. 3i x 9i
3 0 + 2π(1) 0 + 2π(1) b. 4i x 2i
√8[cos( ) + isin( )]
3 3 c. √5 i x √3 i
3 0 + 2π 0 + 2π
√8[cos( ) + isin( )] d. √3 i x √7 i
3 3 4. Writhe the following sums and
3 2π 2π
√8[cos( ) + isin( )] differences
3 3
a. ( 2 + 3i ) + ( 8 – 6i)
𝟏 √𝟑
2(- + ) = -1 + i√𝟑 b. (8 + 2i ) + ( 9 – 2i )
𝟐 𝟐
when k = 2 c. ( 12 + 6i) – (7 + i)
3 0 + 2π(2) 0 + 2π(2) d. (3 + 4i) – ( 0 + 3i)
√8[cos( ) + isin( )] 5. Find the product of the following
3 3
3 0 + 4π 0 + 4π a. (3 + i) (9 + 3i)
√8[cos( ) + isin( )]
3 3 b. (4 – 8i) (0 -2i)
4π 4π
3
√8[cos( ) + isin( )] c. (12 + 2i)( 3- 4i)
3 3 d. (5 + i)(6 – 7i)
𝟏 √𝟑
2(- - ) = -1 - i√𝟑 e. (7 + 6i ) (2 – i)
𝟐 𝟐
Exercise: Find the indicated roots f. (x + yi) (x – yi)
5π g. (3- i) ( 2 – i)
1.Fifth roots of 32[cos( ) + h. i(3 + 4i )
3
5π i. i(1 + i)(0 + i)
isin( )]
3 Exercise: divide
2. complex fifth roots of 32 3+𝑖
3. complex sixth roots of 64 a.
4−3𝑖
4. complex cube roots of 1
2−4𝑖
5. complex fourth root of 1 + i b.
5−3𝑖
ASSIGNMENT FIVE
1. Write all the following imaginary 2
c.
numbers in the form of ni 1−𝑖

a. √−36 𝑥+𝑦𝑖
d.
𝑥−𝑦𝑖
b. √−2
c. √−81 7−𝑖
e.
d. √−4 𝑖+7𝑖

e. √−5
7.Solve the following equations
2. Simplify the following
i. x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
a. 9i + 76i j. x2 - 2x -17 = 0
b. 12i – 6i k. 3x2 + 2x + 7 = 0
c. √5 i – i l. x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
 m. x2 - 3x + 9 = 0 c. (-1 + i )10
n. x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 d. (1 - √3𝑖)3
o. x2 + 2x + 7 = 0 e. (√3 + 𝑖 )7
p. 6x2 + 11x + 3 = 0 5𝜋 5𝜋
f. [3(cos + isin )]4
6 6
8.Form the equations whose roots are: 5𝜋 5𝜋 10
g. [ (cos + isin )]
d. 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
e. 2 + i, 2 – i h. [2 (cos + isin )]8
f. 1 + 3i, 1 – 3i 2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
i. [5(cos + isin )]4
2 2
9. One of the roots x2 + px + q = 0 is 2 12.Perform z1 x z2
+ 3i. find values of p and q 3𝜋 3𝜋
b. 4. find the complex factors of a. a. z1 = [3(cos + isin )]
2 2
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 b. x2 - 2 x + 17 𝜋 𝜋
z2 = [4(cos + isin )]
= 0 c. x3 - 8 = 0 6 6
𝜋 𝜋
b. z1 = [6(cos + isin )]
4 4
3 𝜋 𝜋
z2 = [ (cos + isin )]
4 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
c. z1 = [3(cos + isin )]
3 3
10.Find the indicated roots 1 2𝜋 2𝜋
2π
z2 = [ (cos + isin )]
3 3 3
a. Find sqr roots 9[cos( ) + 𝐳𝟏
3 13 Find . Leave the answer in
2π 𝒁𝟐
isin( )] polar form
3
4π a. z1= 6(cos850+
b. fourth rootsof16[cos( )+ isin850)
3
4π z2=2(cos350+
isin( )]
3
5π isin350)
c. Fifth roots of32[cos( ) +
6 a. z1=5(cos600+ isin600)
5π
isin( )] z2=2(cos100+ isin100)
6
d. Square roots of -25i 5𝜋 5𝜋
e. e.Fourth roots 625i b. z1=2(cos + isin )
6 6
f. f.Fourth roots of i 𝜋 𝜋
g. Fourth roots of 1 z2=5(cos + isin )
6 6
h. Cube roots of 8
5𝜋 5𝜋
i. Cube roots of 1000 c. z1=8(cos + isin )
11. Find the indicated powers 8 8
a. a.(1 + i )4 7𝜋 7𝜋
z2=16(cos + isin )
b. (2 + 2i)6 6 6
14.Write the following in polar form
a. 2 + 2i
b. -1 – i
c. -4i
d. 1 + i√3
e. 2 – 2i
f. -3i
g. 3√2 - i3√2
15. Write each complex number in
rectangular
a. 6(cos300 + isin300)
b. 4(cos2400 + isin2400)
5𝜋 5𝜋
c. 4(cos + isin )
6 6
𝜋 𝜋
d. 5(cos + isin )
2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
e. 7(cos + isin )
2 2
f. 10(cos2100 + isin2100)