REVIEW JURNAL INTERNASIONAL

Transforming E-Commerce Logistics: Sustainable Practices Through Autonomous

Maritime and Last-Mile Transportation Solutions

Dosen Pengampu :
Kholidin, S.Kom., M.Kom

Disusun Oleh :
Hanin Atikah Hasna (40011323650170)

MANAJEMEN DAN ADMINISTRASI LOGISTIK

SEKOLAH VOKASI
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
2024
 logistics
Article
Transforming E-Commerce Logistics: Sustainable Practices
through Autonomous Maritime and Last-Mile
Transportation Solutions
Nistor Andrei 1,*, Cezar Scarlat 1 and Alexandra Ioanid 1,2

1 Doctoral School of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering & Management, National University of Science
and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
[email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (A.I.)
2 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
* Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract: The logistics landscape in e-commerce is undergoing a profound transformation toward

sustainability and autonomy. This paper explores the implementation of autonomous maritime and
last-mile transportation solutions to optimize the entire logistics chain from factory to customer.
Building on the lessons learned from the maritime industry’s digital transformation, the study
identifies key features and proposes a forward-looking autonomous maritime and last-mile trans-
portation system. Emphasizing the role of geospatial technologies, the proposed system employs
GIS-based electronic route optimization for efficient goods delivery, integrating onboard and ashore
GIS-based sensors for enhanced location precision. A case study was built to analyze the imple-
mentation of autonomous means of transport along the route of a product from factory to customer.
The integration of autonomous systems shows substantial improvements in logistics performance.
Synchromodal logistics and smart steaming techniques can be utilized to optimize transportation
routes, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and emissions. The findings reveal that autonomous
maritime and last-mile transport systems can significantly enhance the efficiency, flexibility and
sustainability of e-commerce logistics. The study emphasizes the need for advanced technological
integration and provides a comprehensive framework for future research and practical applications
in the logistics industry.
Citation: Andrei, N.; Scarlat, C.;
Ioanid, A. Transforming E-Commerce
Keywords: e-commerce logistics; autonomous maritime transportation; GIS-based sensors;
Logistics: Sustainable Practices
through Autonomous Maritime and artificial intelligence controlled systems; vessel traffic system; last-mile transportation; maritime route
Last-Mile Transportation Solutions. optimization; supply chain flexibility; sustainable practices
Logistics 2024, 8, 71. https://doi.org/
10.3390/logistics8030071

Academic Editor: Shiu-Li Huang

1. Introduction
Received: 14 May 2024 In the dynamic landscape of modern logistics and transportation, the integration of
Revised: 9 July 2024 autonomous systems across maritime, last-mile, and air sectors stands as a central area
Accepted: 10 July 2024 of exploration. The increasing demand for speed and reliability, particularly evident
Published: 15 July 2024
during the COVID-19 pandemic [1], has underscored the importance of understanding and
enhancing the interactions between key players such as ports, cargo vessels, airports, air
cargo carriers, and autonomous last-mile delivery systems. This study aims to provide a
comprehensive exploration of these interconnected domains, focusing on their collaborative
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
relationships and transformative potential.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
In the ever-evolving landscape of global logistics, maritime transportation stands as the
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
cornerstone, comprising approximately 80% of all merchandise transport volume [2]. This
conditions of the Creative Commons statistic underscores the large role played by maritime systems in facilitating the movement
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// of goods across vast distances. It facilitates the efficient, cost-effective movement of large
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ quantities of goods over long distances, playing a critical role in global supply chains and
4.0/). providing a low-cost alternative to air and ground transportation. Beyond its role

Logistics 2024, 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8030071 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/logistics

Logistics 2024, 8, 71 2 of 26

in general trade, maritime transport is essential for the movement of energy resources,
food security, and connecting isolated communities [3]. The important role of maritime
systems in the world’s economy has fueled extensive scientific and engineering research
to improve transportation methods, emphasizing efficiency and security. Against this
backdrop, the integration of autonomous technologies in maritime transportation becomes a
focal point, warranting a meticulous examination of its implications and transformative
potential. The relevance of this study lies in its examination of how these sectors have
adapted and collaborated to meet the escalating demands, as well as in providing insights into
the transformative potential of autonomous systems in maritime transportation and last-mile
delivery.
The current state of research in these areas reveals a great interest in the integration
of autonomous technologies. Key publications [4–10] highlight the complexities of the
Vessel Traffic System (VTS) of the future (fully autonomous port and traffic management
systems, fully autonomous vessels), the challenges of implementing autonomous last-
mile delivery systems in urban environments, and the resilience demonstrated by air
transportation during global crises. Previous research has asked questions associated with
maritime transportation, particularly in achieving full autonomy and addressing safety
and regulatory concerns. Similarly, studies on last-mile autonomous delivery systems have
explored the intricacies of navigating urban environments, ensuring safety, and adapting to
evolving consumer expectations [11,12]. The digitalization of the shipping industry has led
the way in unprecedented transformations in the maritime transport and logistics sector.
This paper critically reviews the successive information technology (IT)-based generations
that have revolutionized the industry, identifying their main features and anticipating
future developments. A key emphasis is placed on the role of geospatial technologies in
this digital transformation, and the study aims to investigate the impact of digitalization
on the shipping industry with a focus on geospatial technologies.
The successive generations of information technology have significantly impacted
the maritime transport and logistics industry. This includes computer-based optimization of
transport routes, leveraging algorithms to enhance vessel efficiency and reduce fuel
consumption [13]. Intelligent sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) have been proven
essential in monitoring various aspects of vessel operations, contributing to improved
efficiency and cost reduction [14]. Geospatial technologies, such as GPS and GIS, play a
key role in real-time tracking of vessel locations, ensuring better visibility and coordination
within the supply chain [15]. Additionally, artificial intelligence algorithms enable intelli- gent
decisions, optimizing vessel routes, predicting maintenance needs, and identifying
opportunities for cost savings.
The culmination of these technological advancements leads to the vision of the vessel of
the future—an Autonomous Surface Vessel (ASV). ASVs, defined as self-navigating vessels
capable of operating without human intervention, represent a focal point of mar- itime
industry research. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) defines four degrees of
autonomy, ranging from ships with automated processes to fully autonomous ships capable
of making decisions independently [16]. The literature on autonomous vessels presents
various prototypes with varying degrees of autonomy, showcasing a progression from less
autonomous to fully autonomous designs [4,6,10,13,17].
The aim of this study is to provide a forward-looking perspective on the future of e-
commerce logistics. By envisioning an interconnected and autonomous transportation
system, the research anticipates a transformative shift in how goods are transported and
delivered. This anticipatory exploration embraces the complexities and challenges asso-
ciated with the journey from automation to autonomy, aiming to contribute insights that
resonate across disciplines.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
• Section 2: E-commerce Logistics and Sustainability—This section discusses the impor-
tance of sustainability in e-commerce logistics, focusing on green delivery options,
eco-friendly packaging, and energy-efficient warehousing solutions.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 3 of 26

• Section 3: Autonomous Maritime Transportation—This section explores the integration

of AI and advanced sensors in maritime shipping, highlighting their impact on route
efficiency and operational effectiveness.
• Section 4: Last-Mile Transportation Solutions—The focus here is on the deployment
of autonomous vehicles and drones for last-mile delivery, emphasizing their role in
reducing emissions and optimizing delivery routes.
• Section 5: Integration and Interoperability—Here, we discuss the integration of var-
ious autonomous systems and their interoperability within the logistics network,
emphasizing the importance of seamless communication between different systems.
• Section 6: Case Study: The Integration of Autonomous Systems in e-Commerce
Logistics—A detailed case study is presented to analyze the implementation of au-
tonomous transport solutions from factory to customer.
• Section 7: Challenges and Future Outlook—This section addresses the challenges
faced in the deployment of autonomous logistics systems and provides insights into
future developments and potential solutions.
• Section 8: Conclusion—The paper concludes with a summary of the key findings,
implications for future research, and recommendations for practitioners.
2. E-Commerce Logistics and Sustainability
The sustainability of e-commerce logistics is becoming increasingly vital in a world
where environmental concerns are paramount. This segment of the industry is facing a
growing demand from consumers for green delivery options [18,19]. Sustainable practices in
e-commerce logistics not only involve reducing carbon emissions and promoting eco-
friendly packaging but also optimizing supply chains for greater energy efficiency [1].
Embracing green logistics can significantly lessen the environmental impact of online
retail, which can have a significant impact given the rapid expansion of e-commerce. This
necessitates a shift toward more sustainable transportation methods, eco-friendly
packaging materials, and energy-efficient warehousing solutions. Moreover, there’s an
emerging trend toward integrating sustainability metrics into logistics strategies, ensuring
that e-commerce companies contribute positively to environmental stewardship while
meeting their consumers’ expectations for responsible delivery options.
For the transportation of goods, we can identify three segments: preparation for the
transport, long-distance transport and last-mile transport, as depicted in Figure 1. The
preparation phase in e-commerce logistics focuses on efficiency and sustainability. This
involves selecting environmentally friendly packaging materials and optimizing package
sizes to reduce waste and transportation space. Advanced software is used for inventory
management and order processing, ensuring that goods are prepared accurately and swiftly
for dispatch.

Preparation for Long distance Last-mile

transportation transportation transportation

Figure 1. Transportation process of goods, divided into segments.

Long-distance transport in e-commerce logistics has seen a shift toward sustainable

practices [20]. Companies are increasingly utilizing fuel-efficient vehicles and optimizing
shipping routes to reduce emissions [5,21]. The integration of AI and geospatial technology
in maritime and air freight enhances route planning and cargo tracking, contributing to the
reduction in the carbon footprint associated with long-haul transportation of goods.
In last-mile delivery, e-commerce companies are adopting eco-friendly transportation
methods, such as electric vehicles and bicycles, to minimize environmental impact [22,23].
Technology plays a key role, with route optimization algorithms and delivery scheduling
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 4 of 26

software ensuring efficient and timely deliveries. The focus is on reducing emissions while
meeting the growing consumer demand for quick and reliable delivery services.
The following sections will explore transformative technologies in e-commerce lo-
gistics. The section on autonomous maritime transport investigates the integration of AI and
advanced sensors in shipping, focusing on how they enhance route efficiency and operational
effectiveness for long-haul transportation. The “Last-Mile Transport” section focuses on the
deployment of autonomous vehicles and drones, revolutionizing the delivery process by
reducing emissions, optimizing routes, and meeting the rising demand for swift and eco-
friendly delivery services in urban areas.

3. Autonomous Maritime Transportation

This section explores how can autonomous traffic management systems be imple-
mented near ports, emphasizing the role of the Ashore Operations Center (AOC). The AOC
is a pivotal innovation for managing vessel routes near shorelines. Its role is to provide
advanced planning of routes and ensure their safe implementation through either direct
control or validation of routes proposed by Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASVs). This
concept is particularly envisioned for large ports where traffic density is high, and the
coordination of diverse vessel types (autonomous and manned) is essential. The imple-
mentation of networked AOCs allows for efficient sector-based management and seamless
hand-over–take-over of vessels as they traverse different port sectors. Figure 2 depicts
the components of a vessel traffic system and the data links between the components
(one channel for raw data from sensors and one channel for processed data, instructions,
commands and feedback).

Figure 2. Vessel traffic system components and the interactions between them and the subcompo-
nents [24].

The sensor systems onboard vessels and those controlled by the AOC are central to
the success of autonomous maritime operations. Onboard sensors are categorized into
mandatory (permanent) sensors like GNSS, and task-specific sensors used for precise tasks
such as docking. These sensors, including advanced technologies like Sonar, IR, LiDAR,
and GNSS, play a critical role in providing accurate data about the vessel’s surroundings,
used for collision avoidance and efficient navigation.
The sensors in a vessel traffic system can be divided into two main categories [24]:
onboard sensors managed by the ship and ashore sensors controlled by the AOC. Onboard
sensors are divided into two categories: essential sensors, like GPS, for fundamental
operations, and specialized sensors for specific tasks such as docking. These sensors must
be reliable, energy-efficient, and cost-effective, encompassing technologies like GNSS, AIS,
Sonar, EO, IR, SAR and LiDAR. These sensors are critical for creating a comprehensive
environmental overview to avoid collisions. Task-specific sensors, focusing on precision and
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 5 of 26

timeliness, aid in detecting and navigating around nearby objects, especially in congested
areas. The critical requirements for the sensors, particularly for the bow sensors must ensure
an appropriate range to effectively detect both above-water and submerged obstacles (see
Figure 3). Key considerations include the sensor’s range, depth detection, azimuth angle, and
elevation capabilities. These parameters are vital for providing sufficient reaction time,
allowing the vessel’s AI system to analyze and react to potential hazards. This ensures safe
navigation by preemptively identifying and responding to various obstacles, both seen and
unseen, in the vessel’s path.

Figure 3. Vessel traffic system bow sensor coverage requirements.

Ashore sensors, particularly those employing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technol-
ogy, complement this system by offering high-resolution imaging capabilities irrespective
of visibility conditions. Such a comprehensive network of sensors, spanning land, sea, air, and
space, ensures redundancy and the accuracy required for efficient AOC operations. Ashore
sensors play a vital role in ensuring high-resolution imaging and accuracy, needed for the
AOC’s oversight responsibilities.
The proposed architecture of Artificial Intelligence (AI) neural networks for maritime
logistics is based on a “many to many” recurrent neural network model. This model integrates
various elements like ship AI (handling navigation and sensor control) and the AOC AI
(responsible for traffic management and generating a common operational picture). The
network’s design emphasizes feedback loops between all neurons, enhancing the system’s
ability to make real-time decisions based on sensor inputs. The use of Field- Programmable
Gate Array (FPGA) boards is preferred, in the view of the authors, for their robustness
and low latency, crucial for processing time-sensitive signals from various sensors. The
architecture also allows the integration of CPU or GPU hardware solutions, adapting to
different operational needs. Figure 4 illustrates the designed recurrent neural network
architecture for implementation in the system. This network is conceptualized as a complex
interconnected system, essentially a network of networks, each serving specific functions
within the broader system architecture. AOC’s architecture should be open, in a federated
configuration, allowing approaching ASVs to connect to the federal network.
Future operational scenarios in maritime logistics are to be considered, starting from the
current state, and working toward a fully automated traffic system. This spectrum of au-
tomation presents unique challenges and opportunities for the industry. The need for early
adoption of interoperability standards is highlighted to ensure seamless integration across
different levels of automation. The gradual transition toward the future states, reveals the
importance of standardization to facilitate smooth interactions between automated and
traditional systems in maritime logistics.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 6 of 26

Figure 4. The proposed architecture for the recurrent neural network [24].

The recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture employed in this study for process-
ing sensor data on autonomous ships includes two hidden layers. This design choice is
motivated by several key benefits like Increased Model Capacity (the inclusion of two hidden
layers enhances the network’s ability to learn and represent complex patterns in the sensor
data), Improved Feature Extraction (the first hidden layer is responsible for extracting primary
features from the raw data, while the second hidden layer further processes these features,
combining and refining them into more abstract representations), Enhanced Non-Linearity
(each hidden layer introduces non-linear transformations through activation functions, en-
abling the network to model intricate non-linear relationships within the data) and Efficient
Processing (while deeper networks can offer more capacity, they also increase computational
demands and pose challenges such as vanishing gradients; two hidden layers provide a
balance, offering sufficient complexity to model the data effectively while maintaining
computational efficiency, which is desired for real-time processing on autonomous ships).
The authors consider that the architecture proposed in this study best employs the
Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function for the hidden layers. This choice is
motivated by several key benefits that align with the requirements of real-time sensor
data processing on autonomous ships such as computational efficiency, improved learning
dynamics and sparsity.
The process from sensor data to motion control commands involves several steps.
In Figure 5, a flowchart diagram illustrates this process, followed by an explanation of the
process in each layer of the proposed RNN. In the first step, data are gathered from
various onboard sensors and from AOC. In the next step, the collected data are normalized
to ensure consistency and any missing or incomplete data are handled to maintain data
integrity. All the data are fed into the input layer.
The primary features are extracted from the raw sensor data using the following
equation:
ht(1) = ReLU(Whx(1) × xt + Whx(1) × ht − 1(1) + bh(1)) (1)
and it further processes these features into more abstract representations using the equation:

ht(2) = ReLU(Whx(2) × ht(1) + Whh(2) × ht − 1(2) + bh(2)) (2)

Situation analysis is performed by the analysis of the processed features to detect

obstacles and assess environmental conditions. This step ensures that the ASV is aware of its
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 7 of 26

surroundings and can identify potential hazards. The next step implies route optimization
based on the situation analysis. The necessary adjustments are made to the ASV’s speed and
direction to ensure safe and efficient navigation. The COLREG rules are applied to ensure
compliance with international maritime navigation regulations. After the decision is made,
the specific control commands for the ASV’s motion control systems are generated using the
output layer equation:

yt = Wyh × ht(2) + by (3)

These commands will include adjustments to the propulsion system and steering
mechanisms.
In these equations:
Whh and Whx are weight matrices for the recurrent and input connections, respectively.
Wyh is the weight matrix for the output layer.
bh and by are bias vectors for the hidden state and output layer, respectively.
ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is the activation function applied element-wise.

Figure 5. The flowchart diagram illustrating the calculation algorithm, and the process in each layer
of the proposed RNN.

In the authors’ view, the Adam (Adaptive Moment Estimation) optimization algorithm is
the most suitable for optimizing the recurrent neural network used for the vessel’s
autonomous system, because it is well-suited for training deep learning models and is
particularly effective for handling the complexities of recurrent neural networks. The
learning rate controls how much to change the model in response to the estimated error
each time the model weights are updated. For this RNN, the learning rate is set to α = 0.001.
The exponential decay rates for the moment estimates are set to β1 = 0.9 and β2 = 0.999. A
small constant ϵ = 10−8 is used to prevent any division by zero during the updates.
The training process terminates when the following criteria are met:
• Maximum epochs: the training runs for a maximum of 100 epochs.
• Convergence threshold: training stops if the change in loss between consecutive
epochs is less than 0.001.
The transition from automation to autonomy is a key aspect of technological evolu-
tion in the maritime industry. Automation has been instrumental in minimizing human
intervention, enhancing efficiency, and reducing errors across various sectors. With the
advent of AI, AR, VR, and robotics, the capabilities of automated systems have significantly
expanded, yet human oversight remains necessary. However, autonomy represents a more
advanced stage where systems are self-sufficient, capable of learning and adapting without
human input.
Industry 4.0 marks a new era, building on the previous industrial revolutions. It
integrates modern technologies like AI, Big Data, and IoT, fundamentally altering industrial
operations. Autonomous robots, a pillar of Industry 4.0, exemplify this shift by performing
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 8 of 26

complex tasks, interacting with other systems and humans, and continuously learning,
thereby streamlining production further [25].
Currently, autonomous systems are prevalent in various sectors, including self-driving
cars, UAVs, and AMRs in supply chains [26]. These systems, although in different stages of
maturity, highlight the potential for complete autonomy in the near future.
The progression from automation to autonomy offers numerous benefits, such as
safer and more efficient operations, lower carbon footprints, and optimized supply chains.
While full autonomy remains an aspirational goal, existing semi-autonomous systems are
evolving, indicating the direction of future industrial applications. The challenges and
barriers to achieving complete autonomy are substantial, yet with rapid technological
advancements, the realization of fully autonomous systems is on the horizon.
Building upon the advancements in autonomous technologies, our proposed model
for maritime logistics integrates the principles of autonomy into the maritime transport
sector. This model centers around the AOC which manages near-shore vessel routes,
either by planning and sending routes to ASVs or by receiving and adjusting them to
ensure safe navigation. This system is particularly effective in large ports where traffic is
managed sector-wise, ensuring smooth transitions between sectors for both autonomous
and manned vessels.
The integration of advanced sensor technologies is determined in this model. Onboard
sensors like GPS, Sonar, EO, IR, and LiDAR provide essential environmental data, while
ashore sensors employ Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology for high-resolution
imaging in various visibility conditions.
The heart of this model is a “many to many” recurrent neural network architecture [27].
This network integrates elements like ship AI for navigation and movement control, and
AOC AI for traffic management, providing powerful computation and minimal latency,
essential for handling time-sensitive signals from multiple sensors. The proposed architec-
ture can be structured as a federated network, comprised of interconnected yet autonomous
sub-networks, able to collaborate to achieve common objectives, where different neural
network components work together while maintaining a degree of individual operation
(see Figure 6). This architecture could effectively operate as a federated network, benefit-
ing from its inherent traits of scalability, resilience, and decentralized control, which are
essential for complex, composite systems like those in maritime logistics.

Figure 6. The proposed architecture for the federated network.

Logistics 2024, 8, 71 9 of 26

4. Last-Mile Transportation Solutions

Last-mile transportation is a critical component of e-commerce logistics, representing
the final step in delivering goods to customers. This segment, often the most complex and
costly part of the supply chain, directly impacts customer satisfaction and environmental
sustainability. Efficient last-mile delivery solutions are essential for reducing transit times,
minimizing carbon emissions, and enhancing the overall customer experience. Innovations in
this area are necessary for e-commerce businesses to stay competitive and meet the evolving
expectations of modern consumers [28].
The integration of autonomous delivery robots in last-mile logistics represents a sig-
nificant step toward more efficient and environmentally friendly e-commerce operations,
according to one study [23]. These robots are designed to navigate public spaces, interacting
safely and effectively with the traffic environment, including cars and pedestrians. Their
use addresses the increasing demand for quicker and more sustainable delivery options,
particularly in urban areas. The success of these robots relies on their ability to seamlessly in-
tegrate into the existing infrastructure and coexist with traditional transportation methods.
Drones have emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing last-mile delivery. They
offer a swift and cost-effective solution to traditional delivery challenges. To extend their
operational capabilities, a novel approach involves pairing drones with delivery trucks, as
proposed by Bi et al. [12]. Trucks act as mobile launch and recovery platforms, expanding
the drones’ range and payload capacity. This hybrid system enables drones to cover longer
distances and carry heavier packages, making them more suitable for a diverse range of
delivery tasks. The combination of trucks and drones illustrates the innovative strategies
being developed to optimize last-mile logistics.
These technologies are not standalone solutions but are integrated into the broader
e-commerce logistics network. The synergy between autonomous delivery robots, drone
systems, and traditional delivery methods creates a multi-layered and highly efficient
last-mile delivery network. This integration is supported by sophisticated algorithms and AI
systems that manage logistics operations, ensuring timely and reliable delivery to the end
consumer.
One way to improve last-mile transportation is the development of multi-modal de-
livery networks, which combine various transportation methods, like bikes, drones, and
electric vehicles, depending on the urban landscape and delivery requirements. This ap-
proach can optimize efficiency and adaptability. Multi-modal delivery networks represent a
revolutionary approach in last-mile logistics. This system integrates various transportation
methods—such as bicycles, electric vehicles, and drones—into a cohesive network, as is
presented in Figure 7. Each mode is selected based on specific criteria like delivery urgency,
geographical constraints, and package size. This integration allows for more efficient use
of resources and faster delivery times, especially in densely populated urban areas where
traditional delivery vehicles may face accessibility challenges.

Figure 7. Flowchart for multi-modal delivery network.

Logistics 2024, 8, 71 10 of 26

These networks significantly reduce the carbon footprint of last-mile deliveries. Elec-
tric vehicles and bikes emit far fewer pollutants compared to traditional delivery trucks,
aligning with the growing demand for eco-friendly logistics solutions. Drones, on the other
hand, offer a zero-emission alternative for small package deliveries. This adaptability is par-
ticularly beneficial in cities with varying urban landscapes, allowing for flexible routing and
delivery methods that can be tailored to specific environmental and infrastructural contexts.
The use of diverse transportation modes can lead to improved customer satisfaction by
ensuring faster and more reliable deliveries. The backbone of these networks is ad- vanced
technology—incorporating AI for route optimization, real-time tracking systems for
enhanced transparency, and automated sorting systems at local distribution centers. This
technology integration ensures that each package is delivered through the most efficient route
and method, enhancing the overall customer experience in e-commerce logistics.
Implementing predictive analytics using AI can dramatically improve route planning. By
analyzing traffic patterns, weather conditions, and customer availability, deliveries can be
scheduled more efficiently, reducing delays and increasing customer satisfaction. By
analyzing extensive datasets, including historical traffic patterns, weather conditions, and
consumer behavior, AI algorithms can predict the most effective delivery routes. This
approach minimizes delays, reduces fuel consumption, and ensures timely deliveries,
which are helpful for maintaining customer satisfaction and operational efficiency.
The use of predictive analytics allows for dynamic adaptation to changing conditions.
It can reroute deliveries in real-time in response to unexpected traffic or weather changes,
ensuring the fastest possible delivery times. This level of adaptability not only optimizes
the delivery process but also significantly enhances customer satisfaction, as consumers
receive their orders promptly and reliably.

5. Integration and Interoperability

In the realm of e-commerce logistics, ensuring a smooth transition of goods from their
point of origin to the final destination is decisive. This requires a well-integrated system that
allows for the efficient transfer of cargo between different modes of transport—maritime, air,
and land. Furthermore, interoperability is essential to ensure that disparate systems and
technologies can communicate and operate in harmony, which is vital for optimizing the
entire supply chain, reducing delays, and enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of e-
commerce logistics.
System integration across different transport modes in e-commerce logistics is essential
for a cohesive and efficient supply chain. This integration ensures that cargo is seamlessly
transferred between maritime, air, and ground transportation, minimizing delays and
maximizing efficiency. By leveraging technologies like IoT and unified communication
protocols, logistics systems can synchronize operations across various modes, leading to a
streamlined process that enhances the speed and reliability of deliveries from manufacturers
to consumers [3,29,30]. This approach is helpful for meeting the rapid demands of e-
commerce markets.
Real-time data sharing and effective communication protocols are important pieces
of the e-commerce logistics puzzle for ensuring timely and efficient delivery. By utilizing
advanced technologies like IoT and cloud-based systems, logistics networks can share
essential data such as traffic conditions, weather updates, and package tracking in real-
time. This immediate exchange of information enables dynamic routing and scheduling,
significantly reducing delivery times and improving overall logistical efficiency. Effec-
tive communication protocols ensure that this diverse array of data is standardized and
accessible across different platforms and stakeholders in the supply chain.
Interoperability in e-commerce logistics faces challenges such as varying technological
standards and regulatory differences across regions. To overcome these challenges, solu-
tions like establishing universal communication protocols and collaborative platforms are
essential. These facilitate smooth data exchange and system compatibility, ensuring that
different logistics components can work together effectively. Embracing open standards
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 11 of 26

and fostering partnerships among logistics providers, technology developers, and regula- tory
bodies can significantly enhance interoperability, leading to more efficient and unified global
supply chain operations.
Artificial intelligence plays a great role in advancing interoperability across e-commerce
logistics systems. AI facilitates the analysis and synthesis of data from diverse logistical com-
ponents, enabling systems to anticipate supply chain disruptions and optimize operations.
By learning from patterns and trends in data exchange, AI can improve decision-making
processes, ensuring compatibility and efficiency across different logistics platforms [31].
This enhances the seamless integration of various transportation modes and logistical
processes, fundamental for maintaining a fluid and responsive e-commerce supply chain.
Another aspect to take into consideration is the improvement of the efficiency and
sustainability by synchromodal logistics, a dynamic and flexible approach to transportation.
It emphasizes the seamless synchronization of different logistics activities and the integra-
tion of real-time information to enhance decision-making processes. The primary benefits
of synchromodal logistics include increased flexibility, reduced transportation costs, and
improved environmental sustainability.
Giusti et al. [32] discuss the critical success factors for implementing synchromodal lo-
gistics, emphasizing the importance of real-time information sharing and flexible shipment
options to achieve optimal synchronization of logistics flows.
Smart steaming, a concept within synchromodal logistics, focuses on optimizing the
speed and route of maritime vessels to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Giusti
et al. [33] demonstrate how smart steaming can contribute to more sustainable and cost-
effective maritime transport by leveraging real-time data and advanced optimization
techniques. This approach involves adjusting vessel speeds based on real-time information
about weather conditions, port congestion, and cargo readiness, leading to significant
reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. Integrating synchromodal logistics and smart
steaming into our proposed system can enhance the overall efficiency, flexibility, and
sustainability of e-commerce logistics.

6. Case Study: Possible Integration of Autonomous Systems in E-Commerce Logistics

In today’s globalized economy, e-commerce logistics not only demands efficiency and
speed but also insists on sustainability and reliability. The proliferation of technological
innovations, particularly in the realm of autonomous systems, offers unprecedented op-
portunities to enhance these aspects. This case study explores the end-to-end journey of
a product, demonstrating how integrating autonomous technologies can revolutionize
supply chains from production to delivery.
The primary objective of this case study is to illustrate a futuristic yet attainable model
where autonomous systems—including trucks, ships, and drones—are seamlessly inte-
grated to handle different segments of the logistics chain. By tracing a product’s journey from
a factory in China to a customer in Romania, we aim to highlight the practical applica- tions of
these technologies and their collective impact on enhancing operational efficiencies, reducing
environmental footprints, and improving overall customer satisfaction.
This case study follows the theoretical journey of a product from the production line to
the final customer, divided into three stages:
1. Factory to Port in China (Autonomous Trucks);
The focus of this stage is on the utilization of autonomous trucks to transport goods
from the factory to the maritime port, technologies enabling autonomous driving and its
benefits, such as reduced labor costs and increased safety, and challenges, like regulatory
compliance and integration with traditional vehicles.
2. Maritime Transport (Autonomous Shipping Vessel);
The second stage considered in the case study examines the transition of goods onto
an ASV and the sea journey. It focuses on autonomous navigation and energy-efficient
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 12 of 26

propulsion systems, the environmental benefits of reduced emissions, and the operational
challenges of ensuring safety and international regulatory compliance.
3. Last-Mile Delivery in Romania (Drones and/or Autonomous Trucks to Drones);
Option 1: Direct drone delivery from a central warehouse near the port to the customer,
emphasizing rapid delivery and reduced environmental impact.
Option 2: Use of autonomous trucks for secondary distribution to multiple warehouses
across Romania, followed by drone delivery to the final customer, enhancing logistics
flexibility and coverage (as depicted in Figure 7).

6.1. Stage 1: Factory to Port in China (Autonomous Trucks)

The initial stage of the logistics chain involves the transportation of goods from a
manufacturing site in China to the nearest maritime port. This segment utilizes autonomous
trucks similar to ones produced by companies like Pony.ai, TuSimple or Einride, showcasing
how cutting-edge autonomous driving technology transforms traditional truck logistics.
These trucks are equipped with advanced sensors, GPS, and AI-driven software that
enable them to navigate roads independently, recognize traffic patterns, and make real-time
driving decisions without human intervention [34]. Leveraging Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)
communication, autonomous trucks can communicate with other vehicles, infrastructure,
and traffic systems to optimize route selection, avoid congestions, and enhance safety [35].
Autonomous trucks operate continuously without the need for breaks, reducing
human error and decreasing the reliance on a human workforce, thus saving on labor costs.
These trucks can operate 24/7, avoiding peak traffic times by traveling during off-peak
hours, thus speeding up the transportation process and increasing logistical throughput.
By studying the latest advancements in autonomous trucks in China, it is evident
that there has been significant progress in the development and commercial deployment
of autonomous trucks. Companies have safely accumulated millions of kilometers of
driving across China, which indicates not only technological readiness but also a regulatory
environment that supports such advancements [36]. China’s rapid adoption of Levels 3
(L3) and Levels 2+ (L2+) autonomous heavy-duty trucks on public roads [37] showcases a
regulatory landscape that is accommodating these technologies at scale.
Mastering the mass production of these systems and gaining buy-in from logistics
companies will secure further development and demand increase. This implies a regulatory
framework that supports both innovation and practical implementation in commercial
settings, fostering an environment where autonomous driving technology can thrive.
Regarding interoperability, the key challenge is ensuring that autonomous trucks
can safely coexist with traditional vehicles on public roads. The companies that develop
autonomous vehicles are investing financial and human resources in the algorithms or
safety protocols used to ensure interoperability. Autonomous vehicles use advanced
sensing and machine learning algorithms to understand and predict the behaviors of human
drivers, which helps prevent accidents and ensures smoother integration into existing traffic
systems [34]. These systems are designed to react appropriately to unpredictable human
driving patterns and adjust their operational strategies in real-time. Such technologies are
necessary to ensure the safety and efficiency of autonomous trucks, especially during the
transitional period when they share the roads with human-driven vehicles.
The regulatory landscape in China, as detailed in some resources [38,39], supports
the deployment of autonomous vehicles by allowing extensive testing and by setting
standards that encourage technological integration with existing logistics frameworks.
This progressive regulatory approach, coupled with advanced technological solutions for
interoperability, provides a robust framework for understanding how autonomous trucks
are integrated into China’s transportation ecosystem.
The implementation strategy for autonomous logistics operations is built upon two
foundational pillars: advanced route planning and energy efficiency. Route planning
technology can incorporate artificial intelligence to analyze both historical traffic data and
real-time traffic updates. This enables the autonomous trucks to identify and follow the
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 13 of 26

most efficient routes from the factory to the port, significantly minimizing delays and
ensuring that deliveries are consistently on schedule. Simultaneously, a strong emphasis
is placed on energy efficiency within these operations. The trucks can be equipped with
systems designed to optimize their driving patterns, effectively reducing fuel consumption
and operational costs. Furthermore, the incorporation of hybrid or electric trucks has the
potential to greatly enhance the sustainability of the logistics chain. Autonomous trucks,
especially those powered by electric or hybrid engines, significantly reduce emissions
compared to traditional diesel trucks. This not only aligns with global environmental goals
by lowering emissions but also boosts the overall efficiency of the transportation process.
This stage of the logistics chain demonstrates the potential of the technological ad-
vancements in autonomous vehicle technology and also highlights the practical applications
and benefits these systems offer in terms of efficiency, safety, and sustainability. As these
technologies continue to evolve and gain regulatory approval, they are set to revolutionize
the transport of goods, making logistics operations more efficient and environmentally
friendly. The successful implementation of autonomous trucks in China serves as a model
for global logistics operations, showcasing the potential for scalability and replication in
other regions and contexts.

6.2. Stage 2: Maritime Transport (Autonomous Shipping Vessel)

Following the efficient transition of goods via autonomous trucks, the next phase
involves leveraging Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASVs) managed by Ashore Operations
Centers (AOCs). This stage critically examines the potential and integration of ASVs and
AOCs in optimizing maritime transport operations.
Autonomous vessels, such as the envisioned MV Yara Birkeland, are equipped with
sophisticated sensors and AI-driven decision-making frameworks, enabling precise and
safe maritime navigation. These vessels independently navigate through complex shipping
lanes and congested maritime corridors, as described in Section 3 of the article.
Acting as the central network, the AOC provides overarching route management and
strategic guidance to ASVs. Utilizing high-resolution geospatial data and real-time envi-
ronmental feedback, AOCs dynamically optimize routes, mitigate navigational risks, and
ensure regulatory compliance, enhancing the interconnectedness of maritime operations.
The interactions between ASVs and AOCs are central to the proposed logistics architec-
ture. ASVs constantly communicate with AOCs, exchanging important data such as vessel
location, environmental conditions, and maritime traffic, thereby facilitating seamless and
efficient maritime operations.
The AOC acts as the onshore command center, providing overarching route manage-
ment and strategic guidance to ASVs. Using high-resolution geospatial data and real-time
environmental feedback, AOCs can optimize routes, foresee and mitigate potential naviga-
tional risks, and ensure regulatory compliance [24]. AOCs employ AI algorithms to adjust ASV
routes in real-time, enhancing fuel efficiency and minimizing navigational errors. This
integration not only improves operational efficiency but also promotes environmental
sustainability through optimized route planning.
Proposed ASVs incorporate energy-efficient propulsion systems, including electric
and hybrid options. These innovations significantly reduce emissions and align with global
sustainability goals, contributing to the emphasis on environmental efforts highlighted in
Section 3 of the paper. The energy-efficient technologies and route optimization strate-
gies underscore the potential for ASVs to reduce the maritime industry’s environmental
footprint substantially.
The deployment of ASVs involves navigating complex maritime regulatory envi-
ronments. Collaborative efforts with bodies like the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) are essential to evolve and adapt maritime laws to support autonomous technologies,
ensuring safety and compliance. Regular updates and compliance with the “framework for the
regulatory scoping exercise for the use of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS)” ensure
legality and safety [40].
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 14 of 26

Integrating robust safety protocols and redundant systems within ASVs ensures
operational safety and reliability. These measures are critical in transitioning to higher
levels of maritime autonomy, as discussed in Section 3, which stresses the importance of
safety in autonomous maritime operations.
As technology advances and regulatory environments mature, the broader deployment
of ASVs coordinated by AOCs is expected to proliferate, further integrating autonomous
technologies across global maritime logistics. This expansion will enhance the resilience
and adaptability of maritime operations to meet global demands.
This stage highlights the transformative potential of integrating ASVs with AOCs in
maritime transport. By enhancing operational efficiencies, ensuring high safety standards,
and promoting environmental sustainability, this integrated approach exemplifies the
advanced direction for global maritime logistics. The continuous evolution of regulatory
standards and maritime technology, as articulated in Section 3 of the paper, will be essential
in achieving unprecedented levels of automation and safety in maritime logistics.

6.3. Stage 3: Last-Mile Delivery in Romania

Upon the arrival of goods at the Romanian port, the final stage of our case study
involves the implementation of last-mile delivery solutions. This stage examines two
delivery options: direct drone delivery from a centralized warehouse near the port, and a
two-step delivery process involving autonomous trucks to regional warehouses followed
by drone delivery to customers.

6.3.1. Option 1: Direct Drone Delivery from Warehouse near the Port
Utilizing advanced drones equipped with GPS and collision avoidance systems, such
as the ones developed by the Amazon Prime Air program, this option focuses on direct
deliveries from a central warehouse near the port to the customer’s doorstep. Amazon’s
MK30 drones are designed for high efficiency and can navigate urban and suburban
environments autonomously [41].
Drones reduce delivery time dramatically by bypassing ground traffic and directly
reaching consumers, thus enhancing the responsiveness of the e-commerce supply chain.
Electric drones contribute significantly to reducing carbon emissions compared to tradi-
tional delivery vehicles, aligning with sustainable logistics practices as emphasized in the
above sections of the article.
Managing airspace and ensuring privacy and safety are major challenges. Coordina- tion
with local aviation authorities and adherence to stringent safety protocols are necessary to
mitigate risks and ensure public acceptance.

6.3.2. Current Regulatory Environment in Romania

Romania adheres to European Union regulations concerning Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (UAS), notably Regulation (EU) 2019/945 and Regulation (EU) 2019/947. These
regulations dictate the standards and operational guidelines for UAS, ensuring safety, privacy,
and environmental protection. Romanian national laws, such as Law 21 on the Air Code and
Government Decision HG 912/2010 concerning flight authorizations, also play a crucial role
[42].
Amazon Prime Air utilizes sophisticated autonomous drones capable of delivering
packages within an hour, designed to operate under varied and complex conditions. In
contrast, Romania’s regulatory framework currently allows for the operation of UAS
primarily in specified conditions under the “open” category with significant restrictions on
flights over uninvolved persons and dense areas, limiting the possibility of extensive urban
drone deliveries similar to Amazon Prime Air’s model.
According to Romanian regulations, UAS operations are highly regulated, especially
regarding flight over populated areas and gatherings, where Amazon’s model aims for
extensive use. Autonomous UAS, which operate without direct pilot intervention and can
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 15 of 26

react autonomously to unforeseen situations, are not yet permitted in open categories. This
presents a significant barrier to implementing a service model like Amazon Prime Air.
To align Romania’s UAS regulations more closely with innovative delivery models
like Amazon Prime Air, several adaptations are necessary:
• Romanian regulations will need to evolve to accommodate fully autonomous drones,
which include capabilities for safe operation without direct human control, as demon-
strated by Amazon Prime Air;
• Establishing a regulatory sandbox to allow for controlled, experimental UAS opera- tions
in urban areas could pave the way for comprehensive evaluation and integration of
autonomous delivery drones;
• Continuous dialogue between UAS operators, regulatory bodies, and the public is
essential to address safety, privacy, and efficiency concerns, facilitating a more flexible
regulatory framework;
• Learning from EU advancements and international standards in UAS operations can help
Romania accelerate its regulatory adaptations, ensuring safety and innovation go hand
in hand.
The journey toward integrating advanced UAS delivery systems like Amazon Prime
Air into Romanian logistics involves substantial regulatory updates and a shift in public
perception. By carefully managing this transition, Romania can harness the potential of
UAS technology to enhance its e-commerce and logistics sectors while ensuring compliance
with safety and privacy standards. This adaptation not only aligns with technological
advances but also supports the broader goal of sustainable and efficient logistics solutions.

6.3.3. Option 2: Two-Step Delivery—Autonomous Trucks to Regional Warehouses and

Drones to Customers
This process involves using autonomous trucks to transport goods from the port to
multiple regional warehouses across Romania. This setup aims to decentralize storage and
reduce the distance for final deliveries. Drones then can take over from these warehouses to
complete the last-mile delivery, ensuring that the final leg of the logistics chain is swift and
efficient.

6.4. The Status of Autonomous Truck Legislation in Romania

In Romania, the regulatory approach toward autonomous vehicles, including trucks,
is still in its early stages. A legislative draft aimed at establishing a framework for au-
tonomous vehicle operations has been initiated but remains under review, indicating that
the country is in the early phases of adapting its legal structure to accommodate these
advanced technologies. This legislative effort reflects a proactive stance toward embrac-
ing autonomous transportation technologies, yet the absence of finalized laws presents a
significant hurdle. For businesses and logistics operators, this uncertainty complicates
planning and investment in autonomous truck fleets that could dramatically enhance lo-
gistical efficiency and safety. The advancement of this legislation would not only facilitate
the integration of autonomous trucks into Romania’s transportation ecosystem but also
position the country at the forefront of adopting innovative logistics solutions in Eastern
Europe. Ensuring the successful passage and implementation of such a law will require
concerted efforts among lawmakers, industry stakeholders, and the public to address
safety concerns, technological standards, and liability issues associated with autonomous
vehicle operations.
The two-step method increases the logistics network’s flexibility and coverage, making
it possible to serve a broader area more effectively and reduce delivery times for remote
regions. Like direct drone delivery, this option also focuses on minimizing the environ-
mental impact. The use of autonomous trucks for longer intra-country hauls and drones
for final delivery optimizes energy usage and reduces emissions. Advanced software
integrates these delivery systems with e-commerce platforms, enabling seamless transition
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 16 of 26

of goods and real-time tracking for consumers, enhancing customer satisfaction and trust in
e-commerce operations.
The combination of autonomous trucks and drones leverages the strengths of both
technologies, where trucks handle bulk transport efficiently, and drones provide agile and
precise delivery capabilities.
As technology advances and regulatory frameworks evolve, the scalability of these
last-mile delivery options can be enhanced to include newer regions and integrate more
advanced autonomous systems.
Future developments may include more sophisticated AI algorithms for better route
optimization and even more energy-efficient drone models, further reducing the ecological
footprint of last-mile deliveries.
The final stage of the logistics chain presents innovative last-mile delivery solutions that
exemplify the use of autonomous technologies to enhance operational efficiency, customer
satisfaction, and sustainability. Whether through direct drone deliveries from cen- tralized
warehouses or a comprehensive two-step delivery system involving autonomous trucks and
drones, each method showcases the potential to transform e-commerce logistics into a faster,
cleaner, and more efficient process. The continued integration and optimiza- tion of these
technologies, guided by advancements in AI and regulatory developments, will shape the
future of last-mile delivery in e-commerce, setting new standards for the industry worldwide.

6.5. Optimization Techniques in Autonomous Logistics

In addition to AI-based decision-making methods, we can also consider advanced
optimization techniques to enhance the performance and efficiency of autonomous logistics
systems. These techniques include:
1. Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP): MILP is used for optimizing logistics
operations such as facility location, route planning, and resource allocation. It helps in
making strategic decisions that balance cost, efficiency, and sustainability. For example,
one study [43] utilizes MILP to address the Synchronized Location–Trans-shipment
Problem, ensuring optimal synchronization of logistics flows.
2. Genetic Algorithms (GA): GAs are employed for solving complex optimization prob- lems
by simulating the process of natural selection. They are particularly effective in
scenarios with large search spaces and non-linear constraints. In our study, GAs are used
to optimize the routing and scheduling of autonomous vehicles.
3. Stochastic Optimization: Stochastic optimization techniques are used to manage
uncertainty and variability in logistics operations. These techniques incorporate
probabilistic elements to account for uncertainties in supply and demand, travel times,
and other operational factors. One paper [44] explores the application of stochastic
optimization in strategic freight logistics planning, highlighting its effectiveness in
managing uncertainties and enhancing resilience.
Managing uncertainty and stochasticity is crucial for the reliability and robustness of
autonomous logistics systems. By incorporating stochastic optimization techniques, our
proposed system can better handle variations in supply chain operations and improve
overall performance. Giusti et al. [32] discuss the benefits of incorporating stochastic
elements in logistics planning to enhance resilience and flexibility, providing valuable
insights into managing uncertainties in logistics operations.

7. Challenges and Future Outlook

Integrating autonomous technologies into e-commerce logistics poses multifaceted
challenges such as navigating complex regulatory environments, managing cybersecurity
risks, and developing extensive infrastructure that supports these technologies. Addi-
tionally, the practical implementation of the proposed autonomous systems requires a
forward-looking perspective, which underscores the need for a robust and adaptable
infrastructure, streamlined legal frameworks, and advanced cybersecurity measures.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 17 of 26

The implementation of autonomous logistics technologies faces significant regulatory

challenges. These arise from the current lack of standardized legal frameworks and policies
specifically tailored to autonomous operations, both in maritime and urban environments.
The complexity increases when considering the international nature of e-commerce, where
different countries have varied regulations. Addressing these challenges requires collabora-
tive efforts to develop cohesive regulatory standards that support and safely govern the
deployment of autonomous logistics technologies while ensuring international compliance
and smooth operational integration.
The increase in system autonomy elevates the potential cybersecurity risks that could
disrupt logistics operations. Ensuring the security of data and operational control systems is
paramount. Strategies must include robust encryption methods, continuous monitoring, and
the implementation of advanced security protocols to safeguard against unautho- rized
access and system breaches. In autonomous systems, but more pronounced in maritime
transportation, cybersecurity threats and the corresponding countermeasures are
paramount considerations. The threats range from communication system breaches to
sensor manipulation, potentially compromising vessel operations. Effective counter-
measures include advanced encryption, robust firewalls, and frequent security updates
(see Figure 8) [45–48]. These measures are vital for protecting the integrity of vessel or
port control systems and ensuring the safe navigation of autonomous ships in increasingly
digital maritime environments.

Figure 8. Diagram that illustrates cybersecurity measures for autonomous transportation means.

Integrating security in the development phase is essential for autonomous maritime

systems. This approach, known as “security by design,” involves embedding robust
cybersecurity measures from the outset. It ensures that security is not an afterthought but a
foundational component of the system’s architecture. This proactive stance in development
helps to anticipate and mitigate potential vulnerabilities, safeguarding the system against
emerging cyber threats and enhancing the overall safety and reliability of autonomous
maritime operations.
For autonomous maritime systems, effective countermeasures against cybersecurity
threats are critical. These include deploying multi-layered security protocols, regularly
updating and patching software, and employing advanced encryption techniques to protect
data transmissions. Additionally, implementing intrusion detection systems and conduct- ing
regular security audits are key for identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities. These
countermeasures ensure the resilience of autonomous vessels against cyberattacks, main-
taining their operational integrity and safeguarding maritime logistics networks.
Implementing autonomous logistics necessitates significant infrastructure upgrades. For
ASVs, advanced port facilities equipped with automated docking and cargo handling systems
are essential. In urban areas, infrastructure modifications are required to accom- modate
drone and robot deliveries, including designated launch and landing zones, and recharging
stations. This infrastructure development is key to fully realizing the potential of
autonomous delivery systems in both maritime and urban logistics.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 18 of 26

Future technological advancements hold the promise of overcoming current limita-

tions in autonomous logistics. Enhanced AI algorithms are expected to offer more sophis-
ticated decision-making capabilities, improving the efficiency and safety of autonomous
systems. Additionally, the development of more advanced sensors will provide better envi-
ronmental perception, essential for autonomous vehicles’ navigation. These advancements
will drive significant improvements in operational efficiency and safety for autonomous
logistics systems.
The long-term benefits of autonomous logistics on sustainability are consistent. With
increased efficiency and reduced reliance on manual processes, these systems offer a sig-
nificant reduction in emissions, contributing to environmental preservation. Autonomous
vehicles, particularly electric ones, and drones, are expected to be more energy-efficient,
leading to a more sustainable use of resources. This shift toward autonomous logistics not
only enhances operational efficiency but also aligns with global sustainability goals.
The arguments presented above highlight the need for collaborative efforts to develop
standard legal frameworks, robust security measures, and extensive infrastructure devel-
opment. Looking to the future, we need to move forward to the potential benefits of these
technologies, particularly in enhancing efficiency and sustainability in e-commerce logistics.
The focus is on how advanced AI and sensor technologies will drive improvements in
operational safety and the significant environmental benefits of adopting autonomous
logistics systems.

8. Conclusions
This study emphasizes the transformative role of autonomous logistics in e-commerce,
from ground-based autonomous trucks to maritime and aerial drone deliveries, underscor-
ing the role these technologies play in redefining the logistics landscape. It underscores
the integration of AI and advanced sensor technologies, highlighting their critical impact
on enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability. The research showcases how these
innovations not only streamline logistics processes but also contribute significantly to
environmental conservation.
The challenges identified, such as regulatory alignment, cybersecurity, and infrastruc-
ture development, are significant yet surmountable with sustained effort and continued
innovation. Regulatory frameworks need to evolve in tandem with technological advances to
support safe and efficient operations across different regions and industries. Similarly, robust
cybersecurity measures are important to protect these highly interconnected systems from
potential threats, ensuring reliability and trust in autonomous logistics solutions.
Moreover, the environmental benefits of adopting autonomous systems—highlighted
through reduced emissions and optimized resource use—align closely with global sustain-
ability goals, offering a greener alternative to traditional logistics methods. This shift not only
supports ecological resilience but also enhances the economic efficiency of supply chains,
providing a competitive edge to those who adopt these forward-thinking prac- tices early.
In conclusion, the journey toward fully autonomous logistics is complex and faces
many challenges but offers immense potential for innovation and improvement. As the
case study and discussions within this paper show, the future of logistics lies in harnessing
these advanced technologies to create more adaptable, efficient, and sustainable systems.
Embracing this change will require ongoing collaboration among technologists, policy-
makers, and business leaders to find the path that leverages the strengths of autonomous
technologies while addressing their inherent challenges.
Looking forward, the paper envisions a future where continuous technological ad-
vancements further revolutionize e-commerce logistics. This future vision includes more
sustainable and efficient logistics practices, aligning with global environmental goals and re-
shaping the e-commerce landscape. The conclusions drawn underline the role of innovation
in driving the next phase of logistics evolution.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 19 of 26

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.A. and C.S.; methodology, N.A. and C.S.; validation,
N.A., C.S. and A.I.; formal analysis, N.A. and C.S.; investigation, N.A. and C.S.; resources, N.A. and
C.S.; data curation, N.A.; writing—original draft preparation, N.A.; writing—review and editing,
N.A., C.S. and A.I.; visualization, N.A., C.S. and A.I.; supervision, C.S.; project administration, N.A.
and C.S.; funding acquisition, C.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article are not readily
available because are part of an ongoing study and will be made available by the authors on request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Logistics 2024, 8, 71 22 of 26

REVIEW JURNAL
Judul : Transforming E-Commerce Logistics: Sustainable Practices Through
Autonomous Maritime and Last-Mile Transportation Solutions
Penulis : Nistor Andrei, Cezar Scarlat, Alexandra Ioanid
Tahun : 2024

Judul “Transforming E-Commerce Logistics: Sustainable Practices Through

Autonomous Maritime and Last-Mile Transportation Solutions” Judul
yang digunakan peneliti sangat menggambarkan isi dari jurnal karena
penelitian ini mengidentifikasi tantangan dan transformasi logistik e-
commerce menuju keberlanjutan melalui penggunaan transportasi
maritim dan solusi transportasi jarak jauh otonom. Dalam konteks ini,
logistik e-commerce menghadapi kebutuhan untuk mengurangi emisi
karbon, mengoptimalkan jalur pengiriman, serta meningkatkan
efisiensi energi.
Abstrak Abstrak yang dicantumkan peneliti sudah sangat menggambarkan atau
menjelaskan inti atau masalah utama yang ingin dibahas oleh peneliti.
Karena peneliti mencantumkan urgensi masalah penelitian, dimana
perkembangan teknologi terkini telah “memaksa” para perusahaan
untuk mengubah pendekatan mereka khususnya di bidang logistik.
Tidak hanya itu, peneliti telah menuliskan tujuan utama dilakukan
penelitian, metode penelitian, hasil penelitian serta kesimpulan yang
didapatkan setelah dilaksanakan penelitian ini.
Pendahuluan Permasalahan utama yang diidentifikasi dalam jurnal ini adalah
tantangan dan transformasi logistik e-commerce menuju keberlanjutan
melalui penggunaan transportasi maritim dan solusi transportasi jarak
jauh otonom. Dalam konteks ini, logistik e-commerce menghadapi
kebutuhan untuk mengurangi emisi karbon, mengoptimalkan jalur
pengiriman, serta meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Namun, penerapan
teknologi otonom menghadapi tantangan signifikan, termasuk
kebutuhan akan integrasi teknologi tinggi, penyesuaian dengan standar
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 23 of 26

regulasi, dan pengembangan infrastruktur pendukung. Penelitian ini

menggarisbawahi pentingnya sinergi teknologi untuk mencapai rantai
pasokan yang lebih efisien dan ramah lingkungan di sektor logistik e-
commerce.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengeksplorasi dan mengembangkan
solusi logistik maritim otonom yang berkelanjutan dengan
mengintegrasikan teknologi AI dan sistem sensor untuk transportasi
maritim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan efisiensi rute
pengiriman, meningkatkan keamanan navigasi, dan mengurangi emisi
karbon di sektor logistik, terutama untuk kebutuhan logistik e-
commerce. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengkaji penggunaan pusat
operasi darat (AOC) sebagai sarana pengelolaan lalu lintas maritim di
area pelabuhan, guna memastikan integrasi yang aman antara kapal
otonom dan kapal tradisional .
Metodologi Metode penelitian dalam jurnal ini mencakup beberapa pendekatan
utama: analisis literatur, studi kasus, dan analisis hubungan antara
variabel.

Hasil Penelitian Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi sistem logistik

otonom yang terintegrasi, seperti kapal otonom untuk transportasi
maritim dan drone untuk pengiriman tahap akhir, memberikan
kontribusi signifikan terhadap peningkatan efisiensi dan keberlanjutan
dalam rantai pasokan e-commerce. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa
teknologi otonom membantu mengurangi konsumsi bahan bakar dan
emisi karbon melalui optimasi rute dan integrasi dengan pusat operasi
darat (AOC), yang memungkinkan pemantauan dan navigasi yang
lebih akurat. Penerapan teknologi ini terbukti meningkatkan kecepatan
distribusi dan menurunkan biaya operasional, yang pada akhirnya
memperkuat daya saing perusahaan dalam pasar global. Hasil ini
menekankan pentingnya kolaborasi antara sektor teknologi dan
regulasi untuk mengatasi tantangan dalam keamanan siber,
infrastruktur, dan penyesuaian peraturan yang diperlukan untuk
implementasi penuh.
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 24 of 26

Pembahasan dan Dalam pembahasan dan kesimpulan ini, peneliti telah menjelaskan
Kesimpulan bahwa perusahaan yang melayani kebutuhan pelanggan modern
haruslah berinvestasi dalam teknologi baru dan mulai menciptakan dan
menggunakan aplikasi e-logistic dan e-SCM. Peneliti menjelaskan
lebih spesifik bahwa perusahaan dapat menciptakan layanan mereka
dengan memanfaatkan perangkat lunak rantai pasokan, aplikasi web
maupun aplikasi yang dapat mudah akses dengan tesedia di App Store
maupun Play Store, RFIP, dan berbagai alat digital yang sedang
berkembang.
Peneliti juga menjelaskan dari sudut pandang studi kasus yang tengah
dibahas dalam penelitian ini yaitu kasus DHL. Dimana studi kasus ini
mengeksplorasi perjalanan menyeluruh suatu produk, yang
menunjukkan bagaimana mengintegrasikan teknologi otonom dapat
merevolusi rantai pasokan dari produksi hingga pengiriman. Tujuan
utama dari studi kasus ini adalah untuk menggambarkan model
futuristik namun dapat dicapai di mana sistem otonom—termasuk truk,
kapal, dan pesawat nirawak—diintegrasikan secara mulus untuk
menangani berbagai segmen rantai logistic

Referensi Referensi yang digunakan peneliti sangat relevan atau berhubungan

dengan topik permasalahan yng diangkat karena referensi yang relevan
menunjukkan bahwa penelitian didasarkan pada informasi dan teori
yang telah ada, yang bisa meningkatkan kepercayaan para pembaca
terhadap penelitian.
Kelebihan Jurnal ini memiliki sejumlah kelebihan signifikan dalam membahas
transformasi logistik e-commerce melalui praktik berkelanjutan dan
teknologi transportasi otonom. Dengan pendekatan interdisipliner,
jurnal ini berhasil menggabungkan aspek teknologi, keberlanjutan, dan
efisiensi logistik, memberikan wawasan yang menyeluruh tentang
bagaimana sistem otonom dapat meningkatkan kinerja logistik
sekaligus mengurangi dampak lingkungan. Adanya studi kasus praktis
mengenai integrasi sistem otonom dalam rantai pasok e-commerce juga
Logistics 2024, 8, 71 25 of 26

menambah nilai aplikatif, membantu pembaca memahami penerapan

konsep ini dalam situasi nyata.
Kekurangan Kekurangan utama dalam jurnal ini adalah terbatasnya pembahasan
mengenai tantangan praktis dalam implementasi teknologi otonom di
sektor logistik. Walaupun memberikan gambaran teoritis yang
mendalam, jurnal ini kurang menyentuh hambatan teknis, kebutuhan
infrastruktur, serta kesiapan industri dalam skala besar, yang penting
untuk keberhasilan teknologi ini.

REFERENSI

Citation : Andrei, N.; Scarlat, C.; Ioanid, A. Transforming E-Commerce Logistics:

Sustainable Practices through Autonomous Maritime and Last-Mile Transportation
Solutions. Logistics 2024, 8, 71. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/logistics8030071