MATRIX AND ITS APPLICATION

A Project Report

Submitted to
Department of Mathematics

Sifal School

Sifal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Submitted By
Himanshu Gautam

Roll No.: 25034

February 11, 2025

 Acknowledgment

I would like to extend my greatest appreciation to Bishnu Pandey sir for supervising and
supporting me through this course of a project.I want to express my greatest appreciation
to my friends and family for continued motivation and help throughout the process of
research.And lastly, thanks go to all those who in one way or another have contributed
either directly or indirectly toward the successful completion of this project.

Himanshu Gautam
Roll No.: 25034
February 11, 2025

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 Letter of Approval

This is to certify that this project prepared by Himanshu Gautam entitled “Matrix and
Its Application” has been well studied. In our opinion, it is satisfactory in the scope and
quality as a project for the required academic level.

Evaluation Committee

........................... ...........................
Supervisor External Examiner
Bishnu Pandey Name Surname

February 11, 2025

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 Abstract

This project investigates the basic elements of matrices-properties, operations, and applica-
tions in fields. The project begins with the definition of a matrix and types of matrices, then
goes on to operations of matrices such as addition, multiplication, inverses, and computation
of determinants. Applications of matrices have been discussed in some areas that are very
important, including computer graphics, cryptography, economics, engineering, physics,
and data science. It shows, with the help of examples and theoretical analysis, how matrices
yield powerful tools in solving real-life problems, especially linear equations and modeling
of systems. The study outlined the vital role that matrices play from an academic perspective
right through to practical ones, hence showing how versatile and important they are in many
ways.
Keywords: Matrix; Physics; Engineering; Cryptography

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Contents
Acknowledgment i

Letter of Approval ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Types of Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Objectives 4

3 Methodology 5

4 Result and Findings 6

4.1 Historical Background and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Theoretical Developments in Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Applications of Matrices in Various Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 Example of Practical application of Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5 Conclusion 9

6 References 10

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 Chapter I

1 Introduction
A matrix is a concept of mathematics and can be explained as a set of numbers, symbols, or
expressions in a rectangle arrangement on rows and columns. Matrices are mighty tools
for solving sets of linear equations, representing geometric transformations, and modelling
real-world phenomena in fields such as computer science, physics, and economics.
Each number in the matrix is called an "element," and its position is defined by its row
and column. Matrices are typically denoted by capital letters such as A, B, or C, and an
element of a matrix A in the i-th row and j-th column is written as a ij .
Mathematically, a matrix of order m×n has m rows and n columns. If a matrix has
the same number of rows and columns, it is called a square matrix, and specific types of
matrices have various applications in different fields.

1.1 Types of Matrix

1. Row Matrix:

A matrix that has only one row and multiple columns is called a row matrix.

Example:A = [ 1 2 3 ]

This is a 1 × 3 matrix with one row and three columns.

2. Column Matrix:

A matrix with only one column and multiple rows is called a column matrix.

Example:
 
1
 
A = 2
 
 
3

This is a 3 × 1 matrix with three rows and one column.

3. Square Matrix:

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 A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. The
order of a square matrix is always n×n. Example:
 
1 2
A= 
3 4

This is a 2 × 2 square matrix.

4. Diagonal Matrix:

In a diagonal matrix, all the elements outside the main diagonal are zero, and only
the diagonal elements (from the top left to the bottom right) can be non-zero.

Example:
 
1 0
A= 
0 4

This is a diagonal matrix where only the diagonal elements are non-zero.

5. Identity Matrix:

An identity matrix is a diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are 1, and all
other elements are 0. It is denoted as I n , where n is the matrix order.

Example:

 
1 0
A= 
0 1

The identity matrix acts as the multiplicative identity in matrix multiplication, similar
to 1 in real numbers.

6. Symmetric Matrix:

A square matrix is called symmetric if it is equal to its transpose, i.e.,A=AT.This

means the element at position (i,j) is the same as the element at (j,i).

Example:

 
1 7
A= 
7 4

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 7. Skew-symmetric Matrix:

A square matrix is called skew-symmetric if its transpose is the negative of itself,

i.e.AT=A.

Example:

 
0 −2
A= 
2 0

Matrices, along with their diverse types and applications, have played a major role in solving
complicated mathematical problems and modelling real-world systems. These valuable and
potent mathematics tools have become indispensable in today’s mathematics.

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 Chapter II

2 Objectives
1. To understand the concept of matrix

2. To understand the application of matrix

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 Chapter III

3 Methodology
1. Define Matrix Notations and Operations: Study the basic concepts of matrices,
including matrix notation, types of matrices (e.g., square, diagonal, identity), and
matrix operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, scalar multiplication, and
transpose).

2. Application to Linear Systems: Solve systems of linear equations using matrices (e.g.,
using Gaussian elimination or Cramer’s rule) and compare manual solutions with
computer-aided solutions.

3. Data Science: Study the use of matrices in data science for tasks such as data repre-
sentation, dimensionality reduction (Principal Component Analysis), and machine
learning algorithms.

4. Conceptual Understanding: Study the theory of eigenvalues and eigenvectors and

their significance in linear transformations.

5. Comparative Analysis: Evaluate the effectiveness of matrix applications in various

fields by solving real-world problems.

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 Chapter IV

4 Result and Findings

Matrices have been part of linear algebra and applied mathematics for centuries. They
provide not only one of the most basic theoretical tools but also application in computational
science, physics, economics, engineering, and many more. This literature review explains
how matrices developed throughout history, improved theoretically, and became so widely
applied.

4.1 Historical Background and Development

The idea of matrices actually originated with Arthur Cayley in the mid-19th century, but
ideas of matrix theory go back a long time before that to earlier work involving systems of
linear equations. Cayley’s 1858 memoir entitled "A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices"
established what is today known as modern matrix theory. He introduced the idea of matrix
multiplication and the concept of an inverse matrix within. His work was the first to present
a methodical presentation of the theory for the solution of linear transformations and set a
platform for further research in linear algebra.
In the absence of Cayley’s formalization, other mathematicians such as Carl Friedrich
Gauss 1777-1855, worked indirectly with matrices by virtue of using determinants to solve
systems of equations. Gaussian elimination, as this method by Gauss is now called, is
a major technique in matrix computations. Such early work had presented one way of
conceptualizing linear systems and thus laid the ground for matrix theory as we know it.

4.2 Theoretical Developments in Matrix

As matrices gained prominence, significant advancements were made in the 20th century.
Key areas of theoretical development include:

1. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:

Basic ideas introduced by David Hilbert and Hermann Weyl, they give fundamental
insight into the behaviour of matrices, in particular concerning linear transformations.
Then eigenvalue decomposition became one of the most important means in quantum

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 mechanics, in systems of differential equations, and stability considerations of control
theory.

2. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD):

SVD was to become an integral tool within matrix analysis, important in image
compression and data science. Other mathematicians, such as Eugenio Beltrami and
Camille Jordan, independently developed methods for the factorization of matrices
into orthogonal and diagonal forms, which simplified many computations.

3. Matrix Norms and Condition Numbers:

So far, the development of matrix norms and the concept of conditioning has influ-
enced numerical linear algebra immensely. Researchers like James H. Wilkinson and
John von Neumann established important contributions to numerical methods, among
them error analysis in matrix computations-a very important area when it comes to
solving large-scale systems.

4.3 Applications of Matrices in Various Fields

1. Solve Systems of Linear Equations: Use matrices to represent and solve systems of
linear equations, including methods like Gaussian elimination and Cramer’s Rule.

2. Use in Computer Graphics: Understand how matrices are applied in computer graph-
ics to perform transformations like rotation, translation, and scaling.

3. Applications in Economics: Learn how matrices are used in input-output models,

game theory, and other economic models.

4. Data Science and Machine Learning: Explore the role of matrices in representing
data sets, performing operations such as PCA (Principal Component Analysis), and
linear regression.

5. Application in Physics and Engineering: Analyze the role of matrices in representing

systems in physics, such as mechanics, quantum mechanics, and electrical circuits.

6. Networks and Graph Theory: Understand the application of matrices in representing

and solving problems related to graphs, networks, and Markov chains.

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4.4 Example of Practical application of Matrix

One of the most practical applications of matrices is in computer graphics. In 3D modeling

and animation, matrices are used to perform transformations such as rotation, scaling, and
translation. For example, if a point in 2D space is represented as a matrix P=[x,y], then
rotating 
it by an angle Theta
 around the origin can be achieved using the rotation matrix:
cos θ sin θ
R= 
− sin θ cos θ
Multiplying the point matrix P by the rotation matrix R gives the new transformed
coordinates:  
h i cos θ sin θ
P’ = P ×R = x y ×  
− sin θ cos θ
This technique is widely used in designing video games, animations, and simulations,
where objects need to be dynamically manipulated. The use of matrices ensures that these
transformations are performed efficiently, making computer graphics a prime example of
how matrices are applied in real-world scenarios.

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 Chapter V

5 Conclusion
Matrices are like special boxes of numbers that help us solve problems in many areas, like
building things, science, computers, and money matters. In my project, I learned about
what matrices are, how to work with them, and why they are important for solving real-life
problems. They can help us figure out things like math puzzles and make changes to shapes.
Working on this project has helped me understand matrices better and see how they are
useful outside of school. It has been an exciting adventure.

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 Chapter VI

6 References
Bishop, C. M. (2006). Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer.
Cayley, A. (1858). A memoir on the theory of matrices. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, 148, 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1858.0002
Foley, J. D., Van Dam, A., Feiner, S. K., Hughes, J. F. (1995). Computer graphics:
Principles and practice (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley.
Hill, L. S. (1929). Cryptography in an algebraic alphabet. The American Mathematical
Monthly, 36(6), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297924
Leontief, W. (1986). Input-output economics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, J. H. (1965). The algebraic eigenvalue problem. Oxford University Press.
Weyl, H. (1928). The theory of groups and quantum mechanics (Translated by H.P.
Robertson). Princeton University Press.

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