COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector: ELECTRONICS
Qualification Title: Computer Systems Servicing NCII
Unit of Competency: Install and Configure Computer Systems

Module Title: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the module "Installing and Configuring Computer Systems."

This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete. The unit of competency
"Install and Configure Computer Systems" contains the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a
Computer System Servicing NC II course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the learning
outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome, there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets,
Operation Sheets, and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check
at the end of each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module because you have:

 Been working for some time.

 Already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill or skills,
talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the same
training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings, show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If y ou are not
sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.

After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess your competency. The result of your
assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed
for you to complete at your own pace.

Inside this module, you will find the activities for you to complete, followed by relevant
information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one
learning activity.

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 COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING COMPETENCY-
BASEDLEARNINGMATERIALS

List of Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Install and Configure Installing and Configuring
1. Computer Systems Computer Systems ELC724331

Set-up Computer Networks Setting-up Computer

2. ELC724332
Networks
Set-up Computer Servers Setting-up Computer Servers
3. ELC724333

Maintain and Repair Maintaining and Repairing

4. Computer Systems and Computer Systems and ELC724334
Networks Networks

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MODULECONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Install and Configure Computer Systems MODULE TITLE:

Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

MODULEDESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the outcomes required in installing and configuring desktop and
workstation computers systems. It consists of competencies to assemble computer hardware,
install operating system and drivers for peripherals/devices, and install application software as
well as to conduct testing and documentation

NOMINALDURATION: 10 hours

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1

ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE

Contents:
1. OH&S policies and procedures
2. Tools, equipment and testing devices
3. Computer hardware
4. Operating system
5. Established installation procedures
6. Peripherals/devices
7. Application software
8. Stress test

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Assessment Criteria
1. Unit assembly is planned and prepared to ensure Occupational Health and Safety
policies and procedures are followed, the work is appropriately sequenced in
accordance with requirements

2. Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is coordinated effectively

with others involved on the work site

3. Devices/systems are obtained in accordance with established procedures and to

comply with requirements

4. Location in which devices / systems are to be installed is determined from job

requirements

5. Materials necessary to complete the work are obtained in accordance with

established procedures and checked against job requirements

6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the installation work are
obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked for correct
operation and safety

7. Preparatory work is checked to ensure no unnecessary damage has occurred and

complies with requirements

Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 PC or workstations

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  Instructional Manuals such as: Occupational Health and Safety policies and
procedure manual, device manual and hardware diagrams and charts.
 Tools, equipment’s and test instruments such as: protective eye wear, digital multi-
meter, crimping tools, pliers, and screwdrivers.
 Supplies and materials such as: appropriate operating system, driver software,
software applications and programs.

Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral Questioning

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3

INSTALLOPERATINGSYSTEMANDDRIVERSFORPERIPHERALS/DEVICES

Contents:
1. Operating system (OS) is installed in accordance with established installation
procedures and to comply with end-user requirements
2. Peripherals/devices drivers are installed and configured in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions and/or OS installation procedures.
3. OS and drivers updates/patches are accessed and installed in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements
4. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance with
established procedures

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Assessment Criteria
1. Installation planned and prepared to ensure that safety measures, policies and
procedures followed, and that work is appropriately sequenced in accordance
with the industry standards

2. Technical personnel consulted to ensure that the work coordinated effectively

with others involved on the worksite

3. Computer systems and network devices obtained in accordance with the established
procedures and to comply with requirements

4. Location where devices and systems to be installed is determined from job

requirements

5. Materials necessary to complete the work obtained in accordance with established

procedures and checked against job requirements

6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the installation work
obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked for correct operation
and safety

7. Preparatory work checked to ensure that no unnecessary damage has occurred and
that work complies with requirements

8. OH & S policies and procedures for installing devices/systems are followed

9. Devices/systems are installed in accordance with requirements, without damage or

distortion to the surrounding environment or services

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10. Variation to devices/systems installation is carried out in accordance with customer/client
requirements.

11. Devices/systems are terminated and connected in accordance with requirements.

12. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with established procedures.

13. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from appropriate personnel
before any contingencies are implemented

14. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance with established
procedures.

15. OH&S policies and procedures are followed.

16. Circuits and systems are checked as being isolated where necessary using specified testing
procedures.

17. Parts or connections of the installation or service that are removed in order to conduct the test
are restored to protect against loss or damage and in accordance with established procedures.

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18. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with established procedures.

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 19. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from appropriate personnel before
any contingencies are implemented.

20. Devices/systems and/or installation is tested to determine whether it conforms to requirements.

21. Parts and/or connections removed for the purpose of testing are returned to pre-test conditions in
accordance with established procedures.

22. Final inspections are undertaken to ensure the installed devices/systems conform to requirements.

23. Documentation in relation to the test is forwarded to appropriate personnel and/or authority in
accordance with requirements.

Conditions

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Computer Hardware: Optical disc drives, Memory modules, Power supply, Cables and cords,
Motherboard, Hard disk, Video card, Sound card.
2. Operating systems: Windows, Mac OS, Linux.
3. Utility software and CD/DVD-ROMs.
4. Books/manuals/magazines.
5. Tools and test equipment:

Slotted head screwdriver.

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 Philips head screwdriver
Long nosed pliers
Allen bit wrench
Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral and written exam

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Learning Experience
Learning Outcome No.1
ASSEMBLECOMPUTERHARDWARE

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on

Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
Policies and Procedures.

2.AnswerSelf-Check1.1-1 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1- 1

3. Read Information Sheet 1.1-2 on basic

requirements for a well planned project based
Installation Service.
4. Answer Self-Check1.1-2. Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1- 2.

7. Read InformationSheet1.1-3on the

fundamentals structures and types of
Operating System

8. Answer Self-Check1.1-3. Compare Answers to Answer key1.1- 3

9.Guided by InformationSheet1.1- 4, Observe safety in the workplace.

proceed to the tool room and do Task Sheet Trainee/trainer evaluates
1.1-5 on identifying computer components performance/output using performance
and peripherals checklist 1.1-4 and makes recommendations.

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11.Read Information Sheet 1.1-5 on
The types and functions of different tools and
equipment.

12.Answer Self-Check1.1-5 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1- 5

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify the basic precautions and procedures in planning, preparing, installing and
testing of computer hardware and software.

2. Determine the effects of computers to the people, health risk, and to the environment.

During installation and initial test, careful planning and preparation are
tobedone.Toavoidpersonalinjuryanddamagestowiringduetosharppinson connectors and printed
circuit assemblies, rough chassis edges and corners, and hot components.
Adhere to warnings and limitations regarding accessibility into areas designated only for
authorized technical personnel.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
SOME BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES:

Here is your list with the spacing errors corrected:

 Before starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and procedures on any hardware
and software settings that may be required.
 Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
 Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage to both the CPU and the
motherboard.
 Each bank must have the same size and type of memory installed in pairs.

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  Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure that you
unplug your power supply. Failure to do so may cause damage to your
motherboard and in the system component.

 Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system requirements
before booting up.
 If the computer does not pass any of the power on self-test (POST), the
computer will receive an irregular power on self-test. An irregular
POSTisabeepcodewhichisdifferentfromthestandardbeepwhichcaneither be no
beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.

EFFECTS OF COMPUTERS

Some effects of computers relate to the violation of privacy, the impact on the labor force, health
risks, and the impact on the environment.

1. Violation of Privacy
nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere—in medical records, credit reports,
tax records, etc. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly. In
many instances, where these records were not properly protected, individuals have found
their privacy violated and identities stolen.

2. Impact on Labor Force

although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire industry
with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of workers and managers have
been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A
separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign
countries instead of keeping their home land labor force employed.

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 1. Health Risks
Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands,
wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back. Computer users can protect themselves from these
health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and
appropriately spaced work breaks. Another health risk, called computer addiction, occurs when
someone becomes obsessed with using the computer. Once recognized, computer addiction is
a treatable disorder.
2. Public Safety
Adults, teen and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their
photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting,
innocent computer users have fallen victim to
crimescommittedbydangerousstrangers.Protectyourselfandyourdependents from these
criminals by being cautious. For example, do not share information that would allow others to
identify or locate you.
3. Impact on Environment
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources
and polluting the environment. The amount of resources required to manufacture a personal
computer equals that of a famed sized car. When computers are discarded in landfills, they
release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants.
Strategies that can help protect the environment include recycling, regulating manufacturing
processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately donating replaced computers

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SELF-CHECK NO.1.1-1
A. IDENTFICATION
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

1. Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
2. After adding and removing any other system components, make sure that you unplug your
power supply.
3. Test the computer, ensuring that it meets the necessary system requirements before booting
up.
4. Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage to both the CPU
and the motherboard.
5. After starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and procedures on any
hardware and software settings that may be required.

B. MATCHING TYPE

Direction: Select your answer from the choices below that will correspond to the statement. Write
the letter of your answer in the space provided.

A. Violation of Privacy
B. Impact on the Environment
C. Public Safety
D. Health Risk
E. Impact on Labor Force

1. Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting

natural resources and polluting the environment.
2. Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created
an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of
millions of workers and managers have been replaced by computers.

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 3. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly.
4. Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly
their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information.
5. Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands,
wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back.

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page.
If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next
activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check
again.

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ANSWERKEY1.1-1

A. IDENTIFICATION

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE

B. MULTIPLECHOICE

1. B
2. E
3. A
4. C
5. D

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INFORMATIONSHEETNO.1.1-2
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLANNED INSTALLATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Prepare the required documents or forms before you do a well-planned installation

2. Identify the qualifications to be a certified hardware professional so that you could be

allowed and authorized to do a well-planned installation

Are you the person everyone calls when they have a computer problem? Have you considered
getting paid for fixing near-fatal errors and turning your PC prowess into a business? According
a recent report, sales of computer services are expected to exceed $47 billion this year in the
U.S. alone, with PC repair
leadingtheway.Buttherearesomerequirementsthatyouneedtoknowbefore joining the
bandwagon of Computer Hardware Servicing trade, like document/forms (e.g. Job Orders,
Request Forms, and Report Sheets) and qualifications for personnel in repairing computers.

REQUIREDDOCUMENTS/FORMS:
A. Job Order
A Job order (known as works order outside of the United States because the work is
produced in a manufacturing area known as the works) or job order (sometimes job ticket or
work ticket, as it often has some type of ticket attached) is an order received by an organization
from a customer or client, or an order created internally within the organization. A work order
may be for products or services.

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In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales order to show that work
is about to begin on the manufacture, building, or engineering of the products requested by the
customer. In a service environment, a work order can be equivalent to a service order where the
WO records the location, date, and time the service is carried out and the nature of work that is
done. The type of personnel (e.g., job position) may also be listed on the WO. A rate (e.g., $/hr,
$/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value are also shown on the work
order.

A work order may be maintenance or repair request from students, faculty, or staff in a university.
Orders received from outside an organization are often dispatched (reviewed and scheduled)
before being executed. Work orders may be for preventive maintenance.

Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that contains the customer
information, describes the work performed, lists charges for material and labor, and can be given
to the customer as an invoice.

A job order is an internal document extensively used by project-based, manufacturing, building,

and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for products and/or services. In a manufacturing
environment, a job order is used to signal the start of a manufacturing process and will most
probably be linked to a bill of material. Hence, the job order will probably state:

1. The quantity of the product to be manufactured, built, or fabricated.

2. The amount of raw material to be used, its price, and amount.
3. The types of labor required, rate (per hour or per unit), and amount.
4. The machine utilization for each machine during the routing process, its rate, and amount.

In a service environment, a job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order where the
job order records the location, date, and time the service is carried out and the nature of service
that was carried out. The type of personnel (e.g., job position) may also be listed on the job order.
A rate (e.g., $/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is also
shown.

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Sample Job Order Form

Computer Repair Job Order Form

Teacher Client’sName School Diffun High School

Date March 2,2016Service Tag #001 Computer# 001
Serial #4737Z Model Inteli3

Computer Problem: (Brief Description of the Problem)

***Blue Screen Error***

For Technical Department Used Only Fax No.(02)922-5566

Computer Fixed By:Donald B. Mandac
Date Sent Back to School:

Memory Transcend 2GHz Processor Pentium Dual-Core 2GHz

Hard Drive Space Hitachi Sata 80GigWindows Windows7 Ultimate

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 B. Request Form and Report Sheet

Computer hardware servicing maintenance, which includes planned installation, has the main
objective of keeping and improving production facilities, to keep and improve production facilities
stable and efficient at the lowest lifecycle cost with the active participation of all members in the
company. A Request Form is used to put this objective into action. And the Report Sheet and Request
Form bring to life this maintenance’s purposes which are:

 To increase productivity through maximum utilization and improvement of all

equipment

 To develop maintenance system to reduce life cycle cost of machinery and equipment
through the involvement of everybody in the organization

 Todeveloptheoperator’scapabilitytobecompetentinmaintenanceactivities through
education, training and motivation.

 To enhance capability for advanced and sophisticated technology that would reinforce
competitive power.

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SampleRequestForm

UNITNO.5-2

Description: Acer Aspire 4736 Z Laptop Computer

Observation/s:

***Corrupted Operating System*** Date Reported:

March05,2016

Reported by:
Nestor S. Abenes Jr.

Activity: Reformat Laptop

Date Completed: January 06, 2024

Sign:

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Sample Report Sheet

Repair Report Sheet

Area/Section: DHS Computer Laboratory

FacilityType Nature of Breakdown Recommendation

Laptop No Operating Viral Corruption

System Error

Refer to the Technical

Department for
Reformatting of the
Operating System

Reported by: Nestor S. Abenes Jr.

Date: January 15, 2024

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REQUIRED QUALIFICATION FOR A COMPUTER HARDWARE PERSONNEL:

What Qualifications Do You Need to Become a PC Repair Technician?

Education

Employers prefer applicants who have completed formal electronics training in a vocational
school, community college, or similar setting, reports the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Training
programs may last from 6 months to two years. Some employers require at least a high school
diploma or GED.

Certifications

Trainees can take the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing assessment to demonstrate their
competency for entry-level jobs to employers. The Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority or TESDA offers a variety of certification programs. In addition, technicians can achieve
certifications even for traineeship.

Physical and Personal Traits

PC technicians must be able to squat, bend, and reach to access the computer equipment
requiring repair. They should be physically able to lift at least 50 pounds of computer
components. Employers look for technicians who can stand for long periods of time and have the
ability to perceive a variety of colors. Employers want technicians who think analytically, are
organized, and pay attention to detail. They should feel comfortable working under tight
deadlines, and companies may expect them to work overtime or on weekends.

Knowledge and Skills

Applicants should know how to use a variety of standard office software, and some jobs also
require knowledge of networking. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair
experience, and they may look for candidates with experience repairing specific brands of
computers. Technicians need strong oral communication skills and should be able to explain their
findings to customers using common terms.

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SELF-CHECK NO.1.1-2
A.IDENTIFICATION
Direction: the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if the statement is wrong.
1. Anyone can perform a planned installation as long as he knows it.
2. The Department of Education facilitates the competency

assessment for computer technicians.

3. Computer Technicians are given the TESDA NCII Computer System

Servicing by TESDA after successfully taking the Assessment.

4. Computer Technicians need not to have strong oral

communication skills for them only repair computers.

5. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair experience, and they may

look for candidates with experience repairing specific brands of computers.

6. A job order is an external document by a project based Business.

7. A job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order where the job

order records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the

nature of service that was carried out.

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page.
If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next
activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check
again.

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ANSWERKEY1.1-2

IDENTIFICATION

1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. TRUE

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-3

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify fundamentals of operating systems
2. Determine the different types of operating systems

An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and
provide common services for application software. The operating system is a vital component of
the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system
which are usually separate programs but can be combined in simple systems.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include
accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts
as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the
application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call
to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that
contains a computer, from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web
servers.

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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Real-time

A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time
applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can
achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is their
quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-sharing design and often
aspects of both. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external
events, while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

Multi-user

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. A
time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable multiple user access to a
computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user
operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts on a
Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network
administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to log in
at a time, and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.

Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking
system. However, when the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is
classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive or pre-
emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicate one slot to each of the
programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as
does Amiga OS. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the
other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative
multitasking. 32-bit versions, both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multitasking. Mac OS
prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.

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Distributed

A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes

them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be
linked and communicate with each other
gaverisetodistributedcomputing.Distributedcomputationsarecarriedouton more than one
machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

Embedded

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems.

They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to
operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by
design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems

Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which

he used to write UNIX, based on his experience in the
MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and UNIX
developed into a large, complex family of inter-
related operating systems which have been
influential in every modern operating system (see
History).

The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating

systems, with several major sub-categories including
System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of the Open Group, which licenses it
for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is
commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original UNIX.

Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are used heavily for servers in
business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free UNIX variants, such
as GNU/Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.

Four operating systems are certified by The Open Group (holder of the UNIX trademark) as UNIX. HP's
HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are designed to run only
on their respective vendor's hardware.

In contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris Operating System can run on multiple types of hardware,
including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix)
Mac OS, is a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from Next STEP, Mach, and FreeBSD.

UNIX interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied
to any operating system, although it was originally created for various UNIX variants.
BSD and its descendants

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A subgroup of the UNIX family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes
FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, PC-BSD. These operating systems are most commonly found
on web servers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet
owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by
computers to connect, send, and receive data over a network were widely implemented and
refined in BSD. The worldwide web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers
running an OS based on BSD called Next Step.

BSD has its roots in UNIX. In 1974, the University of California, Berkeley installed its first UNIX
system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began
adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkeley received
new VAX computers in 1978 with UNIX installed, the school's undergraduates modified UNIX
even more in order to take advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest and
decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took
notice and started to use Berkeley's version of UNIX instead of the official one distributed by
AT&T.

Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that manufactured
high-end computers running a variation of BSD called NeXT STEP. One of these computers
was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first web server to create the World Wide Web.

Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that
originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. Eventually, after two
years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and spawned a number of free
derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD.

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Mac OSX

Mac OSX is a line of open core graphical

operating systems developed, marketed, and sold
by Apple Inc.,the latest of which is pre-loaded on
all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac
OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which
had been Apple's primary operating system since
1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OSX is a UNIX
operating system built on technology that had
been developed at NeXT through the second half
of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the
company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in1999 as Mac OS X Server1.0, with a desktop-oriented
version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct
"client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being
OSX10.8"Mountain Lion", which was first made available on February 16, 2012 for developers,
and to be released to the public late summer 2012. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big
cats.
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but
usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work
group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key
networkservices, including a mailtransferagent, a Sambaserver, an LDAP server, a
domainnameserver, and others. InMac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server
have been integrated into the client version.
Linuxand GNU

Linux(orGNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was developed without any actual
Unixcode, unlike BS Dandits variants. Linuxcan

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Be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches.
The Linux kernel is released under an open-source license, so anyone can read and modify
its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates
suggest that Linux is used on 1.82% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted
for use in servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded
UNIX in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world.
The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu,
Linux Mint, and Google's Android.
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to
create a completely free and open operating system that was similar to
Unix but with completely original code. It was started in 1983 by Richard
Stallman, and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux variants.
Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every operating system are
licensed under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux
kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from
Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about
his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He
received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-
fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both
projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel
in order to create a full-fledged operating system. Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation

and primarily targeted to Intel architecture-based computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total
usage share on web-connected computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and
Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows XP as the most used
OS.

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Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-DOS, which was
the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the
time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards
compatibility, Win9x could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me,
released in 2000, was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all been based on
the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors,
although Windows 8 will support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT supported non-Intel
architectures.

Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has expended significant
capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating environment. However,
Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers, as Windows
competes against Linux and BSD for server market share.

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SELF-CHECK NO.1.1-3
A. IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if the statement is wrong.
1) An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware

resources and provide common services for application software.

2) Operating system is not a vital component of the system software in a computer

system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually

separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.

3) Time-sharing operating systems schedule time for efficient use of the

system and may also include accounting for cost

Allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

4) For software functions such as input and output and

Memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between

application programs and the computer hardware.

5) Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—

from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web

servers

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page.
If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next
activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check
again

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ANSWERKEY1.1-3

IDENTIFICATION

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

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 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-4

COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Classify the hardware and software components of a computer with its corresponding functions.
2. Determine the various computer components and peripherals

A computer system is a special subsystem of an organization's overall information system. It is an

integrated assembly of devices, centered on at least one processing mechanism utilizing digital
electronics, which are used to input, process, store, and output data and information.

Putting together a complete computer system, however, is more involved than just connecting computer
devices. In an effective and efficient system, components are selected and organized with an
understanding of the inherent tradeoffs between overall system performance and cost, control, and
complexity.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
Basic Hardware Components of Computer System
Today, almost everyone in our information society has a basic understanding of what a
computer is and what it can do. A contemporary computer system consists of a central
processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and
communications devices that work together with software to perform calculations, organize
data, and communicate with other computers.
A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory, which can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output),
and store it away in a secondary.

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Storage device (store) for safe keeping or later reuse. The processing of input into output
is directed by the software but performed by the hardware. Figure below shows some
common computer hardware components.

Common Computer Hardware Components

Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the

functions of input, processing, data storage; output and communication. The
devices responsible for these five areas are as follows:

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 Input devices. Input devices allow you to enter data or commands in a form that the
computer can use; they send the data or commands to the processing unit. Commonly-
used input devices include keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and
PC camera.

 Output devices. Output devices show people the processed data-- information --in
understandable and useful form. Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a
monitor, speakers, and a portable media
player.Input/outputdevicesareplayinganincreasinglysignificantrolein our lives. The
number and variety of input/output devices are expanding.

 Processing devices. Processing devices are the computer electronic circuitry housed in
the system unit. The circuitry in the system unit is part of a circuit board called the
motherboard. Two major components on the motherboard are the processor and
memory. The processor, formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has
electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into the information people want.
Computer instructions are actually executed in the central processing unit. Memory is a
series of electronic elements that temporarily hold data and program instructions while
they are being processed by the CPU. Both the processor and memory consist of chips. A
chip is an electronic device that contains many microscopic pathways designed to carry
electrical current.

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  Storage devices. Storage usually means secondary storage that can store data and programs
outside the computer itself. Storage devices hold data, information, and programs
permanently. These devices supplement memory (also called primary storage) that can hold
data and programs only temporarily. Common storage devices include a hard disk, USB flash
drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards. A drive is a device that reads from and writes onto a
storage medium. A storage medium is the physical material on which data, information, and
programs are stored. Some portable devices, such as digital cameras, use memory cards as
the storage media.

 Communications devices. Communications devices provide connections between the

computer and communications networks, and enable computer users to communicate and
to exchange data, information, and programs with other computers. Communications
devices transmit these items over transmission media such as cables, telephone lines,
satellites, and cellular radio. A widely used communications device is a modem.

In summary, we communicate with computers through input/output devices. Input devices

translate our data and communications into a form that the computer can understand. The
computer then processes these data, and an output device translates them back into a form
we can understand. The central processing unit manipulates data and controls the other
parts of the computer system. Memory (primary storage) temporarily stores data and
program instructions during processing, while secondary storage feeds data and
instructions into the central processor and stores data for future use.

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The System Unit

The Motherboard

The system unit is an box-like case that houses the processor, memory, and other electronic
components of the computer that are used to process data. All other computer system devices, such
as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit.

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Figure below shows some of the components inside the system unit on a typical PC, including the
processor, memory, expansion cards, drive bays, power supply, ports, and connectors. The
processor is the device that executes program instructions. The memory device is a package that
temporarily holds data and program instructions during processing. An expansion card is a circuit
board that adds devices or capabilities to the computer. Finally, devices outside the system unit,
such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, or microphone, are attached by a cable to a port or
connector on the system unit.

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To conserve space, all-in-one computers house the system unit in the same physical case as
the monitor. On notebook computers, the keyboard and pointing device often occupy the
area on the top of the system unit. The display attaches to the system unit by a hinge. The
system unit on a handheld computer usually consumes the entire device. On these devices,
the display is part of the system unit too.

When the cover of a system unit is removed, the motherboard, also called the system board,
can be seen inside the housing. The motherboard, a single circuit board, provides the path
through which the processor communicates with memory components, other components,
and peripheral devices. In a typical personal computer, the components attached to the
motherboard include the processor, memory chips, support electronic circuitry, and expansion
boards. It is the processor that is the most important component of the motherboard.

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Many electronic components attach to the motherboard

A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon, on which one or
more integrated circuits are etched. The various chips have standard-sized pin connectors
that allow them to be attached to the motherboard and, there, to a common electrical path,
called a bus, that enables data flow between the various system components.

An integrated circuit (IC) contains many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical
current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of elements such as resistors,
capacitors, and transistors.

Transistors act as electronic switches that may or may not allow current to pass through. If
current passes through, the switch is on, representing the 1 bit. If current does not pass
through, the switch is off, representing a 0 bit. Thus, combinations of transistors can stand
for combinations of bits, which represent numbers, letters, and other characters.

The motherboard in the system unit contains many different types of chips. A miniaturized
central processing unit can be etched on a chip, then the term "computer on a chip."

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A central processing unit on a chip is called a microprocessor. On a personal computer, the central
processing unit (CPU) is usually contained on a single chip. On larger computers such as mainframes
and supercomputers, the various functions performed by the CPU are spread across many separate
chips. Today's popular Pentium microprocessor contains more than one hundred million transistors.

Ultimately, the type of processor and the amount of RAM placed on the motherboard define the
computer’s speed and capacity. The processor is generally not made by the manufacturers of PCs. It is
made by companies that specialize in the development and manufacture of microprocessors. A
number of companies make microprocessors, including Intel, IBM, Motorola, Advanced Micro Devices
(AMD), and Cyrix. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch square. Manufacturer’s package chips
so the chips can be attached to a circuit board such as a motherboard, memory module, or adapter
card.

A variety of chip packages exist. One type, called a dual inline package (DIP), consists of two parallel
rows of pins that attach the chip package to the circuit board. A pin grid array (PGA) package holds a
larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on the surface of the package. A flip chip-PGA
(FC-PGA) package is a higher-performance PGA packaging that places the chip on the opposite side of
the pins. Another high-performance packaging technique does not use pins. A single-edge contact
(SEC) cartridge connects to the motherboard on one of its edges.

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The Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU), also called the processor, interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer. The CPU significantly impacts overall computing power and
manages most of a computer's operations. On larger computers, such as mainframes and
supercomputers, the various functions performed by the processor extend over many separate
chips and often multiple circuit boards. On a personal computer, all functions of the processor
usually are on a single chip.
Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-core processors. A multi-core processor is a
single chip with two or more separate processors. Two common multi-core processors used today
are dual-core and quad-core. A dual-core processor is a chip that contains two separate
processors. Similarly, a quad-core processor is a chip with four separate processors. Each
processor on a multi-core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed than a single-core processor,
but multi-core chips typically increase overall performance.

Memory

While performing a processing operation, a processor needs a place to temporarily store

instructions to be executed and the data to be used with those instructions. The CPU cannot
process data on an input device or disk directly; the data must first be available in memory. A
computer's memory in the system unit, located physically close to the CPU (to decrease access
time), provides the CPU with a working storage area for program instructions, data, and
information. Memory is also known as primary storage or internal storage. Memory usually
consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in the computer.

The major feature of memory is that it rapidly provides the instructions and data to the CPU.
Memory stores three basic categories of items: (1) the operating system and other system
software that control or maintain the computer and its devices; (2) application programs that
carry out a specific task, such as word processing; and (3) the data being processed by the
application programs and resulting information.

This role of memory to store both data and programs is known as the stored program concept

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Memory and Storage Sizes

Programs and data are placed in memory before processing, between processing steps, and after
processing has ended, prior to being returned to secondary storage or released as output. Recall
that a character is stored in the computer as a group of 0s and 1s, called a byte. Thus, a byte is the
basic storage unit in memory. Like the CPU, memory components contain thousands of circuits
imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current (on) or not (off). By
representing data as a combination of on or off circuit states, the data is stored in memory. When
application program instructions and data are transferred into memory from storage devices, each
byte is placed in a precise location in memory, called an address. This address is simply a unique
number identifying the location of the byte in memory. To access data or instructions in memory,
the computer references the addresses that contain bytes of data. The size of memory is
measured by the number of bytes available for use (Figure 4-17). A kilobyte of memory is equal to
exactly 1,024 bytes. To make storage definitions easier to identify, computer users often round a
kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1 million bytes. A
gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1
trillion bytes.

The system unit contains two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. The contents of volatile
memory are lost when the computer power is turned off. In nonvolatile memory, the combination
of circuit states is fixed, and therefore the contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost when
power is removed from the computer. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory.
Examples of nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS. The following
subsections discuss these types of memory.

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is the memory chips that are mounted directly on the motherboard or mounted on
peripheral cards that plug into the motherboard. The RAM chips consist of millions of switches
that are sensitive to changes in electric current. When the computer is powered on, certain
operating system files are loaded from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM. These
files remain in RAM as long as the computer is running. As additional programs and data are
requested, they are read from storage into RAM. The processor acts upon the data while it is in
RAM. During the running time, the contents of RAM may change as the program is executed.

RAM comes in many different varieties. Three basic types of RAM are dynamic RAM, static
RAM, and magnetoresistive RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be refreshed (or recharged)
constantly by the CPU or it loses its contents. Many variations of DRAM chips exist, most of
which are faster than the basic DRAM. One type of DRAM is Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM),
which is much faster than DRAM because it is synchronized to the system clock. Double Data
Rate (DDR) SDRAM chips are even faster than SDRAM chips because they transfer data twice
for each clock cycle, instead of just once, and DDR2 and DDR3 are even faster than DDR. Dual
channel SDRAM is faster than single channel SDRAM because it delivers twice the amount of
data to the processor. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) is yet another type of DRAM that is much faster
than SDRAM because it uses pipelining techniques. Most personal computers today use some
form of SDRAM chips or RDRAM chips.

Static RAM (SRAM) is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. The term "static" refers
to the fact that it does not have to be re-energized as often as DRAM. SRAM is much more
expensive than DRAM, thus it is usually used for special purposes, such as in cache.

A newer type of RAM, called magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), stores data using magnetic
charges instead of electrical charges. Manufacturers claim that MRAM has greater storage
capacity, consumes less power, and has faster access times than electronic RAM. Also, MRAM
retains its contents after power is removed from the computer, which could prevent loss of
data for users. As the cost of MRAM declines, experts predict MRAM could replace both DRAM
and SRAM.

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RAM Chips and Memory Modules

RAM chips usually are packaged on a

small circuit board, called a memory
module, which is inserted into the
motherboard (Figure 4-19). Three
types of memory modules are
SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. A single
inline memory module (SIMM) has
pins on opposite sides of the circuit
board that connect together to form
a single set of contacts. With a dual Figure 4-19
inline memory module (DIMM), the
pins on opposite sides of the circuit board do not connect and thus form two sets of
contacts. SIMMs and DIMMs typically hold SDRAM chips. A Rambus inline memory module
(RIMM) houses RDRAM chips.
The amount of RAM a computer requires often depends on the types of applications you
plan to use on the computer. A computer can only manipulate data that is in memory. A
computer needs a certain amount of memory to store programs, data, and information.
The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer will respond.
A software package usually indicates the minimum amount of RAM it requires. If you want
the application to perform optimally, typically you need more than the minimum
specifications on the software package. The necessary amount of RAM varies according to
the type of work you do and the type of software applications you are using. The amount
of RAM on your computer determines how many programs and how much data a
computer can handle at one time and thus affects overall performance.
Generally, home users running Windows Vista and using basic application software such as
word processing should have at least 1GB of RAM. Most business users who work with
accounting, financial, or spreadsheet programs, and programs requiring multimedia
capabilities, should have 1 to 4GB of RAM. Users creating professional websites or using
graphics-intensive applications will want 4GB or more of RAM. The amount of RAM in
computers purchased today ranges from 1GB to 64GB. In an advertisement, manufacturers
specify the maximum amount of RAM a computer can hold, for example, 1GB expandable
to 2GB.

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ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions.
That is, the items stored in ROM chips cannot be modified—hence, the name "read-only."
ROM is usually nonvolatile. In ROM, the combination of circuit states is fixed, and therefore
its contents are not lost if the power is removed. The data, instructions, or information stored
on ROM chips often are recorded when the chip is manufactured. ROM chips that contain
permanently written data, instructions, or information are called firmware. Firmware can be
read and used but cannot be changed by the user. For example, ROM contains the programs
that direct the computer to load the operating system and other files when the computer is
turned on. In addition to computers, many devices contain ROM chips. For example, ROM
chips in printers contain data for fonts.

Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a blank ROM chip on which you can permanently
place data and programs. Once the data and instructions are programmed into the PROM
chip, the chip functions like a regular ROM and cannot be erased or changed. A variation of
the PROM chip, called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chip,
allows a programmer to erase the microcode with an electric signal. EEPROM chips are where
the CPU's data and instructions change, but only infrequently, such as in an industrial robot
used in an automobile manufacturer.

Flash Memory

Another type of nonvolatile memory is called flash memory. Flash memory is a chip that
keeps its memory when the power is shut off. Similar to an EEPROM chip, flash memory can
be erased electronically and reprogrammed. Most computers use flash memory to hold their
startup instructions because it allows the computer to easily update its contents. For
example, when the computer changes from standard time to daylight savings time, the
contents of a flash memory chip (and the real-time clock chip) change to reflect the new time.

Flash memory chips also store data and programs on many mobile computers and devices,
such as smart telephones, digital cameras, pagers, PDAs, automotive devices, portable media
players, digital voice recorders, and printers. When you enter names and addresses in a
Smartphone or PDA, a flash memory chip stores that information.

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Memory Chips

Some portable media players, such as MP3 players, store music on flash memory chips; others
store music on tiny hard disks or flash memory cards. The logic capabilities of these devices can
be upgraded by simply downloading new software from the Internet or a vendor-supplied disk to
flash memory.

CMOS

Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips use complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology because it provides high speeds and consumes
little power. CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information even when the power to
the computer is off. Battery-backed CMOS memory chips, for example, can keep the calendar,
date, and time current even when the computer is off. The flash memory chips that store a
computer's startup information often use CMOS technology.

Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card. An adapter
card, also called an expansion card, is a circuit board that enhances the functions of a component
of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals. A peripheral is a device that
connects to the system unit and is controlled by the processor in the computer. Examples of
peripherals are modems, disk drives, printers, scanners, and keyboards. The adapter cards
contain the electronic circuitry for many supplemental capabilities, such as more memory,
higher-quality sound devices, a modem, extra ports, or graphics

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capabilities. The figure shows an expansion card being plugged into an expansion slot on a
personal computer motherboard.

The figure below lists currently used types of adapter cards. Sometimes, all functionality is built
into the adapter card. With others, a cable connects the adapter card to a device, such as a digital
video camera, outside the system unit. Some motherboards include all necessary capabilities and
do not require adapter cards. Other motherboards may require adapter cards to provide
capabilities such as sound and video.

A sound card is used to enhance the sound-generating capabilities of a personal computer by

making two basic functions possible. First, it enables sounds to be captured and stored on disk.
Second, it enables sound to be played through external speakers. The sound card can add realism
to computer games with stereo music and sound effects. It also allows us to speak commands and
enter words to our PCs via speech recognition. The typical sound card will have receptacles for a
microphone, a headset, an audio output, and a joystick.

A video card, also called a video adapter or graphics card, converts computer output into a video
signal that is sent through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen.

In the past, installing a card was not easy and required you to set switches and other elements on
the motherboard. Today, many computers support Plug and Play, which refers to the computer's
capability to automatically configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them.
Having Plug and Play support means that a user can plug in a new component and turn on the
computer

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and then use or play the component without having to configure the system manually.
There are four widely used types of removable flash memory devices: flash memory cards,
USB flash drives, PC cards, and ExpressCard modules. Unlike adapter cards that require you to
open the system unit and install the card on the motherboard, you can change a removable
flash memory device without having to open the system unit or restart the computer. This
feature, called hot plugging, allows you to insert and remove the removable flash memory and
other devices while the computer is running.

Flash memory cards and USB flash drives

A flash memory card is a removable flash memory device, which you insert and remove from a
slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Many mobile and consumer devices,
such as Smartphone, digital cameras, portable media players, and PDAs, use these memory
cards. Some printers and computers have built-in card readers/writers or slots that read flash
memory cards. In addition, you can purchase an external card reader/writer that attaches to
any comp uter. Flash memory cards are available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and capacities.

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USB flash drive

is a flash memory storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or portable device. A
special type of USB flash drive, called a U3 smart drive, includes preinstalled software accessed
through a Windows-type interface.

Many computers have a PC Card slot or an Express Card slot, which is a special type of
expansion slot that holds a PC Card or an Express Card module, respectively. A PC Card is a thin,
credit card-sized removable flash memory device that primarily is used today to enable
notebook computers to access the Internet wirelessly. Express Card modules are the next
generation of PC Cards. An Express Card module, which can be used as a removable flash
memory device, adds memory, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to
computers. Both PC Cards and Express Card modules conform to standards developed by the
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. These standards help to ensure the
interchangeability of PC Cards and Express Card modules among personal computers.

Other Components:

Buses

As previously explained, a computer processes and stores data as a series of electronic bits.
These bits are transferred internally within the circuitry of the computer along electrical
channels. Each channel, called a bus, allows the various devices inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate with each other. Just as vehicles travel on a highway to move from
one destination to another, bits travel on a bus.

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 Buses are used to transfer bits
from input devices to memory,
from memory to the CPU, from
the CPU to memory, and from
memory to output or storage
devices.
All buses consist of two parts: a
data bus and an address bus.
The data bus transfers actual
data, and the address bus
transfers information about
where the data should go.

A bus is measured by its size.

The size of a bus, called the bus
width, determines the number
of bits that can be transmitted at
one time. For example, a 32-bit
bus can transmit 32 bits (4 bytes) at a time. On a 64-bit bus, 64 bits (8 bytes) are transmitted
from one location to another at a time. The larger the number of bits handled by the bus, the
faster the computer transfers data. If a number in memory occupies 64 bits, it must be
transmitted in two separate steps when using a 32-bit bus: once for the first 32 bits and once
for the second 32 bits. Using a 64-bit bus, however, the number can be transmitted in a single
step, transferring all 64 bits at once. The wider the bus, the fewer number of transfer steps
required and the faster the transfer of data. Most personal computers today use a 64-bit bus.

Every bus also has a clock speed. Just like the processor, the clock speed for a bus is measured
in megahertz. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the transmission of data, which results
in applications running faster. Most of today's processors have a bus clock speed of 400, 533,
667, 800, 1066, or 1333 MHz.

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Buses allow the various devices inside and attached to the system unit to communicate
with each other.

Two basic types of buses are found in a computer: a system bus and an expansion bus. A
system bus is part of the motherboard and connects the CPU to main memory. An
expansion bus allows the CPU to communicate with peripheral devices. Data transmitted
to the CPU travels from the expansion bus and the system bus. When computer
professionals use the term bus by itself, they usually are referring to the system bus. Since
the types of expansion buses on a motherboard determine the types of expansion cards
you can add, you should understand the expansion buses commonly found in today's
personal computers:

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• An old and slow expansion bus is the ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus. A mouse,
modem card, sound card, and low-speed network card are examples of devices that connect
to the ISA bus directly or through an ISA bus expansion slot.

• The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is a high-speed expansion bus that
connects higher-speed devices. Types of cards inserted into a PCI bus expansion slot include
video cards, sound cards, SCSI cards, and high-speed network cards. The PCI bus transfers
data about four times faster than the ISA bus. Most current personal computers have a PCI
bus.

• The PCI Express (PCIe) bus is an expansion bus that expands on and doubles the speed of
the original PCI bus. Nearly all video cards today use the PCI Express bus, as well as many
hard disks and network cards. Experts predict the PCI Express bus eventually will replace the
PCI bus completely.

• The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is actually a bus designed by Intel to improve the
speed with which 3-D graphics and video are transmitted. When an AGP video card is
inserted in an AGP bus slot, the AGP bus provides a faster, dedicated interface between the
video card and memory. Newer processors support AGP technology.

• The Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire bus are buses that eliminate the need to install
expansion cards into expansion slots. In a computer equipped with a USB, USB devices are
connected to each other outside the system unit and then a single cable attaches to the USB
port. The USB port then connects to USB, which connects to the PCI bus on the
motherboard. The USB hot plug feature allows peripheral devices to be connected to or
removed from the USB port while the PC is running. The FireWire bus works in a similar
fashion. With these buses, expansion slots are available for devices not compatible with USB
or FireWire.

• The expansion bus for a PC Card is the PC Card bus. With a PC Card inserted into a PC Card
slot, data travels on the PC Card bus to the PCI bus.

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Ports and Connectors

A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system

unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer.
A peripheral device, such as a keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse, digital camera, and
microphone, often attaches by a cable to a port on the system unit. Most of the time,
ports are located on the back of the system unit, but they also can be placed on the
front.

A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to a

port on the system unit, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches to a
port on the peripheral. Most connectors are available in one of two genders: male and
female. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins.

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Female connectors

have matching holes to accept the pins on a male connector. Manufacturers often identify
the cables by their connector types to assist you with purchasing a cable to connect a
computer to a peripheral. Figure shows the different types of connectors you may find on a
system unit. Notice that some are color-coded to help you match the connector to the
correct port. Some system units include these connectors when you buy the computer. You
add other connectors by inserting adapter cards onto the motherboard. Certain adapter
cards have ports that allow you to attach a peripheral to the adapter card.

The motherboard is designed with several port options; including at least one serial port and
parallel port each, several USB ports, and a FireWire port.

- A serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by
transmitting data one bit at a time. It is usually used to connect devices that do not
require fast data transmission rates, such as a mouse or keyboard. The COM port
(short for communications port) on the system unit is one type of serial port. Some
modems, which connect the system unit to a telephone line, use a serial port because
the telephone line expects the data in a serial form. Serial ports conform to either the
RS-232 or RS-422 standard with 9-pin or 25-pin connectors. One of the 9 or 25 lines
carries the serial signal to the peripheral device, and another line carries the signal
from the device. The other lines carry control signals.

- Parallel ports allow the parallel transmission of data; that is, several bits are
transmitted simultaneously. Figure also shows how 8-bit bytes travel in parallel over 8
separate lines. Extra lines carry control signals. Parallel ports use the same 25-pin RS-
232C connector.

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The 36-pin Getronics connector

These ports provide the interface for such devices as high-speed printers, external magnetic
tape or disk backup units, and other computers. Two newer types of parallel ports, the EPP
(Enhanced Parallel Port) and the ECP (Extended Capabilities Port), use the same connectors
as the Centronics port, but are more than 10 times faster.

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A serial port and parallel port

USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports

are used in high-speed device interfaces. Up to 127 peripheral devices can be daisy-
chained to a single USB port. USB ports are ideal for digital cameras, scanners, game
controllers, MP3 music players, CD & DVD drives, removable hard disks, PDAs,
smartphones, and high-speed modems. Many system units have six to eight USB ports.
Some newer peripheral devices may attach only to a USB port. Others attach to either a
serial or parallel port, as well as a USB port. When connecting a device to a USB port,
you do not need to install a card in the computer. Simply plug one end of the cable into
the USB port and the other end into the device. To attach multiple peripherals using a
single USB port, you can use a USB hub. A USB hub is a device that plugs into a USB port
on the system unit and contains multiple USB ports in which you plug cables from USB
devices. Some USB hubs are wireless. The latest version of USB, called USB 2.0, is a more
advanced and faster USB, with speeds 40 times higher than that of its predecessor.

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• FireWire ports, also called IEEE 1394 ports, are similar to the USB port and can connect
multiple types of devices that require faster data transmission speeds, such as digital video
cameras, digital VCRs, color printers, scanners, digital cameras, and DVD drives, to a single
connector. Up to 63 devices can be connected together using a FireWire port. The latest
FireWire version, called FireWire 800, is much more advanced than its predecessor, FireWire
400. FireWire also supports Plug and Play. Many computer professionals believe that ports
such as USB and FireWire someday will replace serial and parallel ports completely. Having
standard ports and connectors, such as USB and FireWire, greatly simplifies the process of
attaching devices to a computer. In general, FireWire has replaced parallel and SCSI ports
and USB ports have replaced mouse, keyboard, serial, audio, and parallel ports. Some newer
computers do not have a serial or parallel port. Users plug the device into a USB or FireWire
port. Figure 4-32 shows how USB and FireWire are replacing other ports completely.

There are five special-purpose ports available: MIDI, eSATA, SCSI, IrDA, and Bluetooth. These
ports are not included in typical computers. For a computer to have these ports, you often
must customize the computer purchase order. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
ports connect the system unit to a musical instrument, such as an electronic keyboard. The
electronic music industry has adopted MIDI as a standard to define how devices, such as
sound cards and synthesizers, represent sounds electronically. A synthesizer, which can be a
peripheral or a chip, creates sound from digital instructions?

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A system unit with a MIDI port has the capability of recording sounds that have been created
by a synthesizer and then processing the sounds to create new sounds. Nearly every sound
card supports the MIDI standard, so you can play and manipulate on one computer sounds
that originally were created on another computer.

An eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) port allows you to connect an
external SATA hard disk to a computer. SATA hard disks are popular because of their fast data
transmission speeds. eSATA connections provide up to six times faster data transmission
speeds than external hard disks attached to a computer's USB or FireWire port.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports are special high-speed parallel ports and
provide a parallel interface that enables faster data transmission than serial and parallel
ports. Also, up to 15 SCSI peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single SCSI port; that is,
they are connected along a single cable. The first SCSI device connects to the computer, the
second SCSI device connects to the first SCSI device, and so on. SAS (serial-attached SCSI) is a
newer type of SCSI that transmits at much faster speeds than parallel SCSI.

Power Supply, Cooling Technology

Many personal computers plug into standard wall outlets, which supply an alternating
current (AC) of 115 to 120 volts. This type of power is unsuitable for use with a computer,
which requires direct current (DC) ranging from 5 to 12 volts. The power supply is the
component of the system unit that converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power.
Different motherboards and computers require different wattages on the power supply. If a
power supply is not providing the necessary power, the computer will not function properly.

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Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps the power supply cool. Many newer computers
have additional fans near certain components in the system unit, such as the processor, hard
disk, and ports. Processor chips generate quite a bit of heat, which could cause the chip to
burn up. Although the computer’s main fan generates airflow, many of today’s processors
require additional cooling. A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on its
surface that absorbs and disperses heat produced by electrical components such as a
processor. Because a heat sink consumes extra space, a smaller device called a heat pipe cools
processors in notebook computers.

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TASKSHEET.1.1-4

Title: Identify the Different Computer Components and Peripherals

Performance Objective In the tool shop, given the supplies, computer components and
peripherals, materials, and equipment, you are required to identify the different
computer components and peripherals and their specifications in 15 Minutes.

Supplies/Materials: Paper and Pen

Equipment:

1. Computer
2. PPE

Steps/Procedure:
1. Proceed to the station (with PC Unit) assignedtoyou
2. Identify the different components and write the specifications of each
component on your paper.
3. Submit output to trainer for evaluation

Assessment Method: Practicum with interview

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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECK LIST TASK 1.1-4

Criteria Yes No

Computer components and peripherals are identified correctly

Questions about the computer components and peripherals are

answered correctly
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) were used properly

The objective of the activity are achieved accordingly

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify the different tools and equipment used in computer systems and networks.
2. Determine the different uses and functions of these tools and equipment.

One important thing to consider before executing a well-planned computer installation is that one
must be knowledgeable about the different tools and equipment used in computer systems and
networks. Furthermore, understanding how these tools and equipment are properly used is
another important consideration when installing computer systems.

Hardware Tools/Equipment and their Illustrations

Functions

Protective Eyewear

Enclose or protect the eye area in order

to prevent particulates, infectious fluids,
or chemicals from striking the eyes

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 Multi-tester or Multi-meter

A multi-meter or a multi-tester, also

known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter),is an
electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement
functions in one unit

Pliers(Assorted)

Pliers is a hand tool used to hold objects

firmly, for bending,
Or physical compression.

Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a tool for driving

screws and often rotating other
machine elements with the mating
drive system

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 Soldering Gun

A soldering gun is
A tool for soldering metals using tin-
based solder to achieve a highly
conductive contact

Disordering Tool

Disordering tools are used for removing

the molten solder so that the joint may be
separated.

Allen Wrench

A hex key, Allen key, or Allen wrench

(also known by various other synonyms)
is a tool of hexagonal cross-section used
to drive bolts and screws that have a
hexagonal socket in the head (internal-
wrenching hexagon drive)

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 Flashlight

A flashlight (or torch in British English)

is a hand-held portable electric-
powered light source.
Usually the light source is a small
incandescent light
bulb or light-emitting diode(LED)

IC Insertion and Extraction Tool

Used for extracting and inserting BIOS Chip

Mirror

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In hardware servicing a mirror is used for
inspecting the peripherals

Tweezers

Tweezers are tools used for picking up

objects too small to be easily handled
with the human hands

Anti static Wrist Strap

An antistatic wrist strap, ESD wrist strap,

or ground bracelet is an antistatic device
used to
Safely ground a person working on very
Sensitive electronic equipment ,to
prevent the buildup of static electricity
on their body, which can result in
electrostatic discharge(ESD)

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 Gloves

A gloves are garments for covering and

protecting the whole hand

Printer

A printer is a peripheral which produces a

text or graphics of documents stored in
electronic form, usually on physical print
media such as paper or transparencies

Computer

A computer is
A programmable machine designed to
automatically carry out a sequence of
arithmetic or logical operations

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 Windows Operating System CD/DVD/USB

An operating system is used as an

intermediary between hardware and
software

Device Driver CD/DVD

An application used to install the device

and peripherals of a computer systems
and networks

RS 232 pin insertion/extraction tool

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 RS232 and D-Sub Pin Insertion and
Removal Tool

Computer Networking Tools and Device and

Illustrations
their Functions

Crimping Tool

A crimping tool is a tool designed to crimp or

connect a connector to the end of a cable. For
example, network cables and phone cables
are created using a crimping tool to connect
the RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors to the end of
the cable. In the picture to the right, is an
example of what a Crimping tool looks like.

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 This example shows a tool
capable of crimping both
RJ-11 and RJ-45
Connectors.

LAN Tester

A Device used for testing

network cable connectivity

UTP Unshielded
TwistedPairCat5 Cable

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A cable used for
computer networking

RJ45Connector

A plastic connector
used for UTP Cable to
connect computers in a
network

Ethernet Switch

A network
Switch or switching hub
is a computer networking
device that connects
network
segments or network
devices

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References
1. http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
2. www.cengageasia.com
3. www.wikipedia.com

SELF-CHECKNO.1.1-5

A. IDENTIFICATION.
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

1. Protective Eye wear enclose or protect the nose area in order to prevent

particulates, infectious fluids, or chemicals

2. Uni – tester is an electronic device for measuring instrument that combines

several measurement and functions

3. Fliers are hand tool used to hold objects firmly for bedding or physical Compression

4. A screw is a tool for driving screws and often rotating other machine elements

with the mating drive system

5. A Soldering Gun is a tool forsolderingmetalsusingtin-basedsolder to achieve a

highly conductive contact

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 B. MATCHINGTYPE
Direction: Select your answer on the choices below that will correspond on the statement. Write the
letter of your answer on the space provided.

1. Mirror
2. Flashlight
3. Gloves
4. Tweezers
5. IC Insertion and Extracting Tool

1. A hand held portable electric light source

2. Used for extracting and inserting BIOS Chip
3. Used for inspecting peripherals
4. Intended for picking up objects too small for human hands
5. Used for hand protection

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page.
If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next
activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check
again.

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ANSWERKEY1.1-5

C. IDENTIFICATION

1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
D. MULTIPLECHOICE

1. G
2. J
3. F
4. I
5. H

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EVIDENCEPLAN

QUALIFICATION: COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING–NC II

Title of Evaluation INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Units of competency INSTALL AND CONFIGURECOMPUTER SYSTEMS

covered

Ways in which evidence will be collected:

[tick the column]

Written Examination

Demonstration with

Observation with
Questioning

Questioning
The evidence must show that the trainee…
Plans and prepares unit assembly to ensure OH&S policies and
procedures, sequences the work appropriately in accordance
X X X
with systems requirements

Identifies and obtains materials necessary to complete the work in

accordance with established procedures and checks against X X X
systems requirements
Obtains tools, equipment and testing devices in installation work
which establishes procedures and to comply with requirements X X

Assembles computer hardware in accordance with established

X X
procedures and systems requirements

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Obtains tools, equipment and testing devices which needs to
carry out installation work that establishes and checks procedure X X X
for correct operation and safety

Configures Basic-input-output-system(BIOS)in accordance with

X X X
hardware requirements
Creates portable bootable devices in accordance with software
manufacturer instruction X X

Prepares customized installers in accordance with software

utilization guide and end user agreement X X X

Carries out installation of portable applications in X

accordance with soft ware user guide and software license

Installs Operating system (OS) in accordance with established X

installation procedures and to comply with end-user
requirements

Installs and configures peripherals/devices drivers in X X

accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and/or OS
installation procedures.

Accesses and installs OS and drivers updates/patches in X X

accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and
requirements

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CBLM Computer Date DocumentNo.DHSCSS-001-16
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Under takes on-going checks of the quality of the work in
accordance with established procedures X X

X X
Installs applications of software based on software
installation guides, end-user requirements, and software
license agreements.

X X
Carries out variation to application software installation in
accordance to customer/client requirements

X X X
Accesses and installs software updates in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements

Tests devices / systems and/or installation to determine whether X

it conforms to requirements

X
Conducts stress test to ensure reliability of equipment in
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and system
requirements
X X X
Follows 5 S and 3 Rs according to environmental policies

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 X X
Forwards documentation to appropriate personnel and
/or authority in relation to the test in accordance with
requirements

Identifies the different computer operating systems

X X X

Enumerated the different peripheral devices

X X
Application packages & use of application programs
X

Identifies motherboard properly

X X
Identifies video cards properly
X X

Identifies soundcard
X X
NOTE:*Critical aspects of competency

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Table of Specification

Objectives/ # of Items/%
Content Area/ Knowledge Comprehensive Application of test
Topics
Unit assembly is
planned and
prepared to
ensure OH&S
policies and
procedures are
followed, the (5) (2) (3) (10)
work is 10% 4% 6% 20%
appropriately
sequenced in
accordance with
requirements

Operating
system(OS) is
installed in
accordance with
established (2) (3) (5) (10)
installation
procedures and 4% 6% 10% 20%
to comply with
end-user
requirements

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Documentation in
relation to the test
is forwarded to
appropriate (1) (1) (3) (5)
personnel and/or 2% 2% 6% 10%
authority in
accordance

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with requirements

Computer hardware
is
assembled in
(2) (3) (10) (15)
accordance with
established 4% 6% 20% 30%
procedures and
systems
requirements

Tools,
Equipment and
testing devices
needed to carry
out the
installation work
are obtained in
accordance with (5) (3) (2) (10)
established
procedures and 10% 6% 4% 20%
checked for
correct operation
and safety

(15) (12) (23) (50)

TOTAL
34% 24% 42% 100%

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PERFORMANCETEST

Trainee: Score:

Qualification: Date:

UNITOFCOMPETENCY: ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE

I. MULTIPLECHOICE
DIRECTION: Select the best answer from among the choices given. Write your answer on your
answer sheets. (15minutestimelimit.10itemseach)

1. In OHS policies and procedures, OHS stands for:

A. Occupational Health and Safety
B. Operational Health and Safety
C. Occupational Help and Safety
D. None of Above
2. Before starting the , read carefully the documentation and
procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.

A. Inspection
B. Installation
C. Intonation
D. None of the Above
3. Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your
.
A. Monitor

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 B. Printer
C. CPU
D. Al of the Above

4. Without an effective , the CPU can overheat and cause

damage to both CPU and the motherboard.
A. Cooling Fan
B. Heat Sink
C. Motherboard
D. All of the Above

5. Each bank must have the same and type of memory

installed in pairs.

A. Size
B. Speed
C. Accuracy
D. All of the Above

6. Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure that
you unplug your .

A. Motherboard
B. UPS
C. Power Supply
D. All of the Above

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7. Failure to do so may cause damage to your motherboard and in the .

A. Solar System
B. System Component
C. Shoot System
D. None of the Above

8. Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system

requirements before .

A. Booting Up
B. Heating Up
C. Warming Up
D. All of the Above

9. If the computer does not pass any of the (POST),

the computer will receive an irregular . An
irregular POST is a beep code which is different from the standard beep which
can either be no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.

A. Power on Self-Test
B. Power on Supply-Test

C. Power on System-Test
D. None of the Above

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 10. Some effects of computers relating to the violation of privacy, the impact
on the , health risks, and the impact on the
environment.
A. Strike Force
B. Lightning Force
C. Labor Force
D. None of the Above.

II. MATCHINGTYPE
Directions: Match the appropriate description of the following. Refer to the selection of words
on the top and match them to the questionnaires below.
Writetheletterofyouranswerinyouranswersheets.(10minutestimelimit. 10 items each)

A. Fundamentals of Operating System

A. Operating System
B. Application Programs
C. Time-Sharing Operating System
D. Multi-User Operating System
E. Single-Tasking System
F. Distributed Operating System
G. Embedded Operating System
H. Ken Thompson
I. Mac OSX
J. Linus Torvalds

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1. Require an operating system which are usually separate programs,
but can be combined in simple systems.
2. Isa set of programs that manage computer hardware resources
and provide common services for application software.
3. It allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-
sharing system can be classified as multi- user systems as they enable a
multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time.
4. HebegantheLinuxkernelprojectin1991, in a university in Finland.
5. Is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed,
and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre- loaded on all currently
shipping Macintosh computers.
6. He wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write UNIX,
based on his experience in the MULTICS project.
7. An operating system designed to be used in embedded computer
systems.
8. Operating system types that manage a group of independent computers
and make them appear to be a single computer.
9. When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is
grouped under this system.
10. An operating system type that schedule tasks for efficient use of the
system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor
time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

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 III. TRUEORFALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is TRUE. If the statement is FALSE. Write your
answers in your answer sheets. (5 minutes time limit. 5 items each).

A.QualificationforaComputerHardwareServicingPersonnel

1.Anyonecandoaninstallationaslongasheknowshowto do it.

2.TheDepartmentofEducation,CultureandSportsconducts the assessment

for NC II Computer Hardware Servicing.

3.ComputerTechniciansneednottohaveastrongoral communication

skill.

4.Companiesprefercandidateswithpreviouspcrepair experience,

and they may look for candidates with experience in repairing

branded computer.

5.PCTechniciansmustbeabletojump,bendandreachto access the

computer equipment requiring repair.

IV. ModifiedTRUEORFALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is TRUE. If the statement is FALSE
changetheunderlinedwordandwritethecorrectanswer.Writeyouranswers in your answer
sheets.(10 minutes time limit. 15 items each. Wrong spelling wrong)
A.ComputerDevices andPeripherals
1. A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control
ofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory,thatcanbeprogrammed

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 toacceptdata(input),processitintousefulinformation(output), and store it away in
a secondary storage device (store) for safekeeping or later reuse.
2. Theencodingofinputintooutputisdirectedbythesoftwarebut performed by the
hardware. Figure below shows some common computer hardware
components.

3. Computer system hardware components include devices that

performthefunctionsofinput,processing,datastorage;output and transfer.
4. Inputdevicesallowyoutoenterdataorcommandsinaformthat the computer can
use; they send the data or commands to the processing unit.
5. Inputdevicesshowpeopletheprocesseddata--information--in understandable
and useful form.
6. Processingdevicesarethecomputerelectroniccircuitryhousedin the system
processing.
7. Thecircuitryinthe systemunitispartofacircuitboardcalledthe
motherboard.
8. The memory, formally known as the central processing unit
(CPU),haselectroniccircuitrythatmanipulatesinputdataintothe
informationpeoplewant.Computerinstructionsareactuallyare executed in the
central processing unit.
9. Memoryis a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds
dataandprograminstructionswhiletheyarebeingprocessedby the CPU. –t
10. Boththeprocessorandmemoryconsistofchips.Achipis an electric
devicethat contains many microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical
current.

11. Storageusuallymeansprimarystoragethatcanstoredata and programs

outside the computer itself.

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 12. Communicationsdevicesprovideconnectionsbetweenthe computer and
communications networks, and enable computer users to communicate and to
exchange data, information, and programs with other computers.
13. The system unitis a box-like case that houses the
processor,memoryandotherelectroniccomponentsofthe computer
that are used to process data.
14. When the cover of a system unit is removed, the
motherboard,alsocalledsystemboard,canbeseeninsidethe housing.
15. Aninteriorcircuit(IC)containsmanymicroscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical current.

V. COMPLETION

Complete the sentence by giving the right answer in the blanks. Write your
answerinyouanswersheets.(10minutestimelimit.10itemseach.Wrong spelling wrong)
A.ToolsandEquipment
1. encloseorprotecttheeyeareainordertopreventparticulates, infectious fluids,
or chemicals is called .
2. Anelectronicmeasuringinstrumentthatcombinesseveral measurement
functions in one unit is called .
3. Ahandtoolusedtoholdobjectsfirmly,forbending,orphysicalcompressionis
called .
4. A tool for driving screwsand often rotating other
machineelementswiththematingdrivesystem is called .
5. Atoolforsolderingmetalsusingtin-basedsoldertoachievea highly conductive
contactis called .

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6. Toolsusedforremovingthemoltensoldersothatthejointmaybe separated are
called .
7. Aisahand-heldportableelectric-poweredlightsourceis called .
8. Toolsusedforpickingupobjectstoosmalltobeeasilyhandled with the
humanhandsare called .
9. Agarmentusedforcoveringandprotectingthewholehandis called .
10. Aperipheralwhich produces a text or graphics of documents
storedinelectronicform,usuallyonphysicalprintmediasuchas paper or
transparencies is called .

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ANSWERKEYS
I. MULTIPLECHOICE
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. C

7. B
8. A
9. A

10. C

II. MATCHINGTYPE
A.

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. J
5. I
6. H
7. G
8. F
9. E
10. C

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 III. TRUEORFALSE
A.
1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
IV. ModifiedTRUEor FALSE
A.
1. TRUE
2. PROCESSING
3. COMMUNICATION
4. TRUE
5. OUTPUTDEVICE
6. SYSTEMUNIT
7. TRUE
8. PROCESSOR
9. TRUE
10. ELECTRONICDEVICE
11. SECONDARYSTORAGE
12. TRUE
13. TRUE
14. TRUE
15. INTEGRATEDCIRCUIT

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 V. COMPLETION

A.

1. PROTECTIVEEYEWEAR
2. MULTI-METERORMULTI-TESTERORVOMMETER
3. PLIER
4. SCREWDRIVER
5. SOLDERINGGUNORIRON
6. DESOLDERINGTOOLS
7. FLASHLIGHT
8. TWEEZERS
9. GLOVE
10. PRINTER

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