Chapter 14

Lymphatic System and Immunity Lecture Outline

Functions of the Lymphatic System

1. Fluid balance

2. Fat Absorption

3. Defense

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND LYMPH DRAINAGE

Components of the Lymphatic System

Lymph:

• fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water and some solutes

Lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus gland
 Lymphatic Capillaries

Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system

Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces

Lymphatic capillaries:

• tiny, closed-ended vessels

• fluid moves easily into

• in most tissues

• join to form lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels:

• resemble small veins

• where lymphatic capillaries join

• one way valves

Right lymphatic duct:

• where lymphatic vessels from right upper limb and right head, neck, chest empty

• empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct:

• rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels

• empties into left subclavian vein

 Lymph Formation and Movement

  Lymphatic Organs

Tonsils:

 palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity

 pharyngeal
tonsils near
internal opening
of nasal cavity
(adenoid)
 lingual tonsils
posterior
surface of
tongue
 form a
protective ring
of lymphatic tissue
around nasal
and oral cavities

 The Tonsils
 Lymph nodes are:

• rounded structures that vary in size

• located near lymphatic vessels
• groin, armpit, neck
• lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood

 Lymph nodes
- lymph moves through and immune system is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign substances are
detected removal of microbes by macrophages.
Lymph Node

 The spleen is:

• size of clenched fist

• located in abdomen
• filters blood
• detect and respond to foreign substances
• destroy old red blood cells
• blood reservoir

white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries.

red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood cells that connect to veins.
 The Thymus Gland 1

The thymus gland is:

• bilobed gland produces and matures lymphocytes

• located in mediastinum behind the sternum
• stops growing at age 1
• at age 60 decreases in size
 The Thymus Gland 2
 Overview of the Lymphatic System
 Immunity
- is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances.
- Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer cells.

Types of immunity:

• innate
• adaptive

 Innate Immunity
• present at birth
• defense against any pathogen
• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response

 Physical Barriers

First line of defense

Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens

 Chemical Mediators 1
- Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill microbes and prevent their entry into cells

Lysozyme:
found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria

Mucous membranes:
prevent entry of microbes

 Chemical Mediators 2

Histamine:
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

Interferons:
proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins

 Cell of The Immune System

1. White blood cells: produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that fight foreign substances

2. Phagocytic cells:

• ingest and destroy foreign substances

• Example—neutrophils and macrophages
3. Neutrophils: first to respond to infection but die quickly

4. Eosinophils:
• produced in red bone marrow
• release chemicals to reduce inflammation

5. Basophils:
• made in red bone marrow
• leave blood and enter infected tissues
• can release histamine

6. Macrophages:

• initially were monocytes

• leave blood and enter tissues
• can ingest more than neutrophils
• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in
• spleen and liver
• given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer cells in liver)

7. Mast cells:

• made in red bone marrow

• found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

• can release leukotrienes

8. Natural Killer Cells:

• type of lymphocyte

• produce in red bone marrow

• recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus infected cells

• release chemicals to lysis cells

 The inflammatory response:

• involves chemical and cells due to injury

• signaled by presence of foreign substance
• stimulates release of chemical mediators

 Inflammatory Response
  Adaptive Immunity
- is defense that involves specific recognition to a specific antigen.
This immunity:

• is acquired after birth

• reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• slower than innate immunity
• has memory
• uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
 Terms Related to Adaptive Immunity

Antigen:
• substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs

Self-antigen:
• molecule produced by the person’s body that stimulates an immune system response

Antibody:
• proteins the body produces in response to an antigen

 Origin and Development of Lymphocytes

Stem cells:

• red bone marrow

• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre T cells and pre B cells

 Lymphocytes are:

• type of white blood cell

• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells

Lymphocytes B cells:

• type of lymphocytes

• involved in antibody-mediated immunity

• originate from stem cells

• mature in red bone marrow

• move to lymphatic tissue after mature

• lead to production of antibodies

Lymphocytes T cells:

• type of lymphocyte

• involved in cell-mediated immunity primarily and antibody-mediated immunity

• mature in thymus gland

• move to lymphatic tissue after mature

• 4 types

Antigen Recognition

Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their surface

Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell receptors on T cells

Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen

When antigen receptors combine with the antigen, the lymphocyte is activated and adaptive immunity begins
The MHC Molecule

The Major Histocompatibility Complex molecule (MHC):

• contain binding sites for antigens
• specific for certain antigens
• hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of the cell membrane
• bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate response

 Cytokines
- proteins secreted by a cell that regulates neighboring cells

Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages stimulates helper T cells

Proliferation of Helper T Cells

Lymphocyte Proliferation

1. After antigen is processed and present to helper T cells, helper T cell produces interleukin-2 and interleukin 2-
receptors
2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and stimulates more helper T cells production
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
4. B cells produce antibodies
Proliferation of B Cells

 Dual Nature of the Immune System

Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune responses: antibody-mediated and cell- mediated

Antigens can trigger both types of responses

Both types are able to recognize self versus nonself, use specificity, and have memory

 Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity is:

• effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph)
• effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
• uses B cells to produce antibodies

Letter Y shape
Variable region:
• V of Y
• bind to epitopes of antigen using antigen- binding site
Constant region:
• stem of Y
• each class of immunoglobulin has same structure
 Antibody Structure

Antigen-binding site:

site on antibody where antigen binds

Valence:

number of antigen-binding sites on antibody

5 classes of immunoglobulins used to destroy antigens: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
IgG
• 80 to 85% in serum
• activates compliment and increases phagocytosis
• can cross the placenta and provide protection to the fetus
• responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn

IgM
• 5 to 10% in serum
• activates compliment
• acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B cells
• responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system
• often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

IgA
• 15% in serum
• secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes
• protects body surfaces
• found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn

IgE
• 0.002% in serum
• binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

IgD
• 0. 2% in serum
• functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
 Inactivate antigen
 Bind antigens together Active complement cascades
 Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
 Facilitate phagocytosis
 Antibody Production

The primary response

• 1st exposure of B cell to antigen

• B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and memory cells

Plasma cells:

• produce antibodies

• 3 to 14 days to by effective against antigen

• person develop disease symptoms

The secondary response involves:

• Memory cells:

• occurs when immune system is exposed to antigen that has been seen before

• B memory cells quickly divided to form plasma cells which produce antibodies

• produces new memory cells

 Cell-Mediated Immunity
- is used against antigens in cells and tissues.
- It is effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
- It uses different types of T cells.
 Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediate Immunity 1

Helper T cells (TH):

• activate macrophages

• help form B cells

• promote production of Tc

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc):

• precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL):

• destroys antigen on contact

Regulatory T cells (Tr):

• turn off immune system response when antigen is gone

Proliferation of Cytotoxic T Cells

Stimulation and Effects of T Cells

Immune Interactions
 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

1. Naturally Acquired Immunity

Active:
• natural exposure to antigens causes production of antibodies
• can be lifelong immunity
• Example—mononucleosis
Passive:
• transfer of antibodies from mother to child
• Example—breast milk or placenta

2. Artificially Acquired Immunity

Active:
• injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the production of antibodies
• immunization is a process of introducing killed, live, or inactivated pathogen
Passive:
• injection of antibodies from another person or animal
 Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity
PRINCESS ANN SEBELLO BSN 1C