SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 1 Volumetric Analysis

Introduction:
The word analysis means confirmation of presence of substance in other compounds.
There are following two types of analysis.
(1) Qualitative Analysis.
(2) Quantitative Analysis.

(1) Qualitative Analysis.

It deals with the identification of individual component present in the sample of a com-
pound. It describes the presence of number of atoms or ions or elements in a given sample.
(2) Quantitative Analysis.
It deals with the determination of the amount of individual component present in the sam-
ple of a compound. It is further divided into following

Quantitative Analysis

Volumetric Analysis Gravimetric Analysis

Acid-Base Titration Oxidation Reduction Complexometric Titration

(a) Volumetric Analysis.

Definition: It deals with the measurement of volume of unknown substance by titrating with
known substance is called volumetric Analysis.
In volumetric analysis, the volume or weight of a substance is determined by titrating with the
measured volume of a substance of another substance. The end point is obtained by using indica-
tor. It is also called Titrimetric analysis.
Titration:
Definition: It is a process in which measured volume of standard solution is compared with an-
other solution of unknown strength for the complete reaction by means of burette.
OR
The process of adding the standard solution until the reaction is just complete is called Titration.
There are following three types of Titration.
(i) Acid-Base Titration: The process, in which acid and base react and form salt water, is
called Acid-Base Titration. For example titration between H2SO4 and NaOH.
(ii) Oxidation-Reduction Titration: The titration in which an oxidizing agent reacts with a
reducing agent is called Redox titration. For example the titration of oxidizing agent (KMnO 4)
with reducing agent (FeSO4).
(iii) Precipitation Titration: The titration which, involves the silver nitrate reagent to precip-
itate a substance is called Precipitation Titration.
(b) Gravimetric Analysis: The quantitative determination of a substance by precipita-
tion followed by isolation and weighing of precipitate.

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI

SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 2 Volumetric Analysis

Q#1 What is Standard solution?

The solution of known strength is called standard solution. It can be obtained by dissolv-
ing the definite weight in definite volume of solvent.
Q#2 What is Standardization ?
It is determination of strength of a solution by titrating against a standard solution is
called standardization.
Q#3 What do you about end point?
The exact point of completion of a chemical reaction in titration process is called end
point. The end point is recognized by sudden change in colour.
Q#4 Define Solution with example.
A homogeneous mixture formed by physical mixing of solute and solvent is called Solu-
tion. Example: When Sodium Chloride is dissolved in water and forms a solution.
Q#5 Define Saturated Solution.
The solution which containing maximum number of solute in a solvent.
Q#6 What is Unsaturated Uolution ?
The solution which containing least number of solute in a solvent is called as unsaturated
solution.
Q#7 What is Super Saturated Solution ?
The solution, which prepared by adding more solute in hot saturated solution, is called as
super saturated solution.
Q#8 What is an Aqueous Solution?
The solution prepared in water is called Aqueous Solution.
Q#9 What do you know about Concentrated Solution?
The solution containing maximum amount solute in s solvent is called Concentrated Solu-
tion like Saturated Solution.
Q#10 Define Dilute Solution.
The Solution containing least quantity of solute than solvent is called dilute solution.
Q#11 What is Concentration of a solution?
The number of molecules, atoms or ions present in the solution is called concentration of
a solution. OR
The amount of solute, present in a definite amount of solvent is called concentration of
solution.
Q#12 Explain Normality with example.
The number of gram equivalent weight of solute, dissolved in one litre of the solvent. It is
denoted by N. Example: One Normal of solution of NaOH is prepared by dissolving 40g
of NaOH in one litre of solvent.
Q#13 What is Molarity and Molar Solution?
The number of mole of solute in one cubic decimeter (litre) of solution is called Molarity
and the solution is called as Molar solution. It is denoted by M.
Q#14 What is Molality and Molal Solution?

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI

SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 3 Volumetric Analysis

The number of moles of solute in 1000 gms of solvent is called Molality and the solution
is called as Molal solution.
Q#15 What are difference between 1M and 1m solution of HCl ?
1M of HCl represents Molarity(one mole of HCl in one liter of solution) while 1m Molal-
ity(one mole of HCl in one 1000gms of solvent).
Q#16 What is Oxidation?
It is loss of electron. It is loss of hydrogen. It is gain of oxygen.
Q#17 What is Reduction?
It is gain of electron. It is gain of hydrogen. It is loss of oxygen.
Q#18 What is an oxidizing agent ?
An atom or ion which gains electron by the process of Reduction, that atom is called Oxi-
dizing Agent.
Q#19 What is a Reducing agent ?
An atom or ion which loses electron by the process of Oxidation, that atom is called Re-
ducing Agent.
Q#20 What is an indicator ?
A substance added to the solution to indicate the end point is called indicator.
Q#21 How many types of Acid-Base indicators?
Commonly used indicators are following
(i) Phenolphthalein (ii) Methyl Orange (iii) Methyl Red
Q#22 Name the types of Titration.
There are following three types of titration.
(i) Acid-Base Titration (ii) Redox Titration (iii) Complexometric Titration
Q#23 What do you know about Titrant and Titrand ?
The solution of known concentration in conical flak is called Titrant. When the substance
which is being titrated is called Titrand.
Q#24 Write down the definitions of Acid.
Arrhenius Definition: Substances that liberate H+ ion in water are called Acids.
Bronsted Definition: Substances that donate proton are called Acids.
Lewis Definition: substances that accept electron are called Acids.
Q#25 Write down the definitions of Base.
Arrhenius Definition: Substances that liberate OH- ion in water are called Bases.
Bronsted Definition: Substances that accept proton are called Bases.
Lewis Definition: substances that donate electron are called Bases.
Q#26 What is an strong acid and strong base and weak acid and weak base ?
An Acid or base, which fully ionize in aqueous solution into cations and anions, is called
strong acid or strong base respectively. When weak acid or base, ionize to minimum ex-
tent.
Q#27 Write down the names of strong acid and strong base and weak acid and weak base.
Strong acid Strong Weak Weak
Base acid Base
HCl NaOH CH3COOH NH4OH
HNO3 KOH H2S
H2SO4 Ba(OH)2 H2CO3

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI

SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 4 Volumetric Analysis

Q#28 What is Neutralization ?

When acid and base combine and form salt and water is called Neutralization.
OR
A reaction between H+ ions of an acid and OH- ions of a base react to produce water, is
called Neutralization.
Q#29 Define pH.
The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH.
OR
It is the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, represented in terms of pH.
Q#30 What indicator is used in titration weak acid and strong base ?

Phenolphthalein will be used in titration weak acid and strong base.

Q#31 What indicator is used in titration strong acid and weak base ?

Methyl Orange will be used in titration strong acid and weak base.
Q#32 What indicator is used in titration strong acid and strong base ?

Any Indicator can use in titration strong acid and strong base.
Q#33 What indicator is used in titration weak acid and weak base ?

Any Indicator can use in titration weak acid and weak base.
Q#34 Which indicator is used in redox titration?
KMnO4 itself acts as indicator.
Q#35 What is end point in titration?
It is a point in titration at which reaction between the substance and the standard solu-
tion is complete.
Q#36 Why oxalic acid solution is heated before titrating with KMnO4 solution.
Heating helps in the liberation of CO2 from oxalic acid.
Q#37 What amu(atomic mass unit) ?
It is the 1/12 mass of carbon atom having a mass of 12.
Q#38 What is crystallization?
The removal of a solid from solution by increasing its concentration above the saturated
point in such a way that the excess solid separates out in the form of crystal is called
crystallization.
Q#39 What is Filtration?
The technique in which solution containing suspended solid particles is passed through
filter paper. The solid particles remain on the filter paper is called Filtration.
Q#40 What is use of crystallization ?
It is used to purify impure solid substance.

Q#41 What is mother liquor ?

The solution remains after the formation of crystals.

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI

SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 5 Volumetric Analysis

Q#42 What happens when mother liquor is cooled quickly instead of the normal
slow cooling ?
On slow cooling fine beautiful crystals of pure substance are obtained but on sudden
cooling large crystals are obtained which impurities.

Q#43 What is distillation?

The technique is used to separate volatile liquid from non-volatile is called distillation.
Q#44 Differentiate between pure and impure substance.
A substance that has constant composition and definite properties is called pure sub-
stance while impure substance contains small amount of impurities.
Q#45 Define the following terms.
(i) Precipitate (ii) Filtrate (iii)Residue
(i) Precipitate: A solid formed in solution by a chemical reaction between two or more re-
acting solutions is called Precipitate.
(ii) Filtrate: The liquid that passes through the filter paper in filtration is Filtrate.
(iii) Residue: The solid that remains on filter paper in filtration.
Q#46 Differentiate between Hydrate and An Hydrate Salt.
Salt with water of crystallization is called Hydrate Salt. While without water of crystal-
lization a salt is named as An-Hydrate Salt.
Q#47 What is decantation ?
It is a process of removing the settled out precipitate from the liquid.
Q#48 Define Sublimation.
The vaporization of a solid directly on heating without passing through the liquid phase
and condensation of these vapours on cooling to solid without passing through liquid
phase is called sublimation.
Q#49 Write down names of some common substances which sublime on heating
Iodine, camphor and Naphthalene are sublime on heating.
Q#50 Which solvents are mostly used in crystallization ?
Water, Rectified Sprit, Ether, Acetone, Chloroform and water are mostly used in crystal-
lization.
Q#51 What is melting point ?
It is the temperature at which a solid compound begins to melt and becomes a transpar-
ent liquid, is called as melting point.
Q#52 Why water is not used as a bath liquid ?
Because the boiling point of water is 1000C so it cannot be used as bath liquid for deter-
mination of melting point of such substance.
Q#53 Why slow constant stirring is necessary for bath liquid ?
Because to ensure uniformality of temperature.
Q#54 What are the uses of melting point and boiling point ?
They are used to help in the identification of substance.
Q#55 Why does the temperature remain constant at boiling point of liquid al-
though the liquid is continuously being heated.
The temperature of liquid remains constant at boiling point because the heat is utilized
for converting liquid into vapours.

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI

SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas 6 Volumetric Analysis

By: Lecturer Muhammad Zia-ul-haque Rathore Chemistry-XI