C H A P T E R

10
Wave Optics
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. The locus of all those particles which are vibrating in 10. Conditions for Destructive Interference
the same phase at any instant is called wavefront. Assuming initial phase difference = 0
Thus, wavefront is a surface having same phase of
Necessary conditions for interference of waves
vibrating particles at any instant at every point on it.
(i) phase difference = ( 2n − 1) π, where, n = 1, 2, 3, K
For point source, shape of wavefront is spherical.
λ
2. Phase speed is the speed with which wavefront moves (ii) path difference = ( 2n − 1) , where, n = 1, 2, 3, K
2
and it is equal to wave speed.
11. Two waves of amplitudes a1 and a 2 interfere at a point
Each point on any waefront acts as independent where phase difference is φ, then resultant amplitude is
source which emits spherical wave. given by
3. Huygens’ principle is essentially a geometrical A 2 = a12 + a 22 + 2a1a 2 cos φ
construction which gives the shape of the wavefront at
any time, allows us to determine the shape of the For constructive interference, Amax = (a1 + a 2 )2
wavefront at a later time. For destructive interference, Amin = (a1 − a 2 )2
4. The laws of reflection and refraction can be verified Also, resultant intensity, I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 cos φ
using Huygens’ principle. 12. When I1 = I 2 = I 0
5. Wavelength is inversely proportional to refractive index Then, resultant intensity,
(µ) of the medium
I = I 0 + I 0 + 2I 0 cos φ = 2I 0 (1 + cos φ )
λ
i.e., λ′ =  φ
µ I = 4I 0 cos 2  
 2
6. Coherent sources of light are the sources which emit 13. In Young’s double slit experiment,
light waves of same frequency, same wavelength and M
have a constant initial phase difference. P
7. Two such sources of light, which do not emit light y
S1
waves with a constant phase difference are called
incoherent sources. S d O
8. The phenomenon of redistribution of energy in the
region of superposition of waves is called interference. S2 D
The points of maximum intensity in the regions of
superposition of waves are said to be in constructive N
interference whereas the points of minimum intensity
For point P, ∆x = d sin θ = d tan θ = dy /D
are said to be in destructive interference.
Dλ
9. Conditions for Constructive Interference If initial (i) Fringe width of bright and dark fringe, β =
d
phase difference is zero, then the interference waves
where, λ = wavelength of wave
must have
(i) phase difference = 2n π, where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, K D = distance between slit and screen
(ii) path difference = nλ, where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, K
 and d = distance between two slits (vi) Angular width of central maxima = 2λ /d
β λ (vii) Linear width of central maxima = 2Dλ /d
Angular fringe width, θ = =
D d λ
(viii) Angular width of secondary maxima or minima =
(ii) Separation of nth order bright fringe from central fringe d
Dnλ Dλ
yn = , n = 1, 2, 3, K (ix) Linear width of secondary maxima or minima =
d d
(iii) Separation of nth order dark fringe from central fringe (x) Intensity of central maxima is maximum and
Dλ intensity of secondary maxima decreases with the
yn = ( 2n − 1) , n = 1, 2, 3, K increase of their order. The diffraction pattern is
2d
graphically as shown below.
(iv) Angular position of nth order
y nλ I0 Intensity
(a) Bright fringe = n =
D d
yn λ
(b) Dark fringe = = ( 2n − 1) , where n = 1, 2, 3, K
D d
14. The phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp
corners and the spreading of light within the geometrical
shadow of the opaque obstacles is called diffraction of light.
–3λ –2λ λ 0 λ 2λ 3λ
Path difference (d sinθ)
16. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments Resolving
Source S Screen power of an optical instrument is the ability of the
instrument to produce distinctly separate images of two
close objects.
Slit
1 D
15. Diffraction due to a Single Slit of Width (d) A parallel (i) Resolving power of a telescope = =
dθ 1.22λ
beam of light with a plane wavefrontWW ′ is made to fall 1 2 µ sin β
on a single slit AB. Width of the slit is of the order of (ii) Resolving power of microscope = =
∆d 1.22λ
wavelength of light, therefore, diffraction occurs on passing
through the slit. As shown in the diagram given below. 17. Fresnel’s Distance The distance at which diffraction
d2
spread equal to the size of aperture, Z F = .
Slit λ
W θ P The ray optics is applicable, when Z < Z F .
θ y 18. The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light in
a particular direction, perpendicular to the direction of
d O wave motion is called polarisation of light.
C
19. Malus’ Law According to law of Malus’
N i.e. I ∝ cos 2 θ ⇒ I = I 0 cos 2 θ
θ
W′ B This rule is also called cosine squared rule.
wavefront
D where, I 0 = intensity of plane polarised light
Screen I = intensity of transmitted light from the analyser and
(i) nth order secondary minima is obtained when θ = angle between axis of the polariser and the analyser.
d sin θ = nλ , where, n = 1, 2, 3,... 20. The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is
completely plane polarised is called polarising angle
(ii) nth order secondary maxima is obtained when
or Brewster’s angle (iB ).
λ
d sin θ = ( 2n + 1) , where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,... 21. Brewster’s Law According to this law, when
2
unpolarised light is incident at polarising angle, iB on
(iii) Angular separation for nth minima, an interface separation air from a medium of refractive
nλ index µ, then the reflected light is plane polarised
θn = , where, n = 1, 2, 3,...
d (perpendicular to the plane of incidence), provided,
(iv) Linear separation of nth secondary minima, µ = tan iB
Dnλ
yn = where, iB = Brewster’s angle and µ = refractive index
d of denser medium.
(v) Angular position of nth order secondary maxima, At polarising angle, iB + r = 90°,
λ i.e. reflected plane polarised light is at right angle from
θn = ( 2n + 1)
2d refracted light.
 Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text
Topic 1
Huygens’ Principle
1. In geometrical optics, a ray of light is defined as 5. Which one of the following phenomena is not
(a) path of propagation of light explained by Huygens’ construction of wavefront?
(b) path of propagation of shadows (a) Refraction (b) Reflection
(c) direction of formation of image (c) Diffraction (d) Origin of spectra
(d) path of propagation of energy for λ → 0
6. The direction of wavefront of a wave with the wave
2. For a ray of light, which of the following statement motion is
holds true? (a) parallel (b) perpendicular
(a) A ray is defined as the path of energy propagation (c) opposite (d) at an angle of θ
(b) The wavelength for a ray of light in geometrical optics
is assumed to be negligible, standing to zero
7. Ray diverging from a point source on a wavefront are
(c) A ray of light travels in a straight line (a) cylindrical (b) spherical (c) plane (d) cubical
(d) All of the above 8. If a source is at infinity, then wavefronts reaching to
3. Which of the given phenomenon is based on the fact observer are
that light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves? (a) cylindrical (b) spherical (c) plane (d) conical
(a) Diffraction (b) Interference 9. In Huygens’ wave theory, the locus of all points in
(c) Polarisation (d) All of these the same state of vibration is called
4. Huygens’ principle of secondary wavelets may be (a) a half period zone (b) oscillator
used to (c) a wavefronts (d) a ray
(a) find the velocity of light in vacuum 10. According to Huygens’ principle, each point of the
(b) explain the particle’s behaviour of light wavefront is the source of
(c) find the new position of a wavefront (a) secondary disturbance (b) primary disturbance
(d) explain photoelectric effect (c) third disturbance (d) fourth disturbance

Topic 2
Refraction and Reflection of Plane
11. If AB is incident wavefront. Then, refracted wavefront is 13. In given figure, light passes from denser medium 1
to rare medium 2.
A
Incident wavefront

Biconvex
B lens Medium 1 B
v1τ

A′ A′ A′ A′ v1
i
A
f C
(a) (b) (c) (d) Medium 2 r
r
v2τ
B′ B′ B′ B′ v2

12. When light is refracted into a denser medium

(a) its wavelength and frequency both increases v1 > v2
Refracted wavefront
(b) its wavelength increases but frequency remains unchanged
E
(c) its wavelength decreases but frequency remains the same
(d) its wavelength and frequency both decreases
 When i > ic (critical angle of incidence). Then, 18. Which of the colours of light travels fastest in prism
wavefronts EC is made up of glass?
(a) formed further deep in medium 2 (a) Red
(b) formed closer to surface line AC (b) Violet
(c) formed perpendicular to AC (c) Blue
(d) formed in medium 1 (on same side of AB) (d) Speed of light in glass is independent of the colour of
light
14. If a source of light is moving away from a stationary
observer, then the frequency of light wave appears to 19. A planet moves with respect to us so that light of 475 nm
change because of is observed at 475.6 nm. The speed of the planet is
(a) Doppler's effect (b) interference (a) 206 kms −1 (b) 378 kms −1
(c) diffraction (d) None of these (c) 108 kms −1 (d) 100 kms −1
15. In the context of Doppler effect in light, the term red
20. The earth is moving towards a fixed star with a
shift signifies
(a) decrease in frequency (b) increase in frequency
velocity of 50 kms −1 . An observer on the earth
(c) decrease in intensity (d) increase in intensity observes a shift of 0.50Å in the wavelength of light
coming from the star. The actual wavelength of light
16. If source and observer are moving towards each other emitted by the star is
with a velocity, v radial and c indicates velocity of (a) 3000 Å (b) 2400 Å (c) 6000 Å (d) 5800 Å
light, then fractional change in frequency of light due
to Doppler’s effect will be 21. The wavelength of spectral line coming from a distant
∆ν v radial ∆ν − v radial star shift from 400 nm to 400.1 nm. The velocity of
(a) = (b) =
ν c ν c the star relative to earth is
∆ν c ∆ν −c (a) 75 kms −1 (b) 100 kms −1 (c) 50 kms −1 (d) 200 kms −1
(c) = (d) =
ν v radial ν v radial
22. The source of light is moving towards observer with
17. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. The speed of light relative velocity of 3 kms −1 . The fractional change in
in glass is frequency of light observed is
(a) 3 × 108 ms −1 (b) 2 × 108 ms −1 (a) 3 × 10−3 (b) 3 × 10−5
−1
8
(c) 1× 10 ms (d) 4 × 108 ms −1 (c) 10−5 (d) None of these

Topic 3
Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
23. Suppose displacement produced at some point P by a 26. Two waves interfere at point P having path difference
wave is y1 = a cos ωt and by another wave is 1.5λ between them. The interference is
y2 = a cos ωt. Let I 0 represents intensity produced by (a) constructive
each one of individual wave, then resultant intensity (b) destructive
due to overlapping of both waves is (c) no interference pattern
I0 (d) None of the above
(a) I 0 (b) 2I 0 (c) (d) 4 I 0
2
27. Two coherent point sources S 1 and S 2 vibrating in
24. Interference can be observed in phase emit light of wavelength λ. The separation
(a) only longitudinal waves between the sources is 2λ. The smallest distance from
(b) only transverse waves S 2 on a line passing through S 2 and perpendicular to
(c) only electromagnetic waves S 1 S 2 , where minimum of intensity occurs, is
(d) All of the above
7λ 15λ
25. Two light waves interfere constructively at a point P. (a) (b)
12 4
The total phase difference between the two waves at
P may be λ 3λ
(c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 2π (c) 4π (d) All of these 2 2
28. Two identical coherent sources placed on a diameter 35. The ratio of maximum and minimum intensities of
of a circle of radius R at separation x ( << R ) two sources is 4 : 1. The ratio of their amplitudes is
symmetrically about the centre of the circle. The (a) 1 : 81 (b) 3 : 1
sources of points on the circle with maximum (c) 1 : 9 (d) 1 : 16
intensity is ( x =5 λ ).
36. When two coherent monochromatic beams of
(a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 24 (d) 26
intensity I and 9I interference, the possible maximum
29. Two sources S 1 and S 2 emitting light of wavelength and minimum intensities of the resulting beam are
600 nm are placed at a distance 1.0 × 10 −2 cm apart. A (a) 9I and I (b) 9I and 4I
detector can be moved on the line S 1 P which is (c) 16I and 4 I (d) 16 I and I
perpendicular to S 1 S 2 . The position of the farthest 37. Two slits in Young’s double slit experiments have
minimum detected is approximately width in ratio 1 : 25. The ratio of intensity at the
(a) 1.5 m (b) 1.0 m I
(c) 1.07 m (d) 1.03 m maxima and minima in the interference pattern max
I min
30. The phase difference between the two light waves is [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
reaching at a point P is 100π. Their path difference is 9 121
(a) (b)
equal to 4 49
(a) 10 λ (b) 25λ (c) 50λ (d) 100λ 49 4
(c) (d)
31. In the phenomenon of interference, energy is 121 9
(a) destroyed at destructive interference 38. Two coherent light sources of intensity ratio n are
(b) created at constructive interference employed in an interference experiment. The ratio of
(c) conserved but it is redistributed the intensities of maxima and minima is
(d) same at all points  n + 1  n + 1
2
(a)   (b)  
32. Two distinct light bulbs as sources  n − 1  n − 1
(a) can produce an interference pattern 2
 n + 1  n + 1
(b) cannot produce a sustained interference pattern (c)   (d)  
(c) can produce an interference pattern, if they produce  n − 1  n − 1
light of same frequency
(d) can produce an interference pattern only when the light 39. Light from two coherent sources of the same
produced by them is monochromatic in nature amplitude A and wavelength λ interference. The
maximum intensity recorded is I 0 . If the sources were
33. Two light waves superimposing at the mid-point of incoherent, the intensity at the same point will be
the screen are coming from coherent sources of light (a) 4 I 0 (b) 2I 0 (c) I 0 (d) I 0 / 2
with phase difference π rad. Their amplitudes are
2 cm each. The resultant amplitude at the given point 40. If two incoherent sources each of intensity I 0 produce
will be wave which overlaps at some common point, then
(a) 8 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 4 cm (d) zero resultant intensity obtained is
34. If two waves of equal intensities I 1 = I 2 = I 0 , meets at (a) 4 I 0
(b) 2 I 0
two locations P and Q with path difference ∆ 1 and ∆ 2 I
respectively, then the ratio of resultant intensity at (c) 0
2
I 
points P and Q,  P  will be (d) dependent on phase difference
 IQ  41. Two identical and independent sodium lamps act as
2  ∆1  (a) coherent sources (b) incoherent sources
cos  
λ cos 2 ∆1 (c) Either (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(a) (b)
∆  cos 2 ∆ 2 42. In an experiment with two coherent sources, the
cos 2  2 
 λ amplitude of the intensity variation is found to be 5%
 π∆  of the average intensity. The relative intensities of the
cos 2  1 
 λ  ∆1 light waves of interferring sources will be
(c) (d)
 π∆  ∆2 (a) 1600:1 (b) 900:1
cos 2  2 
 λ  (c) 40:1 (d) 400:1
Topic 4
Interference of Light Waves, Young’s Double Slit Experiment
43. In Young’s double slit experiment, if source S is 47. In Young’s double slit experiment, intensity at a
shifted by an angle φ as shown in figure. Then,  1
point is   th of the maximum intensity. Angular
central-bright fringe will be shifted by angle φ  4
towards position of this point is
A
(a) sin −1 ( λ / d ) (b) sin −1 ( λ / 2d )
S′ S1
(c) sin −1 ( λ / 3d ) (d) sin −1 ( λ / 4 d )
φ
S O
Q
48. The Young’s double slit experiment is done in a
S2
medium of refractive index 4/3. A light of 600 nm
B wavelength is falling on the slits having 0.45 mm
(a) end A of screen separation. The lower slit S 2 is covered by a thin
(b) end B of screen glass sheet of thickness 10.4 µm and refractive index
(c) does not shift at all 1.5. The interference pattern is observed on a screen
(d) Either end A and B depending on extra phase difference placed 1.5 m from the slits as shown in the figure.
caused by shifting of source Y
S1
44. White light may be considered to be mixture of wave
O
with wavelength ranging between 3000 Å and S S2
7800 Å. An oil film of thickness 10000 Å is examined
normally by the reflected light. If µ =1.4, then the
film appears bright for The location of the central bright fringes on the
(a) 4308 Å, 5091 Å, 6222 Å Y -axis is
(b) 4000 Å, 5091 Å, 5600 Å (a) 4.0 mm (b) 4.33 mm
(c) 4667 Å, 6222 Å, 7000 Å (c) 5 mm (d) 4.5 mm
(d) 4000 Å, 4667 Å, 5600 Å, 7000 Å
49. With reference of the above question, if 600 nm light
45. The figure shows a Young’s double-slit experiment is replaced by white light of range 400 nm to 700 nm,
where, P and Q are the slits. The path lengths PX and the wavelength of the light that form maxima exactly
QX are nλ and ( n +2) λ respectively, where n is a whole at point O are
number and λ is the wavelength. Taking, path difference (a) 650 nm and 400 nm (b) 650 nm and 433.33 nm
at the central fringe as zero, what is formed at X ? (c) 400 nm and 667 nm (d) 650 nm and 667 nm
nλ X 50. A parallel beam of sodium light of wavelength
6000 Å is incident on a thin glass plate of refractive
P 2)λ
(n+ index 1.5 such that the angle of refraction in the plate
is 60°. The smallest thickness of the plate which will
make it dark by reflection.
Q (a) 4000 Å (b) 4200 Å
(c) 1390 Å (d) 2220 Å
51. In Young’s double slit experiment two disturbance
(a) First bright (b) First dark
(c) Second bright (d) Second dark
arriving at a point P have phase difference of π / 2.
The intensity of this point expressed as a fraction of
46. In Young’s double slit experiment, a glass plate is maximum intensity I 0 is
placed before a slit which absorbs half the intensity of 3 1 4 3
(a) I 0 (b) I 0 (c) I0 (d) I0
light. Under this case 2 2 3 4
(a) the brightness of fringes decreases
(b) the fringe width decreases 52. Two monochromatic light wave of same amplitudes
(c) no fringes will be observed of 2A interferring at a point have a phase difference of
(d) the bright fringes become fainter and the dark fringes 60°. The intensity at that point will be proportional to
have finite light intensity (a) 5 A 2 (b) 12 A 2 (c) 7 A 2 (d) 19 A 2
53. The shape of the fringe obtained on the screen in case 61. In Young’s double slit experiment the two slits are d
of Young’s double slit experiment is distance apart. Interference pattern is observed on a
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola screen at a distance D from the slits. A dark fringe is
(c) a hyperbola (d) a circle observed on the screen directly opposite to one of the
slit. The wavelength of light is
54. In Young’s double slit experiment, distance between
D2 d2 D2 d2
slits in kept 1 mm and a screen is kept 1 m apart from (a) (b) (c) (d)
slits. If wavelength of light used is 500 nm, then 2d 2D d D
fringe spacing is 62. The Young’s double slit experiment is performed
(a) 0.5 mm (b) 0.5 cm with blue and with green light of wavelengths 4360 Å
(c) 0.25 mm (d) 0.25 cm and 5460 Å, respectively. If x is the distance of 4th
maximum from the central one, then
55. If the 8th bright band due to light of wavelength λ 1
(a) x ( blue ) = x (green ) (b) x ( blue )> x (green )
coincides with 9th bright band from light of x ( blue ) 5460
wavelength λ 2 in Young’s double slit experiment, (c) x ( blue )< x (green ) (d) =
x (green ) 4360
then the possible wavelengths of visible light are
(a) 400 nm and 450 nm (b) 425 nm and 400 nm 63. In a Young’s double slit experiment, two coherent
(c) 400 nm and 425 nm (d) 450 nm and 400 nm sources are placed 0.90 nm apart and the fringes are
observed 1 m away. If it produces the second dark
56. The Young’s double slit experiment is performed fringe at a distance of 1mm from the central fringe,
with light of wavelength 6000 Å, where in 16 fringes the wavelength of monochromatic light used would be
occupy a certain region on the screen. If 24 fringes (a) 60 × 10−4 cm (b) 10 × 10−4 cm
occupy the same region with another light, of
wavelength λ, then λ is (c) 10 × 10−5 cm (d) 6 × 10−5 cm
(a) 6000 Å (b) 4500 Å (c) 5000 Å (d) 4000 Å 64. In Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are 2 mm
57. The maximum intensity of fringes in Young’s double apart and are illuminated by photons of two
slit experiment is I. If one of the slit is closed, then wavelengths λ 1 = 12000 Å and λ 2 = 10000 Å. At what
the intensity at that place becomes I 0 . Which of the minimum distance from the common central bright
following relations is correct? fringe on the screen 2 m from the slit will a bright
(a) I = I 0 fringe from one interference pattern coincide with a
(b) I = 2I 0 bright fringe from the other? [NEET 2013]
(c) I = 4 I 0 (a) 8 mm (b) 6 mm (c) 4 mm (d) 3 mm
(d) There is no relation between I and I 0 65. In a two slit experiment with monochromatic light
58. Young’s double slit experiment is performed with fringes are obtained on a screen placed at some
sodium (Yellow) light of wavelength 589.3 nm and distance from the slits. If the screen is moved by
the interference pattern is observed on a screen 5 ×10 −2 m towards the slits, the change in fringe
100 cm away. The 10th bright fringe has its centre at width is 3 ×10 −5 m. If separation between the slits is
a distance of 12 nm from the central maximum. The 10 −3 m, the wavelength light used is
separation between the slits is (a) 6000Å (b) 5000Å (c) 3000Å (d) 4500Å
(a) 0.49 mm (b) 0.6 mm
(c) 0.7 mm (d) 0.53 mm 66. In Young’s double slit experiment, the distance
between two slits is 0.1mm and these are illuminated
59. If Young’s double slit experiment, is performed in with light of wavelength 5460Å. The angular
water, the fringe width recorded is ω 2 . If it is positions of first dark fringe on the screen distant 20
performed in air, the fringe width recorded is ω1 . cm from slits will be
Then, ω1 / ω 2 is (µ water = 4 / 3) (a) 0.8° (b) 0.6° (c) 0.4° (d) 0.16°
(a) 3/2 (b) 3/4
67. In Young’s double slit experiment the fringe width is
(c) 4/3 (d) Data insufficient
1 × 10 −4 m. If the distance between the slit and screen
60. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slit is double and distance between the two slit is reduced
separation is 1mm and the screen is 1m from the slit. to half and wavelength is changed from 6.4 × 10 −7 m
For a monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm, the to 40. × 10 −7 m, the value of new fringe width will be
distance of 3rd minima from the central maxima is
(a) 0.50 mm (b) 1.25 mm (a) 0.15 × 10−4 m (b) 2.0 × 10−4 m
(c) 1.50 mm (d) 1.75 mm (c) 1.25 × 10−4 m (d) 2.5 × 10−4 m
68. Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I 75. Two sources of light of wavelengths 1500Å and
interfere to produce a fringe pattern on a screen in 2500Å are used in Young’s double slit experiment
Young’s double slit experiment. The phase difference simultaneously. Which orders of fringes of two
between the beams is π/2 at point A and π at point B. wavelength patterns coincide?
Then, the difference between the resultant intensities (a) 3rd order of 1st source and 5th of 2nd
at A and B is (b) 7th order of 1st and 5th order of 2nd
(a) 2I (b) 4I (c) 5I (d) 7I (c) 5th order of 1st and 3rd order of 2nd
(d) 5th order of 1st and 7th order of 2nd
69. In Young’s double slit experiment, let S 1 and S 2 be
the two slits and C be the centre of the screen. If the 76. In Young’s double slit experiment using
∠S 1CS 2 = θ and λ is the wavelength, then fringe monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the path
width will be difference (in terms of an integer n) corresponding to
λ 2λ λ any point having half the peak intensity is
(a) (b) λθ (c) (d)
θ θ 2θ λ ( 2n + 1)λ
(a) ( 2n + 1) (b)
2 4
70. In Young’s double slit experiment, 12 fringes are λ ( 2n + 1) λ
obtained to be formed in a certain segment of the (c) ( 2n + 1) (d)
8 16
screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If
the wavelength of light is changed to 400 nm, number 77. In a Young’s double slit experiment the distance
of fringes observed in the same segment of the screen between slits is increased five times where as their
is given by distance from screen in halved, then the fringe width is
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30 1 1
(a) becomes (b) becomes
71. Young’s double slit experiment is made in a liquid. 90 20
The 10th bright fringe in liquid lies, where 6th dark 1
(c) becomes (d) it remains same
fringes lies in vacuum. The refractive index of the 10
liquid is approximately 78. The fringe width in a Young’s double slit interference
(a) 1.8 (b) 1.54
pattern is 3.2 × 10 −4 m, when red light of wavelength
(c) 1.67 (d) 1.2
5600Å is used. How much will it change, if blue light
72. In the Young’s double slit experiment using a of wavelength 4200Å is used?
monochromatic light of wavelength λ the path (a) 8 × 10−4 m (b) 0.8 × 10−4 m
difference (in terms of an integer n) corresponding to
(c) 4.2 × 10−4 m (d) 0.45 × 10−4 m
any point having half the peak intensity is
[JEE Advanced 2013] 79. In the Young’s double-slit experiment, the intensity
λ λ of light at a point on the screen (where the path
(a) ( 2n + 1) (b) ( 2n + 1)
2 4 difference is λ) is K, (λ being the wavelength of light
λ λ used). The intensity at a point where the path
(c) ( 2n + 1) (d) ( 2n + 1)
8 16 difference is λ / 4, will be [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
(a) K (b) K / 4 (c) K / 2 (d) zero
73. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation
between the slits = 2.0 mm, the wavelength of the 80. If the intensities of the two interferring beams in
light = 600 nm and the distance of the screen from the Young’s double slit experiment be I 1 and I 2 , then the
slits = 2.0 m. If the intensity at the centre of the contrast between the maximum and minimum
central maximum is 0.20 Wm −2 , then the intensity at intensity is good when
a point 0.5 cm away from this centre along the width (a) I1 is much greater than I 2
of the fringes will be (b) I 2 is smaller than I 2
(a) 0.05 Wm−2 (b) 0.15 Wm−2 (c) I1 = I 2
(d) Either I1 = 0 or I 2 = 0
(c) 0.20 Wm−2 (d) 0.10 Wm−2
81. In Young’s double slit experiment, a third slit is made
74. In Young’s double slit experiment, the slit width and
in between the double slits. Then
the distance of slits from the screen both are double.
(a) fringes of unequal width are formed
The fringe width
(b) contrast between bright and dark fringes is reduced
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) intensity of fringes totally disappears
(c) remain unchanged (d) None of these
(d) only bright light is observed on the screen
82. In Young’s double slit experiment, the central bright 83. Yellow light is used in a single-slit diffraction
fringes can be identified experiment with slit width of 0.6 mm. If yellow light is
(a) as it is greater intensity than the other bright fringes replaced by X-rays, then the observed pattern will reveal
(b) as it has wider than the other bright fringes (a) that the central maximum is narrower
(b) more number of fringes
(c) as it is narrower than the other bright fringes
(c) less number of fringes
(d) by using white light instead of monochromatic light (d) no diffraction pattern

Topic 5
Diffraction
84. What should be the slit width to obtain 10 maxima 90. In a diffraction pattern due to a single slit of width a,
of the double slit pattern within the central maxima the first minimum is observed at an angle 30° when
of the single slit pattern of slit width 0.4 mm? light of wavelength 5000 Å is incident of the slit. The
(a) 0.4 mm (b) 0.2 mm first secondary maximum is observed at an angle of
(c) 0.6 mm (d) 0.8 mm [NEET 2016]
−1  2 −1  1 −1  3   1
85. In a single slit diffraction of light of wavelengths λ (a) sin   (b) sin   (c) sin   (d) sin −1  
is used and slit of width e, the size of the central  3  2  4  4
maxima on a screen at a distance b is 91. A parallel beam of fast moving electrons is incident
2bλ normally on a narrow slit. A fluorescent screen is
(a) 2bλ + e (b)
e placed at a large distance from the slit. If the speed of
2bλ 2bλ the electrons is increased, then which of the following
(c) +e (d) −e
e e statements is correct? [NEET 2013]
86. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 6000 Å gets (a) Diffraction pattern is not observed on the screen in the
diffracted by a single-slit width 0.3 mm. The angular case of electrons
position of the first minima of diffracted light is (b) The angular width of the central maximum of the
diffraction pattern will increases
(a) 6 × 10−3 rad (b) 1.8 × 10−3 rad
(c) The angular width of the central maximum will decreases
(c) 3.2 × 10−3 rad (d) 2 × 10−3 rad (d) The angular width of the central maximum will be
unaffected
87. Yellow light from atomic sodium with a wavelength
of 589 nm illuminates a single-slit. The dark fringes 92. A single-slit diffraction pattern is formed with white
in the diffraction pattern are found to be seperated light. For what wavelength of light the third secondary
on either side of central bright by 2.2 mm, on a maximum in the diffraction pattern coincides with the
screen 1.0 m from the slit. The slit width is second secondary maximum in the pattern for red light
(a) 0.7 mm (b) 0.54 mm of wavelength 6500 Å.
(c) 1.0 mm (d) 0.24 mm (a) 4400 Å (b) 4100Å (c) 4642.8 Å (d) 9100 Å

88. In a single-slit diffraction pattern observed on a 93. A single-slit of width d is illuminated by violet light of
screen placed at D m distance from the slit of width wavelength 400 nm and the width of the central
d m, the ratio of the width of the central maximum to maxima is measured as y. When half of the slit width is
the width of other secondary maximum is covered and illuminated by yellow light of wavelength
(a) 2:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:1 (d) 3:1 600 nm, the width of the central diffraction pattern is
(a) the pattern vanishes and the width is zero
89. Consider diffraction pattern obtained with a single (b) y / 3
slit at normal incidence. At the angular position of (c) 3 y
the first order diffraction maximum, the phase (d) None of the above
difference between the wavelets from the opposite
edges of the slit is 94. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant
π π source falls on a single-slit 1mm wider and the
(a) (b) (c) 3π (d) 2π resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2m
4 2
away.
 The distance between the first dark fringes on either 102. In telescope, the radius of the central bright region
side of the central bright fringes is ( r0 ) is
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 1.2 mm (c) 2.4 cm (d) 2.4 mm 0.61λf 0.75λf 1.94 λf 2.43λf
(a) (b) (c) (d)
95. If we observe the single-slit diffraction with a a a a
wavelength λ and slit width e, the width of the central 103. For better resolution, a telescope must have a
maximum is 2θ. On decreasing the slit width for the (a) large diameter objective
same λ, then (b) small diameter objective
(a) θ increases (c) may be large
(b) θ remains unchanged (d) Neither large nor small
(c) θ decreases
(d) θ increases or decreases depending on the intensity of 104. The diameter of objective lens of a telescope is 6 cm
light and wavelength of light used is 540 nm. The
resolving power of telescope is
96. In diffraction from a single slit the angular width of
. × 104 rad −1
(a) 91 (b) 105 rad −1
the central maxima does not depend on
(a) λ of light used (c) 3 × 104 rad −1 (d) None of these
(b) width of slit 105. A telescope is used to resolve two stars separated by
(c) distance of slits from the screen
3.2 ×10 −6 rad. If the wavelength of light used in
(d) ratio of λ and slit width
5600Å, what should be the aperture of the objective
97. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 4000 Å gets of the telescope?
diffraction by a single slit of width 0.2 mm. The angular (a) 0.2135 m (b) 0.1488 m
position of the first minima of diffracted light is (c) 0.567 m (d) 1 m
(a) 2 × 10−3 rad (b) 3 × 10−3 rad
106. What will be the ratio ( D/ f ) in microscope, where D
(c) 1.8 × 10−3 rad (d) 6 × 10−3 rad
is the diameter of the aperture and f is the focal
98. A beam of light of λ = 600 nm from a distant source length of the objective lens?
β β
falls on a single slit 1 mm wide and the resulting (a) tan β (b) tan (c) 2tan β (d) tan
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2 m away. 2 6
The distance between first dark fringes on either side 107. If the medium between the object and the objective
of the central bright fringe is [CBSE AIPMT 2014] lens of a microscope is not air but refractive index n,
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 1.2 mm (c) 2.4 cm (d) 2.4 mm then minimum separation gets modified to
99. In a Young’s double slit experiment the angular width 1.44 λ 1.22 λ 3.2 λ 1.49λ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
of a fringe is found to be 0.2° on a screen placed 1 m 2nsin β 2nsin β 2n sin β nsin β
away. The wavelength of light used is 600 nm. If the 108. The resolving power of a compound microscope
entire experimental apparatus is immersed in water increases when
(Refractive index of water is 4/3), then angular width (a) refractive index of the medium is increased keeping
of the fringe will be wavelength of light (λ) constant (or same)
(a) 0.25° (b) 0.15° (c) 0.75° (d) 1° (b) for the same medium, wavelength of light is decreased
100. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the screen is (c) refractive index of the medium and wavelength of light
placed at a distance of 1.25m from the slits. When the used both are decreased
apparatus is immersed in water (µ ω = 4 / 3), the (d) Both (a) and (b)
angular width of a fringe is found to be 0.2°. 109. In a Fresnel biprism experiment, the two positions of
When the experiment is performed in air with same lens give separation between the slits as 25 cm and
set up, the angular width of the fringe is 16 cm respectively. The actual distance of separation is
(a) 0.4° (b) 0.28° (c) 0.35° (d) 0.15° (a) 20 cm (b) 16 cm
(c) 18 cm (d) 20.5 cm
101. The angular resolution of the telescope is determined
by the 110. For what distance is ray optics a good approximately
(a) image produced by the telescope when the aperture is 3mm wide and wavelength is
(b) objective of the telescope 500 nm?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (a) 18 m (b) 25 m
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (c) 30 m (d) 35 m
Topic 6
Polarisation
111. When the displacement of the wave is at right angles 120. Unpolarised light is incident on a plane glasses
to the direction of its propagation, it is known as surface. What should be the angle of incidence so that
(a) transverse wave (b) longitudinal wave the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to
(c) Either (a) or (b) (d) Both (b) and (c) each other? [µ for glass =1.5]
(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 0° (d) 57°
112. Light waves are
(a) longitudinal waves (b) electromagnetic waves 121. An unpolarised beam of light of intensity I 0 falls on a
(c) transverse wave (d) Both (b) and (c) polariod. The intensity of the emergent beam is
113. Which of the following can be used to control the I0 I0
(a) (b) I 0 (c) (d) zero
intensity, in sunglasses, window pares etc? 2 4
(a) Transverse wave (b) Polaroids 122. For good polariser in case of unpolarised light, we
(c) Plane polarised wave (d) Polarised wave will observe
114. The phenomenon of polarisation of light indicates (a) reflection and no transmission of light
that (b) no reflection and total transmission of light
(a) light is a longitudinal wave (c) diffraction
(b) light is a transverse electromagnetic wave (d) total internal reflection of light
(c) light is a transverse wave only 123. When both the components of electric field of light
(d) Either (b) or (c) waves are present such that one is stronger than the
115. Which of the following cannot be polarised? other and such light is viewed through a rotating
(a) Ultraviolet (b) Ultrasonic waves analyser, one sees a maximum and a minimum of
(c) X-rays (d) Radio waves intensity but not complete darkness. This kind of light
is called
116. Which of the following is a dichronic crystal? (a) polarised (b) linearly polarised
(a) Quartz (b) Tourmaline (c) partially polarised (d) None of these
(c) Mica (d) Selenite
124. An unpolarised beam intensity I 0 is incident on a pair
117. In the propagation of light waves, the angle between of nicols making an angle of 60° with each other. The
the direction of vibration and plane of polarisation is intensity of light emerging the pair is
(a) 0° (b) 90°
(a) I 0 (b) I 0 / 2
(c) 45° (d) 80°
(c) I 0 / 4 (d) I 0 / 8
118. When light passes through two polaroids P1 and P2 ,
125. A beam of unpolarised light of intensity I 0 is passed
then transmitted polarisation is the component
through a polaroid A and then through another
parallel to the polaroid axis. Which of the following is
polaroid B which is oriented so that its principal plane
correct?
makes an angle of 45° relative to that of A. The
P1 intensity of the emergent light is [JEE Main 2013]
(a) (b)
P2 (a) I 0 (b) I 0 / 2
(c) I 0 / 4 (d) I 0 / 8
126. A beam of ordinary unpolarised light passes through a
tourmaline crystal C1 and then its passes through
(c) (d)
another tourmaline crystal C 2 , which is oriented such
that its principle plane is parallel to that of C 2 . The
intensity of emergent light is I 0 .
119. At which angle the intensity of transmitted light is Now, C 2 is rotated by 60° about the ray. The
maximum when a polaroid sheet is rotated between emergent ray have an intensity.
two crossed polaroids? (a) 2I 0 (b) I 0 / 2
(a) π / 4 (b) π / 2 (c) π / 3 (d) π (c) I 0 / 4 (d) I 0 / 4
127. When unpolarised light beam is incident from air to 130. When the angle of incidence is 45° on the surface of a
glass (µ =1.5) at the polarising angle. glass slab, it is found that the reflected ray is
(a) reflected beam is polarised 100% completely polarised. The velocity is light in glass in
(b) reflected and refracted beams are partially polarised (a) 3 × 108 ms −1
(c) the reason for (a) is that almost all the light is reflected
(d) All of the above (b) 3 × 108 ms −1
(c) 2 × 108 ms −1
128. At what angle should an unpolarised beam to incident
on a crystal of µ = 3, so that reflected beam is (d) 2 × 108 ms −1
polarised? 131. The refractive index of a medium is 1. If the
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 0° unpolarised light is incident on it at the polarising
 4 angle of the medium, the angle of refraction is
129. The critical angle of a certain medium is sin −1   . (a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 0°
 5
The polarising angle of medium is 132. Find the angle of incidence at which light reflected
 5  4  5  4 from glass (µ =1.5) be completely polarised.
(a) tan −1   (b) sin −1   (c) sin −1   (d) tan −1  
 4  5  4  3 (a) 72.8° (b) 51.6° (c) 40.3° (d) 56.3°

Special Format Questions

I. Assertion and Reason Reason The speed of light waves is more in glass and
the base of the prism is thicker than the top.
Directions (Q. Nos. 133-145) In the following
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a 136. Assertion If we have a point source emitting waves
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following uniformly in all directions, the locus of point which
statements, choose the correct one. have the same amplitude and vibrate in the same
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and phase are spheres.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason Each point of the wavefront is the source of a
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating
Reason is not the correct explanation of from these points spread out in all directions with the
Assertion. speed of the wave.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
137. Assertion Increase in the wavelength of light due to
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Doppler’s effect is red shift.
133. Assertion In the field of geometrical optics, light Reason When the wavelength increases, then
can in assumed to approximately travel in straight wavelength in the middle of the visible region of the
line. spectrum moves towards the red end to the spectrum.
Reason The wavelength of visible light is very small
138. Assertion No interference pattern is detected when
in comparison to the dimensions of typical mirrors
two coherent sources are infinitely close to each
and lenses, then light can be assumed to
other.
approximately travel in straight line.
Reason The fringe width is inversely proportional to
134. Assertion When monochromatic light is incident on a the distance between the two slits.
surface separating two media, the reflected and
refracted light both have the same frequency as the 139. Assertion If the initial phase difference between the
incident frequency. light waves emerging from the slits of Young’s
Reason Speed of light and wavelength of light both double slit experiment is π-radian, the central fringe
changes in refraction and hence, the ratio v = c/ λ is a will be dark.
constant. 2π
Reason Phase difference is equal to times the path
λ
135. Assertion The emergent plane wavefront is tilted on
difference.
refraction of a plane wave by a thin prism.
140. Assertion In Young’s double slit experiment, for two 146. Statement I Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of
coherent sources, the resultant intensity by light proved that light is an electromagnetic wave.
φ Statement II Light waves propagates even in
I = 4I 0 cos 2
2 vacuum according to wave theory of light.
Reason Ratio of maximum and minimum intensity 147. Statement I When monochromatic light is
2 incident on a surface separating two media, the
I max ( I 1 + I 2 )
= reflected light both have the same frequency as the
I min ( I 1 − I 2 ) 2 incident frequency.
141. Assertion In Young’s double slit experiment, the Statement II Reflection and refraction arise
fringes become in distinct, if one of the slits is covered through interaction of incident light with the atomic
with cellophane paper. constituents of matter. Atoms may be viewed as
oscillators, which take up the frequency of the
Reason The cellophane paper decreases the wavelength external agency (light) causing forced oscillations.
of light.
148. Statement I Speed of light is independent of its
142. Assertion In interference, the film which appear bright colour only in vacuum.
in reflected system will appear dark in the transmitted
system and vice-versa. Statement II Red colour travels slower than violet
in glass.
Reason The condition for film to appear bright or dark
in reflected light are just reverse to those in the 149. Statement I When light travels from a rarer to a
transmitted light. denser medium, the speed decreases but energy of
the wave remains same.
143. Assertion In Young’s double slit experiment, the fringe
width for dark fringes is same as that for white fringes. Statement II Intensity of light wave is directly
proportional to the square of the amplitude of the
Reason In Young’s double slit experiment, when the wave.
fringes are performed with a source of white light, then
only dark and bright fringes are observed. 150. Statement I Sound waves cannot be polarised.
144. Assertion In Young’s doule slit experiment, the fringe Statement II Sound waves are longitudinal in
width is directly proportional to wavelength of the nature.
source used. 151. Statement I The intensity at the bright band on the
Reason When a thin transparent sheet is placed infront screen is maximum and equal to 4I 0 , where I 0 is
of both the slits of Young’s double slit experiment, the the intensity of light from each sources.
fringe width will increase. Statement II The intensity at the dark band is
145. Assertion To observe diffraction of light the size of always zero irrespective of the intensity of light
waves coming from the two sources.
obstacle aperture should be of the order of 10 −7 m.
Reason 10 −7 m is the order of wavelength of visible 152. Statement I In Young’s double slit experiment, at
light. centre line of screen, a bright fringe is obtained.
Statement II Path difference between two waves
II. Statement Based Questions Type I is given by S 2 P − S 1 P which is zero at centre line.
153. Statement I In Young’s double slit experiment,
Directions (Q. Nos. 146-154) In the following
questions, a statement I is followed by a corresponding the width of one of the slits is slowly increased to
statement II. Of the following statements, choose the make it twice the width of the other slit. The
correct one. intensity of both the maxima and minima increases.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II Intensity of light from the slits is
Statement II is the correct explanation of directly proportional to the width of the slit.
statement I. 154. Statement I Diffraction determines the limitations
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but of the concepts of light rays.
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement II A beam of width a starts to spread
Statement I.
out due to diffraction after it has travelled a
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
distance (2a 2 / λ ).
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
Statement Based Questions Type II 159. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is
incident from air on a water surface.
155. According to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory
following phenomenon can be explained. (Refractive index of water is 1.33).
I. propagation of light in vaccum Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
II. interference of light I. Frequency of reflected light and refracted light are
III. polarisation of light same.
IV. photoelectric effect II. Wavelength of reflected light is more than that of
refracted light.
(a) I, II and III (b) I, II, IV
(c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV III. Speed of reflected light is equal to that of refracted light.
IV. Intensity of reflected light is always more than that of
156. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? refracted light.
I. A point source emitting waves uniformly in all (a) I and III (b) II and IV
directions. (c) I and II (d) III and IV
II. In spherical wave, the locus of point which have the
some amplitude and vibrate in same phase are spheres. 160. Shape of wavefront in case of
III. At a small distance from the source, a small portion of I. light diverging from a point source.
sphere can be considered as plane wave. II. light emerging out of convex lens when a point source
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II is placed at its focus.
(c) Only III (d) All of the above III. the portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star
157. In case of reflection of a wavefront from a reflecting intercepted by the earth are respectively.
surface, (a) cylindrical, concave, plane
(b) spherical, plane, plane
(c) spherical, convex, plane
Incident
wavefront (d) spherical, cylindrical, plane
E Reflected 161. Let S 1 and S 2 are two sources and if wave from S 1
B wavefront
i reaches some common point P be covering seven
M A i r C time of wavelength ( λ ) and from S 2 by covering nine
N
times of wavelength ( λ ).
I. points A and E are in same phase S1 7λ
II. points A andC are in same phase
P
III. points B and A are in same phase
IV. pointsC and E are in same phase 9λ
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) I and IV S2
158. Figure shows behaviour of a wavefront when it passes Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
through a prism. I. S 2 P − S 1 P = 2λ
A A′ II. Waves from S 1 arrives exactly two cycles earlier than
waves from S 2 .
Incident
wavefront
Refracted III. At P waves from S 1 and S 2 are in phase.
wavefront
IV. At P waves from S 1 and S 2 are out of phase.
B B′
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
I. Lower portion of wavefront (B′) is delayed resulting in 162. The conditions for producing sustained interference
a tilt. are
II. Time taken by light to reach A′ from A is equal the time I. phase difference between interferring waves remains
taken to reach B′ from B. constant with time.
III. Speed of wavefront is same everywhere. II. interferring waves have nearly same amplitude levels
IV. A particle on wavefront A ′ B ′ is in phase with a particle III. interferring waves are of same frequency.
on wavefront AB. IV. interferring waves are moving in opposite directions.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (a) I, II and III (b) II and III
(c) III and IV (d) I and III (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
163. Which of the following statement is/are correct for III. Matching Type
coherent sources?
167. Light waves travels in vacuum along X -axis,
I. Two coherent sources emit light waves of same
Y -axis and Z-axis. Column I lists the equation of
wavelength.
the plane wavefront and Column II lists the
II. Two coherent sources emit light waves of same frequency.
direction of propagation of the wave. Match the
III. Two coherent sources have zero or constant initial phase
items in Column I with terms in Column II and
difference with respect to time.
choose the correct options from the codes given
Choose the correct option from the codes given below. below.
(a) Only I (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
Column I Column II
164. Choose the correct option for the statements given below.
A. X =C 1. Along Y-axis
I. The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced
B. Y =C 2. Along X -axis
bright and dark bands, while the diffraction pattern has a
central bright maximum, which is twice as wide as the C. Z =C 3. Along Z-axis
other maxima.
A B C A B C
II. The interference pattern is superposing two waves (a) 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1
originating from the two narrow slits, while the
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 2 3 1
diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous
family of waves originating from each point on a single 168. Match the following columns and choose the
slit. correct options from the codes given below.
III. For a single slit of width a, the first null of the interference Column I Column II
pattern occurs at an angle of λ / a while at the same angle of
A. Constructive interference 1. nλ
λ / a, a maximum (not a null) for two narrow slits separated
by a distance a. B. Destructive interference 2. (n + 1) λ / 2
(a) I and II are correct, III is incorrect C. Path difference for 3. Waves are in phase at
(b) I and II are correct, II is incorrect constructive interference point of interference
(c) I, II and III are correct D. Path difference for 4. Waves are out of phase at
(d) I, II and III are incorrect destructive interference point of interference

165. Which of the given statements is/are correct for (a) A → 4, B → 1, C → 3, D → 2

phenomenon of diffraction? (b) A → 4, B → 3, C → 1, D → 2
I. For diffraction through a single-slit, the wavelength of (c) A → 3, B → 4, C → 1, D → 2
wave must be comparable to the size of slit. (d) A → 3, B → 4, C → 2, D → 1
II. The diffraction is very common in sound waves but not so 169. Two slits are made one millimetre apart and the
common in light waves.
screen is placed 1 m away and blue-green light of
III. Diffraction is only observed in electromagnetic waves. wavelength 500 nm is used.
(a) Only I (b) II and III (c) I and II (d) I, II and III
Now, match the activity given in Column I with
166. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct with the change in fringe pattern obtained in Column II.
reference to the figure given below?
Column I Column II
I. Dots and arrows indicates that both polarisations are
present in the incident and refracted waves. A. Screen is moved away from 1. Linear width of fringes (β)
the plane of slits increases.
II. The reflected light is not linearly polarised.
III. Transmitted intensity will be zero when the axis of the B. Source is replaced by another 2. Angular separation of
analyser is in the plane of the figure i.e., the plane of source of shorter wavelength fringe remains constant.
incidence. C. Set up of experiment is 3. Fringe separation
Air dipped completely in water decreases.
Incident Reflected
D. Distance between slits is 4. Fringe width become 3/4th.
reduced.
Refracted
(a) A → 1, B → 3, C → 4, D → 2
Medium
(b) A → 3, B → 1, C → 4, D → 2
(c) A → 2, B → 3, C → 4, D → 1
(a) Only I (b) Only II (d) A → 2, B → 3, C → 1, D → 4
(c) Both I and III (d) Both I and II
170. Consider the arrangement shows in the figure. The IV. Passage Based Questions
distance D is large compared to the separation d
■ Directions (Q.Nos. 172-173) Answer the following
between the slits. For this arrangement, match the
items in Column I with terms in Column II and questions based on the given passage. Choose the
choose the correct option from codes given below. correct options from those given below.
The figure represents a wavefront emanating from a
P point source.
S2
y
d
O
S S1

P
x D S
Screen

Wavefront
Column I Column II
Q
A. The minimum value of d so that there is 1. λD
a dark fringe at O for x = D is 172. The phase difference between the two points P and Q
3
on the wavefront is
B. For x = D and d minimum such that there 2. 2d (a) π / 2 (b) 0
is dark fringe at O, the distance y at (c) π / 3 (d) Data insufficient
which next bright fringe is located is
173. The amplitude of point P and Q on the wavefront is
C. fringe width for x = D 3. d
(a) same (b) different (c) zero (d) Data sufficient
D. The minimum value of d so that there is 4. λD
a dark fringe at O for x = D / 2 is ■ Directions (Q.Nos. 174-175) Answer the following
2
questions based on the given passage. Choose the
(a) A → 4, B → 3, C → 2, D → 1 correct options from those given below.
(b) A → 1, B → 2, C → 3, D → 4 A point source emits wave diverging in all directions.
(c) A → 1, B → 3, C → 2, D → 4 174. At a finite distance r from the source the shape of
(d) A → 4, B → 2, C → 3, D → 1 wavefront is
(a) spherical (b) plane
171. Column I shows the changes introduced in Young’s
(c) Either (a) or (b) (d) None of these
double-slit experiment while Column II tells the
changes in the fringe pattern while performing the 175. At a very large distance from the source, the shape of
experiment. Match each situation given in Column I the wavefront will be
with the result given in Column II. (a) spherical (b) plane
(c) Either (a) or (b) (d) None of these
Column I Column II
■ Directions (Q.Nos 176-178) Answer the following
A. If sodium light is replaced by 1. All fringes are coloured questions based on the given passage. Choose the
red light of same intensity except central fringe
correct options from those given below.
B. Monochromatic light is 2. Fringe width will In the given figure,
replaced by white light became quadrupled
Incident
C. Distance between slits and 3. The bright fringe will wavefront B
screen is doubled and the bocame less bright
distance betwen slits is halved A′
v1 t
v1
D. If one of the slits is covered 4. The fringe width will i
by cellophone paper increase Medium 1 i
A r C
Medium 2
A B C D r v 2t
v1<v2 Refracted
(a) 4 1 2 3 E wavefront
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 3 1 4 AB is an incident wavefront and EC is refracted
(d) 3 2 4 1 wavefront. Speed of light in medium 1 is v1 and speed
of light in medium 2 is v 2 .
 sin i 181. Here, v radial refers to
176. The ratio of is equal to
sin r (a) the component of the source velocity along the line
BC AE BC AE joining the source to observer
(a) (b) (c) (d)
AC EC AE BC (b) the component of the source velocity along the line
joining the observer to the source relative to the
177. When light travelling through medium 1, passes observer
through medium 2, which of the following statements (c) the frequency of light as observed by the observer
is correct. (d) None of the above
sin i v2 C
(a) = (b) η = 182. Statement I The Doppler’s shift expression is valid
sin r v1 v1
v v1 v
only when the speed of the source is small compared
(c) η21 = 2 (d) = 2 to that of light.
v1 λ1 λ 2
Statement II Doppler’s effect in light can be used to
178. In case of refraction of a light beam, which of these estimate the velocity of aeroplanes, rockets
remains constant? submarines etc.
(a) Speed (b) Wavelength (a) Both the Statements are correct
(c) Frequency (d) Intensity (b) Both the Statements are incorrect
(c) Statement I is correct, Statement II is incorrect
■ Directions (Q. Nos 179-180) Answer the following
(d) Statement I is incorrect, Statement II is correct
questions based on the given passage. Choose the
correct options from those given below. ■ Directions (Q. Nos 183-184) Answer the following
Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm in incident questions based on the given passage. Choose the
from air on a water surface. λ 1 and λ 2 are the correct options from those given below.
wavelength of reflected and refracted light The string shown above is given an up and down jerk
respectively, v1 and v 2 are the velocities of reflected at one end of it while the outer end is fixed at origin.
and refractive light, respectively. Y
[Refractive index of water is 1.33]
String
179. The velocities of reflected and refracted light is v1 O X
v1
and v 2 , respectively. Then, is (ratio of frequency) is
v2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
183. If the string always remains confined to the
180. Match the items in Column I with terms in Column II XY -plane, then it represents
and choose the correct option from the codes given (a) a plane polarised wave
below. (b) an unpolarised wave
Column I Column II (c) linearly polarised wave
A. λ1 (in nm) 1. 442 (d) Both (a) and (c)
B. λ 2 (in nm) 2. 225 184. If the plane of the vibrations of the string is changed
C. 6
v1 (in 10 ms ) −1
3. 589 randomly in a very short intervals of time, it is known
as
D. v2 (in 106 ms−1) 4. 300
(a) polarised wave (b) plane polarised wave
A B C D A B C D (c) unpolarised wave (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 1 2 3 4
■ Direction (Q. Nos. 185-186) Answer the following
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 1 3 2 4
questions based on the given passage. Choose the
■ Directions (Q.Nos 181-182) Answer the following correct options from those given below.
questions based on the given passage. Choose the Light passes through two polaroids P1 and P2 with pass
correct options from those given below. axis of P2 making an angle θ with the pass axis of P1 .
The expression for Doppler’s shift is given by 185. The value of θ for which the intensity of emergent
∆ν v radial light is zero, is
=
ν c (a) 45° (b) 90°
[Consider the directions from observer to source as (c) 60° (d) 30°
positive]
186. A third polaroid is placed between P1 and P2 with its
pass axis making an angle β with the pass axis of P1 . S1
The value of β for which the intensity of light from P2 is x
I0 S2
, where I 0 is the intensity of light on the polaroid P1 is
8 x
(a) (b)
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
In this case, which of the following statements are true?
V. More than One Option Correct (a) S 1 and S 2 have the same intensities
(b) S 1 and S 2 have a constant phase difference
187. In the Young’s double slit experiment, the ratio of (c) S 1 and S 2 have the same phase
intensities bright and dark fringes is 9. This mean that (d) S 1 and S 2 have the same wavelength
(a) the intensities of individual sources are 5 and 4 units
respectively 190. Consider the sunlight incident on a pinhole of width
(b) the intensities of individual sources are 4 and 1 units 10 3 Å. The image of the pinhole seen on a screen shall be
respectively (a) a sharp white ring
(c) the ratio of their amplitudes is 3 (b) different from a geometrical image
(d) the ratio of their amplitudes is 2 (c) a diffused central spot, white in colour
188. A thin film of thickness t and index of refraction 1.33 (d) diffused coloured region around a sharp central white
coats a glass with index of refraction 1.50. Which of spot
the following thickness t will not reflect normally 191. For light from a point source,
incident light with wavelength 640 nm in air? (a) the wavefront is spherical
(a) 120 nm (b) 240 nm (c) 360 nm (d) 480 nm (b) the intensity decreases in proportion to the distance
squared
189. Two sources S 1 and S 2 of intensity I 1 and I 2 are
(c) the wavefront is parabolic
placed infront of a screen Fig. (a). The pattern of (d) the intensity at the wavefront does not depend on the
intensity distribution seen in the central portion is distance
given by Fig. (b).

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment.
192. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is
incident from air on a water surface. What are the (a) 5 × 10−7 m
wavelength, frequency and speed of (i) reflected and (b) 6 × 10−7 m
(ii) refracted light?(Refractive index of water is 1.33). (c) 0.05 × 10−7 m
−9 14 8 −1
(a) Reflected light - 589 × 10 m, 5.09 × 10 Hz, 3 × 10 ms (d) 0.06 × 10−7 m
Refracted light - 4.42 × 10−7 m, 5.09 × 1014 Hz,
2.25 × 108 ms −1 194. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths
(b) Reflected light - 475 × 10−9 m, 509 × 10−14 Hz,
650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference
fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment with slit
2 × 105 ms −1 .
width = 2 mm and distance of screen = 1.2 m.
Refracted light - 5 × 10−5 m, 2.09×1014 , 3 × 108 ms −1 (i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen
(c) Reflected light - 1m, 1ms −1 from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
Refracted light - 1m, 2Hz, 3 × 106 ms −1 (ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum
(d) None of the above where the bright fringes due to both the wavelength
coincide.
193. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are
(a) 1.17 × 10−3 m, 1.56 × 10−3 m
separated by 0.28 mm and screen is placed 1.4 m
away. The distance between the central bright (b) 2.25 × 10−2 m, 1.25 m
fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured to be (c) 0.05 × 10−2 m, 1.3 × 10−4 m
1.2 cm. (d) None of the above
195. Light of wavelength 5000Å falls on a plane reflecting 201. Consider a ray of light incident from air onto a slab of
surface. What are the wavelength and frequency of glass (refractive index n) of width d, at an angle θ.
the reflected light? The phase difference between the ray reflected by the
For what angle of incidence is the reflected ray top surface of the glass and the bottom surface is
1/ 2 1/ 2
normal to the incident ray? 4 πd  1 2  4 πd  1 2 
(a) 1− sin θ + π (b) 1− sin θ
(a) λ = 3000Å, ν = 5 × 1015 Hz, ∠i = 45° λ  n2  λ  n2 
(b) λ = 5000Å, ν = 6 × 1014 Hz, ∠i = 45° 4 πd  1 2 
1/ 2
π 4 πd  1 2 
1/ 2
(c) 1− 2 sin θ + (d) 1− 2 sin θ + 2π
(c) λ = 8800Å, ν = 5 × 1015 Hz, ∠i = 60° λ  n  2 λ  n 
(d) None of the above
202. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the source is
196. The 6563 Å H α sign line emitted by hydrogen in a white light. One of the holes is covered by a red filter
star is found to be red shifted by 15Å. Estimate the and another by a blue filter. In this case
speed with which the star is receding from the earth. (a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and
2
(a) − 5.04 × 10 ms −1 blue
(b) there shall be an interference pattern for red distinct
(b) − 6.86 × 105 ms −1 from that for blue
(c) 5.84 × 102 ms −1 (c) there shall be no distinct interference fringes
(d) 8.8 × 103 ms −1 (d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing
with one for blue
197. In Young’s double-slit experiment using light of
wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of a fringe 203. Figure shows a standard two slit arrangement with
formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. What is the spacing slits S 1 , S 2 , P1 , P2 are the two minima points on either
between the two slits? side of P as shown in figure.
(a) 1 m Screen
(b) 1.5 × 10−2 m S1 P1
(c) 3.44 × 10−4 m
S
(d) 0.05 × 10−2 m P
S3
198. Two towers on top of two hills are 40 km apart. The S2 P2 S4
Second
line joining them passes 50 m above a hill halfway screen
between the towers. What is the longest wavelength
of radio waves which can be sent between the towers At P2 on the screen, there is a hole and behind P2 is a
without appreciable diffraction effects? second 2-slit arrangement with slits S 3 , S 4 and a
(a) 0.125 m (b) 2.5 m (c) 0.05 m (d) 0 m second screen behind them.
(a) There would be no interference pattern on the second
199. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls screen but it would be lighted
on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is
(b) The second screen would be totally dark
observed on a screen 1m away. It is observed that the
(c) There would be a single bright point on the second
first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the
screen
centre of the screen. Find the width of the slit.
(d) There would be a regular two slit pattern on the second
(a) 2 mm (b) 1 mm (c) 0.2 mm (d) 0.1 mm
screen

NCERT Exemplar 204. The human eye has an approximate angular resolution
. ×10 −4 rad and a typical photoprinter prints a
of φ = 58
200. Consider sunlight incident on a slit of width 10 4 Å.
minimum of 300 dpi (dots per inch, 1 inch = 2.54 cm).
The image seen through the slit shall
At what minimum distance z should a printed page be
(a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre
held so that one does not see the individual dots?
(b) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to zero
intensities at the edges. (a) 14.5 cm
(c) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to regions of (b) 12.5 cm
different colours (c) 19.8 cm
(d) only be a diffused slit white in colour (d) 10.25 cm
205. Consider a two slits interference arrangements(figure) 207. To ensure almost 100% transmittivity, photographic
such that the distance of the screen from the slits is lenses are often coated with a thin layer of dielectric
half the distance between the slits. material. The refractive index of this material is
Obtain the value of D in terms of λ such that the first intermediated between that of air and glass (which
minima on the screen falls at a distance D from the makes the optical element of the lens). A typically
centre O. used dielectric film is MgF2 ( n =1.38). What should
the thickness of the film so that at the centre of the
visible spectrum (5500Å) there is maximum
S1 T1
P
transmission?
Source
(a) 5000 Å (b) 2800 Å (c) 1000 Å (d) 725 Å
O
S C
208. A small transparent slab containing material of µ =1.5
S2 T2
Screen
is placed along AS 2 (figure). What will be the
distance from O of the principal maxima and of
(a) 0. 358 λ (b) 0.404 λ (c) 0.725 λ (d) 0. 80 λ minima on either side of the principal maxima
206. Four identical monochromatic sources A, B, C, D as obtained in the absence of the glass slab?
shown in the figure, produce waves of the same
wavelength λ and are coherent. Two receiver R1 and S1
R 2 are at great but equal distances from B.
P
R2 θ
A O
C
L=
d/4 S2
Screen
λ/2 λ/2
R1 A B C
AC = CO = D , S 1C = S 2C = d << D
λ/2
2D 5
(a) above point O and below point O
247 231
D
(b) 3 247 above point O and 5 231 below point O
Which of the two receivers picks up the larger signal? 5 3D
(c) below point O and below point O
(a) R1 (b) R2 465 247
(c) R1 and R2 (d) None of these (d) None of the above

Answers
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24 (d) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c)
46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (d) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (c)
76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (c) 81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (c) 90. (c)
91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (d) 95. (a) 96. (c) 97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (b) 100. (b) 101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (a) 104. (a) 105. (a)
106. (c) 107. (b) 108. (d) 109. (a) 110. (a) 111. (a) 112. (d) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (b) 116. (b) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (d)
121. (a) 122. (b) 123. (c) 124. (d) 125. (c) 126. (c) 127. (a) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b) 131. (b) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (b) 135. (c)
136. (a) 137. (a) 138. (a) 139. (b) 140. (b) 141. (c) 142. (a) 143. (c) 144. (c) 145. (a) 146. (c) 147. (a) 148. (c) 149. (b) 150. (a)
151. (c) 152. (a) 153. (a) 154. (c) 155. (a) 156. (b) 157. (c) 158. (a) 159. (c) 160. (b) 161. (a) 162. (a) 163. (d) 164. (c) 165. (c)
166. (c) 167. (c) 168. (c) 169. (c) 170. (a) 171. (a) 172. (b) 173. (a) 174. (a) 175. (b) 176. (c) 177. (d) 178. (c) 179. (a) 180. (a)
181. (b) 182. (a) 183. (d) 184. (c) 185. (b) 186. (c) 187. (b,d)188. (b,d) 189. (a,b,d) 190. (b,d) 191. (a,b) 192. (a) 193. (b) 194. (a) 195. (b)
196. (b) 197. (c) 198. (a) 199. (c) 200. (a) 201. (a) 202. (c) 203. (d) 204. (a) 205. (b) 206. (b) 207. (c) 208. (a)
 Hints and Explanations
1. (d) In geometrical optics a ray is defined as the path of the 11. (b) When ABC wavefront passes through glass, its velocity
energy propagation in the limit of wavelength tending to is reduced.
zero. vair
vglass =
2. (d) A ray is defined as the path of energy propagation nga
in the limit of wavelength tending to zero. It travels A
in a straight line and defined as the path of energy A′
propagation. B′
B
3. (c) The phenomenon of polarisation is based on the fact that
C′
the light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves.
C
Diffraction and interference can be explained by wave Denser medium
theory of light.
As, points A and C remain in glass for a short duration, they
4. (c) Every point on a given wavefront act as a secondary move for a larger distance and B covers a small distance as it
source of light and emits secondary wavelets which travels remains in glass for a longer duration (middle portion of
in all directions with the speed of light in the medium. A glass is thick) and finally A ′ B ′ C ′ is position of new
surface touching all these secondary wavelets tangentially in wavefront. It is concave in shape.
the forward direction, gives new wavefront at that instant of
12. (c) Wavelength is dependent on refractive index medium by,
time.
λ1 µ 2
5. (d) Huygens’ construction does not explains quantisation of =
λ 2 µ1
energy and it is not able to explain emission and absorption
spectrum. So, in denser medium, µ 2 > µ 1 so λ 1 > λ 2 (i.e. wavelength
decreases as the light travels from rarer to denser medium)
6. (b) Wavefront is a surface perpendicular to a ray but a
wavefront moves in the direction of the light. Q c = νλ
7. (b) Wavefronts emitting from a point source are spherical 13. (d) We define an angle ic by the following equation.
wavefronts. n2
sin ic =
Spherical n1
Thus, if i = ic , then sin r=1 and r= 90°. Obviously for i > ic ,
Rays are
perpendicular
there cannot be any refracted wave. The angle ic is known
to wavefronts as the critical angle and for all angles of incidence greater
Point
source than the critical angle, we will not have any wavefront in
Wavefronts
are concentric
medium 2.
spheres 14. (a) According to Doppler’s effect, wherever there is relative
motion between source and observer, the frequency
Light rays
observed is different from that given out by source.
8. (c) Rays reaching from a source at infinity are parallel and 15. (a) When source moves away from the observer, frequency
when we draw a surface perpendicular to each ray, we get a observed is smaller than that emitted from the source and
plane wavefront. (as if light emitted is yellow but it will be observed as red)
this shift is called red shift.
16. (b) For small velocities compared to the speed of light. The
fractional change in frequency ∆ν / ν is given by −v radial / c,
where, v radial is the component of the source velocity along
Rays
the line joining the observer to the source relative to the
observer, v radial is considered positive when the source
Wavefronts moves away from the observer. Thus, the Doppler’s shift
9. (c) In Huygens’ wave theory, the locus of all points in the can be expressed as
same state of vibration is called a wavefront. ∆ν v
= − radial
10. (a) According to Huygens’ principle, each point of the ν c
wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the 17. (b) From Snell’s law of refraction
wavelength emanating from these points spread out in all sin i µ 2 v1
directions with the speed of the wave. = =
sin r µ 1 v2
 Given, v1 = 3 × 108 ms −1 Thus, the resultant of displacement at P would be given by
y = y1 + y2 = 2a cosωt
µ2 1 v 3 × 108 −1
= µ 2 = 1.5 ⇒ v2 = 1 1 = ms Since, the intensity is the proportional to the square of the
µ1 µ2 1.5 amplitude, the resultant intensity will be given by
3 × 108 I = 4I0
∴ Speed of light, v2 = = 2 × 108 ms −1
3/ 2 where, I 0 represents the intensity produced by each one of
the individual waves.
18. (a) We know from Cauchy's expression,
b c 24. (d) Interference is a wave phenomenon. Longitudinal waves
µ (λ ) = a + + +… like sound, transverse waves like wave on a string or
λ 2
λ4
electromagnetic waves like light show interference.
or λ red > λ blue > λ violet
25. (d) For constructive interference,
µ red < µ blue > µ violet (for glass prism) Phase difference ( ∆φ ) = 2nπ (even multiple of π)
So, refractive index of prism for violet colour is more hence For n = 0, ∆φ = 0
from Eq. (i), the velocity of violet colour in medium 2 ( v2 )
will be less than the red colour. Red colour light will travel For n =1, ∆φ = 2π
fastest in glass prism. For n = 2, ∆φ = 4 π and so on
19. (b) The relation between v, c and λ is v λ = c 3
26. (b) Given, path difference ( ∆x ) = 1.5 λ = λ
2
For small changes in v and λ
Phase difference ( ∆φ ) and path difference ( ∆x ) are related
∆v − ∆λ − v radial
= = by the relation,
v λ c 2π
∆φ = × ∆x
as ∆λ = 475.6 − 475.0 = + 0.6 nm λ
 0.6  0.6 2π 3
or v radial = c  = × 3 × 108 ⇒ ∆φ = × λ = 3π
 475 475 λ 2
⇒ ∆φ = odd multiple of π.
= 3.78 × 105 ms −1 = 378 kms −1
So, destructive interference occurs.
v
20. (a) Using, ∆λ = λ 27. (a) Given, separation between sources S 1 and S 2 = 2λ. For
c
minimum intensity at P, destructive interference must take
Here, v = 50 kms −1 = 50 × 103 ms −1
place at P.
c = 3 × 108 ms −1 S1
Wavelength, ∆λ = 0.50Å
2λ
c 3 × 108
∴ Wavelength, λ = ∆λ = × 0.50 = 3000 Å
v 50 × 103
S2 P
x
21. (a) Here, λ = 400 nm
∆λ = 400.1 nm − 400 nm = 0.1 nm So, S 1 P − S 2 P = ∆x (path difference)
vs ∆λ λ
as = = ( 2n + 1) (for destructive interference)
c λ 2
∆λ 0.1 nm For minimum distance,
vs = c= × 3 × 108 ms −1 3λ λ
λ 400 nm S1P − S 2P = ≠ …(i)
2 2
= 75 × 103 ms −1 = 75 kms −1 2
3λ   3λ  
⇒ x2 + ( 2λ )2 − x = ⇒ x2 + ( 2λ )2 = x +   
22. (c) Doppler’s shift is given by 2   2 
∆ν v radial ∆ν 3 × 103 9λ 2 3λ
= ⇒ = = 10−5 ⇒ x2 + 4 λ2 = x2 + + 2⋅ x⋅
ν c ν 3 × 108 4 2
2
23. (d) The displacement produced by the source S 1 at the point 2 9λ 7λ 2 7λ
⇒ x⋅ 3λ = 4 λ − = ⇒ x=
P is given by y1 = a cosωt 4 4 12
λ 15λ
The displacement produced by the sources S 2 (at the point Note If we proceed with Eq. (i) taking S 1P − S 2P = , x= which
2 4
P) is also given by 7λ
y2 = a cosωt is more than .
12
28. (a) From the figure, path difference = S 1 M = P 29. (c) The position of farthest minimum detection occurs when
λ
P = S 1 M = xcosθ (Q x<< R ) the path difference is least and odd multiple of , i.e.,
2
P
condition for destructive interference and approaches zero as
θ M P moves to infinity.
os
xc S1
θ θ
S1 O S2
x
d

S2 P
D
(S 1 P and S 2 P are assumed approximately parallel)
For maximum intensity, P = nλ (where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3) So, if S 2P = D
⇒ xcosθ = nλ λ
S 1 P − S 2 P = ( 2n + 1)
for destructive interference.
nλ 2
⇒ cosθ = (n = 0, 1, 2, …). For farthest distance
x
λ
nλ so S 1 P − S 2 P =
⇒ cosθ = (Q x = 5λ ) 2
5λ
λ
⇒ cosθ =
n ⇒ D +d2 −D =
2

5 2
2
We know, − 1 ≤ cosθ ≤ 1  λ
n ⇒ D2 + d 2 =  D + 
⇒ − 1≤ ≤ 1  2
5
⇒ −5≤ n ≤ 5 λ2
⇒ d 2 = Dλ +
Possible values of n ={0, ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5} 4
Let us analysis each value of n for θ in range. d2 λ
⇒ D= −
θ ∈ ( 0, 2π ) λ 4
−4 2
1 (1.0 × 10 m )
For n = 1, cosθ = = −9
− 150 × 10−9 m
5 ( 600 × 10 m )
cos θ = 107 cm
⇒ D = 1.07 m
30. (c) Given, ∆φ = 100 π
π 3π 2π
2 2
We know, change in phase difference,
2π
i.e., ∆φ = × ∆x
λ
where, ∆x = path difference
Here, negative value of n means the path difference λ λ
⇒ ∆x = ∆ φ × = 100π × = 50λ
( S 1 P − S 2 P ) is negative, i.e., for those points S 1 P < S 2 P. 2π 2π
For n = 0, ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, 31. (c) In the phenomenon of interference, energy in conserved
From the given graph of cosine function, it can be observed but it is redistributed.
that in interval θ ∈[0, 2π], for above values of n there are in
total 18 points, i.e., 2 points for n = 0, 4 points each for 32. (b) As two distinct sources are incoherent, so phase changes
n = ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4. are random, so no fixed pattern of maxima or minima.
For n = + 5, cosθ = +1, 33. (d) Resultant amplitude
One value of θ i.e., θ = 0° is possible as for θ = 2π, the points A = A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos φ
will coincide.
For n = − 5, cosθ = −1, i.e., θ = π. Here A1 = A2 = 2 cm ⇒ φ = π rad
Thus, in total 20 points of maxima’s are possible in all A = ( 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 + 2 × 2 × 2 × cos π
4 quadrants.
A = 4 + 4 − 8 or A = 0
34. (c) Resultant intensity is given by I = 4 I 0 cos 2 φ / 2. 39. (d) We know, I max = ( I1 + I 2 )2 = 4 I 0′ ( if I1 = I 2 = I 0′ )
2π Here, 4 I 0′ = I 0
Now, phase difference ( φ ) = × ∆ (path difference)
λ I
⇒ I 0′ = 0
As a path difference of one wavelength corresponds to a 4
phase difference of 2π radius. For incoherent source, the interference has uniform intensity
 2π∆  2  π∆  throughout given by
⇒ I = 4 I 0 cos 2   = 4 I 0 cos  
 2λ   λ  I = I1 + I 2
IP  π∆   π∆  or
I
I = 2I 0′ = 2 × 0 = 0
I
∴ = cos 2  1  cos 2  2 
IQ  λ   λ  4 2
40. (b) When the sources are incoherent there is no interference
I max 4 and resultant intensity is I1 + I 2 . For sources of same
35. (b) Given, =
I min 1 intensity I 0 , resultant intensity will be 2I 0 .
2
I max  r + 1 4 41. (b) Two identical and independent sodium lamps (i.e., two
We know, =  = independent sources of light) can never be coherent. Hence,
I min  r − 1 1
no coherence between the light emitted by different atoms.
r+1 2
⇒ = ⇒ r + 1 = 2r − 2 or r = 3 42. (a) Let the average intensity be I av .
r−1 1
The amplitude of intensity variation means.
A1
∴ The ratio of amplitudes = r= 3 I = I av ± 0.05 I av
A2
⇒ I max = I av (1 + 0.05) = 1.05 I av
36. (c) Given, I1 = I and I 2 = 9I ⇒ I min = I av (1 − 0.05) = 0.95I av
I1 I 1 A I1 1 1 I max 1.05 105
⇒ = = ⇒ r= 1 = = = So, = =
I 2 9I 9 A2 I2 9 3 I min 0.95 95
2 2
I max  r + 1  r + 1 105
=  …(i) ⇒   =
I min  r − 1  r − 1 95

1 
2 ⇒ ( r2 + 1 + 2r ) 95 = 105 ( r2 + 1 − 2r )
 + 1 16
=3  = =4 ⇒ 10r2 + 10 − 200 ⋅ 2r = 0
1
 − 1 4
3  ⇒ 10r2 − 400r + 10 = 0
⇒ r2 − 40r + 1 = 0
37. (a) Given, Young’s double slit experiment, having two slits
of width are in the ratio of 1 : 25. 40 ± ( 40 )2 − 4 × 1 × 1
⇒ r=
So, ratio of intensity, 2
I1 W1 1 I 25 40 + 40
= = ⇒ 2 = ⇒ r≈ = 40
I 2 W2 25 I1 1 2
2 I1 1600
 I2  ∴ = r2 = ( 40 )2 =
2  + 1 I2 1
( I 2 + I1 )
= 
I max I1
∴ = or I1 : I 2 = 1600 : 1
I min ( I 2 − I1 )2 )  I2 
 − 1
 I1  43. (b) Consider that the source is moved to some new point S ′
and suppose that Q is the mid-point of S 1 and S 2 . If the
2 2
 5 + 1  6 36 9 angle S ′QS is φ, then the central bright fringe occurs at an
⇒  5 − 1 =  4  = 16 = 4 angle −φ, on the other side. Thus, if the source S is on the
perpendicular bisector, then the central fringe occurs at O,
I max 9
Thus, = also on the perpendicular bisector.
I min 4
If S is shifted by an angle φ to point S ′, then the central
I1 I1 fringe appears at a point O ′ at an angle −φ, which means that
38. (d) Given, = n ⇒ r= = n it is shifted by the same angle on the other side of the
I2 I2
bisector.
I max  r + 1
2
 n + 1
2 This also means that the source S ′, the mid-point Q and the
=  =  point O ′ of the central fringe are in a straight line.
I min  r − 1  n − 1
44. (a) The film appears bright if the path difference is 48. (b) Shift produced due to insertion of slab
λ µg  D
2µt = ( 2n − 1) , where, n = 1, 2, 3, ... ∆x = t  − 1
2 µ m  d
4 µt
∴ λ=  1.5  1.5
( 2n − 1) = 10.4 × 10− 6  − 1 = 4.33 mm
 4 / 3  0.45 × 10− 3
4 × 1.4 × 10000 × 10−10 56000
λ= = Å Thus, the central maximum is obtained at a distance 4.33 mm
( 2n − 1) ( 2n − 1)
below point O on the screen as the slab is placed in the path
∴ λ = 56000 Å, 18666 Å , 11200 Å , 8000 Å , of lower slit.
6222 Å , 5091 Å , 4308 Å , 3733 Å µg 
49. (b) At O, path difference, P =  − 1 t
The wavelengths which are not within specified ranges µ
 m 
produce minima.
For maximum intensity at O
45. (c) Path difference = QX − PX = ( n + 2 ) λ − nλ = 2λ …(i) P = nλ ( n = 1, 2, 3, L )
For constructive interference or bright band, P
∴ λ= 
Path difference = ∆x = nλ (where, n = 1, 2, ...) n
From Eq. (i), it is obvious that second bright band is formed µg  t  1.5  10.4 × 103 nm
as n = 2. or λ =  − 1 =  − 1 ×
µ m  n  4/ 3  n
46. (d) We know, 1300 nm
Intensity of bright band, I max = ( I1 + I 2 )2 ...(i) λ=
n
For n = 1, λ = 1300 nm
Intensity of dark band, I min = ( I1 − I 2 )2 ...(ii)
For n = 2, λ = 650 nm
Case I When there is no glass slab For n = 3, λ = 433.33 nm
⇒ I1 = I 2 = I 0 Thus, the wavelength in the range 400 to 700 nm are 650 nm
or I max = 4 I 0 (Complete brightness) and 433.33 nm.
and I min = 0 (Complete darkness) 50. (a) The condition for minimum thickness corresponding to a
Case II When glass slab is inserted, dark band in reflection
I 2µt cos r = λ
⇒ I1 < I 2 or I1 = 0 and I 2 = I 0 (given)
2 λ 6000 × 10−10
∴ t= = = 4000 Å
or I max < 4 I 0 [from Eq. (i)] 2 µ cos r 2 × 1.5 × cos 60°
and I min > 0 [from Eq. (ii)]
51. (b) The resultant internsity
Hence, the bright band becomes less bright and dark band
φ
becomes less dark. I = I 0 cos 2
2
 ∆φ  π
47. (c) Using relation, I = I max cos 2   ,
 2 Here, I 0 is the maximum intensity and φ =
2
where, ∆φ = total phase difference  π  2 π
I I = I 0 cos 2   = I 0 cos
Given, I = max at certain point  2 × 2 4
4
I0
I max  ∆φ  1  ∆φ  I=
⇒ = I max cos 2   or = cos 2   2
4  2 4  2
52. (b) Here, A1 = 2 A , A2 = 2 A , φ = 60°
 ∆φ   π  2π 
⇒ cos   = cos   or ∆φ =   R= A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos φ
 2  3  3
λ λ 2π λ
Path difference, ∆x = × ∆φ = × = ...(i) = ( 2 A )2 + ( 2 A )2 + 2 × 2 A × 2 A × cos 60°
2π 2π 3 3
For Young’s double slit experiment we know, path = A 12
difference = d sin θ ...(ii) as intensity ∝ (Amplitude) 2
where, θ = angular separation of the point Therefore, I ∝ 12 A 2
Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
54. (a) Fringe spacing
λ λ
= d sin θ ⇒ sin θ = Dλ 1 × 5 × 10−7
3 3d β= = m (1 nm = 10−9 m)
 λ  d 1 × 10−3
⇒ θ = sin −1  
 3d  = 5 × 10−4 m = 0.5 mm
 nλD 61. (d) Since, dark fringe is directly opposite to one of the slits,
55. (d) Position of nth bright fringe from central maxima is .
d
8λ 1 D 9λ 2 D Dark band
∴ = S1
d d x= d/2
λ1 9
⇒ =
λ2 8
S2
Hence, the possible wavelengths of visible light is of the
ratio of 9 : 8.
56. (d) λ 1 = 6000 Å, n1 = 16 fringes and n2 = 24 fringes d
∴ Distance of the dark fringe from central maxima =
nDλ 2
Position of nth fringe, ⇒ n1 λ 1 = n2 λ 2 λD
d Position of nth dark fringe = ( 2n − 1)
λ 1 n2 6000 24 2d S1
⇒ = ⇒ = d λD x = d/2
λ 2 n1 λ2 16 or = ( 2n − 1)
6000 × 16 96000 2 2d
⇒ λ2 = = = 4000 Å d2 S2
24 24 ⇒ λ=
D ( 2n − 1)
57. (c) Suppose slit width are equal, so they produces wave of
equal intensity say I ′. Resultant intensity at any point d2
⇒ For n = 1, λ =
I R = 4 I ′ cos 2 φ, where φ is the phase difference between the D
moves at the point of observation. For maximum intensity. 62. (c) Position of nth maximum from central maxima
φ = 0 ⇒ I max = 4 I ′ = I …(i) nλD
= ⇒ xn ∝ λ
Also, when one slit is closed d
I ′ = I0 …(ii) So, x(blue) < x (green) as
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 4 I 0 = I λ blue < λ green
10λD
58. (a) Position of 10th bright fringe = 63. (d) Given, d = 0.90 mm = 0.90 × 10−3 , D = 1 m
d
10λD Position of 2nd dark fringe from central fringe
Also, = 12
3λD
d = = 1 × 10−3 m
10λD 2d
⇒ d=
12 3× λ ×1
⇒ 1 × 10−3 =
The separation between the slits 2 × 0.90 × 10−3
10 × 589.3 × 10−9 × 1
= 1.8 × 10−6
12 × 10−3 ∴ λ= = 0.6 × 10−6 m = 6 × 10−5 cm
3
= 4.9 × 10−4 m = 0.49 mm
λ air 64. (b) Given, λ 1 = 12000 Å and λ 2 = 10000 Å,
59. (c) µ =
λ water D = 2 cm and d = 2 mm = 2 × 10−3 cm.
Using Eq. (iii), we get λ 1 12000 6 n2
We have = = =
ω1 µ water 4 λ 2 10000 5 n1
= =
ω2 µ air 3 n1 λ 1 D 5 × 12000 × 10−10 × 2
as x= =
60. (b) Here, λ = 500 nm, d = 1 mm, D = 1 m d 2 × 10−3
 1 λD = 5 × 1.2 × 104 × 10−10 × 103 = 6 mm
Distance of 3rd minima i. e., xn =  n + 
 2 d λD1 λD2
65. (a) The fringe width i.e., β1 = and β 2 =
 1 λD d d
x3 =  2 + 
 2 d λ
So, β1 − β 2 = ( D1 − D2 )
5λD d
⇒ x= λ
2d ⇒ 3 × 10−5 = −3 ( 5 × 10−2 )(Q D1 − D2 = 5 × 10−2 m)
5 × 500 × 10−9 × 1 10
=
2 × 1 × 10−3 3 10−8
⇒ λ= × = 0.6 × 10−6 m = 6000 Å
5 10−2
= 12.5 × 10−4 m = 1.25 mm
66. (d) nλ l D
P 71. (a) In liquid position of 10th bright fringe, xn =
S1 x d
θ 10λ l D
⇒ x=
O d
S2 where, λ l = wavelength in liquid.
D
λD
x Q Position of dark fringe = ( 2n − 1) ...(i)
Angular position of first dark fringe = tan θ ≈ θ = 2d
D
11λ air D
λ 5460 × 10−10  λD  In vacuum position of 6th dark fringe =
⇒ θ= = Q x =  2d
2d 0.1 × 10−3  2d  [put n = 6 in Eq (i)]
= 54600 × 10−7 rad Since, 10th bright fringe in liquid is located at 6th dark
fringe in air,
180
As, we know, θ (in degree) = × 546 × 10−5 10λ l D 11⋅ λ air D λl 5.5
π ⇒ = ⇒ =
d 2d λ air 10
180 0.32
= × 7 × 546 × 10−5 ≈ = 0.16° λl µ 1 5.5
22 2 Also, = air ⇒ =
λD λ air µl µl 10
67. (d) β=
d 10 20
or µl = = = 1.8
β 2 λ 2 D2 d1 5.5 11
∴ =
β1 λ 1 D1 d 2 72. (b) φ
I = I max cos 2 …(i)
β × λ 2 × 2D1 × d1 2
⇒ β2 = 1
λ 1 × D1 × d1 / 2 Given, I=
I max
…(ii)
λ 2
⇒ β2 = β × 2 × 4 π 3π 5π
λ1 ∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have, φ = , ,
2 2 2
⇒ β 2 = 2.5 × 10−4 m
λ
Or path difference, ∆x =   ⋅ φ
68. (b) Resultant intensity, I R = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2 cos ∆φ  2π 
Case I (at A ) ∆φ = π / 2 λ 3λ 5λ  2n + 1
∴ ∆x = , , K  λ
I R 1 = I1 + I 2 = I + 4 I = 5I 4 4 4  4 
Case II (at B) ∆φ = π n = 0, 1, 2, ……
I R 2 = I1 + I 2 − 2 I1 I 2 = 5I − 2 × 2I = I 73. (a) Fringe width
∴ I R 1 − I R 2 = 5I − I = 4 I λD 600 × 10−9 × 2
i.e., β= = = 6 × 10−4 m
69. (a) d 2 × 10−3
S1 πx
Using, I = I max cos 2
θ/2 β
θ/2 C
 π 0.5 × 10−2 
d

S2 ⇒ I = 0.20 cos 2  
D  6 × 10−4 
 100π  2 25π
So, distance between two slits i.e., S 1 and S 2 ⇒ I = 0.20 cos 2   = 0.20 cos
 12  3
d = ( 2 tan θ / 2 ) D
For small angles θ, tan θ ≈ θ  π
or I = 0.20 cos 2  8π + 
θ D 1  3
⇒ d = 2 × × D = Dθ or =
2 d θ π 1
⇒ I = 0.20 cos 2 = 0.20 × = 0.05 Wm−2
λD λ 3 4
Fringe width, β = =
d θ λD
74. (c) As we know, fringe width β1 =
70. (b) Length of segment = constant d
⇒ n1ω1 = n2ω 2 ⇒ n1 λ 1 = n2 λ 2  2D  λD
β2 = λ   =
λ 600  2d  d
or n2 = n1 1 = 12 × = 18
λ2 400 ⇒ β1 = β 2
75. (c) Let nth fringe of 1500 Å coincide with ( n − 2 ) th fringe For the second case,
of 2500 Å  π / 2  2π λ 
K ′ = 4 I 0 cos 2   φ = × 
∴ 1500 × n = 2500 × ( n − 2 )  2   λ 4
3n = 5( n − 2 ) = 4 I 0 cos 2 ( π / 4 )
3n = 5n − 10 K ′ = 2I 0 …(ii)
2n = 10 Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii),
⇒ n=5 K ′= K /2
(n − 2) = 3
80. (c) The contrast interference will occur when there is
∴ 5th order of 1st and 3rd order of 2nd. absolute darkness at the dark band due to destructive
76. (b) In YDSE, as we know interference i. e., I R = I min = 0 and there is complete (max.)
∆φ brightness at the bright band due to constructive interference
Intensity, I = I max cos 2
2 i. e., I R = I max = 4 I 0 , which is possible only when
I max ∆φ individual intensities are same,
⇒ = I max cos 2 So, I1 = I 2 = I 0
2 2
2 ∆φ 1 ∆φ  2n + 1 81. (b) Contrast between the bright and dark fringes will be reduced.
cos = ⇒ =  π, n = 0, 1, 2,K
2 2 2  4  82. (d) By using white light, the central maxima will be white
while the fringes closest on either side of central fringe is
 2n + 1
∆φ =  π red and farthest will appear blue.
 2 
∆φ 83. (d) Diffraction is observed when slit width is of the order of
⇒ ∆x = ×λ (Here, ∆x is path difference) wavelength of light (or any electromagnetic wave) used.
2π
∴ λ X- rays (1 − 100Å ) << slit width (0.6 mm)
 2n + 1 λ  2n + 1
= π × = λ ⇒ So, no pattern of diffraction will be observed.
 2  2π  4 
84. (b) As, the path difference aθ is λ,
λD
77. (c) Fringe width, β = …(i) λ
d then θ=
a
According to the question, 10λ 2λ d 10
D ⇒ = ⇒ a= = = 0.2 mm
D ′ = and d ′ = 5d d a 5 5
2
So, the width of each slit is 0.2 mm.
 D
 λ 85. (c) The direction in which the first minima occurs is θ (say).
D′ λ  2  1 Dλ
∴ β′ = = = λ
d′ 5d 10 d Then, esin θ = λ or eθ = λ or θ =
β e
β′ = [from Eq. (i)] (Qθ = sin θ, when θ is small)
10
2λb
78. (b) Here, β1 = 3.2 × 10−4 m Width of the central maxima = 2bθ + e = ±e
e
λ 1 = 5600 Å, λ 2 = 4200 Å 86. (d) Given, λ = 6000 Å = 6000 × 10−10 m, d = 0.3 mm
β 2 λ 2 4200
= = For minima, d sin θ = mλ
β1 λ 1 5600
6 First minima means ( m = 1),
or β 2 = × β1 λ
8 ⇒ sin θ =
d
6
= × 3.2 × 10−4 = 2.4 × 10−4 m Angular position of 1st minima,
8 λ 6000 × 10−10
Decrease in fringe width, sin θ = θ = = = 2 × 10−3 rad
d 0.3 × 10−3
∆β = β1 − β 2
So, angular position of first minima is 2 × 10−3 rad.
= ( 3.2 − 2.4 ) × 10−4 = 0.8 × 10−4 m
φ 2π  87. (b) Given, λ = 589 nm = 589 × 10−9 m, D = 1.0 m
2
79. (c) For net intensity, I = 4 I 0 cos φ = × λ Slit width = d = ?
2  λ 
Here, given the distance between two dark fringes (i. e., dark
For the first case,
fringes for m = ± 1)
K = 4 I 0 cos 2 ( π ) = width of central maximum = 2 y = 2.2 mm
K = 4I0 …(i) or y = 1.1 mm = 1.1 × 10−3 m
 Using, for zero intensities path difference = mλ, For 1st secondary maxima
dy 3λ 3λ
we have = mλ ⇒ a sin θ1 = ⇒ sin θ1 = …(ii)
D 2 2a
mλD (1) ( 589 × 10−9 m) × (1.0 m) Substitute value of a from Eq. (i) to Eq. (ii), we get
Slit width i.e., d = =
y 1.1 × 10−3 m 3λ 3
sin θ1 = ⇒ sin θ1 =
= 0.54 mm 4λ 4
3
88. (a) Width of central maximum θ1 = sin −1
4
2λD
( ∆y0 ) = 2 y = …(i) 92. (c) For 2nd secondary maxima using red light
d
( 2m + 1) λ 1
Width of 1st order secondary maxima d sin θ1 = , where m = 2
= Distance between D1 and D2 (consecutive dark bands) 2
5λ 1 5λ 1
= y2 − y1 d sin θ1 = ⇒ sin θ1 = …(i)
2 2d
When white light is used, for position of 3rd secondary
D2 maxima ( m = 3 )
7λ 2 7λ 2
D1 y2 d sin θ 2 = ⇒ sin θ 2 = …(ii)
y1 2 2d
d
Since, the position coincide with each other for white and
red light
5λ 1 7λ 2
sin θ1 = sin θ 2 ⇒ =
2d 2d
D 5 5
⇒ λ 2 = λ 1 = × 6500 Å
7 7
For secondary minima (or dark band) path difference
= d sin θ = mλ (where, m = 1, 2, 3, …) Wavelength of white light, λ 2 = 4642.85 Å
Position of 1st dark band 93. (c) Using violet light
yd λD Slit width = d, λ 1 = 400 × 10− 9 m
Path difference = 1 = λ or y1 =
D d Width of diffraction pattern (central maxima)
Position of 2nd dark band 2λ 1 D
y d 2λD = 2y = …(i)
Path difference = 2 = 2λ ⇒ y2 = d
D d d
Slit width = (as half covered)
∴ Width of secondary maxima (∆y1 ) 2
λD λ 2 = 600 × 10− 9 m
⇒ ∆y1 = y2 − y1 or ∆y1 = = y
d
Width of diffraction pattern(Central maxima)
Thus, width of other secondary maxima is half that of
2λ 2 D
central maxima. = 2 y′ = …(ii)
∆y0 2 (d / 2)
or = y λ
∆y1 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), = 1
2π y′ 2λ 2
89. (c) Phase difference = ∆φ = × ( d sin θ ) y 400 2 1
λ ⇒ = = = ⇒ y′ = 3 y
(for two end of slit) y′ 600 × 2 3 × 2 3
For first order diffraction maximum, 94. (d) Distance between the first dark fringes on either side of
λ the central bright fringe = Width of central maxima
d sin θ = ( 2m + 1) ,
2 2λD 2 × 600 × 10− 9 × 2
3λ 2π 3λ 2y = =
where m = 1= ⇒ ∆φ = × = 3π d 1 × 10− 3
2 λ 2
= 24 × 10− 4 m = 2.4 mm
90. (c) For minima,
2λ 2λ
a sin θ = nλ 95. (a) Angular width of central maxima ( 2θ ) = =
d e
⇒ a sin 30° = (1) λ ( n = 1)
λ 1
 1 ⇒ 2θ ∝ ⇒ θ∝ (for λ = constant)
⇒ a = 2λ Qsin 30° =  …(i) e e
 2
Thus, on decreasing slit width ( e ), then θ will increases.
 2λ θw µ 1  λ air µ 
96. (c) Angular width of central maxima = 2θ = . or = air = Q = water 
d θ air µ water µ water  λ water µ air 
Thus, θ does not depend on D i. e., distance between the slits 4
and the screen. ⇒ θ air = µ waterθ w = × 0.2° ≈ 0.28°
3
97. (a) Here, λ = 4000 Å = 4000 × 10−10 m = 4 × 10−7 m
101. (b) The angular resolution of the telescope is determined by
a = 0.2 mm = 0.2 × 10−3 m = 2 × 10−4 m the objective of the telescope.
−7 102. (a) Radius of the central bright region is approximately
λ 4 × 10 m
sin θ = = = 2 × 10−3 given by
a 2 × 10−4 m
1.22λf 0.61λf
r0 ≈ =
As sin θ is very small 2a a
∴ θ ≅ sin θ = 2 × 10−3 rad
x/ 2
98. (d) From the figure, tan θ =
2 2a 0.61λf
a
For small θ and when θ is counted in rad, tan θ −
~θ

f
1st minima
103. (a) Thus, ∆θ will be small if the diameter of the objective is
a θ=λ/a
O
X large. This implies that the telescope will have better
1st minima resolving power, if a is large. It is for this reason that for
better resolution, a telescope must have a large diameter
2m objective.
2λD 1 D
Width of central maximum = = 2.4 mm 104. (a) Resolving power of telescope (RP) = =
d ∆θ 1.22 λ
x/ 2 λ ~ x where, D = diameter of objective, λ = wavelength of light
So, θ~
− ⇒ −
2 9 4 Given, D = 6 cm = 6 × 10−2 m, λ = 540 nm = 540 × 10−9 m
4 λ ~ 4 × 600 × 10−9
x~
− − 6 × 10− 2
a 10−3 ⇒ RP = rad −1
1.22 × 540 × 10− 9
~ 24 × 10−4 m ~
−
−3
− 2.4 × 10 m 6000 × 104
= rad − 1 = 9.1 × 104 rad − 1
⇒ ~ 2.4 mm
− 540 × 1.22
λ 105. (a) Aperture of the telescope
99. (b) Angular width, θ =
d 1.22 λ
D=
θ1 λ 1 θ1 λ1 dθ
∴ = ⇒ =
θ2 λ 2 θ2 λ 1 / µ Here λ = 5600 Å = 5600 × 10−10 m, d θ = 3.2 × 10−6 rad
θ1 . × 5600 × 10−10
122
⇒ =µ (refractive index) ∴ D= ⇒ D = 0.2135 m
θ2 3.2 × 10−6
θ1 3
∴ θ2 = = × 0.2 = 0.15° 106. (c) The objective lens of a microscope, the object is placed
µ 4 slightly beyond f , so that a real image is formed at a distance
100. (b) In water angular width θ w = 0.2° (given) v [figure]. The magnification ratio of image size to object
size is given by m ≈ v / f . It can be seen from figure that
λ water
We know, θw = …(i) D / f ≈ 2 tan β …(i)
d
where, 2β is the angle subtended by the diameter of the
Let µ water = refractive index of water objective lens at the focus of the microscope.
In air,
λ air Image
θ air = …(ii) D
d β 1.22 fλ
On dividing Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get Object θ D
f
θw λ u
= water Object
Image plane
θ air λ air plane
Objective
lens
107. (b) If the medium between the object and the objective lens dramatic effect on the light coming from P2 . In one position,
is not air but a medium of refractive index n, the intensity transmitted by P2 followed by P1 is nearly zero.
1.22 λ When turned by 90° from this position, P1 transmits nearly
d min = the full intensity emerging from P2 as shown figure.
2n sin β
P2 P2 P2
108. (d) For compound microscope,
Resolving power
2µ sin β
i. e., RP =
1.22 λ
(i) Q RP ∝ µ P1 P1 P1
(a)
If the refractive index ( µ ) of the medium between the object
and the objective lens increases, the resolving power increases.
1
(ii) Q RP ∝
λ
On increasing the wavelength of light used, the resolving
power of microscope decreases and vice-versa. (b)
109. (a) In Fresnel biprism experiment, the actual distance of 119. (a) Suppose I 0 be the intensity of polarised light after
separation between the two slits, passing through the first polariser P1 . Then, the intensity of
d = d1 d 2 = 25 × 16 = 20 cm light after passing through second polariser will be
a2 I = I 0 cos 2 θ
110. (a) According to Fresnel distance, ZF i.e., ZF =
λ where, θ is the angle between pass axes of P1 and P2 . Since,
−3 2 −6
( 3 × 10 ) 9 × 10 P1 and P3 are crossed the angle between the pass axes of P2
= = = 18 m π 
5 × 10−7 5 × 10− 7 and P3 will be  − θ .
2 
112. (d) Light waves are transverse in nature; i. e., the electric
Hence, the intensity of light emerging from P3 will be
field associated with a propagating light wave is always at
right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave. We π 
I = I 0 cos 2 θ cos 2  − θ
can say light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves. 2 
113. (b) Polaroids can be used to control the intensity in I 
= I 0 cos 2 θ ⋅ sin 2 θ =  0  sin 2 2θ
sunglasses windowpanes, etc. The intensity can be further  4
controlled from 50% to zero of the incident intensity by
adjusting the angle between the pass-axes of two polaroids. Therefore, the transmitted intensity will be maximum when
θ = π / 4.
114. (b) The phenomenon of polarisation is based on the fact that
light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves. 120. (d) Given, i + r = π / 2
Light waves are transverse in nature i. e., the electric field According to Brewster’s law, we get
associated with a propagating light wave is always at right tan iB = µ = 1.5
angles to the direction of propagation of the wave. So, iB = tan −1 (1.5) ⇒ iB = 57°
115. (b) Ultrasonic waves being sound waves are longitudinal i.e., this is the Brewster’s angle for air to glass interface.
and hence cannot be polarised.
121. (a) In unpolarised beam, vibrations are probable in all
116. (b) Some crystals such as tourmaline and sheets of directions in a plane perpendicular to the direction of
iodosulphate of quinine have the property of strongly propagation. Therefore, θ can have any value from 0 to 2π.
absorbing the light with vibrations perpendicular to a 1 2π 1 2 π  1 + cos 2θ  1
2π ∫ 0 2π ∫0 
specific direction (called pass axis), transmitting the light [cos 2 θ ] av = cos 2 θ dθ =   dθ =
2  2
with vibration parallel to it. This selective absorption of light
called dichroism. 1 I0
So, using law of Malus, I = I 0 cos 2 θ ⇒ I 0 = I 0 × =
117. (a) Plane of vibration is perpendicular to the direction of 2 2
propagation and also perpendicular to plane of polarisation. 122. (b) When an unpolarised beam of light is incident at the
Thus, the angle between plane of polarisation and direction Brewster’s angle on an interface of two media, only part of
of vibration is 0° i. e, they are parallel. light with electric field vector perpendicular to the plane of
118. (a) If an identical piece of polaroid P2 be placed before P1 . incidence will be reflected. Now, by using a good polariser,
if we completely remove all the light with its electric vector
As expected, the light from the lamp is reduced in intensity
perpendicular to the plane of incidence and let this light be
on passing through P2 alone. But now rotating P1 has a
 incident on the surface of the prism at Brewster’s angle, we 128. (b) tan iB = µ, where iB = polarising or Brewster’s angle
will observe no reflection and there will be total
transmission of light. ⇒ iB = tan − 1 (µ ) = tan − 1 ( 3 ) = 60°
 4
123. (c) In the special situation, one of the two perpendicular 129. (a) Here, Critical angle, ic = sin −1  
components of the electric field is zero. At other angles, both  5
components are present but one is stronger than the other. 4
∴ sin ic =
There is no stable phase relationship between the two 5
perpendicular components, since these are derived from two 1 5
perpendicular components of an unpolarised beam. As µ= =
sin ic 4
When such light is viewed through a rotating analyser, one According to Brewster’s law,
sees a maximum and a minimum of intensity but not
tan i p = µ
complete darkness. This kind of light is called partially
polarised. where, i p is the polarising angle
5  5
124. (d) Angle between P1 and P2 = 60° ∴ tan i p = ⇒ i p = tan −1  
4  4
130. (b) As reflected light is completely polarised, therefore
I0 I0 I0
I0= cos2 θ i p = 45°
P1 2 P2 2
µ = tan i p = tan 45° = 1
I0 c
Intensity of light emerging from P2 is I = cos 2 θ As µ=
2 v
where, θ = ∠angle between P1 and P2 c 3 × 108
I I ⇒ v= = ⇒ v = 3 × 108 ms −1
so, I = 0 cos 2 60° = 0 µ 1
2 8
131. (b) Using tan i p = µ
125. (c) B
45°
I0 (I0/2) tan i p = 1
(Unpolarised) IR i p = tan −1 (1) = 45°
A As r = 90° − i p = 90° − 45° ⇒ r = 45°

According to Malus law, 132. (d) Using, tan i p = µ = 15

. ⇒ i p = tan −1 (1.5 ) = 56.3°
I  I 1 I 133. (a) The branch of optics in which one completely neglects
I R =  0  cos 2 ( 45° ) = 0 × = 0
 2 2 2 4 the finiteness of the wavelength is called geometrical optics.
The wavelength of light is very small as compared to the
126. (c) Case I Since, ray emergent from C 2 has intensity. dimensions of objects (such as mirror, lenses etc.) and hence,
Angle between C1 and C2 = 0° it can be neglected and assumed to travel in a straight line.
134. (b) Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of
I1 I1 I1
incident light with constituents of matter. Atoms may be
I= cos2 θ viewed as oscillators, which take up the frequency of the
C1 2 C2 2
external agency (light) causing forced oscillations. The
I1 I I frequency of light emitted by a charged oscillator equals its
I= cos 2 θ = 1 cos 2 0° = 1 frequency of oscillation. Thus, the frequency of scattered
2 2 2
light equals the frequency of incident light.
I1
or = I 0 ⇒ I1 = 2I 0 135. (c) Since, the speed of light waves is less in glass, the lower
2
portion of the incoming wavefront (which travels through
Case II Angle between C1 and C 2 = 60° the greatest thickness of glass) will get delayed resulting in a
tilt in the emerging wavefront.
I1= 2I0 C1
2 I0
= I0 C2 I = I0 cos2 θ
2
Incident plane

2
 1
wave

I
Intensity of emergent ray = I 0 cos 2 60° = I 0   = 0
 2 4
wa t
ne gen
ve

127. (a) If unpolarised light is incident at polarising angle, then

pla mer

reflected light is completely i. e., 100% polarised Prism

E

perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

136. (a) According to Huygens’ principle each point of the λD
144. (c) Fringe width, β = shall remain the same as the waves
wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the d
wavelets emanating from these point spread out in all travel in air only, after passing through the thin transparent
directions with the space of wave. sheet. Due to introduction of this sheet, only path difference
These wavelets emanating from the wavefront are usually is changed, due to which there is shift of position of fringes
referred to as secondary wavelets and if we draw a common D (µ − 1) t
only, which is given as ∆x = , where, µ is
tangent to all these spheres, we obtain the new position of the d
wavefront at a later time. refractive index of thin sheet and t is thickness.
137. (a) Increase in wavelength of light when the source move 145. (a) For diffraction to occur, the size of an obstacle/aperture
away from the observer due to Doppler’s effect is called red is comparable to the wavelength of light wave. The order of
shift. The visible regions shifts towards red end of wavelength of light wave is 10− 7 , so diffraction occurs.
electromagnetic spectrum and hence called red shift. 146. (c) Maxwell proposed that light must be an electromagnetic
λD wave. Thus, according to Maxwell, light waves are associated
138. (a) As, we know, fringe width β i. e.,=
d with changing electric and magnetic fields. The changing
So, smaller the distance between the slits (d), then larger electric and magnetic field result in the propagation of
will be fringe width (β). electromagnetic waves (or light waves) even in vacuum.
Hence, single fringe will cover whole screen and pattern will 147. (a) The frequency of light emitted by a charged oscillator
not be visible. equal to its frequency of oscillation. So, the frequency of
139. (b) Given, initial phase difference = φ S 1 − φ S 2 = π scattered light equals to the frequency of incident light.
148. (c) Red colour travels faster than violet in glass. Speed of
At central maximum, ∆x = 0 ( path difference = ∆x) light is independent of its colour only in vacuum.
2π For light travelling from medium 1 to medium 2,
⇒ Total phase difference = φ S 1 − φ S2 + ∆x
λ v1 λ 1 µ 2
At central maximum, = =
v2 λ 2 µ 1
2π
∆φ = π + × ∆x = π + 0 c
λ 149. (b) µ =
v
or ∆φ = π = odd multiple of π.
Hence, the speed of light decreases in denser medium.
Hence, at central maximum dark band is obtained.
Energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the
140. (b) wave, not on the speed of wave propagation. Energy remains
2
I max ( I1 + I 2 ) same.
∴ =
I min ( I 2 − I 2 )2 Also, intensity of wave ∝ (amplitude)2 or I ∝ A 2

141. (c) When one of slits is covered with cellophane paper, the 150. (a) Only transverse waves can be polarised. Sound waves are
intensity of light emerging from the slit is decreased longitudinal waves, so these waves cannot be polarised.
(because this medium is translucent). 151. (c) I max = ( I1 + I 2 )2 = ( 2 I 0 )2 = 4 I 0
Now, the two interferring beam have different intensities or The minimum intensity observed at dark band is given by
amplitudes.
I min = [ I1 − I 2 ]2
Hence, intensity at minima will not be zero and fringes will
become indistinct. If I1 = I 2 = I 0 , I min = 0
142. (a) For reflecting system of the film, the condition for If I1 ≠ I 2 ; I min ≠ 0
maxima or constructive interference is 152. (a) For centre of screen,
( 2n − 1) S1P − S 2P = 0 ⇒ ∆ L = 0
2 µt cos r = λ , while the maxima for transmitted
2 2π
system of film is given by equation 2µ t cos r = nλ , where t ⇒ ∆φ = × ∆L = 0
λ
is thickness of the film and r is angle of refraction.
From these two equations, we can see that condition for S1
maxima in reflected system and transmitted system are just
opposite. P
143. (c) In Young’s double slit experiment fringe width for dark
and white fringes are same while in the same experiment, S2
when a white light as source is used, the central fringe is
white around while few coloured fringes are observed on So, waves meet in phase and results in intensity maxima or
either side. bright fringe due to constructive interference.
153. (a) Intensity is the amount of light energy falling per unit 160. (b) Case I A light rays diverging from a point source.
area per unit time. So, when a slit width is increased, area
over which light falls increases and hence, more light energy
falls and hence, intensity increases. Spherical
(Intensity from slit) ∝ slit width of each slit Point source
wavefronts
⇒ I max = ( I1 + I 2 )2 ⇒ I min = ( I1 − I 2 )2
So, maximum and minimum intensities both increase.
154. (c) Diffraction determines the limitations of the concept of
a2
light rays. A beam of width a travels a distance , called Case II A light ray emerging out of convex lens when a
λ point source is placed at its focus.
the fresnal distance, before it starts to spread out due to
diffraction.
155. (a) Except photoelectric effect, all others phenomenon such
as propagation of light in vacuum, interference and
Point Light rays
polarisation of light can be explained by wave theory of source
light. In photoelectric effect light behaves as it is made up of at focus
particles. Incident Refracted
wavefronts wavefronts
156. (b) For a point emitting waves uniformly in all to direction,
the locus of points which have the same amplitude and Case III A portion of the wavefront of light from a distant
vibrate in the same phase are spheres. But at a large distance star intercepted by the earth.
from the source, the small portion of the sphere can be
considered as plane wave as shown in Figure
Light
from
distant
star

157. (c) Figure shows AB as incident wavefront, so A and B are Wavefronts

in same phase.
161. (a) It is given that S 1 P = 7λ and S 2 P = 9 λ
B We have, S 2 P − S 1 P = 9 λ − 7 λ
⇒ S 2 P − S 1 P = 2λ
A
The waves emanating from S 1 will arrive exactly two cycles
earlier than the waves from S 2 and will again be in phase.
E B
λ
S 1P = 7 P
A C S1

By the time B reachesC, secondary wavelet from A reaches E. 9λ

So, points C and E are same time intervals apart as they are 2
P= λ
S
in same phase.
S2
158. (a) When incident wave fronts passes through a prism, then
lower portion of wavefront ( B ) is delayed resulting in a tilt. 162. (a) When interferring sources have same frequency and their
So, time taken by light to reach A ′ from A is equal to the phase difference remains constant with time, interference is
time taken to reach B ′ from B. sustained (stayed for a finite time interval). If amplitudes are
159. (c) Frequency does not changes in reflection, of nearby values, then contrast will be more pronounced.
According to Snell’s law of refraction, we get 163. (d) Light sources which emit light waves of same wavelength
v λ air (or frequency) having either zero or a constant originating
ηw = air =
v water λ water phase difference are called coherent sources of light.
λ air λ air 3 164. (c) For a single slit of width a, the first null of the
⇒ As wavelength i.e., λ water = = = λ air interference pattern occurs at an angle of λ / a. At the same
ηw 4/ 3 4
angle of λ / a, we get a maximum (not a null) for two narrow
So, wavelength of reflected light is more than that of slits separated by a distance a.
refracted light.
165. (c) 169. (c)
I. For diffraction pattern, the size of slit should be A. Angular separation of the fringes remains constant
comparable to the wavelength of wave used. ( = λ / d ). The actual separation of the fringes increases
II. Diffraction phenomenon is commonly observed in our in proportion to the distance of the screen from the plane
daily routine in case of sound waves (which is a of the two slits.
longitudinal wave) because wavelength of sound waves B. The separation of the fringes (and also angular
is large (0.1-1 m). However, as wavelength of light separation) decreases.
waves is extremely small (10−6 -10−7 m), we do not λ 3
observe diffraction of light in daily routine. C. When medium is water, λ ′ = air = λ air
4/ 3 4
III. Diffraction is a wave phenomenon. It is observed in
electromagnetic and longitudinal waves as well. λ ′D 3  λD  3
∴ β′ = =   = β
166. (c) Figure shows light reflected from a transparent medium, d 4 d  4
say, water. As before, the dots and arrows indicate that both Dλ
As we know , fringe width β =
polarisations (E) are present in the incident and refracted d
waves. 1
As the figure shows, the reflected light is therefore, linearly D. When d is reduced, β ∝
d
polarised perpendicular to the plane of the figure (represented
by dots). This can be checked by looking at the reflected So, β is increased.
light through an analyser. 170. (a) Path difference, P = ( S S 2 + S 2O ) − ( S S 1 + S 1O )
The transmitted intensity will be zero when the axis of the 1/ 2
analyser is in the plane of the figure, i. e., the plane of  d2  d2 
S S 2 = x 2 + d 2 = x 1 + 2  = x 1 + 2 
incidence  x   2x 
Incident Reflected
Air (Q d <<< x )
S2 P

y
d
Refracted S1
S O
x D
Medium  d2 
Similarly,S 2O = ( D 2 + d 2 ) = D 1 +  (Q d << D )
167. (c) Since, light wave travels along the direction  2D 2 
perpendicular to its wavefront, for rays travelling along Also, S S1 O = x + D
X -axis,
 d2   d2 
i.e., plane, X = C is the perpendicular plane. ∴ P = x 1 + 2  + D 1 +  − (x + D )
Similarly, for rays along Y and Z-axes plane wavefronts  2x   2D 2 
Y = C and Z = C represent the wavefront, respectively. d2 d2 d2 1 1
=x+ +D+ − x − D or P =  + 
168. (c) A constructive interference is produced when waves 2x 2D 2  x D
overlaps such that a crest meets a crest and waves are in phase.
λ
Y n=3
For dark fringe, P =
n=2
2
n=1 ( 2n − 1) λ
[for minimum d , P = ; n = 1]
Q 2
n=0 λ d2 1 1 λxD
⇒ =  +  or d=
G n=–1 2 2  x D (x + D )
n=–2
n=–3 λD λD
Put x = D, d = ⇒ Put x = D / 2, d =
For maxima, 2 3
S 1 P ~ S 2 P = nλ ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3,K ) λD λD
Fringe width = β = = = 2d
For minima, d λD / 2
 1 Distance of next bright fringe from O.
S 1 P ~ S 2 P =  n +  λ ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3,⋅⋅⋅ )
 2 Distance of consecutive bright and dark band
we will have destructive interference and the resultant Fringe width
intensity will be zero. = =d
2
 Dλ 177. (d) According to Snell’s law of refraction, we have
171. (a) Fringe width, W =
d sin i v1 τ / AC v1
= =
where, D = distance between slits and screen sin r v2 τ / AC v2
d = distance between slits and v1 fλ1 λ1 v v
λ = wavelength of light = = or 1 = 2
v2 fλ 2 λ 2 λ1 λ 2
A. λ increase so W also increase
(∴ A → 4 ) 178. (c) In refraction, speed and wavelength changes but
frequency remains constant. As part of light is always
B. White light produces coloured fringes (Q B → 1)
reflected (and also absorbed,) there is change in intensity of
C. If D is doubled and d is halved, then W becomes four light also.
times (QC → 2 )
179. (a) On reflection and refraction, frequency of light remains
D. If intensity of either slit is reduced, the bright fringes
the same.
became less bright. (Q D → 3 )
ν2
172. (b) A wavefront is locus of points, which oscillate in phase ⇒ =1
ν ′2
i. e., it is a surface of constant phase.
173. (a) If we have a point source emitting waves uniformly in all 180. (a) According to Snell’s law of refraction,
directions, then the locus of points which have the same sin i µ 2 v λ
= = 1 = 1 …(i)
amplitude and vibrate in same phase are spheres. sin r µ 1 v′2 λ′2
174. (a) At a finite distance r the shape of the wavefront is spherical. Inc
ide ray
nt c ted
(v ray fle λ 2)
Wavefront 1, λ Re (v 2,
r 1) i i
Air (µ1)
S

Re (v′ 2,
r

fra λ′ 2
cte )
Water (µ2)

dr
ay
175. (b) At a large distance from the source, a small portion of the
spherical wave can be approximated by a plane wave. Given, wavelength of incident light, λ 1 = 589 nm
Wavefront For reflection, λ 2 = λ 1 = 589 nm …(A)
Also, v2 = v1 = 3 × 108 ms −1 = 300 × 106 ms −1 …(C)
Wave propagation
For refraction, using Eq. (i)
µ2 λ v λ 589 nm
= 1 = 1 ⇒ λ ′2 = 1 1 =
µ 1 λ ′2 v ′2 µ2 4/ 3
= 441.7 nm ≈ 442 nm …(B)
176. (c)
v1 3 × 108 ms −1
Incident Also, v ′2 = 1 = = 2.25 × 108 ms −1
wavefront B µ2 4/3
A′ = 2.25 × 106 ms −1 …(D)
v1 t
v1 ∆ν v radial
i 181. (b) In Doppler’s shift given by, =
Medium 1 i v c
A r C ∆ν
Medium 2 = fractional change in frequency
r v 2t ν
v1<v2 Refracted
E wavefront v radial = the component of the source velocity along the line
joining the observer to the source relative to the observer
BC vτ c = speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 ms −1 .
sin i = = 1
AC AC
AE vτ 182. (a)
and sin r = = 2 I. The Doppler’s shift is valid only when the speed of
AC AC
source is small compared to that of light. When speeds
where, i and r are the angles of incidence and refraction,
are close to that of light, the concept of Einstein’s
respectively.
special theory of relativity is used.
sin i BC / AC BC
= = II. Doppler’s effect finds application in estimation of the
sin r AE/ AC AE velocity of aeroplanes, rockets, submarines etc.
183. (d) In transverse wave the displacement is in the y-direction, (ii) Regular pattern shows constant phase difference.
it is often referred to as a y-polarised wave. Since, each (iii) We are using monochromatic light in YDSE to avoid
point on the string moves on a straight line, the wave is also overlapping and to have very clear pattern on the screen.
referred to as a linearly polarised wave. Further, the string 190. (b, d) Given, width of pinhole = 103 Å = 1000 Å
always remains confined to the XY-plane and therefore, it is
also referred to as a plane polarised wave. We know that wavelength of sunlight ranges from 4000 Å to
8000 Å.
184. (c) If the plane of vibration of the string is changed randomly
in very short intervals of time, then we have what is known Clearly, wavelength λ < width of the slit.
as an unpolarised wave. Thus for an unpolarised wave the Hence, light is diffracted from the hole. Due to diffraction
displacement will be randomly changing with time though it from the sunlight the image formed on the screen will be
will always be perpendicular to the direction of propagation. different from the geometrical image and overlaping of
185. (b) By law of Malus, intensity of emergent light from P2 is colour v.
191. (a, b) Consider the diagram in which light diverges from a
I = I 0 cos 2 θ, where θ = angle between P1 and P2 pass axis.
point source (O).
⇒ I = 0 when θ = 90°
186. (c) Let P3 be the new polaroid inserted.
β = angle between the pass axis of P1 and P3 (given)
O
I 0 = Intensity of light on polaroid P1 (given)
r
Let α be the angle between P3 and P2 pass axis.
I
Intensity of light from P1 = 0 Spherical
2
I0 Due to the point source light propagates in all directions
Intensity of light from P3 = cos 2 β symmetrically and hence, wavefront will be spherical as
2 shown in the diagram.
I
Intensity of light from P2 = 0 cos 2 β cos 2 α If power of the source is P, then intensity of the source will be
2 P
π I=
Q α = −β (as P1 and P2 are perpendicular) 4 π r2
2
I where, r is radius of the wavefront at any time.
I = 0 cos 2 β cos 2 ( π / 2 − β )
2 192. (a) Given, wavelength of light, λ = 589 nm = 589 × 10−9 m

=
I0
cos 2 β sin 2 β Refractive index of water µ w = 1.33
2 (i) For reflected light
I
I = 0 sin 2 2 β (Qsin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ ) (a) Wavelength of reflected light, λ = 589 × 10−9 m
8
c 3 × 108
I (b) Frequency of reflected of light, ν = =
Also, I= 0 (given) λ 589 × 10−9
8
I0 I0 where c is velocity of light
⇒ = sin 2 2β or sin 2 2β = 1 ⇒ β = π / 4 = 45°
8 8 (Q Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 ms −1 )
I max  a1 + a2 
2 v = 5.09 × 1014 Hz
187. (b, d) =9 ⇒   (c) As the reflection takes place in the same medium so
I min  a1 − a2 
Speed of reflected light c = 3 × 108 ms −1
a1 + a2 a 3+1 4 a
= 9= 3 ⇒ 1 = = ⇒ 1 =2 (ii) For refracted light (In this process wavelength and speed
a1 − a2 a2 3 − 1 2 a2
changes but frequency remains the same)
Therefore I1 : I 2 = 4: 1 Wavelength of refracted light
188. (b,d) We have, for minima is reflection λ 589 × 10−9
nλ 640 × 3 λ′= = = 4.42 × 10−7 m
2µ 1 t = nλ ⇒ t= =n = 240 nm µ .
133
2 µ1 2× 4
c 3 × 108
t = 240 nm, 480 nm,K ∴ Velocity of refracted li, v = = = 2.25 × 108 ms −1
µ 133
.
189. (a, b, d) Consider the pattern of the intensity shown in the
figure of question. 193. (b) Given, separation between slits
(i) As intensities of all successive minima is zero, hence we d = 0.28 mm = 0.28 × 10−3 m
can say that two sources S 1 and S 2 are having same Distance between screen and slit D = 1.4 m
intensities.
 Distance between central bright and fourth fringe 196. (b) Given, wavelength of H α , λ = 6563 Å = 6563 × 10−10 m
x = 1.2 cm = 1.2 × 10−2 m Red shift ∆λ =15Å
Number of fringes n = 4 Since, the star is found to be red-shifed, hence star is
Dλ receding away from earth and Doppler’s shift is negative.
For constructive interference x = n
d vλ ∆λ ⋅ c 15 × 3 × 108
−2 4 × 1.4 × λ ∆λ = − ⇒ v=− =−
1.2 × 10 = c λ 6563
0.28 × 10−3 5 −1
v = − 6.86 × 10 ms
1.2 × 10−2 × 0.28 × 10−3
Wavelength, λ = ⇒ λ = 6 × 10−7 m Negative sign shows that the star is receding away from earth.
4 × 1.4
197. (c) Given, wavelength of light, λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10−9 m
194. (a) Given, wavelength λ 1 = 650 nm = 650 × 10−9 m
.π
01
Angular width of fringe, θ = 01
. °= rad
and λ 2 = 520 nm = 520 × 10−9 m, d = 2 × 10−3 m 180
(i) For third bright fringe, n = 3, D = 12 λ
. m Using the formula, θ =
The distance of third bright fringe from central maximum. d
nλ D λ 600 × 10−9 × 180
x= = 3 × 650 × 10−9 × m
D Spacing between the slits, d = =
d d θ . ×π
01
−9
3 × 650 × 10 × 12 . d = 3.44 × 10−4 m
= = 1.17 × 10−3 m
2 × 10−3 Thus, the spacing between the two slits is 3.44 × 10−4 m.
(ii) Let nth bright fringe due to wavelength λ 2 = 520 nm, 198. (a) There is no obstruction by the hill to spreading the radio
coincide with ( n +1) th bright fringe due to wavelength beams, the radial spread of the beam over the hill 20 km
λ 1 = 650 nm. away must not exceed 50 m.
D D i.e., ZF (Fresnel’s distance) = 20 km = 20 × 10−3 m ⇒ a = 50 m
i.e., nλ 2 = ( n − 1) λ 1
d d a2 a2 50 × 50
ZF = ⇒ λ= = = 1250 × 10−4 m
n × 520 × 10−9 = ( n − 1) 650 × 10−9 λ ZF 20 × 103
or 4 n = 5n − 5 or n = 5 Thus, the longest wavelength of radio waves is 0.125 m.
D D
Thus, the least distance, x = nλ 2 = 5 × 520 × 10−9 199. (c) Given, wavelength of light λ = 500 nm = 500 × 10−9 m
d d
−9 D = 1m, n = 1, x = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10−3 m
D . × 10
12 nDλ
x = 2600 × 10−9 m = 2600 × −3
. × 10−3 m
m= 156 Distance of n th minimum from the centre, x =
d 2 × 10 d
195. (b) Given, wavelength of light λ = 5000Å = 5000 × 10−10 m nDλ 1 × 1 × 500 × 10−9
d= = = 2 × 10−4 m ⇒ d = 0.2 mm
On the reflection there is no change in wavelength and x 2.5 × 10−3
frequency. So, wavelength of reflected light will be 5000Å. Thus, the width of slit of 0.2 mm.
A B
200. (a) Given, width of the slit = 104 Å
= 104 × 10− 10 m = 10− 6 m = 1µm
i r
Wavelength of (visible) sunlight varies from 4000 Å to 8000 Å.
As the width of slit is comparable to that of wavelength,
O hence diffraction occurs with maxima at centre. So, at the
Frequency of the incident light centre all colours appear i.e., mixing of colours form white
c 3 × 108 patch at the centre.
v= = = 6 × 1014 Hz
λ 5 × 10−7 201. (a) Consider the diagram, the ray (P) is incident at an angle θ
When reflected ray is normal to the incident ray. and gets reflected in the direction P ′ and refracted in the
direction P ′ ′. Due to reflection from the glass medium, there
AO and BO are the incident and reflected rays. is a phase change of π.
BO ⊥ AO N
P P′
∴ ∠i + ∠r = 90°
For reflection, ∠i = ∠r θ

∴ 2 ∠i = 45° O
∠i = 45° r r r′ d
Thus, the angle of incidence is 45°.
P′′
 Time taken to travel along OP′′ λ
The minima will occur when S 2 P − S 1 P = ( 2n − 1)
OP ′′ d / cos r nd 2
∆t = = =
v c/ n ccos r λ
i.e., [ D 2 + ( D + x )2 ]1 / 2 − [ D 2 + ( D − x )2 ]1 / 2 =
sin θ 2
From Snell’s law, n =
sin r (for first minima n = 1)
sin θ If x=D
⇒ sin r = λ
n we can write [ D 2 + 4 D 2 ]1 / 2 − [ D 2 + 0]1 / 2 =
2
sin 2 θ
cos r = 1 − sin 2 r = 1 − λ
n2 ⇒ [ 5D 2 ]1 / 2 − [ D 2 ]1 / 2 =
2
− 1/ 2
nd n2d  sin 2 θ  λ
∴ ∆t = = 1 −  ⇒ 5D − D =

1/ 2
 n2  2
sin 2 θ  c
c 1 −  λ
 n2  ⇒ D ( 5 − 1) = λ / 2 or D =
2 ( 5 − 1)
−1 / 2
2π 2π nd  sin 2 θ  Putting 5 = 2. 236
Phase difference = ∆φ = × ∆t = 1 − 
λ λ  n2 
⇒ 5 − 1 = 2. 236 − 1 = 1. 236
So, net phase difference = ∆φ + π
λ
4 πd
−1 / 2 D= = 0.404 λ
 1 2  2 (1.236)
= 1 − 2 sin θ +π
λ  n 
206. (b) The resultant disturbance at a point will be calculated by
202. (c) In a Young’s double slit experiment, when one of the sun of disturbances due to individual sources.
holes is covered by a red filter and another by a blue filter. Consider the disturbances at the receiver R1 which is at a
In this case due to filteration only red and blue lights are distance d from B.
present. In Young’s double slit monochromatic light is used
Let the wave at R1 because of A be Y A = a cos ωt . The path
for the formation of fringes on the screen. Hence, in this
difference of the signal from A with that from B is λ / 2 and
case there shall be no interference fringes.
hence, the phase difference is π.
203. (d) There is a hole at point P2 (minima). The hole will act as Thus, the wave at R1 because of B is
a source of fresh light for the slits S 3 and S 4 . Therefore, yB = a cos (ωt − π) = − a cos ωt .
there will be a regular two slit pattern on the second screen. The path difference of the signal from C with that from A is
204. (a) Given, angular resolution of human eye, φ = 5.8 × 10−4 λ and hence the phase difference is 2π.
rad. and printer prints 300 dots per inch. Thus, the wave at R1 because of C is YC = a cos (ω t − 2π)
The linear distance between two dots is = a cos ωt
2.54 R2
l= = 0.84 × 10−2 cm.
300
l
At a distance of z cm, this subtends an angle, φ =
z
l 0.84 × 10−2 cm λ/2 λ/2
∴ z= = = 14.5 cm.
φ 5.8 × 10−4 R1 A B C

205. (b) For nth minima to be formed on the screen path λ/2
difference between the rays coming from S 1 and S 2 must be
λ D
( 2n − 1) . The path difference between the signal from D with that of
2
A is
From the given figure of two slit interference arrangements, 1/ 2
2
we can write 2 λ  λ  λ
d +   − ( d − λ / 2 ) = d 1 +  −d+
T2 P = T2 O + OP = D + x  2  4d2 2
and T1 P = T1O − OP = D − x 
1/ 2
λ2  λ λ
= d 1 +  −d+ ≈ (Q d >> λ)
S 1 P = ( S 1T1 )2 + ( PT1 )2 = D 2 + ( D − x )2  8d 2  2 2
Therefore, phase difference is π.
and S 2 P = ( S 2T2 )2 + (T2 P )2 = D 2 + ( D + x )2 ∴ YD = a cos (ωt − π) = − a cos ωt
 Thus, the signal picked up at R1 from all the four sources is 2nd
Thus, the optical path difference = − 2d tan r sin i
YR 1 = y A + yB + yC + yD cos r
= a cos ωt − a cos ωt + a cos ωt − a cos ωt = 0  1 − sin 2 r 
sin i d sin r
Let the signal picked up at R2 from B be yB = a1 cos ω t . = 2. − 2d sin i = 2d sin  
sin r cos r cos r sin r cos r
The path difference between signal at D and that at B is λ / 2.
∴ yD = − a1 cos ω t = 2nd cos r
The path difference between signal at A and that at B is λ
For these waves to interfere destructively path difference = .
2 1/ 2 2
λ  λ2  ~ 1λ
2
( d )2 +   − d = d 1 +  −d− λ
 2  4d2 8 d2 ⇒ 2nd cos r =
2
As d >> λ, therefore this path difference → 0 λ
⇒ nd cos r = ... (i)
2π  1 λ 2  4
and phase difference =  →0
λ  8 d2 For photographic lenses, the sources are normally in vertical
Hence, y A = a1 cos (ωt − φ ) plane
Similarly, yC = a1 cos (ωt − φ ) ∴ i = r = 0°
∴ Signal picked up by R2 is λ
From Eq. (i), nd cos 0° =
y A + yB + yC + yD = y = 2a1 cos (ωt − φ ) 4
∴ y
2
= 4 a12 cos 2 (ωt − φ ) ∴ < I > = 2a12 λ 5500 Å
⇒ d= = ≈ 1000Å
4 n 4 × 1.38
Thus, R1 picks up the larger signal.
207. (c) In this figure, we have shown a dielectric film of 208. (a) In case of transparent glass slab of refractive index µ, the
thickness d deposited on a glass lens. path difference = 2d sin θ + (µ − 1) L, slit width = 2d
For the principle maxima, (path difference is zero)
ly
ive

r1
st ere

i.e., 2d sin θ 0 + (µ − 1) L = 0
ct
de terf
ru

B L (µ − 1) − L ( 0.5 )
in
π

r2
or sin θ 0 = − = [Q L = d / 4]
=
φ

2d 2d
0

i
−1
=
φ

Air, n = 1 E or sin θ 0 =
C 16
r −D
Film, n = 1.38 d OP = D tan θ 0 = D sin θ 0 =
r r 16
0

λ
=

=
φ

For the first minima, the path difference is ± .

φ

D 2
Glass, n = 1.5 λ
2d sin θ1 + 0.5L = ±
Refractive index of film = 1.38 2
and refractive index of glass = 1.5. ± λ / 2 − 0.5 L
or sin θ1 =
Given, λ = 5500 Å . 2d
± λ / 2 − d / 8 ± λ / 2 − 2λ / 8 1 1
Consider a ray incident at an angle i. A part of this ray is = = =± −
reflected from the air-film interface and a part refracted inside. 2d 2λ 4 16
This is partly reflected at the film-glass interface and a part [Q The diffraction occurs if the wavelength of waves in
transmitted. A part of the reflected ray is reflected at the nearly equal to the slit width (d)].
film-air interface and a part transmitted as r2 parallel to r1 . 1 1 3
On the positive side, sin θ′1 = + − =
Of course successive reflections and transmissions will keep 4 16 16
on decreasing the amplitude of the wave. 1 1 5
On the negative side, sinθ 1′′ = − − =−
The optical path difference between r2 and r1 is 4 16 16
n ( AD + CD ) − AB The first principal maxima on the positive side is at distance.
If d is the thickness of the film, then sin θ1′ 3 3D
D tan θ1′ = D =D = above
d 2 2 2 247
AD = CD = ⇒ AB = AC sin i 1 − sin θ1′ 16 − 3
cos r
point O.
AC The first principal minima on the negative side is at distance.
= d tan r
2 5 5
∴ AC = 2d tan r D tan θ1′′= = below point O.
2
16 − 5 2 231
Hence, AB = 2d tan r sin i.