Second Terminal Examination Portion (2024-25)

Subject GRADE-9

CHEMISTRY Ch 1: Language of Chemistry

[Topics to be assessed : (i) Symbol of an element; valency; formulae of radicals and
formulae of compounds. Balancing of simple chemical equations. Symbol – definition;
symbols of the elements used often. Valency - definition; hydrogen combination and
number of valence electrons of the metals and non-metals; mono, di, tri and tetra
valent elements. Radicals – definition; formulae and valencies. Compounds – name
and formulae. Chemical equation – definition and examples of chemical equations
with one reactant and two or three products, two reactants and one product, two
reactants and two products and two reactants and three or four products; balancing
of equations. (by hit and trial method). (ii) Relative Atomic Masses (atomic weights)
and Relative Molecular Masses (molecular weights): either - standard H atom or
1/12th of carbon 12 atom. Definitions, Calculation of Relative Molecular Mass and
percentage composition of a compound.]
Ch 2: Chemical changes and reactions [Topics to be assessed : (i) Types of chemical
changes-Direct combination, Decomposition,Displacement; Double decomposition(ii)
Energy changes in a chemical change. Exothermic and endothermic reactions with
examples – evolution/absorption of heat, light and electricity.]
Ch 3: Water[Topic to be assessed : (i) Water as a universal solvent. Solutions as
'mixtures' of solids in water; saturated solutions. Qualitative effect of temperature on
solubility (e.g. solutions of calcium sulphate, potassium nitrate and sodium chloride in
water). (ii) Hydrated and anhydrous substances. (a) Hydrated substances:
Water of Crystallisation – meaning and examples. (b) Anhydrous substances: Meaning
and examples only
(c) Properties: Efflorescence , Deliquescence. Hygroscopy, Removal of hardness (i) By
boiling,(ii) By addition of washing
soda (Definition and examples of each of the above). (iii)Drying and Dehydrating
Agents Meaning and examples only.
[Topics that will not be assessed :Soft water and Hard water Meaning, (in terms of
action of soap), Advantages and disadvantages of soft water and hard water. Types
and causes of hardness.]Ch 4:Atomic Structure and Bonding
[Topics to be assessed: Structure of an Atom, mass number and atomic number,
Isotopes and Octet Rule. Definition of an atom, Constituents of an atom - nucleus
(protons, neutrons) with associated electrons; mass number, atomic number.
Electron distribution in the orbits - 2n2,rule, Octet rule. Reason for chemical activity
of an atom. Definition and examples of isotopes (hydrogen, carbon, chlorine). (ii)
Electrovalent and covalent bonding, structures of various compounds – orbit
structure (a) Electrovalent Bond, Definition , Atomic orbit structure for the formation
of Electrovalent compounds (e.g. NaCl, MgCl2, CaO); (b) Covalent Bond , Definition,
Atomic orbit structure for the formation of Covalent molecules on the basis of duplet
and octet of electrons (examples: hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
chloride, water, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, methane.)]
[Topics will not to be assessed:Postulates of Dalton's atomic Theory
Discovery of electron, proton, neutron and Nucleus
Ch 5:Periodic Table
[Topics to be assessed: Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s law of Octaves, Mendeleev’s
contributions; Modern Periodic
Law, the Modern Periodic Table. (Groups and periods) . General idea of Dobereiner’s
triads, Newland’s law of Octaves, Mendeleev’s
periodic law. Discovery of Atomic Number and its use as a basis for Modern Periodic
law. Modern Periodic Table (Groups 1 to 18 and
periods 1 to 7). Special reference to Alkali metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth metals
(Group 2) Halogens (Group 17) and Zero Group (Group 18).]
Ch.6: Study of the First Element - Hydrogen
[Topics to be assessed: Position of the non-metal (Hydrogen) in the periodic table and
general group characteristics with reference to valency electrons, burning, ion
formation applied to the above-mentioned element. (i) Hydrogen from: water, dilute
acids and alkalis. (a) Hydrogen from water: The action of cold water on sodium
potassium and calcium. The action of hot water on magnesium. The action of steam
on aluminium, zinc, and iron; (reversibility of reaction between iron and steam). The
action of steam on non-metal (carbon). Application of activity series for the above-
mentioned reactions. (b) Displacement of hydrogen from dilute acids. The action of
dilute sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid on metals: Mg, Al, Zn and Fe . (To
understand reasons for not using other metals and dilute nitric acid.) (c) Displacement
of hydrogen from alkalis. The action of Alkalis ((NaOH, KOH) on Al, Zn and Pb – unique
nature of these elements. (ii) The preparation and collection of hydrogen by a
standard laboratory method other than electrolysis. In the laboratory preparation,
the reason for using zinc, the impurities in the gas, their removal and the precautions
in the collection of the gas must be mentioned. (iii) Industrial manufacture of
hydrogen by Bosch process.Main reactions and conditions. Separation of CO2 and CO
from hydrogen. (iv) Oxidation and reduction reactions. Differences in terms of
addition and removal of oxygen / hydrogen
Ch.7: Study of Gas Laws
[Topics to be assessed: (i) The behaviour of gases under changes of temperature and
pressure; explanation in
terms of molecular motion (particles, atoms, molecules); Boyle’s Law and Charles’
Law; absolute zero; gas equation; simple relevant
calculations. The behaviour of gases under changes of temperature and pressure;
explanation in terms of molecular motion (particles, atoms, molecules). Boyle’s Law:
statement,
mathematical form, simple calculations. Charles’ Law: statement, mathematical form,
simple calculations. Absolute zero Kelvin scale of temperature. Gas equation P1 V1 /
T1 = P2 V2 / T2; simple relevant calculations based on gas equation.(ii) Relationship
between Kelvin scale and Celsius Scale of temperature; Standard temperature and
pressure.Conversion of temperature from Celsius Scale to Kelvin scale and vice versa.
Standard temperature and pressure. (Simple calculations).]
Ch.8: Atmospheric Pollution
[Topics to be assessed :Acid rain – composition, cause and its impact. Sulphur in fossil
fuels giving oxides of sulphur when burnt. High temperatures in furnaces and internal
combustion engines produce oxides of nitrogen. (Equations to be included). Acid rain
affects soil chemistry and water bodies.
Ozone depletion, Formation of ozone – relevant equations Function in the
atmosphere. Destruction of the ozone layer – chemicals responsible for this to be
named but reactions not required.
[Topics that will not to be assessed:
Global warming: Greenhouse gases – their sources and ways of reducing their
presence in the atmosphere. (Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and oxides of
nitrogen)]