PROGRAMMABLE

LOGIC
CONTROLLER
TE 422: WEEK 10

PACARDO, MIKA ELLA C.

GECONCILLO, RAFFY F.
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a digital
system used to replace traditional
electromechanical components like relays, timers,
and switches in controlling machines and
manufacturing equipment. Unlike relays, which
require hardwiring and modifications when system
needs change, PLCs can be easily reprogrammed
to meet new requirements, offering faster, more
reliable, and flexible control. This makes PLCs
especially useful for modern, complex processes
where traditional relays might not provide the
speed or adaptability needed.
RICHARD E.
MORLEY
The first programmable logic controller was
invented in 1969 by Richard (Dick) E. Morley,
who was the founder of the Modicon
Corporation
 LANGUAGES OF PLC
Design engineers reprogram PLCs to allow
programming using Relay Ladder Logic, a
graphical language widely understood by
electricians and technicians. While it may not
be as complex as languages like Pascal,
Fortran, or C++, it remains the most commonly
used PLC programming method. Other
languages, such as Sequential Function Chart,
Structured Text, and Function Block, are also
used.
PLC VS. COMPUTER SYSTEM
 PLC VS. COMPUTER SYSTEM
• A PLC interface enables communication
between inputs (e.g., switches, sensors),
outputs (e.g., solenoids, lights), and the
processor. It converts AC/DC voltage or
current signals into low-voltage DC signals
that the processor can use for decision-
making. This ensures safe interaction, signal
compatibility, and accurate control of
industrial processes.
 PLC VS. COMPUTER SYSTEM
• PLCs are designed for plant engineers and
maintenance personnel with limited
computer knowledge. Like computers, they
have memory for storing programs and
controlling processes. However, PLCs are
typically programmed using Relay Ladder
Logic rather than traditional computer
languages. PLCs are built for industrial
environments, tolerating temperature
variations, vibration, humidity, and
electrical noise.
 PLC VS. COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Although the PLC and the personal
computer are different in many ways, the
personal computer is often used for
programming and monitoring the PLC.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PLC
The National Electrical Manufacturing
Association (NEMA) defines programmable
controller as:

“A programmable controller is a digital

electronic apparatus with a programmable
memory for storing instructions to implement
specific functions, such as logic, sequencing,
timing, counting, and arithmetic to control
machines and processes.”
1. PROCESSOR
UNIT
The processor unit is the "brain" of a PLC, is a
microprocessor-based system that executes user
programs written in Relay Ladder Logic. It
replaces traditional control components like
relays and timers, making decisions based on
input/output statuses. It also handles arithmetic,
data manipulation, and communication with local
and remote I/O sections or networked PLCs.
PROCESSOR UNIT
2. POWER SUPPLY
The power supply is necessary to convert 120
or 240 volts AC voltages to the low voltage DC
required for the logic circuits of the processor,
and for the internal power required for the I/O
modules. The power supply does not supply
power for the actual input or output devices
themselves; it only provides the power needed
for the internal circuitry of the input and output
modules. DC power for the input and output
devices, if required, must be provided from a
separate source.
2. POWER SUPPLY
The power supply of a PLC has four main
parts:

• a step-down transformer to reduce and

stabilize incoming AC voltage,
• a rectifier to convert AC to pulsating DC,
• a filter section to smooth the DC voltage,
• a voltage regulator to maintain a constant
DC output despite fluctuations.
3. INPUT/OUPUT
SECTION
The input/output section consists of input
modules and output modules. The number
of input and output modules necessary is
dictated by the requirements of the
equipment that is to be controlled by a PLC.
I/O modules in a PLC connect real-world
devices to the system. Inputs include push
buttons and sensors, while outputs control
devices like motor starters and solenoids.
3. INPUT/OUPUT
SECTION
Real-world input and output devices are of two
types:

• Discrete: I/O devices are either ON or OFF, open

or closed.
• Analog devices: Can have a range of possible
values.
 DISCRETE I/O DEVICES

PUSHBUTTON PHOTOEYE PROXIMITY SWITCH

PILOT LIGHT MOTOR STARTER SOLENOID VALVE

 ANALOG I/O DEVICES

POTENTIOMETER PRESSURE PLATINUM RTD

TRANSDUCER

PROPORTIONAL VALVE LINEAR ACTUATOR VFD SPEED

4. PROGRAMMING DEVICE
The programming device is used to input control programs
into a PLC, typically in Relay Ladder Logic or other
programming languages. While handheld programmers
were once popular, personal computers are now the most
common programming tools.

Most PLCs are programmed using personal computers with

dedicated programming software and sometimes additional
hardware or communication cards. PCs offer advantages
such as larger screens for easier troubleshooting, program
storage, and compatibility with other software tools.
HAND HELD PROGRAMMER
 TOPIC SUMMARY
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have made it possible to precisely control
large process machines and driven equipment with less physical wiring and lower
installation costs than is required with standard electromechanical relays, pneumatic
timers, drum switches, and so on. The programmability allows for fast and easy
changes in the RELAY LADDER LOGIC to meet the changing needs of the process or
driven equipment without the need for expensive and time-consuming rewiring.
Designed to be “technician friendly,” the modern PLC is easier to program and can be
used by plant engineers and maintenance technicians who have little or no electronic
background.
THANK
YOU!
TE 422: WEEK 10

PACARDO, MIKA ELLA C.

GECONCILLO, RAFFY F.