WEEK 2: INTRODUCTION TO ICT ADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
an electronic device that accepts data and 1. Protecting and Storing Information
instructions, performs logical and mathematical 2. Automated Processes
operations, and generates the outputs of the 3. Communication
processing. The outputs or results are the 4. Remote Access or Telecommuting
information that we need. DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS & CAPABILITIES 1. Expenses of Implementation and Maintenance
SPEED - The computer can work very fast. It 2. Elimination of Jobs
takes only a few seconds for calculations that we 3. Breaches in Security
take hours to complete.
ICT is the technology required for information
ACCURACY - The degree of accuracy of a processing, in particular, the use of electronic
computer is very high and every calculation is computers, communication devices, and software
performed with the same accuracy. applications to convert, store, protect, process,
transmit and retrieve information from anywhere,
DILIGENCE - A computer is free from tiredness, anytime.
lack of concentration, fatigue, etc.
INFORMATION - knowledge obtained from
VERSATILITY - means the capacity to perform reading, investigation, study, or research
completely different types of work.
COMMUNICATION - is an act of transmitting
POWER OF REMEMBERING - computer has the messages. It is a process whereby information is
power of storing any amount of information or exchanged between individuals using symbols,
data. signs, or verbal interactions.

NO IQ (INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT) - computer TECHNOLOGY - the use of scientific knowledge,

is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work experience, and resources to create processes
without instruction from the user. and products that fulfill human needs. Technology
is vital in communication.
NO FEELINGS - It does not have feelings or
emotions, taste, knowledge, or experience. USES OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES
Communication - Through chatting, E-mail, voice
STORAGE - The Computer has an in-built mail, and social networking people communicate
memory where it can store a large amount of with each other.
data.
Job Opportunities - In the employment sector,
Information technology (IT) ICT enables organizations to operate more
is the use of any computers, storage, networking, efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital
and other physical devices, infrastructure, and to the smooth running of any business.
processes to create, process, store, secure, and
exchange all forms of electronic data. Education - Schools use a diverse set of ICT
tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store,
IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION and manage information.
TECHNOLOGY
We use information technology to do school work, Socializing - The internet and social media
research for work, recreation, and almost anything provide young people with a range of benefits,
else that can be imagined. Family and friends can and opportunities to empower themselves in a
stay connected through internet applications and variety of ways.
smart devices.
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY
1. Access to information STEPPED RECKONER ~ this machine can add,
2. New tools, New Opportunities subtract, multiply, and divide automatically
3. Communication INVENTED BY GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ -
4. Information Management 1672
5. ICT allows people to participate in a wider
society. BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL
6. Distance Learning ENGINES ~ The Difference engine can compute
7. Creation of new more interesting jobs tables and the Analytical engine is completely
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY automatic and is capable of calculating any
1. Job loss mathematical problems. INVENTED BY
2. Reduced personal interaction CHARLES BABBAGE
3. Reduced physical activity
4. Cost ARITHMOMETER. ~ The first reliable, useful, and
5. Competition commercially successful calculating machine, it
can perform the four basic mathematical
WEEK 3: HISTORY OF COMPUTER functions. INVENTED BY THOMAS DE COLMAR
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER: - 1820
1.​ PRE-MODERN ERA
three classifications of devices that evolved Examples of electronic devices:
during the pre-modern era; ATANASOFF- BERRY- COMPUTER ~ The first
A.​ MANUAL-MECHANICAL DEVICES - special-purpose digital computer that solves
devices that are operated manually by the simultaneous linear equations. INVENTED BY
user JOHN ATANASOFF & CLIFFORD BERRY - 1942
B.​ ELECTROMECHANICAL
C.​ ELECTRONIC DEVICES - use electrical ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND
switches and circuitry instead of CALCULATOR ~ The first fully electronic
mechanical relays. general-purpose digital computer ever completed.
INVENTED BY JOHN MAUCHLY AND J.
Examples of manual mechanical devices: PRESPER ECKERT - 1945
TALLY STICKS ~ ancient memory aid device to
record and document numbers, quantities, or ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE
even messages. AUTOMATIC COMPUTER ~ binary serial
computer with automatic addition, subtraction,
ABACUS ~ It is also called a counting frame, multiplication, programmed division and automatic
considered the first man-made computing device. checking. INVENTED BY JOHN MAUCHLY AND
J. PRESPER ECKERT - 1945
NAPIER’S BONES ~ used for calculating
products, quotients, square and cube roots. ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC
CALCULATOR ~ known as an Electronic Binary
OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE ~ consisting of Digital computer that uses a binary representation
movable bars with a precise scale that uses of data and internally stored programs.
approximations for solving problems like INVENTED BY MAURICE WILKES AND TEAM
multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
trigonometry. INVENTED BY WILLIAM MATHEMATICAL LAB.
OUHTRED
2.​ FIRST GENERATION (1951-1958)
PASCALINE CALCULATOR ~ first mechanical The major hardware features are vacuum tubes
calculating device that uses cogged wheels that and magnetic drums and the processing speed is
can be used to add and subtract two numbers. 1,000 instructions per second.
INVENTED BY BLAISE PASCAL - 1642
●​ UNIVAC - UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER ~ It is the first commercial
 business computer and was developed by examples: personal computers, laptops and
John Eckert and John Mauchly. tablets.

●​ IBM 650 MAGNETIC DRUM 2. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS

DATA-PROCESSING MACHINE ~ It was designed to perform one specific task.
the first mass-produced computer in the examples: highway tolls, air traffic control, satellite
world. Almost 2,000 systems were tracking, airline reservations, and automated teller
produced in 1962. machines.

3.​ SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963) ACCORDING TO TYPE

The major hardware features are transistors and 1. ANALOG COMPUTERS
magnetic cores. Its processing speed is 1,000,000 Analog computers are used for scientific,
instructions per second. engineering, and process control purposes.
●​ TRADIC ~ TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or examples: analog speedometer in an automobile.
TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer
2. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
●​ IBM 1400 SERIES ~ stored information in It operates by counting values that are discrete, or
magnetic cores as variable-length separate and distinct.
character strings separated on the left by a
special bit, called a "wordmark," and on 3. HYBRID COMPUTERS
the right by a "record mark." Arithmetic combines the measuring capabilities of the analog
was performed digit-by-digit. computer and the logical and control capabilities
of the digital computer.
4.​ THIRD GENERATION (1964-1970)
The major hardware features are integrated ACCORDING TO SIZE
circuits or “chips” and the processing speed is 1. SUPERCOMPUTERS
10,000,000 instructions per second. capable of executing trillions of instructions per
●​ IBM SYSTEM 360 ~ first general-purpose second, which is calculated in floating point
machine used in science and business. operations per second (FLOPS).
examples: SIERRA - built for the Lawrence
5.​ FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980) Livermore National Laboratory for use by the
The major hardware features are microprocessors National Nuclear Security Administration.
or large-scale integrated circuits. The minimum
processing speed is 100,000,000 instructions per 2. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
second. They are like big file servers, enabling multiple
users from nearby and remote locations to access
6.​ FIFTH GENERATION (1980-ONWARDS) resources at the same time.
The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial 3. MINICOMPUTERS
intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop computer that was smaller, less expensive, and
devices that respond to natural language input less powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer
and are capable of learning and self-organization. but more expensive and more powerful than a
There are some applications, such as voice personal computer.
recognition, that are being used today. examples: The HP 3000 series is a family of
16-bit and 32-bit minicomputers from
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Hewlett-Packard.
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS 4. MICROCOMPUTERS
have the ability to store different programs of smallest, least expensive, and most used types of
instruction and thus, perform a variety of computers.
operations. examples: Modern desktop computers, video
game consoles, laptops, tablet PCs.
 -​ refers to the physical components inside
WEEK 4 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER the computer case that are essential for its
INPUT UNIT operation.
Consist of input devices that are attached to the
computer. Components of Internal Hardware:
>> formed by attaching one or more input devices ●​ CPU
to a computer. -​ executes all the instructions.
>> A user inputs data and instructions through -​ considered the brain of the computer
input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, etc. system.
>> used to provide data to the processor for ●​ MEMORY
further processing. -​ It stores data and instructions before the
-​ execution and the processed data as well.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Types of memory
The brain of the computer because it is the control A. Internal Memory
center of the computer. -​ Random Access Memory (RAM) It is a
The CPU has three main components: volatile type of memory
1. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) -​ Read-Only Memory (ROM)
-​ a digital circuit that is used to perform B. External Memory
arithmetic and logical operations. -​ Secondary Memory ~ It is a non-volatile
-​ ALU is the main component of the CPU. type of memory that is responsible for
-​ Fundamental building block of the CPU. keeping files permanently.

2. CONTROL UNIT (CU) ●​ INPUT AND OUTPUT UNIT

-​ Coordinates and controls the data flow in -​ allows communication between the
and out of the CPU. computer and its outside world via input
-​ controls all the operations of ALU, memory and output devices.
registers, and also input/output units. -​ Other parts that go along with the
Processor:
3. MEMORY REGISTERS -​ BUS ~ It is an electronic circuit that sends
-​ type of computer memory built directly into data and messages between the other
the processor. components.
-​ Registers are the smallest data storage -​ PORTS ~ They attach input and output
unit integrated into the CPU. devices to the computer.
-​ EXPANSION SLOTS ~ It allow the
OUTPUT UNIT addition of extra features.
Consists of output devices that are attached to the
computer. 2. EXTERNAL HARDWARE
It converts the binary data coming from the CPU -​ refers to the physical components and
to human understandable form. peripherals that are connected to the
>> output unit displays or prints the processed outside of the computer case to expand its
data in a user-friendly format. functionality and usability.
>> output unit is formed by attaching the output
devices of a computer. Components of External Hardware:
>> output unit accepts the information from the ●​ INPUT HARDWARE
CPU and displays it in a user-readable form. -​ allows communication between the
computer and its outside world via input
HARDWARE and output devices.
refers to the physical and tangible components of A. KEYBOARDS ~ It is the most commonly used
the computer system. input device.
Hardware can be classified into three: B. TERMINALS ~ It consists of a keyboard, a
1. INTERNAL HARDWARE video display screen, and a communication line to
a mainframe computer.
 THREE TYPES OF TERMINAL: (OPTICAL CARD) It's a plastic, laser-recordable
DUMB ~ can be used only to input data to and card used with an optical card reader.
receive information from a computer
SMART ~ can do input and output and has some E. OTHER DEVICES
limited processing capability. (VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS) convert
INTELLIGENT ~ a fledge microcomputer with a human speech into digital code.
communication link.
(AUDIO-INPUT DEVICE) they record or play
C. POINTING DEVICES analog sounds.
(MOUSE) pointing device that allows you to
control an on-screen cursor. (VIDEO-INPUT DEVICE) signals that come from
a VCR or a camera recorder.
(TRACKBALL) A ball mounted in the box is rolled
with the fingers to move the cursor. (ELECTRONIC CAMERAS) they capture images
in electronic form.
(JOYSTICK) a video display screen that picks up
input from the user through the touch of a finger. (SENSORS) They collect specific kinds of data
directly from the environment.
(LIGHT PEN) It is a point-and-draw input device
that allows you to draw directly on the screen. ●​ STORAGE HARDWARE
-​ It temporarily or permanently stores data
(DIGITIZING TABLET) a pen-like device with used for processing and the output of such
which the user “sketches” an image or puck. processing.
(DISKETTES)
(PEN-BASED SYSTEMS) a pen-like stylus to (HARD DISKS)
enter handwriting and marks into a computer.
(OPTICAL STORAGE) use a laser beam to pack
D. SCANNING DEVICES information densely on a movable disk.
(BAR CODE READERS) photoelectric scanners
that translate the bar code symbols into digital (MAGNETIC TAPES) sequential file storage
forms. represented by various arrangements of
magnetized spots along the width of the tape.
(MAGNETIC-INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION)
it reads the strange-looking numbers printed at (MAGNETIC DISK) metal plotter where data is
the bottom of bank checks. represented by magnetized spots on the tracks.

(OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION) it reads pencil (PAPER TAPE) a continuous strip of paper wound
marks. on a reel where data is represented by holes
punched on the paper.
(OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION) it
reads special preprinted characters. (DRUM) a recording medium of data represented
by magnetized spots that are coated with a
(FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION MACHINE) it magnetically sensitive material divided into tracks.
scans an image and sends it as an electronic
signal over telephone lines. (CONTINUOUS FORMS) long sheets of paper
where data is represented through printouts.
(IMAGE SCANNER/ GRAPHICS SCANNER) it
converts text, drawings, and photographs into (COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM))
forms. stores large volumes of information printed or
photographed as a very small image on sheets or
(SMART CARDS) They contain a microprocessor rolls of film called Microfiche.
and a memory chip.
 ●​ OUTPUT HARDWARE -​ use a program designed to solve
problems.
3. OUTPUT HARDWARE
-​ It provides a means for the user to view SYSTEM SOFTWARE
information produced by the computer this includes the operating system (e.g., Windows,
system. macOS, Linux) and utility programs that help
2 Forms of Output: manage computer resources.
1. SOFTCOPY ~ it is when an output is ●​ OPERATING SYSTEM
temporarily displayed on the screen refers to a group of related programs that
2. HARDCOPY ~ it is when an information has supervise the execution of an application
been recorded in a tangible medium, such as program.
paper or microfilm.
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ~ refers to
HARDCOPY OUTPUT HARDWARE: programs that sit on top of the OS.
1. PRINTER
it is capable of printing characters, symbols, and UTILITIES ~ a single term for all types of
graphics. programming aids.
CATEGORIES:
IMPACT PRINTER ~ it has contact with papers PROGRAMMING DAMAGES ~ the programs
like daisy wheel printers, dot-matrix printers, and used to write other programs.
line printers.
NON-IMPACT PRINTERS ~ it has no contact with LANGUAGE PROCESSOR ~ used to convert
paper like laser printer, ink-jet printers, and source program into a form suitable for execution.
thermal printers. (Compilers, Assemblers, Interpreters)

2. PLOTTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE

They are specialized output devices that can These are programs designed for specific tasks,
produce high-quality graphics in a variety of such as web browsers, word processors, games,
colors. and media players.
3 TYPES: TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
PEN PLOTTER ~ the most popular type of plotter. 1. PACKAGE PROGRAM
ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTER ~ charges create commonly called application package.
tiny dots on specially treated paper. 2. CUSTOM PROGRAM
THERMAL PLOTTER ~ its pins are electronically specifically written for an organization.
heated and are used with heat-sensitive paper to
produce images. TYPES OF PACKAGE PROGRAMS:
1. OFFICE PRODUCTIVITY PACKAGES
SOFTCOPY OUTPUT HARDWARE: • Word Processing Software (e.g., Microsoft
1. CATHODE RAY TUBES (CRT) Word, Google Docs)
-​ they are specialized output devices that • Spreadsheet Software (e.g., Microsoft Excel,
can produce high-quality graphics in a Google Sheets)
variety of colors. • Presentation Software (e.g., Microsoft
2. FLAT PANEL DISPLAY PowerPoint, Prezi)
-​ They are used with portable computers. • Note-Taking Software (e.g., Evernote, OneNote)

SOFTWARE 2. BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING PACKAGES

is a set of instructions, data, or programs that tell • Accounting Software (e.g., QuickBooks, Tally,
a computer how to perform specific tasks. Sage)
2 TYPES OF SOFTWARE: • Payroll Management Software (e.g., ADP,
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE Gusto)
-​ facilitating applications programs. • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software
2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE (e.g., SAP, Oracle ERP)
 3. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
3. GRAPHIC DESIGN AND MULTIMEDIA is a programming language that is closer to
PACKAGES human language and abstracted from machine
• Image Editing Software (e.g., Adobe Photoshop, code, making it easier to read, write, and
CorelDRAW) understand.
• Video Editing Software (e.g., Adobe Premiere
Pro, Final Cut Pro) PEOPLEWARE
• Audio Editing Software (e.g., Audacity, FL refers to the personnel involved in data
Studio) processing operations.
IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLEWARE:
4. WEB BROWSING AND INTERNET UTILITIES ●​ ENSURES EFFICIENT USE OF
• Web Browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
Firefox, Safari) ●​ HELPS IN DESIGNING, DEVELOPING,
• Download Managers (e.g., Internet Download AND MAINTAINING IT SYSTEMS.
Manager - IDM) ●​ PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN INNOVATION
AND PROBLEM- SOLVING.
5. EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE PACKAGES ●​ PROVIDES SUPPORT AND TRAINING
• E-learning Platforms (e.g., Google Classroom, FOR USERS.
Coursera)
• Language Learning Apps (e.g., Duolingo, FUNCTIONAL AREAS
Rosetta Stone) 1. SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING
2. SYSTEM ANALYSTS
6. COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION 3. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING
PACKAGES 4. COMPUTER OPERATIONS
• Email Clients (e.g., Microsoft Outlook, Gmail)
• Video Conferencing Software (e.g., Zoom, PERSONNEL
Microsoft Teams) 1. DATA ENTRY OPERATOR
• Messaging Apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Slack) 2. COMPUTER OPERATOR
3. COMPUTER PROGRAMMER
7. GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT 4. SYSTEM ANALYSTS
PACKAGES
• PC & Console Games (e.g., NBA2K23, Fortnite)
• Game Development Software (e.g., Unity,
Unreal Engine)
• Media Players (e.g., VLC, Windows Media
Player)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
is a formal language used to write instructions that
a computer can execute.
LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
1. MACHINE LANGUAGE
Is the lowest-level programming language,
consisting of binary numbers (0s and 1s) that a
computer's CPU can directly execute.

2. SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE
refers to a programming language that uses
symbols, mnemonics, or human-readable codes
instead of raw binary (0s and 1s) to represent
machine instructions.