PHYSICS I N V E S T I G ATO RY PROJECT
NAME: NABHYA NAVALE
CLASS: 12
SCHOOL: HIND ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my utmost gratitude to all those who
have provided me with support, strength and help to
complete this project I take this opportunity to thank my
physics teacher Ms. Manisha Salunke and my school for
giving me this opportunity to do this project and providing
me support, their guidance was vital in the completion of
this project
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT NABHYA NAVALE OF CLASS XII HAS PREPARED THE REPORT ON THE PROJECT
TITLED
"STUDY OF THE THE DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING
HOLLOW PRISM ONE BY ONE WITH VARIOUS TRANSPARENT FLUIDS "
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GUIDELINES GIVEN BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION. THE
REPORT IS FOUND WORTHY OF ACCEPTANCE AS THE FINAL PROJECT REPORT FOR CHEMISTRY OF CLASS
XII DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF TEACHER
INDEX
AIM OF THE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CALCULATIONS
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM OF THE PROJECT
Study of the the dependence of angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence using hollow prism one by one with
various transparent fluids.
The hypothesis of this project is –
The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle of incidence.
The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used in the
hollow prism for deviation.
INTRODUCTION
REFRACTION: THE PHENOMENON OF BENDING OF
LIGHT FROM ITS STRAIGHT LINE PATH ON THE
SURFACE OF SEPERATION OF TWO OPTICAL MEDIA IS
KNOWN AS REFRACTION OF LIGHT.
LAW OF REFRACTION ( SNELLS LAW) : THE RATIO OF
THE SINE OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE TO THE SINE OF
ANGLE OF REFRACTION IS CONSTANT FOR A GIVEN
PAIR OF MEDIA AND FOR A GIVEN COLOUR OF LIGHT.
INTRODUCTION
REFRACTIVE INDEX: REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM FOR A GIVEN WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT IS
DEFINED AS: µ
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND THE NORMAL.
ANGLE OF DEVIATION: THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND THE EMERGENT RAY IS CALLED THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION DENOTED BY “ δ “.
MINIMUM DEVIATION: WHEN A PRISM IS SO PLACED WITH RESPECT TO THE INCIDENT RAY THAT THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION PRODUCED BY IT IS MINIMUM, THEN THE PRISM IS SAID TO BE IN THE POSITION OF
MINIMUM DEVIATION.
DISPERSION: THE PHENOMENON OF SEPERATION OF WHITE LIGHT INTO ITS COMPONENT COLORS
DUE TO VARIATION IN VELOCITIES OF DIFFERENT COLORS WHILE PASSING THROUGH THE PRISM IS
CALLED DISPERSION OF LIGHT.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
HOLLOW GLASS PRISMS
WATER
CARBON DISULPHIDE
BENZALDEHYDE
PROTRACTOR
RULER
DRAWING SHEET
DRAWING BOARD
PINS
PENCIL
PROCEDURE
• Fix the sheet of white paper on the drawing board with drawing pins.
• Place the prism filled with liquid on the paper and trace its
boundary “abc”.
• Mark a point “o” on one of the refracting surfaces and draw a normal to
the surface at this point.
• Draw a straight line “pq” corresponding to incident ray drawn at a
suitable angle with the normal.
• Fix two pins “p” and “q” about 5cm apart on the incident ray line an
view its image with one eye closed from the side “ac” of the prism. Fix
two pins “r” and “s” such that the tips of these pins and the tips of the
images of the incident ray pins “p” , “q” lie in the same straight line.
PROCEDURE
• Encircle the pin pricks on the paper. Remove the pins
“p” , “q” and also encircle their pin pricks.
• Join points “s” and “r” and produce it backwards to
meet the incident ray “pq” produced. Thus, “rs” is the
emergent ray corresponding to the incident ray “pq”.
Draw arrow heads to show the direction of the rays.
• Measure the angle of deviation “δ” with a
protractor and measure prism angle.
OBSERVATIONS
Benzaldehyde: Dilute Sulphuric Acid:
Sr. No.: Angle of Angle of Angle of Sr. No. Angle Angle of Angle of
prism incidence deviation of incidence deviation
prism
1. 60 30 45 1. 60 20 33
2. 60 35 42 2. 60 30 30
3. 60 37.5 40 3. 60 35 25
4. 60 39 42 4. 60 40 29
5. 60 40 45 5. 60 45 30
µ = 1.504 µ = 1.351
OBSERVATIONS
Water:
Sr. No. Angle of prism Angle of Angle of deviation
incidence
1. 60 30 25
2. 60 35 22
3. 60 40 20
4. 60 45 22
5. 60 50 25
6. 60 55 28
µ = 1.306
CALCULATIONS
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when compared with the actual values are as follows-
Benzaldehyde:
Actual = 1.5456
Obtained = 1.504
Deviation/Error = 0.0416
Water:
Actual = 1.33
Obtained = 1.306
Deviation/Error = 0.024
Dil. Sulphuric Acid:
Actual = 1.43
Obtained = 1.351
Deviation/Error = 0.079
RESULT
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST DECREASES
WITH INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
ATTAINS A MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN
INCREASES WITH FURTHER INCREASE IN
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE.
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
A smooth curve passing through all the point should be drawn.
The angle of prism should be used for all observations.
Pins should have sharp tips and be fixed vertically.
Visibility of pins may be low for coloured liquids, they may be illuminated by a
source of white light.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or damaged as
reading can change.
Same hollow prism should be used for all observations to minimize error
due to prism.
Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not be more than
0.1.
The distance between the pins should be more than 10mm.
APPLICATIONS
Refractive index has the large number of applications. It is mostly applied
for identify a particular substance, confirm its purity, or measure its
concentration.
Generally it is used to measure the concentration of a solute in an
aqueous solution. For a solution of sugar, the refractive index can be used
to determine the sugar content.
It can be used to determine the drug concentration in pharmaceutical
industry.
It is used to calculate focus power of lenses and dispersing power of
prisms.
CONCLUSION
Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis, we can say that,
Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation increases with increase in
angle of incidence” is wrong as the angle of deviation first decreases then
increases with increase in angle of incidence.
We can further conclude that our second hypothesis, i.e. ”The angle of
deviation does not depend on the liquid used in the hollow prism for
deviation” is also wrong.
