Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur
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Water Resource and Geotechnical Engineering Sessional

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(CE39204)
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VIKRAM SINGH MEENA
22CE10086
ASSIGNMENT-2

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Topic- “Computation of critical and normal

depths for prismatic open channels”

Date-03/02/2025
 1. INTRODUCTION​

In hydraulic engineering and environmental management, open channels play a critical role in
conveying water across various applications, including agricultural irrigation and urban
drainage systems. A comprehensive grasp of flow dynamics within these channels is essential
for efficient design, operation, and upkeep. Two primary parameters that define flow
behavior in open channels are critical depth and normal depth.

Critical depth is the minimum depth where the shift from subcritical to supercritical flow
occurs, signifying an important threshold for flow stability and energy dissipation. On the
other hand, normal depth is the stable depth at which flow becomes uniform and steady
under particular hydraulic conditions. Precisely calculating these depths is important for
assessing channel efficiency, capacity, and resilience, which consequently informs water
resource planning and management.

In prismatic open channels, where the cross-sectional shape remains uniform along their
length, determining critical and normal depths is essential for hydraulic analysis and
infrastructure design. Numerous analytical methods and equations have been created to
estimate these depths, each tailored to distinct channel shapes and flow characteristics.

This research concentrates on calculating critical and normal depths for prismatic open
channels using established hydraulic principles and empirical formulas. We particularly
examine the use of Manning's equation, a well-known formula recognized for its
effectiveness in forecasting flow parameters in open channel systems. Through this
exploration, we seek to improve the understanding of the hydraulic behavior of prismatic
channels, thus supporting informed decision-making in engineering design and water
management practices.
 2. METHODOLOGY

One Dimensional Open Channel Flow:-

One-dimensional open channel flow represents a simplified but essential model in hydraulic
engineering. It focuses on variations in flow parameters, like velocity and depth, along the
length of the channel while disregarding lateral changes. This method enables engineers to
apply core principles of fluid mechanics accurately.
This model finds extensive use in areas such as river hydraulics and stormwater management,
facilitating precise flow behavior predictions. By assuming that the flow is mainly
unidirectional and consistent along the channel's length, engineers can effectively design
hydraulic structures, evaluate flood risks, and enhance water resource management.
Although it involves simplifications, one-dimensional open channel flow is still an important
instrument for comprehending and managing water systems. It plays a significant role in
engineering practices and efforts toward environmental conservation.

Assumptions:-​

1.​ The flow domain's length dramatically exceeds its width and depth.
2.​ Variables include average cross-sectional velocity and water depth.
3.​ Hydrostatic pressure approximated using vertical depth due to gentle bed slopes.
4.​ Validity of horizontal flow approximation and hydrostatic pressure distribution.​

The behaviour of these flows depends heavily on the Froude number: ​

​
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑢 √𝑔𝑦 ​
(1) For Fr = 1, flow is critical; for Fr < 1, flow is subcritical and for Fr > 1, flow is supercritical.
The Froude number is indicative of the balance between inertia and gravity forces.​

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1.​ Iterative Solution for Normal Depth:-
Define an implicit nonlinear function (fn(yn)) for the normal depth (yn) by
utilizing the corresponding equation for each type of channel shape. Employ
numerical techniques, like the Newton-Raphson method, to iteratively
determine yn.​
2.​ Iterative Solution for Critical Depth:-
Establish an implicit nonlinear function (fc(yc)) for the critical depth (yc) by
applying the relevant equation corresponding to each channel shape. Utilize
numerical techniques, such as the Newton-Raphson method, to iteratively
compute yc.​

3.​ Convergence and Verification:-

Continue the iterative process until both normal and critical depths reach a state
of convergence. Confirm the acquired depths by checking them against physical
limitations and engineering standards.
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Objective and Conclusion

1.​ García Díaz, R. (2005), Analysis of Manning coefficient for small-depth flows on vegetated
beds. Hydrol. Process., 19: 3221-3233. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5820​

Objective:- This review examines the intricacies of applying Manning's formula, especially
in difficult situations such as shallow flows over surfaces obscured by natural vegetation.
Utilizing comprehensive research, including experiments carried out at the Laboratory of
Hydraulics and Hydrology within the Forestry Engineering Faculty, our goal is to clarify the
challenges involved in determining Manning coefficients under these conditions.
Additionally, we address the creation of a novel approach for estimating Manning
coefficients based on the Froude number, which offers important perspectives for handling
steep gradients and shallow flows.

Conclusion:- Through our research, it is clear that Manning coefficient values are not
universally applicable, particularly when considering different bed slopes. Both prior studies
and our own findings highlight the necessity to tailor coefficient values for particular flow
conditions. We have discovered various suggested techniques for determining coefficients
under extreme circumstances, stressing the significance of picking the right method based
on specific flow and bed attributes. Although we have made strides, there remains
additional work to improve these techniques for better accuracy, particularly in cases
involving shallow depths and varied bed compositions.

2.​ Ömer Akgiray. 2005. Explicit solutions of the Manning equation for partially filled circular
pipes. Canadian Engineering. 32(3): 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-001​

Objective:- In this review, we investigate the practical use of the Manning equation in the
context of partially filled circular pipes. We will address the difficulties engineers face when
they lack prior knowledge of the surface angle or flow depth. By reviewing current studies
and evaluating specific solutions available in the literature, we intend to elucidate these
intricate situations and present new equations to streamline the computations.

Conclusion:- The Manning equation is a commonly utilized resource for engineers, yet it
presents difficulties, especially when used for partially filled circular pipes. Traditionally,
resolving specific issues necessitates lengthy iterative calculations. Our review introduces
new equations aimed at directly tackling these difficulties, offering both ease and precision.
With these new equations, engineers can make quicker and more assured decisions,
whether they are developing drainage systems or examining flow in pipes. We anticipate
that these results will be advantageous for both seasoned engineers and students studying
hydraulic engineering.
3.​ Shirley, Edward D.; Lopes, Vicente L. (1991). Normal‐Depth Calculations in Complex
Channel Sections. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(2), 220–232.
https://doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1991)117:2(220)

Objective: Researchers exploring normal-depth calculations for intricate channel

configurations underscore the vital importance of the Manning and Chezy equations in
hydraulic engineering. These equations are essential for assessing open-channel flow and
are critical for the design and performance assessment of sewer systems. Nevertheless,
current methods encounter various difficulties, prompting investigations into alternative
iterative approaches. This review seeks to assess recent studies that propose these
approaches, highlighting their importance in delivering accurate outcomes across a range of
channel geometries while ensuring both convergence and computational efficiency.

Conclusion: Recent research has presented promising iterative techniques aimed at

enhancing normal-depth calculations in intricate channel configurations. These techniques
emphasize the significance of the Manning and Chezy equations within the field of hydraulic
engineering. Various computational assessments and experiments indicate that these
methods are effective in delivering precise and efficient solutions, highlighting the crucial
role these equations play in the design and management of channels. The results imply that
these iterative approaches are viable alternatives that can improve hydraulic modeling and
infrastructure development. Nonetheless, additional validation through further research is
necessary to bolster confidence in these methods, highlighting the ongoing advancement of
techniques in hydraulic engineering.​

4.​ Bjerklie, David M.; Dingman, S. Lawrence; Bolster, Carl H. (2005). Comparison of
constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied
to natural rivers. Water Resources Research, 41(11), n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2004wr003776

Objective: In this research, we are exploring the comparison between the Manning and
Chezy equations in estimating river flow rates. By examining data from more than a
thousand discharge measurements across different rivers, we aim to determine the best
conditions that minimize variance and uncertainty in our estimates, especially in scenarios
where we have limited information about flow resistance at a particular site.​

Conclusion: Investigating these equations provides insight into enhancing our understanding
of flow resistance in natural rivers. By adjusting the conventional approaches and applying a
slope variable exponent of 0.33, we've succeeded in reducing the variance in our flow
resistance estimates, potentially leading to more precise outcomes. These results create
opportunities for remote sensing of river data, comparing various discharge estimation
techniques, and even modeling entire river systems. Although there are inherent
uncertainties, these models present a robust foundation for estimating river discharge,
particularly when comprehensive data is scarce.
5.​ Strupczewski, W. G. (1996). Warning of Application of the Chezy-Manning Formula
Regardless of Channel Shape. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology
and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993,
371–383. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0389-3_24 ​

Objective:- This paper seeks to warn against the uncritical application of the
Chezy-Manning formula across different channel shapes. While the Chezy formula
presumes ideal conditions of uniform channels, actual river channels display a variety of
configurations and complexities. By examining how channel shape affects Manning's
coefficient, the research aims to clarify the complex dynamics of hydraulic modeling,
especially concerning natural channel morphologies. Through mathematical analysis and
theoretical investigation, this study aspires to offer important insights into the limitations
of traditional hydraulic formulas and the need for a more sophisticated approach to
estimating flow resistance in non-uniform channels.​

Conclusion:- In conclusion, this analysis emphasizes the complex relationship between

channel shape and flow dynamics, challenging the simplistic views often found in
conventional hydraulic modeling techniques. By stressing the importance of channel
configuration in influencing Manning's coefficient, the research highlights the necessity for
a change in approach towards more tailored and flexible strategies in hydraulic
engineering. By recognizing the intricacies of actual river channels and adopting a more
detailed comprehension of flow resistance, both researchers and practitioners can improve
the precision and dependability of hydraulic models, ultimately promoting more efficient
and sustainable management of water resources.

REFERENCES:-
1.​ García Díaz, R. (2005), Analysis of Manning coefficient for small-depth flows on vegetated beds. Hydrol. Process., 19:
3221-3233
2.​ Ömer Akgiray. 2005. Explicit solutions of the Manning equation for partially filled circular pipes. Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering. 32(3): 490-499.
3.​ Shirley, Edward D.; Lopes, Vicente L. (1991). Normal‐Depth Calculations in Complex Channel Sections. Journal of Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering, 117(2), 220–232.
4.​ Bjerklie, David M.; Dingman, S. Lawrence; Bolster, Carl H. (2005). Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations
based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers. Water Resources Research, 41(11), n/a–n/a.
5.​ Strupczewski, W. G. (1996). Warning of Application of the Chezy-Manning Formula Regardless of Channel Shape.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993,
371–383
 4. Computational Method

[IMAGE OF CODE FROM GOOGLE COLLEB ]

5. FLOW CHART
 6. RESULTS

[ IMAGE OF RESULTS FROM GOOGLE COLLEB]

For 22CE10086 value of Q (m³/s): 44

Rectangle Channel :-
Normal Depth: 4.95831157578692 m (iterations: 3)
Critical Depth: 1.99112616314458 m (closed-form)

Triangular Channel :-
Normal Depth: 4.90804465366743 m (iterations: 4)
Critical Depth: 3.30562259392150 m (closed-form)

Trapezoidal Channel :-
Normal Depth: 2.97896213310217 m (iterations: 4)
Critical Depth: 1.75915530466114 m (iterations: 6)
 7. DISCUSSION

The techniques for calculating critical and normal depths in prismatic open channels
have progressed from conventional analytical methods to sophisticated numerical
approaches. Numerical solvers based on MATLAB, like the Secant and False Position
methods, enhance computational efficiency by iteratively resolving flow equations.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, utilizing Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, offer in-depth insights into velocity gradients,
turbulence, and shear stress at the boundaries. These methodologies facilitate
accurate modeling of flow transitions, thereby addressing the constraints of manual
calculations.

Channel roughness and variations in geometry have a notable impact on calculations

of depth. Increased roughness raises flow resistance, which in turn changes the
conventional depth measurements and influences backwater curves. A comparative
analysis of direct integration methods (such as Chow’s approach) and techniques for
assessing depth variations indicates that various methods are most effective under
particular hydraulic scenarios. Although the geometric configuration has a relatively
minor impact, flow resistance is the key factor in determining equilibrium flow depths.

Difficulties in analyzing computational depth stem from nonlinear flow behavior,

especially in uneven channels and changing slopes. The integration of hybrid
approaches—merging numerical solvers with computational fluid
dynamics—improves the accuracy of predictions in intricate flow situations.
Real-world applications encompass flood risk assessment, studies of sediment
transport, and the optimization of hydraulic structures. Future developments should
prioritize adaptive meshing techniques and AI-enhanced predictive models to enhance
computational efficiency and precision in extensive hydraulic simulations.