HANDBOOK FOR

Mechanical
 Mechanical

CONTENT :
1. GLORY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1-4
• The Past
• The Present
• The Future
2. THE VARIOUS OPPORTUNITIES 5-28
• Research and Development
• Manufacturing
• Design
• Automo ve Industry
• Aerospace and Avia on
• Marine
• Metallurgy
3. SUBJECT WISE FAQs: 29-136
(a) APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN:
• Engineering Mechanics
• Mechanics of Materials
• Theory of Machines
• Vibra ons
• Machine Design
(b) FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES:
• Fluid Mechanics
• Heat and Mass Transfer
• Basic Thermodynamics
• Applied Thermodynamics
(c) MATERIALS, MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING:
• Material Sciences
• Manufacturing Technology
• Metrology
• Produc on Engineering
4. THE USEFUL INFORMATION FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 137-138
(a) Our Responsibili es
(b) What Can we as Mechanical Engineers Do?
(c) Required Memberships in Various Clubs and Organisa ons

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 Chapter 1
THE GLORY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
“Cranks and wheels with piston and gears,
We, the creator of machines and our glory cannot be shared,
Because we are the MECHANICAL ENGINEERS”
Mechanical Engineering is one of the most fascina ng branches in field
of Engineering and Technology. This celebrated field of higher study has
for an evergreen demand and scope in job placements as well as research
work.

The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:

• Mathema cs (in par cular, calculus, differen al equa ons, and linear
algebra)
• Basic physical sciences (including physics and chemistry)
• Sta cs and dynamics
• Strength of materials and solid mechanics
• Materials Engineering, Composites
• Thermodynamics, heat transfer, energy conversion
• Fluid mechanics (including fluid sta cs and fluid dynamics)
• Mechanism and Machine design (including kinema cs and dynamics)
• Manufacturing engineering, technology, or processes
• Vibra on, control theory and control engineering
• Hydraulics, and pneuma cs
• Mechatronics and robo cs
• Engineering design and product design
• Dra ing, computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM)

OUR HISTORY:
Looking back into the past, you can find many successful Mechanical
Engineers who have le their impressions permanent in our daily life

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styles. Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of
engineering, da ng back to when the first wheels were put to prac cal use
by moun ng them on an axle to make a cart. Throughout recorded history,
people have been inven ng and building increasingly more sophis cated
devices and machines.
So many engineers are produced every year in INDIA. Now I think you
would have some fair idea about the situa on. Now let’s come to know,
what is it like to be an MECHANICAL ENGINEER. Generally, most of the top
rankers who get decent rank in their pre engineering test opt
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, so here compe on gets tougher for any
compe ve exams. Only ACES can survive in this branch. But this doesn’t
mean you don’t have opportunity to get a good job in this stream. We have
got ample opportuni es to get a good job as a MECHANICAL ENGINEER.
Mostly all PSU’s recruit through GATE every year, ISRO, DRDO, BARC takes
exam every to recruit as a SCIENTIST, you can become GROUP A OFFICER
by cracking ENGINEERING SERVICE EXAM, you can go to automobile
industry as a Designing Engineer. You can serve to country by joining any
ARMED FORCES as an OFFICER. You can go for IAS.

FUTURE SCOPE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING:

Now-a-days the scope of mechanical engineering is expanding beyond
its tradi onal boundaries and is more of inter-disciplinary in nature.
Mechanical engineers are focussing their a en on towards new areas
such as nano technology, development of composite materials,
biomedical applica ons, and environmental conserva on. With this shi
in paradigm the new job avenues have been opened for the mechanical
engineers. Further with the call of Make in India given by Honourable PM
of India the manufacturing sector shall be empowered and big players are
going to setup their manufacturing plants in India.
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering,
da ng back to when the first wheels were put to prac cal use by moun ng
them on an axle to make a cart. Throughout recorded history, people have

2
been inven ng and building increasingly more sophis cated devices and
machines in order to improve the condi ons of life.

FUTURE JOB SCOPES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING:

So there is wide scope of job avenues for Mechanical Engineers in India.
Few job avenues are highlighted below:
• Aerospace industry – researches, designs, manufactures, operates and
maintains aircra
• Automo ve industry – designs, manufactures, distributes and markets
motor vehicles
• Chemical industry – covers oil companies, chemicals manufacturers
and the businesses that support them (e.g. to build new plants or
develop new process technologies)
• Construc on industry – designs and builds infrastructure, buildings
and buildings services (e.g. hea ng and ven la on)
• Defence industry – provides equipment, support and services for the
armed forces and na onal security
• Electronics industry – designs and manufactures components and
complete equipment for sectors from automo ve to medicine and the
military
• Fast moving consumer goods industry – manufactures products such as
household cleaning items, personal hygiene goods and convenience
foods
• Marine industry – develops and helps operate vessels
• Materials and metals industry – ac vi es include developing new
materials and manufacturing components or end products
• Pharmaceu cals industry – develops and manufactures drugs
• Rail industry – designs, constructs, manages and maintains rail system
components from trains and tracks to electrical power systems and
train control systems
• U li es industry – helps supply power, water, waste management and
telecoms.

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 “2 years ago Logical, 1 year ago digital, Forever it’s Mechanical.”

Mechanical demands sincere dedica on and hard work :

You will need to study and prac ce a lot and let the concepts seep deep.
There could just be another name among the famous Mechanical
Engineers.

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 Chapter 2
OUR OPPORTUNITIES
Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest and oldest branches of
engineering. Mechanical engineers are involved with the design, analysis,
tes ng, manufacturing, control, opera on, and maintenance of
mechanical systems - that is, any system that has a moving part!
• The curriculum allows students to study thermal sciences, design of
manufacturing, system dynamics and controls, and mechanics.
• Mechanical engineers work in a diverse market analysing problems,
designing systems, and overseeing the manufacturing process.

The major sector for job opportuni es is:

(a) Research and Development
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Design
(d) Automo ve Industry
(e) Aerospace and Avia on
(f) Marine
(g) Metallurgy

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT:

What is 'Research and Development - R&D?

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 Research and development (R&D) refers to the work a business
conducts toward the innova on, introduc on and improvement of its
products and procedures. Simply, it is a series of inves ga ve ac vi es to
improve exis ng products and procedures or to lead to the development
of new products and procedures.

Basic Research and Development Organiza onal Setups

There are two basic R&D structures that have emerged in companies
throughout the commerce spectrum. One R&D model is a department
that is staffed primarily by engineers who develop new products, a task
that typically involves extensive research. The other model involves a
department composed of industrial scien sts or researchers, all tasked
with applied research in technical, scien fic or industrial fields, which is
aimed at the facilita on of the development of future products or the
improvement of current products and/or opera ng procedures.
R&D is different from most ac vi es performed by a corpora on in the
process of opera on. The research and/or development is typically not
performed with the expecta on or goal of immediate profit. Instead, it is
focussed on long-term profitability for a company. Companies that
employ en re departments devoted to R&D commit substan al capital to
the effort. They must es mate the risk-adjusted return on their R&D
expenditures, which inevitably involve risk of capital, as no immediate
payoff is experienced and the general return on investment (ROI) is
somewhat uncertain. The level of capital risk increases as more is spent on
R&D

Skill Set Required:

1. Strong background in biochemistry, cell biology, and organic chemistry.
2. Solid training in a basic research laboratory.
3. Ability to handle large data sets and conduct expert data analysis.
4. Analy cal thinker and cri cal problem solver.
5. Excellent me manager with the ability to work independently.

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6. A technophile who’s neither afraid of technology nor enamoured by it.
7. Experience in working as part of a mul disciplinary research team.
8. A knack for finding new drug discovery targets.
9. Ability to clearly recognize when your research project is taking you
down a dead end.
10. A leader skilled in interpersonal communica on.
11. Be observant - Everything in the world can teach your you something
12. Have humility - There are ways more good ideas in the world than you
can ever come up yourself. Learn to play well with others.
13. Flexibility - The first idea is some mes the best, but some mes it isn't.
Some mes you find out that an idea isn't as good as you originally
thought and you need to learn to learn when to bail on an idea that isn't
working.
14. Be able to make things - Hands on, itera ve prototyping should be
done yourself when prac cal. A lot is learned by making and building
things.

Job Opportuni es in Research And Development Sector:

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Research and Development In India and Abroad:
Over the years, R&D in India across industries has now evolved from
technology transfer units to self-sufficient independent centres. However,
presently only a few Indian organisa ons are working on cu ng edge
technologies.
In recent years though there has been some serious push from the
Indian government to improve the R&D capability. As a result, several
MNC’s are now se ng up their R&D centres in India.
Despite a late start there have been some very significant
breakthroughs by Indian organisa ons.
For example, consider Mangalyaan – the Mars Orbiter Mission by ISRO
was India’s first interplanetary mission and ISRO became only the fourth
agency to do so.
Tata Nano created history for being the cheapest car at $2500 when
some global MNC’s categorically declared it impossible to achieve.
India s ll has lot more ground to cover before it can be at par with the
developed na ons.

How to get an R&D job in the industry

Get in early if you want to have a career in R&D.
To become a part of R&D, one should target those profiles at the start of
one’s career. A lateral switch from any other func on is unheard of in the
industry.
One needs to have a technical background and also a strong inclina on
for technology. In manufacturing in India, the bulk of the manpower hired
is B. Tech or B.E.
However, the requirement for diploma holders and ITI is also quite
good.
Profiles with higher qualifica on like M.S. and PhD too have significant
demand.
In this profile, one grows as an expert in a par cular technology.
However, by virtue of his interac ons, he develops a cross-func onal
understanding other technologies too.

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 Generally, a er around 8-10 years managerial aspects also get
introduced in one’s profile.
Eventually at senior level one may go on to become a Chief Engineer
and lead the complete product development cycle. In some organisa ons
especially abroad one may choose to s ck to the technical stream and
become a subject ma er expert.
Loyalty pays – Think long term!
The learning curve is very steep in such profiles hence the real returns
come only a er spending a considerable me in one profile. Also R&D in
every organisa on has its own unique culture.
Commi ng to one organisa on for the long term reaps a lot of
benefits, as several opportuni es get created both within and outside the
organisa on.
Some mes the profile may not look very glamorous since almost all the
projects are strictly confiden al and are not discussed openly. However,
within the organisa on it commands a lot of authority and power.

Best companies for Research & Development (R&D) jobs in India

In govt sectors there are some real good R&D profiles offered by ISRO,
BARC and DRDO – these are pure play Research and Development
organisa ons.
A rac ve opportuni es are also available in other PSU organisa ons.
The entry is through either GATE (Graduate Ap tude Test in Engineering)
or the organisa on’s own wri en exam.
In private sectors, the automobile sector provides very good R&D
profiles. Maru Suzuki is set to become Suzuki’s first R&D centre outside
Japan.
Mercedes Benz, Ford, General Motors are spending heavily in
developing R&D in India, while Tata and Mahindra already have fully
func onal R&D divisions.
The growth in R&D opportuni es can be seen in the electronics
industry also with Samsung, Siemens, Motorola, ST Microelectronics and
other companies that have their R&D centres in India.

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Average Salary for R&D Jobs
The salaries in R&D as I have seen are always pre y good and have been
a notch above the IT companies in both private and govt sector.
At entry level anything from 5-7 lacs can be expected in a good firm.
At 10 years of expecta on 15 lacs to 20 lacs range can be seen and at
general manager level i.e. around 20-25 years of experience it is anywhere
from 50 lacs to 70 lacs.
For young engineer’s interna onal travel for technology absorp on
and capability building is quite common.
Such kind of interna onal stays are generally all expenses paid in
addi on to your salary in India which goes as 100% savings.

Who's Spending the Most on R&D

Companies can spend billions of dollars on R&D in order to produce the
newest, most sought-a er products. According to the professional
services firm, Price Waterhouse Coopers, the following ten companies
spent the most on innova on and improvements in 2015:

Volkswagen: $15.3 billion

Samsung: $14.1 billion
Intel: $11.5 billion
Microso : $11.4 billion
Roche: $10.8 billion
Google: $9.8 billion
Amazon: $9.3 billion
Toyota: $9.2 billion
Novar s: $9.1 billion
Johnson & Johnson: $8.5 billion

SOURCE: Researchand Development (R&D)

h ps://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/randd.asp#ixzz5QL1AvGt1

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Manufacturing and Produc on Sector:

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
Use your engineering skills to improve manufacturing processes and
ensure that goods such as pharmaceu cals, food and drink, and plas cs
are produced efficiently and cost effec vely
As a manufacturing engineer, you will have a high level of technical
exper se and skill, which you'll use to plan, design, set up, modify,
op mise and monitor manufacturing processes.
Since the basic principles of manufacturing engineering apply to all
industries, you can work in numerous sectors, including:
• biotechnology
• food and drink
• oil
• pharmaceu cals
• plas cs.
Your work will involve improving the process of producing high-quality
goods efficiently using the most cost-effec ve methods and with the aim
of reducing the impact of produc on on the environment.
Manufacturing engineers are designers, as well as analy cal and
crea ve thinkers. This means you can operate on your own ini a ve but
also contribute as a team member working with engineers from various
disciplines.

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Skill Set Required
You'll need to have:
• knowledge of a range of engineering func ons and procedures
• a prac cal and logical approach to problem-solving
• interpersonal, presenta on and communica on skills
• team working and people management skills
• the ability to work well under pressure and take on new challenges
• organisa on and me management skills
• project management skills and the ability to work to ght deadlines
• commercial awareness
• an awareness of health and safety issues.
Any previous work experience or ac vi es at university that
demonstrate these skills will be useful.

Responsibili es:
As a manufacturing engineer, you'll need to:
• design new systems, equipment and processes for the introduc on of
new products or for the improvement of exis ng ones
• work with other engineers, such as chemical, mechanical and electrical
engineers, to ensure all product and system requirements are taken
into account from the ini al product concep on to the finished result
• examine, tender for and install new equipment, making sure you get
the highest quality at the best price
• liaise with suppliers and customers
• plan and organise maintenance of equipment
• iden fy faults, inves gate produc on problems and repair equipment
quickly and efficiently
• improve current opera ons wherever possible
• supervise junior engineers and sub-contractors and ensure effec ve
communica on in order to avoid errors
• organise plant start-up and shut-down schedules to ensure minimum
loss of produc on me and profits
• keep sta s cal and financial records and work with finance

12
 professionals to manage budgets
• liaise with research and development staff to ensure the company is at
the forefront of ground-breaking research
• keep up to date with current and developing trends in the
manufacturing industry, at a na onal and interna onal level.

List of manufacturing companies in India

LIST OF COMPANIES:
• Ashok Leyland
• Bajaj auto
• TVS motors
• Hero Honda Motors Ltd.
• Apollo tyres
• BPL Group
• Videocon Group
• Larsen & Toubro
• Jindal steel
• Hindustan unilever Limited
• Moser Baer
• Godrej Group
• Bombay Dyeing

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Design Sector

Machine Design or Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by

which resources or energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or
the mechanisms so as to obtain useful output from the machines in the
desired form as per the needs of the human beings. Machine design can
lead to the forma on of the en rely new machine or it can lead to up-
grada on or improvement of the exis ng machine. For instance, if the
exis ng gearbox is too heavy or cannot sustain the actual loads, en rely
new gearbox can be designed. But if the same gearbox has the poten al to
li more loads, it can be upgraded by making certain important changes in
its design.

Key skills for design engineers:

• Studying a design brief
• Thinking of possible design solu ons
• Researching whether the design will work and be cost-effec ve
• Assessing the usability, environmental impact and safety of a design
• Using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-assisted
engineering (CAE) so ware to create prototypes
• Collec ng and analysing data from tests on prototypes
• Modifying designs and retes ng them
• Wri ng regular progress reports and presen ng them to project
managers and clients
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• Strong maths and IT skills
• A crea ve flair and design ability
• Good visual and spa al awareness
• A en on to detail
• Problem solving
• Wri en and oral communica on
• Commercial awareness
• Excellent project management skills
• Time management and organisa onal skills

Companies of mechanical design

Top Government companies:

15
Top Private companies:

The Major Companies In Private Sector Are:

• Schlumberger
• General Motors India
• Bajaj Automobiles
• Godrej & Boyce
• Mercedes Benz India
• John Deere
• Thermax and more.......

Source:
• h ps://www.brighthubengineering.com/cad-autocad-reviews-
ps/9935-what-is-mechanical-design-or-machine-design/
• h ps://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descrip ons/454213-
design-engineer-job-descrip on
• h ps://www.quora.com/What-are-top-50-mechanical-engineering-
companies-in-
india?ved=0ahUKEwj6ypWa2qbdAhUDo48KHajSAdsQypMCCCIwEg

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Automo ve Industry:

The automo ve industry is a wide range of companies and

organiza ons involved in the design, development, manufacturing,
marke ng, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called
automakers. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by
revenue. The automo ve industry does not include industries dedicated
to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user,
such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling sta ons.
Automobile Engineering is a branch study of engineering which teaches
manufacturing, designing, mechanical mechanisms as well opera ons of
automobiles. It is an introduc on to vehicle engineering which deals with
motorcycles, cars, buses trucks etc. It includes branch study of
mechanical, electronic, so ware and safety elements.

Skillsets required for automo ve industry:

You’ll need:
• A crea ve approach to solve problems
• Excellent math and IT skills
• The ability to analyze and interpret data
• Excellent technical knowledge
• Good communica on and presenta on skills
• The ability to priori ze and plan well
• The ability to work to budgets and deadlines

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Sectors available for working in automo ve industry:
• Body, chassis and engine systems
• Electrical and electronic instrumenta on and control systems
• Thermodynamics, aerodynamics and fluid mechanics
• Fuel technology and emissions
• Design
• Development
• Produc on

Automo ve companies for job in INDIA

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Aerospace and Avia on Industry

Avia on, or air transport, refers to the ac vi es surrounding

mechanical flight and the aircra industry. Aircra includes fixed-wing
and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less li ing bodies, as well
as lighter-than-air cra such as balloons and airships.
Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to
fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronau cs) and surrounding space
(astronau cs). Aerospace organiza ons research, design, manufacture,
operates, or maintains aircra or spacecra . Aerospace ac vity is very
diverse, with a mul tude of commercial, industrial and military
applica ons.
It is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development
of aircra and spacecra .
It has two major and overlapping branches:
Aeronau cal engineering and
Astronau cally Engineering.
Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the Electronics side of
aerospace engineering.
Aeronau cal engineering was the original term for the field. As Flight
technology advanced to include cra opera ng in outer space
(Astronau cs), the broader term "Aerospace engineering" has come into
common use. Aerospace engineering, par cularly the astronau cs
branch, is o en colloquially referred to as "Rocket science".
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Skill sets required:
• Assessing design requirements.
• Agreeing budgets, me scales and specifica ons with clients and
managers.
• Undertaking theore cal and prac cal research.
• Producing and implemen ng designs and test procedures.
• measuring and improving the performance of aircra components
and systems
• assembling the aircra or fi ng components
• Tes ng, evalua ng, modifying and re-tes ng products.
• Wri ng reports, manuals and documenta on.
• providing technical advice
• Analysing and interpre ng data.

Some companies of avia on and aerospace are listed below:

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List of Companies For Aerospace Sector:
• Aero Controls
• ASRC Aerospace Engineering
• Avia on Industry corpora on of INDIA
• BAE Systems
• Beige low Aerospace
• Blue Origin
• Bombardier INC
• CAE Inc.
• Cessna Aircra Company
• Flour Corp.
• Integrated Dynamics
• Kelowna Flight Cra Ltd.
• Rocket Racing League
• Space X
• United Launch Alliance
• UP Aerospace
• VT Systems
• XCOR Aerospace

Source:h ps://www.google.co.in/search?q=aerospace+engineering&oq
=aer&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j35i39j69i60j0l2.2400j1j4&client=ms-
android-xiaomi&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8

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Marine Industry:

Marine engineering includes the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs

and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic or
ocean engineering. Specifically, marine engineering is the discipline of
applying engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer science, to
the development, design, opera on and maintenance of watercra
propulsion and on-board systems and oceanographic technology. It
includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery,
piping, automa on and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind,
such as surface ships and submarines.

SKILLS REQUIRED
• Strong problem solving skills.
• Excellent maths and IT skills.
• Communica on and nego a ng skills.
• Excellent technical knowledge.
• The ability to manage a team.
• Computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) skills.
• The ability to priori se workloads and plan effec vely.
• Budget management skills.

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Some companies in the marien engineering field:

COMPANY RECRUITERS
• HAILIN MARINE AND ENGINEERING PVT LTD.
• TMC SHIPPING.
• RAMAN MARITME ACADEMY.
• VALAD BUSSINESS SOLUTION PVT LTD.
• DELTA MARINE & AMP; OFFSHORE SERVICES.
• MS MARITIME.
• DN5 MARINE PVT LTD.
• SEARCH PLUS HR SOLUTIONS.
• TACO SHIPPING PVT.LTD.
• MIDDLE EAST MANAGEMENT SERVICES.
• MERCURY EMPLOYMENT.
• VERTEX INFOSOFT SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD.
• SMEC AUTOMOBILE PVT.LTD.

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Metallurgy Industry:

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that

studies the physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements, their
inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
Metallurgy is used to separate metals from their ore. Metallurgy is also the
technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the
produc on of metals, and the engineering of metal components for usage
in products for consumers and manufacturers. The produc on of metals
involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the
mixture of metals, some mes with other elements, to produce alloys.
Metallurgy is dis nguished from as medicine relies on medical science, for
technical advancement. The science of metallurgy is subdivided into
chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (also known as black
metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy (also known as coloured
metallurgy). Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on
iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on
other metals. The produc on of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of
world metal produc on

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Skill Set Required For Career opportuni es In Metallurgical Engineering:
The strategy of the metallurgy industry has had and will con nue to
have four main thrusts:
• Mee ng new demands on new products and applica ons and
promo ng product innova ons to meet the eternal needs of new social
and economical challenges
• Enhanced materials proper es and performance.
• Improved explora on, mining, metal recovery thanks to extrac ve
metallurgy, manufacturing and processing, recycling.
• Enabling technologies and infrastructure.

Educa on:
UG: B. Tech/B.E. - Any Specializa on, Mechanical, Metallurgy,
Produc on/Industrial
PG: Post Gradua on Not Required
Doctorate: Doctorate Not Required.

Key Skills:

• Heat treatment
• Quality assurance engineering
• Mechanical tes ng
• Management systems
• PPAP knowledge(produc on part approval process)
• SAQ knowledge(supplier quality approval process)

25
• Foundry
• Mat- lab ac vi es
• Corrosion knowledge

Scope in metallugical sector:

PUBLIC SECTOR / GOVT. COMPANIES / RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS /

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA
There are lots of companies in India doing metallurgy business for
example all steal companies offer jobs Material science and Metallurgical
Engineering students. There are plenty of higher studies opportuni es
both in home and abroad.

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Core Companies offering jobs: Steel Authority of India Limited, Tata Steel,
Jindal Steel & Power Limited, Ispat Industries Ltd, John Deere, Pune,
Reliance Industries Ltd. Government organiza on include ISRO, DRDO,
and Railway.

UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR:

• Defence Research and Development Organiza on (DRDO- Research
organiza on’s and processing plants)
• Heavy Engineering Corpora on (HEC)
• Hindustan Aeronau cs Limited (HAL)
• Indian Railways
• Indian Space Research Organisa on (ISRO- VSSC, LPSC, SAC)
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
• Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
• Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
• Oil and Natural Gas Corpora on (ONGC)
• Steel Authority of India (SAIL)
• Metallurgical Engineers and Consultants (MECON)
• Teachers and Research associates /officers in BHU, IITs- Chennai,
Mumbai, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Roorkee- NITs, Selected Govt.
Engineering colleges, NIFT, IISc
• Defence Metallurgical Lab (DMRL), Na onal Metallurgical Lab (NML),
CSIR Labs, NCML

PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES

• De Core Science & Technologies
• Encore foundries
• Geometric Global
• Jindal Steel & Power Ltd.
• Na onal Engineering Industries Ltd. (NBC Bearings)
• Absolute Data Research
• Future First
• Reliance Industries Ltd.

27
• Shriram Pistons Rings Ltd.
• Monet Ispat & Energy Ltd.
• Echjay Industries
• Aluminium companies (JINDAL, BALCO, MALCO, Vedanta Aluminium
ltd, Hindalco, Nalco, Bhoruka Aluminium)
• Various automo ve part manufactures, Automobile manufacturing
companies like Suzuki, Ford, Leyland, Tata , TVS, etc.

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 Chapter 3
SUBJECT WISE FAQs
A list of Frequently Asked Ques ons covering all the important topics of
Mechanical Engineering. This is a small a empt to make every reader
understand the important points about the subject.

The topics which are covered are:

(a) APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN:
I. Engineering Mechanics
ii. Mechanics of Materials
iii. Theory of Machines
iv. Vibra ons
v. Machine Design

(b)FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES:

i. Fluid Mechanics
ii. Heat and Mass Transfer
iii. Basic Thermodynamics
iv. Applied Thermodynamics

(c)MATERIALS, MANUFACTING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING:

i. Material Sciences
ii. Manufacturing Technology
iii. Metrology
iv. Produc on Engineering

ENGINEERING MECHANICS:
1. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PARTICLE AND RIGID BODY
A par cle is a body of infinitely small volume and is considered to be
concentrated at a point. Rigid body is which does not deform under the
ac on of the loads or the external forces. In case of rigid body, the distance

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between any two points of the body remains constant, when this body is
subjected to loads.

2. DEFINE A FORCE
It is defined as an agent that charges or tends to change the posi on of
a body which is either at rest or in mo on. A force can produce push, pull
or twist. Force is a vector quan ty which has both magnitude and
direc on.

3. STATE PRINCIPLE OF RESOLUTION

The algebraic sum of the resolved part of a number of forces in a given
direc on is equal to resolved part of their resultant in the same direc on.

4. STATE AND EXPLAIN LAMI’S THEOREM OF TRIANGLE LAW OF

EQUILIBRIUM
If three forces ac ng on a par cle are in equilibrium, then each force is
propor onal to the sine of the angle included between the other two
forces.

5. DEFINE RESULTANT OF FORCES

Resultant of a system of forces is the single force that replaces the
original forces without changing the external effect of the system on the
body.

6. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE RESULTANT AND EQUILIBRANT

Resultant is the single equivalent force of a system (group) of forces.
Equilibrant is a single that balances other forces. Thus, equilibrant can be
said to be a single force which is equal, collinear and opposite to the
resultant.

7. STATE THE ANALYTICAL CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY

1. Algebraic sum of the horizontal component of all the forces (∑ H) must
be zero.

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2. Algebraic sum of the ver cal component of all the forces (∑ V) must be zero.
3. The resultant moment of all the forces (∑ M) must be zero.

8. STATE THE CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ACTED UPON BY

(a) TWO FORCES (b) THREE FORCES
TWO FORCES - The two forces must be equal in magnitude collinear and
opposite in sense.
THREE FORCES- The three forces must be concurrent.

9. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SPACE DIAGRAM AND FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

Diagram giving the physical representa on of a body and the forces
ac ng on it including the distances is known as space diagram. A free-body
diagram is a pictorial representa on of the significant, isolated body with
all the forces ac ng on it and all the external forces applied to it.

10. EXPLAIN THE TRANSMISSIBILITY OF THE FORCES

The condi ons of equilibrium or of mo on of a rigid body will remain
unchanged if the point of applica on of force ac ng in rigid body is
transmi ed to act at any other point along its line of ac on.

11. WHAT IS MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT AN AXIS

Moment of force ac ng on a rigid body about an axis measures the
tendency of the force to rotate the rigid body about that axis.

12. STATE VARIGNON’S THEOREM

The moment about a given point ‘O’ the resultant of several concurrent
forces is equal to the sum of the moments of various about the same point

13. DEFINE COUPLE

A pair of two equal and unlike parallel forces (forces equal in magnitude
with lines of ac on parallel to each other ac ng in opposite direc on) is
known as couple.

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14. LIST THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAMS
a. Simply supported beam b. Can lever beam
c. Fixed beam d. Con nuous beam e. Overhanging beam

15. STATE PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM

Moment of iner a of plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the
lamina and passing through its centroid is equal to the sum of moment of
iner a about to mutually perpendicular axis passing through the centroid
and in the plane of lamina.
Izz = Ixx + Iyy

16. DEFINE POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA OF AN AREA AND STATE ITS

APPLICATIONS
Moment of iner a of an area about an axis perpendicular to the area
through the pole point in the area is called polar moment of iner a. Polar
moment of iner a has applica on in problems rela ng to the torsion of
cylindrical sha s and rota ons of slabs.

17. DEFINE THE TERM, RADIUS OF GYRATION

The radius of gyra on ‘K’ of any lamina about a given axis is the distance
from the given axis at which all the elemental parts of lamina would have
to be placed so as not to alter the moment of iner a about the given axis.
Radius of gyra on,
K=√I/A

18. DEFINE PRODUCT OF INERTIA

Product of iner a of any area with respect to X and Y axis are denoted
by Ixy=∫xy dA where x and y are the coordinates of an element dA of the
area A.

19. STATE THE SILENT PROPERTIES OF PRODUCT OF INERTIA

1. Product of iner a Ixy is zero when x axis or y axis or both the x&y axis are
axis of symmetry for the given area

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2. Product of iner a may be either (+) or (-)
Product of iner a of the given area with respect to its principle axis is
zero.

20. DEFINE PRINCIPAL AXIS AND PRINCIPAL MOMENT OF INERTIA

The axis about which moments of iner a is zero are known as principal
axis. The moments of iner a with respect to principal axis are called
principal moments of iner a.

21. DEFINE FRICTION

An opposing force, which acts in the opposite direc on of movement of
the block or object, is called force of fric on or simply fric on.

22. WHAT IS LIMITING FRICTION

It is the maximum value, up to which sta c fric on can raise and
balance the externally applied force and beyond which it cannot raise.

23. WHAT IS DRY FRICTION OR COULOMB FRICTION OR SOLID FRICTION

Dry fric on is also called coulomb fric on or solid fric on relates to
rigid bodies which are in contact with each other along surfaces that are
not lubricated. Dry fric on assumes the name sta c fric on when the
surfaces of contact are sta onary.

24.DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN STATIC FRICTION AND DYNAMIC FRICTION

STATIC FRICTION - It is the fric on experienced by the body when it is at
rest or when the body tends to move.
DYNAMIC FRICTION - It is the fric on experienced by the body when it is in
mo on. It is also called kine c fric on.

25. DEFINE ANGLE OF REPOSE

Angle of repose is the minimum angle of inclina on that are inclined
plane may have with the horizontal before lying on the plane begins to
slide down under the ac on of its own weight.
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26. WHAT IS A WEDGE
A Wedge is of a triangular or trapezoidal in cross sec on. It is generally
used for slight adjustments in the posi ons of the body. It is also used for
li ing heavy weights.

27. STATE D’ALEMBERTS PRINCIPLE

The force system of consis ng of external forces and iner a forces can
be considered to keep the par cle in equilibrium since the resultant force
ac ng on the principle is not zero, the par cle is said to be in dynamic
equilibrium .The principle is known as D’alemberts principle.

28. WHAT IS IMPACT OR COLLISION

The collision between two bodies that lasts for a very short interval of
me during which period the two bodies large force on each other is called
an impact or collision.

29. STATE THE WORK ENERGY PRINCIPLE

The work done by force ac ng on a par cle during its displacement is
equal to the change in the kine c energy of the par cle during the
displacement. Work done= Final kine c energy – Ini al kine c energy

30. DEFINE LINEAR IMPULSE OR IMPULSE

Linear impulse or impulse is the product of force ac ng on a body and
the me elapsed

MCQ’S ON ENGINEERING MECHANICS:

1. The unit of force in S.I. units is
(a) kilogram
(b) Newton
(c) wa
(d) dyne
(e) joule.
Ans: b

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2. The unit of work or energy in S.I. units is
(a) Newton
(b) Pascal
(c) kilogram meter
(d) wa
(e) joule.
Ans: e

3. The unit of power in S.I. units is

(a) newton meter
(b) wa
(c) joule
(d) kilogram meter/sec.
(e) pascal per sec.
Ans: b

4. Forces are called concurrent when their lines of ac on meet in

(a) one point
(b) two points
(c) plane
(d) perpendicular planes
(e) different planes.
Ans: a

5. Forces are called coplanar when all of them ac ng on body lie in

(a) one point
(b) one plane
(c) different planes
(d) perpendicular planes
(e) different points.
Ans: b

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6. A force ac ng on a body may
(a) introduce internal stresses
(b) balance the other forces ac ng on it
(c) retard its mo on
(d) change its mo on
(e) all of the above.
Ans: e

7. Which is the correct statement about law of polygon of forces?

(a) if any number of forces ac ng at a point can be represented by the
sides of a polygon taken in order, then the forces are in equilibrium
(b) if any number of forces ac ng at a point can be represented in
direc on and magnitude by the sides of a polygon, then the forces are
in equilibrium
Ans: d

8. Effect of a force on a body depends upon

(a) magnitude
(b) direc on
(c) posi on or line of ac on
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

9. If a number of forces act simultaneously on a par cle, it is possible

(a) not a replace them by a single force
(b) to replace them by a single force
(c) to replace them by a single force through C.G.
(d) to replace them by a couple
(e) to replace them by a couple and a force.
Ans: b

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11. A force is completely defined when we specify
(a) magnitude
(b) direc on
(c) point of applica on
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

12. If two equal forces of magnitude P act at an angle 9°, their resultant
will be
(a) P/2 cos 9/2
(b) IP sin 9/2
(c) 2P tan 9/2
(d) IP cos 9/2
(e) Psin 9/2.
Ans: d

13. The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a number of forces in a

given direc on is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the
same direc on. This is as per the principle of
(a) forces
(b) independence of forces
(c) dependence of forces
(d) balance of force
(e) resolu on of forces.
Ans: e

14. The resolved part of the resultant of two forces inclined at an angle 9
in a given direc on is equal to
(a) the algebraic sum of the resolved parts of the forces in the given
direc on
(b) the sum of the resolved parts of the forces in the given direc on
(c) the difference of the forces mul plied by the cosine of 9

37
 (d) the sum of the forces mul plied by the sine of 9
(e) the sum of the forces mul plied by the tangent of 9.
Ans: a

15. Which of the following do not have iden cal dimensions?

(a) Momentum and impulse
(b) Torque and energy
(c) Torque and work
(d) Kine c energy and poten al energy
(e) Moment of a force and angular momentum.
Ans: e

16. Which of the following is not the unit of distance?

(a) Angstrom
(b) light year
(c) micron
(d) millimetre
(e) milestone.
Ans: e

17. Which of the following is not the unit of power?

(a) kW (kilowa )
(b) hp (horse power)
© kcal/sec
(d) kg m/sec
(e) kcal/kg sec.
Ans: e

18. Which of the following is not the unit of work, energy and heat?
(a) kcal
(b) kg m
© kWhr
(d) hp

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 (e) hp hr.
Ans: d

19. Which of the following is not the unit of pressure?

(a) kg/cm
(b) ata
© atmosphere
(d) mm of wcl
(e) Newton.
Ans: e

20. The weight of a body is due to

(a) centripetal force of earth
(b) gravita onal pull exerted by the earth
(c) forces experienced by body in atmosphere
(d) force of a rac on experienced by par cles
(e) gravita onal force of a rac on towards the centre of the earth.
Ans: e

21. The forces, which meet at one point, but their lines of ac on do not
lie in a plane, are called
(a) coplanar non-concurrent forces
(b) non-coplanar concurrent forces
(c) non-coplanar non-concurrent forces
(d) intersec ng forces
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

22. When trying to turn a key into a lock, following is applied

(a) coplanar force
(b) non-coplanar forces
(c) lever
(d) moment

39
 (e) couple.
Ans: e

23. Which of the following is not a scalar quan ty

(a) me
(b) mass
© volume
(d) density
(e) accelera on.
Ans: e

24. According to principle of transmissibility of forces, the effect of a

force upon a body is
(a) maximum when it acts at the centre of gravity of a body
(b) different at different points in its line of ac on
(c) the same at every point in its line of ac on
(d) minimum when it acts at the C.G. of the body
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

25. Which of the following is a vector quan ty

(a) energy
(b) mass
(c) momentum
(d) angle
(e) speed.
Ans: c

26. The magnitude of two forces, which when ac ng at right angle

produce resultant force of VlOkg and when ac ng at 60° produce
resultant of Vl3 kg. These forces are
(a) 2 and V6
(b) 3 and 1 kg

40
 (c) V5andV5
(d) 2 and 5
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

27. A number of forces ac ng at a point will be in equilibrium if

(a) their total sum is zero
(b) two resolved parts in two direc ons at right angles are equal
(c) sum of resolved parts in any two perpendicular direc ons are both
zero
(d) all of them are inclined equally
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

28. Two non-collinear parallel equal forces ac ng in opposite direc on

(a) balance each other
(b) cons tute a moment
(c) cons tute a couple
(d) cons tute a moment of couple
(e) cons tute a resultant couple.
Ans: c

29 According to principle of moments

(a) if a system of coplanar forces is in equilibrium, then their algebraic
sum is zero
(b) if a system of coplanar forces is in equilibrium, then the algebraic
sum of their moments about any point in their plane is zero
(c) the algebraic sum of the moments of any two forces about any
point is equal to moment of the resultant about the same point
(d) posi ve and nega ve couples can be balanced
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

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30.Which of the following is not a vector quan ty
(a) weight
(b) velocity
(c) accelera on
(d) force
(e) moment.
Ans: a

31. What is the dot product of the components of the force vector
shown in the figure, i.e. the dot product of the z-axis component and
the y-axis component of the force?
a) 0
b) 200cos60°
c) 200sin45°
d) 200cos30
Ans- a

32. The assump ons for the calcula ons for cables under distributed
load are done for the cables. In that one of the assump ons is that
the cable is ___________
a) Extensible
b) Non-flexible
c) Flexible
d) Sta c
Ans- c

33. The force on the cables under distributed load is not neglected in the
calcula ons of the load distribu on.
a) False
b) True
Ans- a

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34. The assump ons for the calcula ons are done for the cables under
distributed load. In that one of the assump ons is that the cable is
flexible and the other is that the cable is ___________
a) Extensible
b) Non-flexible
c) Inextensible
d) Sta c
Ans- c

35. The various points in the cables under distributed load is facing a
____________ tensile force.
a) Constant
b) Variable
c) Insufficient
d) Non
Ans- a

36. Due to which property the cables under distributed load, it offers no
resistance to bending?
a) Extensible property
b) Non-flexible property
c) Flexibility property
d) Sta c property
Ans- c

37. Flexible cables under distributed load with chains combine ______
with lightness and o en are used in structures for support.
a) Strength
b) Mass
c) Volume
d) Density
Ans- a

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38. The tensile force ac ng on the cables under distributed load is in
which direc on w.r.t the cable?
a) Perpendicular
b) Parallel
c) Tangen al
d) At an angle of 2 radians
Ans- c

39. If the unknown variables in the calcula ons for cables under
distributed load are more than the known quan es, then the
number of equa ons required to solve all the unknown variables are?
a) Infinite
b) Finite
c) Not possible
d) Ques on fault
Ans- b

40. Cables under distributed load takes a shape of a _________when is

subjected to loadings.
a) Helix
b) Line
c) Spring
d) Complex figure
Ans- b

FOR MORE MCQ’S VISIT THE FOLLOWING LINK:

h ps://engineeringmcqs.blogspot.com/2014/08/136-top-engineering-
mechanics.html?m=1

44
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS FAQs:
1. Strain is defined as the ra o of?
Ans: change in cross sec onal area to original cross sec onal area.
OR
Change in length to original length.
2. Young’s modulus is defined as the ra o of?
Ans: shear stress to shear strain.
3. The unit of young's modulus?
Ans: kg/cm2.
4. Deforma on per unit length in the direc on of force is
Ans: Linear strain.
5. The materials having same elas c proper es in all direc ons are
Ans: Isotropic materials.
6. Modulus of rigidity is defined as the ra o of
Ans: Shear stress to shear strain.
7. The impact strength of a material is an index of its
Ans: Toughness.
8. Percentage reduc on of area in performing tensile test on cast iron
may be of the order of
Ans: 0%
9. The intensity off stress which causes unit strain is called
Ans: Modulus of elas city.
10. For steel, the ul mate strength in shear as compared to in tension is
nearly
Ans: Half.
11. If a part is constrained to move and heated, it will develop?
Ans: Compressive stress.
12. Which material is most elas c?
Ans: Steel.

45
13. What is the value of modulus of elas city for mild steel?
Ans: 2.1 *106 kg/cm2.
14. What is the value of possion's ra o for steel?
Ans: 0.25 to 0.33
15. The bulk load for a given material depends on
Ans: possion's ra o and slenderness ra o.
16. What is the value of possion's ra o for cast iron?
Ans: 0.23 to 0.33
17. Which property of a material allows it to be drawn into a smaller
sec on?
Ans: Duc lity
18. What is Rapture stress?
Ans: Load at break point/neck area.
19. How the materials control their elas city?
Ans: By its tensile stress.
20. When the resilience of materials is considered?
Ans: When it is subjected to resonant condi on.
21. What do you mean by proof resilience?
Ans: When the maximum strain energy can be stored in a body it is
known as proof resilience.
22. In riveted boiler joints, all stresses, shearing, bearing and tensile are
based on the
Ans: Size of the drilled or reamed hole.
23. Longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder is
Ans: Half of the hoop stress.
24. What is the bending moment at the end supports of a simply
supported beam?
Ans: At the end supports, the moment developed is zero because there
is no distance to take the perpendicular ac ng load.
25. What is the maximum shear force, when a can lever beam is loaded
with udl throughout?
46
Ans: In can lever beams, the maximum shear force occurs at the fixed
end, there is zero shear force. As we convert udl in to load, we
mul ply the length of the can lever beam with udl load.[w*L]
26. What do you mean by Sagging?
Ans: The posi ve bending moment is considered when it causes
convexity downward or concavity at top. This is sagging.
27. How do point loads and udl be represented in SFD?
Ans: Simple lines and inclined lines.
28. Which curve is formed due to bending of overhanging beams?
Ans: Elas c curve.
29. What is the rela on between slope and maximum bending moment?
Ans: They are inversely propor onal.
30. The axis about which moment of area is taken is known as
Ans: Axis of reference

The axis of reference is the axis about which moment of area is taken. Most
of area is mes it is either the standard x or y axis or the centroidal axis.

Source:
h pps://www.sanfoundry.com/1000 strength materials ques ons
answers/

THEORY OF MACHINES:
1. The study of iner a forces arising from the combined effect of the
mass and the mo on of the parts is known as KINETICS.
2. The study of rela ve mo on between the parts of a machine is
known as KINEMATICS.
3. The study of the rela ve mo on between the parts of a machine and
the forces ac ng on the parts THEORY OF MACHINES.
4. The pair formed by two elements which are so connected that one is
constrained to turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another element
is known as TURNING PAIR.
47
5. If two moving elements have surface contact in mo on, such pair is
known as HIGHER PAIR.
6. Few examples of lower pairs are Sha revolving in a bearing, Straight
line mo on mechanisms, Automobile steering gear etc.
7. Pulley in a belt drive acts as ROLLING PAIRS.
8. Any point on a link connec ng double slider crank chain will trace an
ELLIPSE.
9. The purpose of a link is to TRANSMIT MOTION, GUIDE OTHER LINKS,
and ACT AS SUPPORT.
10. A universal joint is a LOWER PAIR.
11. Pitch point on a cam is the point on the cam pitch curve having the
maximum pressure angle.
13. Cross head and guides form a SLIDING PAIR.
14. If there are L number of links in a mechanism then number of
possible inversions is equal to L
15. Kinema c pairs are those which have two elements that permit
rela ve mo on.
16. The lower pair is a CLOSED PAIR.
17. Automobile steering gear is an example of ROTATORY PAIR.
18. In higher pair, the rela ve mo on is COMBINATION OF SLIDING AND
TURNING.
19. The example of higher pair is belt, rope and chain drives, gears, cams,
ball and roller bearings
20. The Sco -Russell mechanism consists of SLIDING AND TURNING
PAIRS.
21. Davis steering gear consists of SLIDING PAIRS.
22. Ackermann steering gear consists of TURNING PAIRS.
23. Oldham’s coupling is the THIRD INVERSION OF DOUBLE SLIDER
CRANK.
24. Sense of tangen al accelera on of a link could be either same or
opposite to velocity
25. A mechanism is an assemblage of FOUR LINKS OR MORE THAN FOUR
LINKS.

48
26. The number of links in pantograph mechanism is equal to 4
27. Elements of pairs held together mechanically is known as CLOSED
PAIRS.
28. A slider crank chain consists of 3 turning pairs and 1 sliding pair.
29. Rela onship between the number of links (L) and number of pairs (P)
is P = 2L+2
30. The tendency of a body to resist change from rest or mo on is known
as INERTIA.
31. The type of coupling used to join two sha s whose axes are neither in
same straight line nor parallel, but intersect is UNIVERSAL
COUPLING.
32. Flexible coupling is used because It prevents shock transmission and
eliminates stress reversals.
33. The Hooke’s joint consists of TWO FORKS.
34. The Klein’s method of construc on for reciproca ng engine
mechanism u lises a quadrilateral similar to the diagram of
mechanism for reciproca ng engine.
35. In ellip cal trammels two pairs turning and two pairs sliding
36. In automobiles the power is transmi ed from gear box to differen al
through HOOKE’S JOINT.
37. The indicator using Wa mechanism is known as RICHARD
INDICATOR.
38. The Ackermann steering mechanism is preferred to the Davis type in
automobiles because the former is having turning pair
39. Transmission of power from the engine to the rear axle of an
automobile is by means Of HOOKE’S JOINT.
40. In an ideal machine, the output as compared to input is EQUAL.
41. Governor is used in automobile TO CONTROL SPEED.
42. Crowning on pulleys helps automa c adjustment of belt posi on so
that belt runs centrally
43. Idler pulley is used FOR APPLYING TENSION.
44. The moment on the pulley which produces rota on is called
TORQUE.

49
45. The locus of a point on a thread unwound from a cylinder will be
INVOLUTE.
46. Cam is the maximum distance of the follower from BASE CIRCLE.
47. Lower pairs are those which have surface contact between the two
elements when in mo on.
48. A point on a link connec ng double slider crank chain traces an
ELLIPSE.
49. Kinema c pairs are those which have two elements that permit
rela ve mo on.
50. If the opposite links of a four bar linkage are equal, the links will
always form a PARALLELOGRAM.
51. Higher pairs are those which have point or line contact between the
two elements when in mo on.
52. A cam mechanism imparts rota ng, oscilla ng and reciproca ng
mo on.
53. A cam with a roller follower would cons tute higher pair.
54. The approximate straight line mechanism is a four bar mechanism.
55. Peaucellier mechanism has 8 links.
56. The main disadvantage of the sliding pair is that it is bulky and wears
rapidly.
57. For a kinema c chain to be considered as mechanism one link should
be fixed.
58. Whitworth quick return mechanism is obtained by inversion of
SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM.
59. In its simplest form, a cam mechanism consists of 3 links.
60. Tchabichiff mechanism produces mathema cally an exact straight
line mo on.
61. A kinema c chain requires at least 4 links and 4 turning pairs
62. In a drag link quick return mechanism, the shortest link is always
fixed. The sum of the shortest and longest link is less than sum of
other two
63. Whitworth quick return mechanism, hand pump, oscilla ng cylinder
engine inversion of slider crank chain mechanism

50
64. Kinema c pairs are those which have two elements having rela ve
mo on
65. In S.H.M., accelera on is propor onal to DISPLACEMENT.
66. For simple harmonic mo on of the of follower, a cosine curve
represents accelera on diagram
67. In S.H.M., the velocity vector w.r.t.displacement vector leads by 90°.
68. Iner a force acts opposite to the direc on of ace in force
69. Instantaneous centre of rota on of a link in a four bar mechanism lies
on a point obtained by intersec on on extending adjoining links
70. According to Kennedy’s theorem, if three bodies have plane mo ons,
their instantaneous canters lie on A STRAIGHT LINE.
71. Two systems shall be dynamically equivalent when the mass of two
are same,e.g. of two coincides,M.I. of two about an axis through e.g.
is equal
72. The velocity of any point in mechanism rela ve to any other point on
the mechanism on velocity polygon is represented by the line joining
the corresponding points.
73. Angular accelera on of a link can be determined by dividing the
tangen al component of accelera on with length of link
74. Corioli’s component of accelera on exists whenever a point moves
along a path that has ROTATIONAL MOTION.
75. The direc on of Corioli’s component of accelera on is the direc on
of rela ve velocity vector for the two coincident points rotated by
90° in the direc on of the angular velocity of the rota on of the link
76. Corioli’s component is encountered in quick return mechanism of
shaper
77. Klein’s construc on gives a graphical construc on for accelera on
polygon.
78. Klein’s construc on can be used to determine accelera on of various
parts when the crank is at inner dead centre, outer dead centre, right
angles to the link of the stroke, at 45° to the line of the stroke.
79. The number of canters in a crank driven slider crank mechanism is 2.
80. Carioli’s component acts perpendicular to sliding surfaces

51
81. Klein’s construc on can be used when crank has a uniform angular
velocity
82. Klein’s construc on is useful to determine accelera on of various
parts
83. A circle passing through the pitch point with its center at the center of
cam axis is known as prime circle.
84. The maximum value of the pressure angle in case of cam is kept as
30°.
85. Cam angle is defined as the angle of rota on of the cam for a definite
displacement of the follower
86. Angle of descent of cam is defined as the angle during which the
follower returns to its ini al posi on.
87. Angle of ac on of cam is defined as the angle moved by the cam from
beginning of ascent to the termina on of descent.
88. Angle of dwell of cam is defined as the angle through which the cam
rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the
highest posi on
89. Angle of ascent of cam is defined as the angle moved by the cam from
the instant the follower begins to rise, ll it reaches its highest
posi on

Source: h p://www.allexamreview.com

52
VIBRATION:
1. What is Vibra on Analysis?
Vibra on Analysis is used to detect early precursors to machine
failure, allowing machinery to be repaired or replaced before an
expensive failure occurs.
2. Why is vibra on a problem in construc on work?
The construc on industry is a high risk industry for vibra on related ill
health. The main risk is from the use of hand held vibra ng tools such
as breakers, hammer drills / combihammers or scabblers. Use of hand
held hammer or rotary ac on vibra ng tools can lead to Hand-Arm
Vibra on Syndrome (HAVS) if not correctly controlled.
As a rough guide, if workers regularly use hammer ac on power tools
for more than 15 minutes per day, or rotary or other ac on power
tools for more than about an hour per day, there may be a problem
with exposure to hand-arm vibra on. If workers complain of ngling
in their hands that lasts for 10 minutes or more a er use of a power
tool, this may also indicate a problem.
Quality of life can be badly affected by hand-arm vibra on syndrome.
For some people symptoms appear a er only a few months of
exposure but for others it may take years. For example, affected
people may find that:
• they suffer ngling and numbness in the fingers, or pain, distress
or disturbed sleep
• they cannot feel things properly or do fine work (eg assembling
small components) or everyday tasks (eg fastening bu ons)
• they lose strength in the hands, for example reduced grip
strength or reduced ability to work in cold or damp condi ons,
which might affect their ability to work safely
• their fingers go white (blanching) and becoming red and painful
on recovery
• What is the best way to reduce exposure to hand-arm vibra on
on a construc on site?

53
Elimina ng the process that is resul ng in exposure to hand-arm
vibra on or subs tu ng it for a process which results in less exposure
are the best ways of dealing with hand-arm vibra on exposure on a
construc on site. You will need to consider this during the risk
assessment process. Selec ng equipment that reduces exposure to
vibra on can help significantly. Organisa onal measures, such as job
rota on, can also be useful.
Here are some examples of how you can reduce exposure to hand-
arm vibra on:
• Eliminate vibra on exposure during design. For example, design
ducts into a structure rather than chasing channels in walls. Avoid
specifying scabbled finishes to concrete structures.
• Subs tute a process which results in exposure to vibra on for one
that eliminates or reduces exposure. For example, blocks can be
split with a hydraulic block spli er rather than a cut-off saw,
equipment, such as breakers, can be machine mounted which
removes the need for the operator to hold the equipment, pile
caps can be cropped using hydraulic pile croppers or an
alterna ve method, such as the Elliot or Recipieux methods.
• Select low vibra on equipment. For example, compare vibra on
levels from power tools when buying or hiring equipment. Use
informa on from the manufacturer or supplier, and choose a tool
that is effec ve for the job and results in low exposure to
vibra on.
• Ensure equipment is used by suitably trained staff and in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc ons.
• If hand-held vibra ng tools are used, job rota on can reduce the
exposure of individuals. Protect workers from cold and damp by
providing suitable clothing and gloves as this can reduce the
likelihood of hand-arm vibra on symptoms appearing, but note
that gloves are not an effec ve protec on against vibra on.

54
3. Do an -vibra on gloves reduce exposure to vibra on, for example for
workers using hand-held breakers?
No. An -vibra on gloves are not an effec ve measure against
exposure to hand-arm vibra on. Using normal gloves to help keep
the hands warm in cold weather is useful, but no gloves provide
effec ve protec on against vibra on from hand held tools.
4. Is it necessary to measure vibra on levels for hand held vibra ng
tools at a construc on site?
In many cases a risk assessment for vibra on at a construc on site can
be prepared without using equipment to measure the vibra on
levels. The assessment must be based on reliable informa on though
and should include a realis c es mate of the employee’s exposure.
You may find it useful to observe work ac vi es, measure the
exposure me over part of the day and use this to es mate exposure
during a full shi . If an employee is exposed to vibra on from more
than one tool or work process during a typical day, you will need to
collect informa on about the likely vibra on level(s) and exposure
me for each source.
Informa on from manufacturers or suppliers about vibra on levels
produced by the equipment can be used to calculate the daily
exposure unless there is reason to believe it is not valid, for example if
the tool is being used in a way not specified by the manufacturer or
supplier.
The quality of vibra on data should be discussed with suppliers /
manufacturers of equipment. Vibra on data measured according to
current standards should give a good indica on of the likely exposure
to vibra on when the tool is in use, but manufacturers may also give
addi onal informa on about residual risk, such as when the results of
the standard vibra on tests are known not to be very representa ve
of real usage.
5. What can I check for Sources of Vibra on, below
• Any numbers of motorcyclists have commented that the

55
 F650 doesn't vibrate like thumpers years ago. Well, it is a
motorcycle and it is a single, so be aware (as with any machine)
that there are vibra ons and consequently, things get loose. This
doesn't happen just off-road, but be more aware, check your bike
more o en when riding off-pavement where road surfaces are
not so smooth.
• The first thing that I lost was the stainless steel Allen-head bolts
that keep side panels in place. Solu on: Blue Loc te or spares.
• A er a ride to Batopilas in Mexico's Copper Canyon I discovered
that the front fork panel - it covers the brake assembly, etc - was
missing. Solu on: Blue Loc te, etc. A trip to the local dealer and I
went into plas c body panel shock.
• That same ride into Batopilas produced a faint noise and a funny
feeling in the front forks. I received all kinds of advice. Most
thought the head bearings had taken a bea ng going down into
the canyon. It turned out to be the keeper nut. it had loosened a
bit. it is the nut which sits atop the triple tree and is located
between the uprights for the handlebars. Solu on: 40Nm
(25Ftlbs) and Blue Loc te.
• Recently, I thought that at 36,000 miles the head bearing might
need some a en on. It had been about 20,000 since they had
been replaced with Timken bearings. When I turned the bars hard
to lock on either side, there was a slight, but detectable click.
Before tearing my hair out and the bike apart, I checked the
17mm nuts that secure the handle bars mounts. These are
located on the underside of the triple tree. One was just a bit
loose.
• A ermarket items can get loose. My Ohlins shock has three
components. One item is mounted in place of the emissions
cannister (Sorry, EPA.) and the stainless steel clamps supplied
with the moun ng kit broke. Solu on: Four plas c bundle es
that give with the bike's vibra on. The legendary vibra ng
taillight, which BMW denies exists, has been reported by many

56
 F650 riders. Jesse bags offer a solu on in that the cross brace for
the bag mounts bu s up against the license plate bracket
preven ng the vibra on of the taillight assembly. Just buying
Jesse bags to keep the taillight filament intact is expensive. Jesse
bags are the greatest, but s ll....Well, just construct a crosspiece,
nker, think about it.
• Of course the main solu on with bad vibes is to get in harmony
with the cosmos, like man, you know, when the moon is in the
seventh house, and Jupiter is aligned with Mars...it is karma, man.
Blue Loc te helps if you are out of karma.

57
MACHINE DESIGN 1,2:
1. The ul mate strength of steel in tension in comparison to shear is in
the ra o of
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 2:1
(c) 3 : 2
(d) 2 : 3
(e) 1 : 2
Ans: c

2. The permissible stress for carbon steel under sta c loading is

generally taken as
(a) 2000-3000 kg/pm2
(b) 3000-4000 kg/cm2
(c) 4000-4500 kg/cm2
(d) 7500-10,000 kg/cm2
(e) 10,000-15,000 kg/cm2.
Ans: c

3. The property of a material which enables it to resist fracture due to

high impact loads is known as
(a) elas city
(b) endurance
© strength
(d) toughness
(e) resilience.
Ans: d

4. A hot short metal is

(a) bri le when cold
(b) bri le when hot
(c) bri le under all condi ons

58
(d) duc le at high temperature
(e) hard when hot.
Ans: b

5. Guest's theory of failure is applicable for following type of materials

(a) bri le
(b) duc le
© elas c
(d) plas c
(e) tough.
Ans: b

6. Rankine's theory of failure is applicable for following type of

materials
(a) bri le
(b) duc le
© elas c
(d) plas c
(e) tough.
Ans: a

7. If an unsupported uniform cross sec onal elas c bar is subjected to a

longitudinal impact from a rigid bob moving with velocity v, then a
compressive wave of intensity sc is propagated through the bar as
follows
(a) vpE
(b) vVvF
© WpE/2
(d) IvHpE
(e) none of the above, where E = modulus of elas city and p = mass
density.
Ans: a

59
8. Tensile strength of a mild steel specimen can be roughly predicted
from following hardness test
(a) Brinell
(b) Rockwell
© Vicker
(d) Shore's sceleroscope
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

9. Resilience of a material is important, when it is subjected to

(a) combined loading
(b) fa gue
(c) thermal stresses
(d) wear and tear
(e) shock loading.
Ans: e

10. In the case of an elas c bar fixed at upper end and loaded by a falling
weight at lower end, the shock load produced can be decreased by
(a) decreasing the cross-sec on area of' bar
(b) increasing the cross-sec on area of bar
(c) remain unaffected with cross-sec on area
(d) would depend upon other factors
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

11. Endurance limit or fa gue limit is the maximum stress that a member
can withstand for an infinite number of load applica ons without
failure when subjected to
(a) dynamic loading
(b) sta c loading
(c) combined sta c and dynamic loading
(d) completely reversed loading

60
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d

12. Pick up wrong statement. Fa gue strength can be increased by

(a) cold working
(b) shot peening
(c) grinding and lapping surface
(d) hot working
(e) using gradual changes of sec on.
Ans: d

13. Which of the following is not correct procedure to increase the

fa gue limit
(a) cold working
(b) shot peening
(c) surface decarburisa on
(d) under-stressing
(e) all of the above.
Ans: c

14. Coaxing is the procedure of increasing

(a) metal strength by cycling
(b) metal hardness by surface treatment
(c) metal resistance to corrosion by coa ng
(d) fa gue limit by overstressing the metal by successively increasing
loadings
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

15. Which is correct statement?

Stress concentra on in sta c loading is
(a) very serious in bri le materials and less serious in duc le materials
(b) very serious in duc le materials and less serious in bri le materials

61
(c) equally serious in both types of materials
(d) seriousness would depend on other factors
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

16. The notch angle of the Izod impact test specimen is

(a) 10°
(b) 20°
© 30°
(d) 45°
(e) 60°.
Ans: d

17. In Vicker's hardness tes ng, the pyramid indentor apex is

(a) 40°
(b) 122°
© 136°
(d) 152°
(e) 161°.
Ans: c

18. Which is correct statement?

Stress concentra on in cyclic loading is
(a) very serious in bri le materials and less serious in duc le materials
(b) very serious in duc le materials and less serious in bri le materials
(c) equally serious in both types of materials
(d) seriousness would depend on other factors
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

19. In tes ng a material for endurance strength, it is subjected to

(a) sta c load
(b) dynamic load

62
(c) impact load
(d) sta c as well as dynamic load
(e) completely reversed load.
Ans: e

20. If a material fails below its yield point, failure would be due to
(a) straining
(b) fa gue
(c) reep
(d) sudden loading
(e) impact loading.
Ans: b

21. The ra o of endurance limit in shear to the endurance limit in flexure is

(a) 0.33
(b) 0.4
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.55
(e) 0.6
Ans: d

22. For steel, the ul mate strength in shear as compared to ul mate

strength in tension is
(a) same
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/3
(d) 1/4
(e) 2/3
Ans: e

23. The endurance limit in shear of carbon steel can be obtained by

mul plying the endurance limit in flexure by a factor of
(a) 0.25

63
(b) 0.45
(c) 0.55
(d) 0.65
(e) 0.75.
Ans: e

24. At low temperatures (say 75°C) the notched-bar impact value of steel
(a) increases markedly
(b) decreases markedly
© remains same
(d) depends on heat treatment carried out
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

25. A bolt
(a) has a head on one end and a nut fi ed to the other
(b) has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other
part to be joined
(c) has both the ends threaded
(d) is provided with pointed threads
(e) requires no nut.
Ans: a

26. The crest diameter of a screw thread is same as

(a) major diameter
(b) minor diameter
(c) pitch diameter
(d) core diameter
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

27. If d is the diameter of bolt hole then for a flanged pipe joint to be leak
proof, the circumferen al pitch of the bolts should be

64
(a) lOVZ
(b) 10VZtol5Vd
(c) 15Vdto20VZ
(d) 20Vdto30Vd
(e) 30V5"to40Vd.
Ans: d

28. Maximum principal stress theory is applicable for

(a) duc le materials
(b) bri le materials
© elas c materials
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

29. The following type of nut is used with alien bolt

(a) alien nut
(b) hexagonal nut
(c) slo ed nut
(d) castle nut
(e) any one of the above.
Ans: e

30. A stud
(a) has a head on one end and a nut fi ed to the other
(b) has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other
part to be joined
(c) has both the ends threaded
(d) has pointed threads
(e) requires locking nuts.
Ans: c

65
31. Shear stress theory is applicable for
(a) duc le materials
(b) bri le materials
(c) elas c materials
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

32. In order to obtain bolt of uniform strength

(a) increase shank diameter
(b) increase its length
(c) drill an axial hole through head up to threaded por on so that shank
area is equal to root area of thread
(d) ghten die bolt properly
(e) all of the above.
Ans: c

33. A key capable of l ng in a recess milled out in a sha is known as

(a) wood-ruff key
(b) feather key
(c) flat saddle key
(d) gib head key
(e) hollow saddle key.
Ans: a

34. A key made from a cylindrical disc having segmental cross-sec on, is
known as
(a) wood-ruff key
(b) feather key
(c) flat saddle key
(d) gib head key
(e) hollow saddle key.
Ans: a

66
35. A tapered key which fits in a keyway in the hub and is flat on the sha ,
is known as
(a) wood-ruff key
(b) feather key
(c) flat saddle key
(d) gib head key
(e) hollow saddle key.
Ans: c

36. Fibrous fracture occurs in

(a) duc le material
(b) bri le material
(c) elas c material
(d) hard material
(e) all of the above.
Ans: a

37. Turn buckle has

(a) right hand threads on bout ends
(b) le hand threads on both ends
(c) le hand threads on one end and right hand threads on other end
(d) no threads
(e) threads in middle por on.
Ans: c

38. Eye bolts are used for

(a) founda on purposes
(b) locking devices*
(c) absorbing shock and vibra ons
(d) transmission of power
(e) li ing and transporta on of machines and cubicles.
Ans: e

67
39. Elas c nut is a locking device in which
(a) one small nut is ghtened over main nut and main nut ghtened
against smaller one by loosening, crea ng fric on jamming
(b) a slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by
ghtening a screw
(c) hard fiber or nylon co er is recessed in the nut and becomes
threaded as the nut is stewed on the bolt causing a ght grip
(d) through slots are made at top and a co er-pin is passed through
these and a hole in the bolt, and co er pin spli ed and bent in
reverse direc on at other end
(e) none of the above,
Ans: c

40. If d is the normal diameter of a bolt in mm, then the ini al tension in
kg in a bolt used for making a fluid ght joint as for steam engine
cover joint is calculated by the rela on
(a) 102 d
(b) 124 d
(c) 138 d
(d) 151 d
(e) 168 d.
Ans: e

41. If threads on a bolt are le hand, threads on nut will be

(a) right hand with same pitch
(b) le hand with same pitch
(c) could be le or right hand
(d) right hand with fine pitch
(e) le hand with fine pitch.
Ans: b

42. Taper usually provided on co er is

(a) 1 in 5

68
(b) 1 in 10
(c) 1 in 24
(d) 1 in 40
(e) 1 in 50.
Ans: c

43. The piston rod of a steam engine is usually connected to the

crosshead by means of
(a) bolted joint
(b) knuckle joint
(c) co er joint
(d) universal joint
(e) universal coupling.
Ans: c

44. Which of the following pipe joints would be suitable for pipes
carrying steam
(a) flanged
(b) threaded
(c) bell and spigot
(d) expansion
(e) compression.
Ans: d

45. Spring index is

(a) ra o of coil diameter to wire diameter
(b) load required to produce unit deflec on
© its capability of storing energy
(d) indica on of quality of spring
(e) nothing.
Ans: a

69
46. The shearing stresses in the inner face as compared to outer face of
the wire in a heavy close coiled spring is
(a) larger
(b) smaller
(c) equal
(d) larger/smaller depending on diameter of spring coil
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: a

47. Form coefficient of spring is

(a) ra o of coil diameter to wire diameter
(b) load required to produce unit deflec on
(c) its capability of storing energy
(d) concerned With strength of wire of spring
(e) nothing
Ans: c

48. Spring s ffness is

(a) ra o of coil diameter to wire diameter
(b) load required to produce unit deflec on
(c) its capability of storing energy
(d) Its ability to absorb shocks
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

49. When two springs are in series (having s ffness K), the equivalent
s ffness will be
(a) K
(b) K/2
(c) 2K
(d) KIA
(e) UK.
Ans: b

70
50. When a close coiled helical spring is compressed, its wire is subjected to
(a) tension
(b) shear
(c) compression
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

51. If a spring is cut down into two springs, the s ffness of cut springs will be
(a) half
(b) same
(c) double
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

52. Belt slip may occur due to

(a) heavy load
(b) loose belt
(c) driving pulley too small
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

53. Aircra body is usually fabricated by

(a) welding
(b) precas ng
(c) rive ng
(d) cas ng
(e) unconven onal methods.
Ans: c

71
54. If two springs are in parallel then their overall s ffness will be
(a) half
(b) same
(c) double
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

55. In hydrodynamic bearings

(a) the oil film pressure is generated only by the rota on of the journal
(b) the oil film is maintained by supplying oil under pressure
(c) do not require external supply of lubricant
(d) grease is used for lubrica on
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

56. An fric on bearings are

(a) sleeve bearings
(b) hydrodynamic bearings
(c) thin lubricated bearings
(d) ball and roller bearings
(e) none of the above.
Ans: e

57. If p = bearing pressure on projected bearing area, z = absolute

viscosity of lubricant, and N = speed of journal, then the bearing
characteris c number is given by
(a) ZN/p
(b) p/ZN
(c) Z/pN
(d) N/Zp
(e) Zp/N.
Ans: a

72
58. Gear box is used
(a) to produce torque
(b) for speed reduc on
(c) to obtain variable speeds
(d) to increase efficiency of system
(e) to damp out vibra ons.
Ans: c

73
FLUID MECHANICS AND FLUID MACHINARY FAQs:

1. How Cavita on Can Be Eliminated In A Pump?

Cavita on means bubbles are forming in the liquid.
o To avoid Cavita on, we have to increase the Pump size to One or
Two Inch;
o To increase the pressure of the Suc on Head, or
o Decrease the Pump Speed.
2. Which Pump is More Efficient Centrifugal Pump Or Reciproca ng
Pump?
Centrifugal pump. Because flow rate is higher compared to
reciproca ng pump. Flow is smooth and it requires less space to
install. Lower ini al cost and lower maintenance cost.
3. Why Centrifugal Pump Is Not Called As A Posi ve Displacement Type
Of Pump?
The centrifugal has varying flow depending on pressure or head,
whereas the Posi ve Displacement pump has more or less constant
flow regardless of pressure.
Likewise viscosity is constant for posi ve displacement pump where
centrifugal pump have up and down value because the higher
viscosity liquids fill the clearances of the pump causing a higher
volumetric efficiency. When there is a viscosity change in supply
there is also greater loss in the system. This means change in pump
flow affected by the pressure change.
One more example is, posi ve displacement pump has more or less
constant efficiency, where centrifugal pump has varying efficiency
rate.
4. Why The Centrifugal Pump Is Called High Discharge Pump?
Centrifugal pump is a kine c device. The centrifugal pump uses the
centrifugal force to push out the fluid. So the liquid entering the
pump receives kine c energy from the rota ng impeller. The
centrifugal ac on of the impeller accelerates the liquid to a high

74
 velocity, transferring mechanical (rota onal) energy to the liquid. So
it discharges the liquid in high rate. It is given in the following
formulae:

Centrifugal force F= (M*V2)/R.

Where,
M-Mass
V-Velocity
R-Radius
5. Why Cavita on Will Occur In Centrifugal Pumps And Not In
Displacement Pumps?
The forma on of cavi es (or bubbles) is induced by flow separa on,
or non-uniform flow veloci es, inside a pump casing. In centrifugal
pumps the eye of the pump impeller is smaller than the flow area of
pipe. This decrease in flow area of pump results in increase in flow
rate. So pressure drop happened between pump suc on and the
vanes of the impeller. Here air bubbles or cavi es are formed
because of liquid vapour due to increase in temperature in impeller.
This air bubbles are transmi ed to pump which forms cavita on.
6. What Is A Radialflow Turbine?
In a radialflow turbine, steam flows outward from the sha to the
casing. The unit is usually a reac on unit, having both fixed and
moving blades.
7. What Are Four Types Of Turbine Seals?
o Carbon rings fi ed in segments around the sha and held
together by garter or retainer springs.
o Labyrinth mated with sha serra on’s or sha seal strips.
o Water seals where a sha runner acts as a pump to create a ring
of water around the sha . Use only treated water to avoid sha
pi ng.
o Stuffing box using woven or so packing rings that are

75
 compressed with a gland to prevent leakage along the sha .
8. What Are Two Types Of Clearance In A Turbine?
o Radial – clearance at the ps of the rotor and casing.
o Axial – the foreanda
Clearance, at the sides of the rotor and the casing.
9. What Is The Func on Of A Thrust Bearing?
Thrust bearings keep the rotor in its correct axial posi on.
10. What Is A Stage In A Steam Turbine?
In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of moving blades behind the
nozzle. In a reac on turbine, each row of blades is called a "stage." A
single Cur s stage may consist of two or more rows of moving blades.
11. What Is A Diaphragm?
Par ons between pressure stages in a turbine’s casing are called
diaphragms. They hold the vane shaped nozzles and seals between
the stages. Usually labyrinth type seals are used. One-half of the
diaphragms are fi ed into the top of the casing, the other half into
the bo om.
12. What Are The Two Basic Types Of Steam Turbines?
o Impulse type.
o Reac on type.
13. What Are Topping And Superposed Turbines?
Topping and superposed turbines arc high-pressure, noncondensing
units that can be added to an older, moderate pressure plant.
Topping turbines receive high-pressure steam from new high-
pressure boilers. The exhaust steam of the new turbine has the same
pressure as the old boilers and is used to supply the old turbines.
14. What Is A Combina on Thrust And Radial Bearing?
This unit has the ends of the Babbi bearing extended radically over
the end of the shell. Collars on the rotor face these thrust pads, and
the journal is supported in the bearing between the thrust collars.
15. What Is Cavita on?

76
 Cavita on is the forma on of vapour cavi es (Air bubbles) in a liquid.
16. What Is Posi ve Displacement Pump?
Posi ve displacement pumps are those that operate by forcing a
fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure sec on of the pump into
the discharge zone of the pump.
17. What Is Kinema c Viscosity?
The kinema c viscosity is the ra o of absolute viscosity to the density
of the liquid.
18. Differen ate Between the Uniform Flow and Non-uniform Flow?
Uniform Flow: The flow is defined as uniform flow when in the flow
field the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters do not change
from point to point at any instant of me.
Non-Uniform Flow: When the velocity and other hydrodynamic
parameters changes from one point to another the flow is defined as
non-uniform flow.
19. What Is The Difference Between The Unsteady Uniform Flow And
Steady Uniform Flow?
Unsteady uniform flow - changes with me.
Steady uniform flow - does not change with me.
20. What Is Coefficient Of Contrac on?
Coefficient of contrac on is the ra o of area of jet at vena contracta
to the area of orifice.
The typical value may be taken as 0.64 for a sharp orifice (concentric
with the flow channel). The smaller the value, the more effect the
vena contracta has.

MCQs
1) According to Archimedes’ principle, if a body is immersed par ally or
fully in a fluid then the buoyancy force is _______ the weight of fluid
displaced by the body.
a. equal to

77
b. less than
c. more than
d. unpredictable
Ans: a

2) What is the correct formula for absolute pressure?

a. Pabs = Patm – Pgauge
b. Pabs = Pvacuum – Patm
c. Pabs = Pvacuum + Patm
d. Pabs = Patm+ Pgauge
Ans: d

3) One litre of a certain fluid weighs 8N. What is its specific volume?
a. 2.03 x 10–3 m3/kg
–3 3
b. 20.3 x 10 m /kg
c. 12.3 x 10 m3/kg
–3

–3 3
d. 1.23 x 10 m /kg
Ans: d

4) When is a liquid said to be not in a boiling or vaporized state?

a. If the pressure on liquid is equal to its vapour pressure
b. If the pressure on liquid is less than its vapour pressure
c. If the pressure on liquid is more than its vapour pressure
d. Unpredictable
Ans: c

5) Which type of body is an airfoil?

a. streamline body
b. wave body
c. bluff body
d. induced body
Ans: a

78
2) Boundary layer thickness is the distance from the boundary to the
point where velocity of the fluid is
a. equal to 10% of free stream velocity
b. equal to 50% of free stream velocity
c. equal to 90% of free stream velocity
d. equal to 99% of free stream velocity
Ans: d

3) Which of the following number is applicable in open hydraulic

structure such as spillways, where gravita onal force is
predominant?
a. Reynold's Number
b. Euler's Number
c. Weber's Number
d. Froude's Number
Ans: d

4) Which of the following is a dimensionless equa on?

a. Reynold's equa on
b. Euler's equa on
c. Weber's equa on
d. All of the above
Ans: d

5) Match the following physical quan es in Group 1 with their

dimensions in Group 2.
2 –3
1. Work done (Energy) (W) ----------------------------- A. [M L T ]
2. Power (P) ------------------------------------------------ B. [M L T –1 ]
–1

2 –2
3. Momentum (M) ---------------------------------------- C. [M L T ]
4. Modulus of elas city (E) ----------------------------- D. [M L T –1 ]
–1 –2
5. Dynamic viscosity (μ) --------------------------------- E. [M L T ]

79
a. 1-(C), 2-(A), 3-(D), 4-(E), 5-(B)
b. 1-(A), 2-(C), 3-(D), 4-(E), 5-(B)
c. 1-(C), 2-(A), 3-(E), 4-(B), 5-(D)
d. 1-(D), 2-(E), 3-(B), 4-(A), 5-(C)
Ans: a

6) What is the formula for determining the size of equivalent pipe for
two pipes of lengths L₁, L₂ and diameters d₁, d₂ respec vely?
Where,
L = L1 + L2
a. (L / d) = (L1 / d1) + (L2 / d2)
2
b. (L / d ) = (L1 / d1²) + (L2 / d2²)
3
c. (L / d ) = (L1 / d1³ ) + (L2 / d2³)
d. (L / d5) = (L1 / d1⁵ ) + (L2 / d2⁵)
ans:d

7) What is the effect of change in Reynold's number on fric on factor in

turbulent flow?
a. As the Reynold's number increases the fric on factor increases in
turbulent flow
b. As the Reynold's number increases the fric on factor decreases in
turbulent flow
c. change in Reynold's number does not affect the fric on factor in
turbulent flow
d. unpredictable
Ans: b

12) The fric on factor in fluid flowing through pipe depends upon ?
a. Reynold's number
b. rela ve roughness of pipe surface
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
Ans: c

80
13) Fric on factor for laminar flow is given by?
a. (Re /64)
b. (64 / Re)
c. (Re / 16)
d. (16 / Re)
Ans: b

14) Kinema c eddy viscosity (ε) is the ra o of?

a. eddy viscosity (η) to dynamic viscosity (μ)
b. eddy viscosity (η) to kinema c viscosity (ν)
c. kinema c viscosity to eddy viscosity (η)
d. eddy viscosity (η) to mass density (ρ)
Ans: d

15) The cylindrical por on of short length, which connects converging

and diverging sec on of venturimeter, is called as
a. diffuser
b. connector
c. throat
d. manometer tube
Ans: c

16) Magnitude of eddy viscosity for laminar flow is?

a. less than zero
b. zero
c. greater than zero
d. unpredictable
Ans: b

17) Venturimeter consists of short converging conical tube which has a

total inclina on angle of?
a. 11 ± 1
b. 21 ± 1

81
c. 30 ± 1
d. 60 ± 1
Ans: b

18) Which of the following devices does not use Bernoulli's equa on as
its working principle?
a. Venturimeter
b. Orifice-meter
c. Pitot tube
d. None of the above
Ans: d

19) Which of the following sentences are true for Bernoulli's equa on?
1. Bernoulli's principle is applicable to ideal incompressible fluid
2. The gravity force and pressure forces are only considered in
Bernoulli's principle
3. The flow of fluid is rota onal for Bernoulli's principle
4. The heat transfer into or out of fluid should be zero to apply
Bernoulli's principle
a. (1), (2) and (3)
b. (1), (3) and (4)
c. (1), (2) and (4)
d. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
Ans: c

20) Blood circula on through arteries is ?

a. a laminar flow
b. a turbulent flow
Ans: a

21) Viscous forces are not present in ?

a. rota onal flow
b. irrota onal flow

82
c. laminar flow
d. none of the above
Ans: b

22) Which accelera on has a nonzero value in uniform flow?

a. Local accelera on
b. Convec ve accelera on
c. Both local as well as convec ve accelera on
d. unpredictable
Ans: a

23) If stream func on (Ψ) sa sfies the Laplace equa on, it is a possible
case of ?
a. a circular flow
b. a rota onal flow
c. an irrota onal flow
d. none of the above
Ans: c

24) When the angle between surface tension with the liquid (θ) is greater
than 90o, the liquid becomes?
a. flat
b. concave upward
c. convex upward
d. unpredictable
Ans: c

25) The fluid will rise in capillary when the capillary is placed in fluid, if ?
a. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is less than
the cohesion between liquid molecules
b. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is more than
the cohesion between liquid molecules
c. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is equal to

83
 the cohesion between liquid molecules
d. cannot say
Ans: b

26) The below diagram is a graph of change in shear stress with respect
to velocity gradient in a fluid. What is a type of the fluid?

a. Newtonian fluid
b. Non-Newtonian fluid
c. Ideal fluid
d. Dilatent fluid
Ans: b

27) If viscosity of fluid is more, the thickness of boundary layer is?

a. more
b. less
c. not affected by change in viscosity
d. unpredictable
Ans: a

28) Which of the following is not a primary quan ty?

a. Mass (M)
b. Temperature (θ)
c. Time (T)
d. None of the above
Ans: d

84
29) What is the correct formula for loss at the exit of a pipe?
a. hL = 0.5 (V² / 2g)
b. hL = (V² / 2g)
c. hL = (2 V² / g)
d. hL = (4 V² / g)
Ans: b

30) What is Darcy-Weisbach formula for heat loss due to fric on?
Where,
f = Darcy's coefficient of fric on
a. hf = (f l V²) / (g d)
b. hf = (f l V²) / (2 g d)
c. hf = (4 f l V²) / (2 g d)
d. hf = (16 f l V²) / (2 g d)
Ans: c

Source:

For FCQs:
h ps://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/fluid-mechanics-interview-
ques ons.html

For MCQs:
h ps://www.careerride.com/mcq/fluid-mechanics-mechanical-
engineering-mcq- ques ons-and-answers-226.aspx

85
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FAQs:

1. Thermal conduc vity of solid metals with rise in temperature

normally decreases.
2. Thermal conduc vity of non-metallic amorphous solids with
decrease in temperature decreases.
3. Heat transfer takes place as per second law of the thermodynamics.
4. When heat is transferred from one par cle of hot body to another by
actual mo on of the heated par cles, it is referred to as heat transfer
by conduc on.
5. When heat is transferred form hot body to cold body, in a straight
line, without affec ng the intervening medium, it is referred as heat
transfer by radia on.
6. Sensible heat is the heat required to increase the temperature of a
liquid of vapour.
7. The insula on ability of an insulator with the presence of moisture
would decrease.
8. When heat is transferred by molecular collision, it is referred to as
heat transfer by convec on.
9. Heat transfer in liquid and gases takes place by convec on.
10. Metals are good conductors of heat because their atoms collide
frequently.
11. Total heat is the heat required to convert water into steam and
superheat it.
12. Cork is a good insulator because it has porous body.
13. Thermal conduc vity of water in general with rise in temperature
may increase or decrease depending on temperature.
14. Thermal conduc vity of air with rise in temperature increases.
15. Heat flows from one body to other when they have different

86
 temperatures.
16. Air has least value of conduc vity.
17. Solid ice is expected to have highest thermal conduc vity.
18. Aluminum has maximum value of thermal conduc vity.
19. Moisture would find its way into insula on by vapour pressure unless
it is prevented by a vapour seal.
20. Heat is transferred by all three modes of transfer, viz, conduc on,
convec on and radia on in boiler.
21. According to Prevost theory of heat exchange all bodies above
absolute zero emit radia on.
22. Thermal diffusivity is a physical property of the material.
23. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is propor onal to thermal
conduc vity.
24. Unit of thermal diffusivity is m2/hr.
25. Thermal conduc vity of wood depends on moisture, density and
temperature.
26. In convec on heat transfer from hot flue gases to water tube, even
though flow may be turbulent, a laminar flow region (boundary layer
of film) exists close to the tube. The heat transfer through this film
takes place by conduc on.
27. Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube Thermal
conduc vity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat x Viscocity.
28. Heat conducted througfi unit area and unit thick face per unit me
when temperature difference between opposite faces is unity,is
called thermal conduc vity.
29. The rate of energy emission from unit surface area through unit solid
angle, along a normal to the surface, is known as intensity of
radia on.
30. Emissivity of a white polished body in comparison to a black body is
lower.

87
31. A grey body is one whose absorp vity is equal to its emissivity.
32. Two balls of sa.me material and finish have their diameters in the
ra o of 2 : 1 and both are heated to same temperature and allowed
to cool by radia on. Rate of cooling by big ball as compared to
smaller one will be in the ra o of 1 : 2.
33. A non-dimensional number generally associated with natural
convec on heat transfer is Grashoff number.
34. LMTD in case of counter flow heat exchanger as compared-to parallel
flow heat exchanger is higher.
35. In heat exchangers, degree of approach is defined as the difference
between temperatures of hot medium outlet and cold water outlet.
36. In counter flow heat exchangers both the fluids at inlet are in their
hot test state.
37. A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insula ng materials put over
each other. For best results be er insula on should be put over pipe
and be er one over it.
38. Fourier's law of heat conduc on is valid for one dimensional cases
only.
39. According of Kirchhoff's law, ra o of emissive power to absorp ve
power for all bodies is same and is equal to the emissive power of a
perfectly black body.
40. All radia ons in a black body are absorbed.
41. According to Kirchoff's law, the ra o of emissive power to
absorp vity for all bodies is equal to the emissive power of a black
body.
42. The concept of overall coefficient of heat transfer is used in case of
heat transfer by conduc on and convec on.
43. Joule sec is the unit of Planck's constant.
44. The value of Prandtl number for air is about 0.7.
45. The value of the wavelength for maximum emissive power is given

88
 by Wien's law.
46. Log mean temperature difference in case of counter flow compared
to parallel flow will be more.
47. The energy distribu on of an ideal reflector at higher temperatures is
largely in the range of shorter wavelength.
48. Total emissivity of polished silver compared to black body is very
much lower.
49. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiators emit radiant
energy at a rate propor onal to fourth power of absolute
temperature.
50. Density of air does not increase with rise in temperature.
51. In free con-vec on heat transfer, Nusselt number is func on of
Grashoff no. and Prandtl no.
52. Stefan Boltzmann law is applicable for heat transfer by radia on.
53. The thermal diffusivi es for gases are generally more than those for
liquids.
54. The thermal diffusivi es for solids are generally more than those for
liquids and gases.
55. The ra o of the emissive power and absorp ve power of all bodies is
the same and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black
body. This statement is known as Krichoff's law.
56. According to Stefan's law, the total radia on from a black body per
second per unit area is propor onal to t.
57. According to Wien's law, the wavelength corresponding to maximum
energy is propor on to absolute temperature (T).
58. Depending on the radia ng proper es, a body will be white when
p=l, T = 0 and a = 0 .
59. Depending on the radia ng proper es, a body will be black when
p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1.
60. Depending on the radia ng proper es, a body will be opaque when

89
 p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1 where a = absorp vity, p = reflec vity, X =
transmissivity.
61. The total emissivity power is .defined as the total amount of radia on
emi ed by a black body per unit me.
62. The ra o of the energy absorbed by the body to total energy falling
on it is called absorp ve power.
63. 40% of incident radiant energy on the surface of a thermally
transparent body is reflected back. If the transmissivity of the body
be 0.15, then the emissivity of surface is 0.45.
64. Two plates spaced 150 mm apart are maintained at 1000°C and 70°C.
The heat transfer will take place mainly by radia on
65. Absorp vity of a body will be equal to i.ts emissivity when system is
under thermal equi-librium.
66. A perfect black body is one which absorbs heat radia ons of all wave
lengths falling on it.
67. Planck's law holds good for black bodies.
68. Depending on the radia ng proper es, body will be transparent
when p = 0, T= l, and a = 0.
69. A grey body is one whose absorp vity does not vary with
temperature and wave length of the incident ray.
70. The unit of Stefan Boltzmann constant is wa /cm2 °K4.

90
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

1. What is the importance of the Thermodynamics in the field of

Mechanical Engineering?
All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of
thermodynamics.
Hence it is very important for the mechanical engineers.
2. How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?
There are three laws of the thermodynamics.
First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only
change forms. In any Process in an isolated system, the total energy
remains the same.
Second Law: When two isolated systems in separate but nearby
regions of space, each in Thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but
not in equilibrium with each other at first, is at Some me allowed to
interact, breaking the isola on that separates the two systems, and
they exchange ma er or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual
thermodynamic Equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the ini al,
isolated systems is less than or equal to the entropy of the final
exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new
thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has
not decreased.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of
a system approaches aminimum.
3. State Laws of conserva on of energy?
According to the laws of conserva on of energy, “energy can neither
be created nor be destroyed. It can only be transformed from one
form to another.”
4. Is the boiler a closed system?
Yes definitely the boiler is a closed system.

91
5. What is Carnot engine?
It was being designed by Carnot and let me tell you that Carnot
engine is an imaginary engine which follows the Carnot cycle and
provides 100% efficiency.
6. Difference between Gas and Vapour
• Vapour can turn back and forth into liquid and solid states but a
gas cannot.
• Gases cannot be seen while vapours are visible.
• Vapours se le down on ground while gases do not.
7. Difference between Boiling Point and Mel ng Point
• The mel ng point is a defined for solids when it transfers from
solid state to liquid state.
• The boiling point is defined for liquids for a state change from
liquid to gas.
8. What is the effect of reheat on rankine cycle?
• Efficiency increases.
This prevents the vapour from condensing during its expansion
which can seriously damage the turbine blades, and improves the
efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs
at higher temperature.
9. What is flashpoint?
Flash point: the lowest temperature at which the vapour of a
combus ble liquid can be ignited in air.
10. What is refrigerant?
Any substance that transfers heat from one place to another, crea ng
a cooling effect. Water is the refrigerant in absorp on machines.
11. Explain O o cycle.
O o cycle can be explained by a pressure volume rela onship
diagram. It shows the func oning cycle of a four stroke engine. The

92
 cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to
the compression stroke, star ng of combus on, power stroke, heat
exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was
designed by Nicolas O o, a German engineer.
12. How do you measure temperature in a Wet Bulb Thermometer?
Wet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by
covering the bulb with a wick and we ng it with water. It
corresponds to the dew point temperature and rela ve humidity.
13. In the Thermal Power Plant why Deaerator (D/A) placed on height?
To build a Very high pressure and the temperature for a boiler feed
water pump and it discharge high pressure water to the boiler. And to
provide the required Net Posi ve
Suc on Head (NPSH) for the BFW pump and to serve as a storage
tank to ensure a con nuous supply of feed water during rapid
changes in BFP.
14. What are the differences between gas turbine and a steam turbine?
Gas turbine works on Bryton cycle where as steam turbine works
Rankine cycle. Construc on, opera on of a gas turbine is en rely
different to steam turbine. Gas turbine has a compressor to
compress the combus on air, a combus on chamber to burn the fuel
and a turbine sec on to extract the work for burning fuel. Steam
turbine is just has a turbine sec on to extract the work from steam.
15. What is a stage in a steam turbine?
In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of moving blades behind the
nozzle. In a reac on turbine, each row of blades is called a “stage.” A
single Cur s stage may consist of two or more rows of moving blades.

MCQ’S
1. A cycle consis ng of one constant pressure, one constant volume and
two isentropic processes is known as

93
A. Carnot cycle
B. S rling cycle
C. O o cycle
D. Diesel cycle
Ans: D

2. The efficiency and work ra o of a simple gas turbine cycle are

A. low
B. very low
C. high
D. very high
Ans: B

3. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the unit

mass of gas through one degree at constant volume, is called
A. specific heat at constant volume
B. specific heat at constant pressure
C. kilo Joule
D. none of these
Ans: A

4. There is a loss of heat in an irreversible process.

A. True
B. False
Ans: A

5. An adiaba c process is one in which

A. no heat enters or leaves the gas
B. the temperature of the gas changes
C. the change in internal energy is equal to the mechanical workdone
D. all of the above
Ans: D

94
6. Water gas is obtained by passing air and a large amount of steam over
waste coal at about 650°C.
A. Correct
B. Incorrect
Ans: B

7. When the gas is heated at constant volume, the heat supplied

increases the internal energy of the gas.
A. True
B. False
Ans: A

8. Which of the following is the lightest and most vola le liquid fuel?
A. Gasoline
B. Kerosene
C. Fuel oil
Ans: A

9. The processes occuring in open system which permit the transfer of

mass to and from the system, are known as
A. flow processes
B. non-flow processes
C. adiaba c processes
D. none of these
Ans: A

10. Which of the following has the minimum atomic mass?

A. Oxygen
B. Sulphur
C. Nitrogen
D. Carbon
Ans: D

95
11. Workdone in a free expansion process is
A. zero
B. minimum
C. maximum
D. posi ve
Ans: A

12. The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is __________ of the kine c

energy of all the molecules contained in a unit volume of gas.
A. one-half
B. one-third
C. two-third
D. three-fourth
Ans: C

13. The compression ra o for petrol engines is

A. 3 to 6
B. 5 to 8
C. 15 to 20
D. 20 to 30
Ans: B

14. The entropy __________ in an irreversible cyclic process.

A. Remains constant
B. Decreases
C. Increases
Ans: C

15. The atomic mass of oxygen is

A. 12
B. 14
C. 16
D. 32
Ans: C

96
16. The ra o of specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) and specific heat
at constant volume (cv) is
A. equal to one
B. less than one
C. greater than one
D. none of these
Ans: C
17. According to Gay-Lussac law for a perfect gas, p/T = constant, if v is
kept constant.
A. True
B. False
Ans: A
18. There is no change in internal energy in an isothermal process.
A. Correct
B. Incorrect
Ans: A
19. If the value of n = 0 in the equa on pvn = C, then the process is called
A Constant volume process
B. Adiaba c process
C. Constant pressure process
D. Isothermal process
Ans: C
20. The value of specific heat at constant pressure (cp) is __________
that of at constant volume (cv).
A. less than
B. equal to
C. more than
Ans: C

SOURCE: h p://ques ondekho.com/thermodynamics-objec ve-

ques ons-mcq

97
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS FAQs:
â The property of the system, whose value for the en re system is
equal to the sum of their values for the individual parts of the system
is called extensive property.
â Coal gas consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and various
hydrocarbons.
â High air-fuel ra o in gas turbines reduces exhaust temperature.
â When the finely ground coal is moulded under pressure with or
without a binding material, the resul ng fuel is called brique ed
coal.
â For the constant pressure and heat input, the air standard efficiency
of gas power cycle is in the order Dual cycle, Diesel cycle, O o cycle.
â The increase in entropy is obtained from a given quan ty of heat at a
low temperature.
â The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of
the availability or unavailability of heat for transforma on into work.
â The entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable
per degree drop in temperature.
â A good fuel should have low igni on point.
â According to Kelvin-Planck's statement, a perpetual mo on of the
second kind is impossible.
â The amount of heat generated per kg of fuel is known as calorific
value.
â Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency for reversible engine else than
petrol diesel and irreversible engines.
â The entropy may be expressed as a func on of pressure and
temperature.
â It is impossible to construct an engine working on a cyclic process,
whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy into work.
â A close cycle gas turbine gives higher efficiency as compared to an
open cycle gas turbine.
â Charles' law states that all perfect gases change in volume by

98
 1/273th of its original volume at 0° C for every 1° C change in
temperature, when pressure remains constant.
â The calorific value of gaseous fuel is expressed in kJ/m³
â The thro ling process is an irreversible steady flow expansion
process.
â The efficiency of the dual combus on cycle for the same
compression ra o is greater than Diesel cycle.
â To ensure complete and rapid combus on of a fuel, some quan ty of
air, in excess of the theore cal or minimum air is supplied.
â According to Renault’s law, the specific heat at constant pressure (cp)
and specific heat at constant volume (cv) do not change with the
change in pressure and temperature of the gas.
â Rela on between cp and cv is given by cp-cv = R and
(where cp = Specific heat at constant pressure, cv = Specific heat at
constant volume, γ = cp/cv, known as adiaba c index, and R = Gas
constant).
â Kerosene is dis lled at 220° to 345°C.
â The polytropic index (n) is given by log(p2/p1)/log(v1/v2)
â The amount of heat obtained by the complete combus on of 1 kg of
a fuel when the products of its combus on are cooled down to the
temperature of supplied air is called higher calorific value of fuel.
â The reference fuels for knock ra ng of spark igni on engines would
include normal heptane and iso-octane.
â The diesel engines are also known as compression igni on engines.
â In a four stroke cycle, the minimum temperature inside the engine
cylinder occurs at the beginning of suc on stroke.
â The thermal efficiency of a standard O o cycle for a compression
ra o of 5.5 will be 50%.
â In hit and miss governing, the fuel supply is cut-off completely during
one or more number of cycles.
â The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine opens at 50°
before bo om dead centre and closes at 15° a er top dead centre.
â Nuclear reactors are used to produce fissionable material &to propel

99
 ships, submarines, and aircra s & to produce heat for thermoelectric
power.
â A moderator generally used in nuclear power plants is graphite and
concrete.
â The brake power of a diesel engine, keeping other parameters
constant, can be increased by increasing the pressure of intake air.
â In diesel engines, the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray,
into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to high temperature
of the compressed air.
â The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine starts at 15°
a er top dead centre and ends at 30° before bo om dead centre.
â The object of supercharging the engine is to reduce mass o he
engine per brake power, to reduce space occupied by the engine & to
increase the power output of an engine when greater power is
required.
â A large clearance Volume in a reciproca ng compressor results in
reduced volume flow rate.
â Inter cooling in gas turbines increases net output but decreases
thermal efficiency.
â When the temperature of air leaving the intercooler, in a two stage
compression with intercooler, is equal to the original atmospheric air
temperature, then the inter cooling is known as perfect or complete
inter cooling.
â The compression ra o in a gas turbine is 1.
â Inter cooling in compressors results in saving of power in
compressing given volume of air to a given pressure.
â Only rocket engines can be propelled to space because they are not
air-breathing engines.
â The maximum combus on pressure in gas turbine is less as
compared to I.C. engine.
â For minimum work in mul -stage compression, the work done on all
stages should be equal.
â The thrust of a jet propulsion power unit can be increased by burning

100
 fuel a er gas turbine.
â Standard air is the air at 1 bar and 20° C and rela ve humidity of 36
percent.
â In a single stage, single ac ng reciproca ng air compressor without
clearance volume, the work done is maximum during isentropic
compression.
â The volumetric efficiency of the compressor is defined as the ra o of
volume of free air delivery per stroke to the swept volume of the
piston.
â For minimum work required to compress and deliver a quan ty of air
by mul -stage compression the compression ra o in each stage
should be same , the intercooling should be perfect, the workdone in
each stage should be same.
â Separators are generally used in air compressor installa ons
between the a ercooler and receiver.
â The overall isothermal efficiency of the compressor is defined as the
ra o of isothermal power to the sha power or B.P. of the motor or
engine required to drive the compressor.
â For a mul -stage compressor, the polytropic efficiency is constant
throughout for all the stages.
â When the outlet angle from the rotor of a centrifugal compressor is
more than 90°, then the blades are said to be forward curved.
â A 3 m³/min compressor means that it compresses 3 m³/ min of free
air.
â With the decrease in compression ra o, the volumetric efficiency
increases.
â The lowest temperature during the cycle in a vapour compression
system occurs a er evapora on.
â The object of producing draught in a boiler is - to provide an
adequate supply of air for the fuel combus on, to exhaust the gases
of combus on from the combus on chamber & to discharge the
gases of combus on to the atmosphere through the chimney.
â In a glass tube type water indicator for a boiler, one end of the tube is

101
 connected to water space and the other end is connected to steam
space .
â A grate, in a boiler, is a place in the combus on chamber upon which
fuel (wood or coal) is burnt.
â Loeffler boiler is a water tube boiler using a forced circula on of
water.
â La-mont boiler, is a high pressure water tube steam boiler working on
forced circula on.
â For a compound steam engine t he ra o of expansion is reduced, thus
reducing the length of stroke.
â When the speed of the cranksha is between 100 r.p.m. and 250
r.p.m., the engine said to be a medium speed steam engine
â Willian's line for the steam engine is a straight line rela onship
between the steam consump on per hour and indicated power.
â A draught produced by a chimney due to the difference of densi es
between the hot gases inside the chimney and cold atmospheric air
outside it, is called natural draught.
â A device used to increase the temperature of saturated steam
without raising its pressure, is called superheater.
â The draught produced by a steam jet issuing from a nozzle placed in
the ashpit under the fire grate of the furnace is called forced steam
jet draught.
â The cylinder dimensions of a compound engine may be designed on
the basis of equal ini al piston loads on all pistons for obtaining same
size of piston rod, connec ng rod etc. for all cylinders.
â An air preheater is installed between the economiser and chimney.
â The effect of wire drawing is to decrease the area of indicator
diagram and thus work done by the engine is reduced.
â The shell diameter of a Locomo ve boiler is 1.5 m.
â In a reciproca ng steam engine, the heat energy in the steam is
converted into mechanical work by the to and fro mo on of the
piston.
â The power of a boiler may be defined as the amount of water

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 evaporated or steam produced in kg per kg of fuel burnt.
â When the circula on of water, in a boiler, is by a centrifugal pump,
then the boiler is known as forced circula on boiler.
â The func on of a safety valve is to blow off steam when the pressure
of steam inside the boiler exceeds the working pressure.
â The fire tubes in a Cochran boiler are horizontal.
â The average opera ng pressure of Benson boiler is 250 bar.
â The diameter of Cornish boiler varies from 1 to 2 m.
â A single ac ng steam engine produces half power than that of double
ac ng steam engine.
â The func on of a flywheel is to prevent fluctua on of speed.
â In natural circula on steam boilers, the circula on of water is by
convec on currents which are set up during the hea ng of water.

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MATERIAL SCIENNCE ENGINEERING FAQs:
1) Define the following metal proper es (a) Machinability
(b)Malleability
(a) Machinability is the property of metal due to which a metal can easily
be cut by cu ng tools to obtain good surface finish. E.g.: Brass, Mild
steel
(b) Malleability is the property of the metal on account of which it can be
extended in all direc ons by hammering or rolling. E.g.: Tin, Lead

2) Define Hardness of the metal?

It is the property of the metal which makes a metal capable to resist
surface penetra on by other metals .Hard metals are High carbon
steel and High speed steel.

3) What is the Toughness of metal?

Toughness is the property of metal due to which without fracture a
metal is able to withstand bending or torsion. Mild steel and wrought
iron are tough metals.

4) Define the following proper es of metal : (a) Fusibility (b) S ffness

(c) Duc lity
Fusibility. It is the property of metal due to which a metal becomes
fluid when it is heated.
S ffness. It is the property of metal due to which a metal is capable of
resis ng deflec on due to an externally applied load.
Duc lity. It is the property of metal due to which a metal can be
drawn into the form of wires without rupture.

5) Why are cast iron seasoned before machining?

For easy machining and saving the cu ng edge of the tool.

104
6) How does carbon affects the proper es of steel?
If carbon content is higher the degree of hardness is more and the
mel ng point is lower, If carbon percentage is lower it is easy to
forging and forge welding.

7) Why are machine beds made of cast iron?

Because it has more compressive strength and negligible shrinkage.
It can easily cast into any integral shape, wear resis ng and can
absorb vibra ons.

8) What is the difference between Wrought iron, Cast iron and Pig iron?
Wrought iron contains less than 0.1% carbon and this is a product of
puddling furnace. Cast iron is produced from cupola furnace. It
contains 3¬3.5% carbon in combined or free state. Pig iron is an iron
carbon alloy contains 3¬5% carbon along with impuri es like
manganese, sulphur and phosphorous. It is a product of blast
furnace.

9) How is steel classified?

According to carbon percentage
Low carbon steel : Less than 0.25% carbon
Medium carbon steel: 0.25%¬0.7% carbon
High carbon steel: 0.7%¬1.5% carbon

According to percentage of alloying elements

a. Low alloy steel: Alloying element less than 8%
b. High alloy steel: Alloying element more than 8%

10) Why is the most of cu ng tools made out in H.S.S?

Because it resist the heat on the cu ng edge of tool and it smoothly
work in high speed.

105
11) What do you mean by Stainless Steel?
It is an alloy steel which contains mainly 8% Nickel and 18%
Chromium. Stainless steel main applica ons in measuring and
surgical instruments.

12) Why are the delicate parts quenched in oil?

To avoid cracks on the part.

13) What are the chemical composi on of Gun metal, German silver
and Duralumin?
Gun metal is an alloy of 88% copper, 10% n and 2% zinc. It is
generally used for cas ng boiler fi ngs, bearings, bushes etc.
German silver is an alloy of copper, nickel, n and led. It is used for
making utensils and resistances in electrical work.
Duralumin is the aluminium alloy contains 3.5¬4.5% copper,
0.4¬0.7% magnesium,0.4-0.7% manganese and remaining
aluminium .Mainly used for making bars, tubes, rivets, sheets,
forgings and stampings.

14) Write the chemical composi on and uses of the following: (1)
Babbit metal (2) Bright steel (3) High speed steel
Babbit metal is a n base white metal which contains 88% n, 8%
an mony and 4% copper .This is mainly used as a bearing metal.
Bright steel contains 0.05 to 0.45% carbons and up to 0.2%lead.It is
used for making set screws, bolts, pins which withstand high loads at
longer me.
High speed steel is an alloy of 18% tungsten, 4% chromium,1%
vanadium,4%cobalt and 0.7% carbon. This is generally used for
making machine tools like lathe, planer, shaper, taps, drills and
millingcu ers.

15) What are the differences between Brass and Bronze?

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Generally brass contains 60%

106
 copper and 40% zinc. These are used for making bearings, pump
fi ngs, bushes and utensils.
Bronze contains copper and n. It is compara vely hard, surface wear
is less, can be remolded into any shape like wires, sheets, rods etc.

16) How will you iden fy cast iron, mild steel and high carbon steel?
By spark: When a metal is held against grinding wheel it gives sparks.
Cast iron gives thick and short sparks. Mild steel gives medium and
dense sparks and High carbon steel gives long and dense sparks. By
hammering : When a blow of hammer is given with these metals
there will be a deep spot on mild steel, less deep spot on high carbon
steel and cast iron may break.

17) What is Heat treatment?

Heat treatment is an opera on involving hea ng and cooling of
metals to change its proper es.

18) Why heat treatment of steel is necessary?

To improve machinability.
To obtain desired proper es.
To increase resistance of corrosion.
To change electrical and magne c proper es.
To relieve the stresses a er cold or hot working.
To refine the grain size.

19) What is meant by lower and higher cri cal points?

While hea ng a steel part, the temperature raises and it changes the
structure of steel part .The temperature point at which the change
starts is called lower cri cal point and the temperature at which the
change ends is called higher cri cal point.

20) What is the common heat treatment processes used in industries?

The following heat treatment processes are generally used in

107
 manufacturing :
Hardening
Tempering
Annealing
Normalising
Case hardening

21) What do you mean by Carburising?

Carburising is a case hardening process in which carunculous
materials such as leather scraps, charcoal dust, nut shells, bone
powder etc. are packed with low carbon steel parts and heated
together, thus dissolved carbon combines with the outer surfaces of
the parts. A er rehea ng the parts to above cri cal temperature it is
suddenly cooled for making outer surface harder.

22) What is Case hardening?

It is a process of making outer surfaces harder of the steel part.
Generally it is done for the following purposes,
To make outer surface harder.
To bring the cost cheaper
To u lize low carbon steel.

23) Describe the Annealing process?

The process for so ening the steel part is called Annealing. Generally
it is done for the following purposes,
To so en the steel for machining.
To refine the grain size in the steel.
To increase duc lity in the steel.
To relieve internal stresses.
To change electrical and mechanical proper es.

24) Define Normalising?

Normalising is a process to make the steel part to its normal stage.

108
 The main purposes are
To reduce grain size of steel.
To achieve desired mechanical proper es.
To remove internal stresses caused by working.

25) What is Nitriding?

It is the case hardening process in which work piece is heated in a
steam of ammonia at 500 to 550 degree C.

26) Why is it not possible to harden unalloyed tool steel part right
through its full thickness?
Because it requires very high cooling rate which is only possible for its
outer surface.

27) What are the advantages of flame hardening?

The work piece can be hardened on the required spot.
Heat can be given to required por on of the work piece.
Time can be saved.

28) Where is induc on hardening applied?

Induc on hardening is done by using electricity. It is applied on
wearing surface of crank sha s, cam sha s, axles etc.

29) Differen ate between hardening and tempering?

The main purpose of hardening is to resist wear and enable it to cut
the other metals and rehea ng is not necessary. The main purpose of
tempering is to reduce some of hardness and to increase the
toughness. It consists of rehea ng a er hardening to the
temperature below the cri cal range.

30) What are the commonly found iron ores?

Hema te, Magne te, Limonite, Siderite and Iron pyrite are the main
iron ores.

109
31) Differen ate between carbon steel and alloy steel?
Carbon steel is the combina on of iron and carbon. It is easily rusted
and malleable. It can be easily machined and magne c. Alloy steel is
the combina on of iron, carbon and other alloying elements. It is rust
proof and harder and tougher. It is hard for machining and non
magne c.

32) Why is the soldering iron bit made of copper and not of steel?
Because copper is good conductor of heat and quickly transfer its
heat to the metal at the joint than the steel.

33) What do you mean by Brazing?

Brazing is the process through which metal pieces are joined by
means of alloy of copper and zinc called spelter. The metal pieces to
be joined should be heated instead of using a soldering iron bit. For
this muffle as well as Smith’s furnaces is used. It provides much
stronger joint as compared to so soldering.

34) Why cast iron cannot be forged?

Because it will break if heated and beaten by hammer.

35) What are the advantages of forging?

Metal can be forged to any shape.
Metal can be forged in short me without was ng.
The strength of steel as well as granular structure can be improved.
The manufacturing cost is lesser than machining.

36) Which type of grains formed a er hardening the steel?

Hardened steel have contains fine grains.

110
MCQ’S:

This set of Materials Science Mul ple Choice Ques ons & Answers
focuses on “Eutectoid and Peritec c Reac ons”.

1. On hea ng, one solid phase results in another solid phase and a
liquid phase during __________ reac on.
a) Eutectoid
b) Peritec c
c) Eutec c
d) Peritectoid
View Answer
Ans: b
Explana on: A reac on wherein upon cooling, one solid phase
transforms or changes reversibly and isothermally into two new solid
phases that are in mately mixed.

2. A first solid phase results in a second solid phase another third solid
phase on cooling during __________ reac on.
a) Eutectoid
b) Peritec c
c) Eutec c
d) Peritectoid
View Answer
Ans: a
Explana on: A reac on wherein upon cooling, a first solid and a
liquid phase transforms or changes reversiblyand isothermally to a
solid phase having a different composi on.

3. A first solid phase results in a second solid plus another third solid
phase up on hea ng during __________ reac on.
a) Eutectoid

111
b) Peritec c
c) Eutec c
d) Peritectoid
View Answer
Ans: d
Explana on: Here only solid phase is involved and the product is also
solid.
Analyze the figure and answer the following ques ons

4. Which phase will crystallize first just below the liquidus line?
a) α phase
b) β phase
c) (L+α) phase
d) (L+β) phase
View Answer
Ans: a
Explana on: L + α → β. An alloy cooling through the peritec c point,
P, the αphase will crystallize first just below the liquidus line.

5. At what temperature all liquid and αwill convert to β?

a) Eutec c temperature
b) Peritec c temperature
c) Eutectoid temperature
d) Peritectoid temperature

112
 View Answer
Ans: b
Explana on: L + α → β, the above reac on is peritec c and takes
place at peritec c temperature.

6. Any composi on le and right of P will generate ___________

a) Excess of liquid and α
b) Excess of α and liquid
c) Excess of liquid and β
d) Excess of β and liquid
View Answer
Ans: b
Explana on: Any composi on le of P will generate excess α and
similarly right of P will give rise to an excess amount of liquid.

7. Which of the following are Peritec c systems?

a) Pt – Ag
b) Ni-Re
c) Ni – Re, Fe – Ge, Sn-Sb
d) Pt – Ag, Ni – Re, Fe – Ge, Sn-Sb
View Answer
Ans: d
Explana on: Peritec c systems – Pt – Ag, Ni – Re, Fe – Ge, Sn-Sb
(babbit).

8. What is the eutectoid structure of Iron?

a) Cemen te
b) Ferrite
c) Pearlite
d) Austen te
View Answer
Ans: c
Explana on: It is important to be known that pearlite isn’t a phase,

113
 but a mixture of two phases: ferrite and cemen te.

9. What is % of C by weight in hypo-eutectoid steels?

a) 0.5%
b) 0.7%
c) 0.8%
d) 1.2%
View Answer
Ans: c
Explana on: Most steels are “hypo-eutectoid”, containing less than
0.8 wt% C.
adver sement

10. The phase above eutectoid temperature for carbon steels is known
as _______
a) Cemen te
b) Ferrite
c) Pearlite
d) Austen te
View Answer
Ans: d
Explana on: In the Fe-C system, there is a eutectoid point at 0.8wt%
C, and temp of 723°C. The phase just above the eutectoid
temperature for carbon steels is known as austeniteor gamma.

114
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY FAQs:
Ques on 1. Difference Between Produc on And Manufacturing?
Answer :
Manufacturing means a process of conver ng raw material into
finish products by using various processes on machine.
Produc on means a process of conver ng inputs into outputs.

Ques on 2. What Is Difference Between Produc on Engineering And

Industrial Engineering?
Answer :
Produc on Engineering:– It is a branch of engineering which is a
combina on of manufacturing technology with management
service.
Industrial Engineering:– It is a branch of engineering dealing with
the op miza on of complex processes such as improvement,
development , implementa on of integrated systems.

Ques on 3. What Is QMS?

Answer :
QMS stands for Quality Management System; it documents all
necessary informa on about company’s design and opera onal
controls,

Ques on 4. What Is GMP?

Answer :
GMP is a good manufacturing prac ce and is recognized worldwide
for the control and management of manufacturing and quality
control tes ng of foods, medical devices and pharmaceu cal
products.

Ques on 5. What Are The So wares Which Can Be Useful In

115
 Manufacturing Unit?
Answer :
In manufacturing unit, so ware that can be useful are
Manufacturing ERP and Material Management. Some of the
companies that provide the manufacturing so ware solu on are
SAP, Oracle ERP system, etc.

Ques on 6. What Is Product Report?

Answer :
A product report is a general term used to represent design,
manufacturing, quality, sales and repair informa on about a
product.

Ques on 7. What Is Six Sigma?

Answer :
Six sigma is a data-driven methodology and approach for elimina ng
defects in any process from manufacturing to transac onal and from
product to service.

Ques on 8. What Is MES?

Answer :
MES stands for a system that manages and controls the produc on
on the factory floor with the mo ve of reducing the total me
required to produce an order

Ques on 9. Explain The Term BOM?

Answer :
BOM stands for Bill Of Materials; it is a list of item or parts that
makeup a product assembly.

Ques on 10. What Is Rake Angle?

Answer :
Rake angle is the angle between the face of the cu ng tool ( Rake

116
 Face ) and the normal to the cu ng direc on.

Ques on 11. What Is Lean Manufacturing ?

Answer :
Lean Manufacturing: It takes the concept of JIT and re-examines it
from the customer point of view. Anything that is produced should
add something of valuable to the customer’s requirement.

QUESTION 12:What Is JIT?

ANSWER:
JIT (Just-in-Time): This methodology is designed to ensure that a
product or part would arrive just in me to be used. This technique
saves the cost.

Ques on 13. What Is The Challenge In Manufacturing Products?

Answer :
Main challenge in manufacturing is to develop be er produc on
processes, ensure the right material and component supplies at the
least cost, decrease produc on me, eliminate wastage and
maintain quality in the final product.

Ques on 14. What Is Batch Produc on?

Answer :
Batch produc on is a manufacturing technique, where components
or goods are produced in groups and not in a con nuous stream.

Ques on 15. How Did You Improve The Quality During Produc on?
Answer
• By checking the components a er every half hour.
• By checking the accuracy of tools & quality of material used for
manufacturing the products.
• By giving run charts to the workers so they can check as they are
going to be within tolerance. Run chart provides them con nuous

117
 produc on with quality.
• By using good quality of coolant/cu ng fluid for manufacturing
process.
• By giving good communica on channel between the workers and me.

Ques on 16. List Out The Factors That Can Affect The Manufacturing
Process?
Answer :
The factors affect the manufacturing process are:
• Supplies
• Equipment
• Factory Overhead
• Special Parts
• Work Force

Ques on 17. What Is 5 S ?

Answer :
5S describes how to describe a work space for efficiency and
effec veness by iden fying and storing the items.
1S -Sor ng
2S -Se ng in order.
3S- Sweeping
4S- Standardizing
5S- Self Discipline

QUESTION 18: Acetylene Can Be Prepared By The Chemical Reac on

Between?
Answer :
Water And Calcium Carbide

QUESTION 19: The Welding Process That Can Be Used for sheet metals in
automobiles and aircra industries is?
Answer :

118
 Resistance Welding

QUESTION 20: The current is not passed con nuously in which type of
welding?
Answer :
Seam Welding

QUESTION 21: What is the flame temperature in Oxy acetylene welding?

Answer :
3200-3300 C

QUESTION 22: What is the depth of projec on in projec on welding?

Answer :
60% Of sheet thickness

QUESTION 23: Which type of lathe is also known as centre lathe?

Answer :
Engine lathe

QUESTION 24: which lathe is used for the purpose of turning the wheels of
railway locomo ves?
Answer :
Wheel lathe

QUESTION 25: What is a shaper?

Answer :
It is a type of machining tool that uses linear rela ve mo on between
the work piece and a single point cu ng tool to a machine in linear
tool path

QUESTION 26: What is CASTING?

Answer :
It is a process in which liquid material is usually poured into a mould,

119
 which contains a hallow cavity of the desired shape, and then
allowed to solidify.

QUESTION 27: In hot chamber die cas ng, before the end of the stroke,
what uncovers the port?
Answer :
PLUNGER

QUESTION 28: Upto what thickness the sec ons can be casted?
Answer :
0.5 MM

QUESTION 29: Up to what tolerances can pressure die cas ng be possible?

Answer :
_+ 0.076 MM

QUESTION 30: What is the maximum pressure that can be applied in cold
chamber die cas ng?
Answer :
2000 Kg/Cm2

QUESTION 31: What are types of Ga ng systems?

Answer :
• Pressurised Ga ng system
• Un Pressurised Ga ng system

QUESTION 32: What are the major types of cas ng defects?

Answer :
• Gas porosity
• Shrinkage defects
• Mold material defects
• Pouring metal defects
• Metallurgical defects

120
QUESTION 33: What are the types of welding procedures?
• Resistance welding
• Arc welding
• Newer welding
• Solid state welding
• Gas welding
QUESTION 34: What are the types of welding joints?
Answer :
• Corner joint
• Lap joint
• Tee joint
• Edge joint
• Bu joint
QUESTION 35: What is CUPOLA furnace?
Answer :
It is a mel ng furnace that can be use to melt a cast iron, Ni-resist iron
and some bronzes
QUESTION 36: What is the size of cupola furnace?
Answer :
The size of cupola furnace is expressed in diameters and can range
from 1.5 to 13 feet (0.5 to 4.0m)
QUESTION 36: Which type of welding is used in welding of railway tracks?
Answer :
Thermite Welding.
QUESTION 37: Which type of welding is used for Non-Ferrous Materials?
Answer :
TIG Welding

Source: h ps://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/produc on-

engineer-interview-ques ons.html

121
METROLOGY FAQs:

1. What is Nominal size?

The Nominal size of a dimension is the size by which it is referred to as
a ma er of convenience.

2. Define Actual size?

The Actual size of a dimension is its actual measured size.

3. What do you meant by Basic size?

The Basic size of a dimension is the size in rela on to which all limits
of varia on are made.

4. Define Fits?
The rela on between two ma ng parts with reference to ease the
assembly is called Fit.

5. What is Limits?
Two extreme permissible sizes of a dimension are called Limits. The
high limit for a dimension is the highest permissible size and the low
limit is the lowest permissible size.

6. Define Tolerance?
The difference between the high and low limit of a size is called
tolerance.

7. Define Allowance?
The inten onal difference in the sizes of ma ng parts is called the
Allowance.

8. What is the difference unilateral and bilateral system of tolerance?

Discuss the least count of a vernier caliper?

122
 A smallest measurement that can be obtained on a vernier caliper is
called the least count of a vernier caliper. Generally vernier calipers
are available with 0.02mm least count in metric system and 0.001” in
inch system.

9. Find out the least count of a vernier caliper when its main scale
gradua on is 49 mm and the vernier scale is divided in to 50 equal
parts?
Value of 1 main scale division = 1 mm
Value of 50 vernier scale divisions = 49 mm
Value of 1 vernier scale division = 49 x 50 mm or 0.98 mm
Least count = 1 M.S.D – 1 V.S.D = 1 – 0.98 = 0.02 mm

10. What are the reasons behind false reading on vernier caliper while
taking measurements?
Vernier caliper may have defects.
Tidy job piece or measuring faces of vernier caliper.
Wrong way of holding the vernier caliper and unawareness of
reading measurements.
Taking measurements when the job on mo on.
Pressure varia on of holding fingers.
Temperature difference between the job and the vernier caliper.

11. What are the main merits of a vernier caliper over a micrometer?
Vernier caliper is a mul purpose instrument, can be used to measure
inside, outside, and depth as well, where a micrometer is not
considered as mul purpose.
The different size of a job can be measured with a single vernier
caliper but numbers of micrometers are needed for different sizes of
job.
Vernier caliper is easy for taking measurements and simple working,
where as a micrometer works with a principle of nut and bolt and
quiet sensi ve.

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 The measurements can be taken easily by a vernier caliper than by a
micrometer.

12. Name the various parts of a vernier caliper?

Main scale or beam
Fixed jaw
Movable jaw
Vernier scale
Fine adjus ng unit
Locking screws
Fine adjus ng screw
Inner measuring nibs
Depth gauge.

13. What are the purposes of Vernier Height Gauge?

For making parallel lines on the work piece to the accuracy of 0.02
mm in metric system and 0.001” in inch system.
For comparing heights of finished work piece.

14. What is the use of of vernier Bevel Protractor?

Vernier Bevel Protractor is used to measure and check the angles of a
job to the accuracy of 5’ (5 minutes).

15. What is the func on of a Vernier Depth Gauge

A vernier depth gauge is used to measure and check the depth of
blind holes, steps etc. to the accuracy of 0.02 mm 0.001”.

16. Why Micrometer carries a ratchet stop?

Ratchet stop supports to measure accurate reading applying uniform
pressure on the measuring faces irrespec ve of operator’s skill and
strength.

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17. What are the reasons behind false reading on Micrometer while
taking measurements?
There is zero error in Micrometer.
Dirty work piece or measuring faces of micrometer.
Unengaged Ratchet stop.
Taking measurement when the job on mo on.
Wrong way of holding Micrometer.
Temperature varia on between the work piece and the Micro meter.

18. Define Zero reading of a Micrometer?

Zero reading of a micrometer is the ini al reading which may vary
according to the size of the micrometer.
Zero reading of 0-25 mm micrometer is 0
Zero reading of 25-30 mm micrometer is 25 mm
Zero reading of 50-75 mm micrometer is 50 mm etc.

19. Specify the term Backlash of a micrometer?

Backlash is the lack of mo on or lost mo on of the spindle when the
rota on of the thimble is changed the direc on.

20. Men on the features of a Universal Bevel Protractor?

Minimum reading is 5 minutes.
Main scale and Vernier scale are on the same plane to eliminate the
reading parallax.
Fine adjustment of the blade insures the precision measuring and
laying out of angle.
Main parts are of hardened stainless steel to prevent rust.
Combined with an a achment or Height gauge, a wide range of
measurements is available.

21. What is a Gear tooth Vernier caliper?

Gear tooth Vernier caliper id made with ver cal and horizontal
scales. So movement can be taken at a me with these two scales. It

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 is used to measure the chordal addendum and chordal thickness of a
gear tooth within the accuracy of 0.02 mm or 0.001”.

22. State the uses of a Dial test indicator?

To check the parallelism of machined or ground surfaces.
To check the true rota on of round jobs.
To compare the dimensions of finished components.

23. What are the func ons of a Comparator?

The components can be checked quickly during mass produc on.
For the inspec on of newly procured gauges.
In selec ve assembly of parts where parts are graded in groups
depending up on their tolerances.
As laboratory standard where working and inspec on gauges set and
correlated.
A ached with some machines which can be used as working gauge to
prevent work spoilage and to maintain required tolerances at all
stages of manufacturing.

24. Explain about an Op cal flat?

It is a circular piece of glass or fused quartz with its two plane faces
flat and parallel and the surfaces are finished to an op cal degree of
flatness, Op cal flat ray in size between 25 and 300 mm diameter.
Quartz flats have high of wearing quality than the op cal glasses and
have minimum expansion of heat. When an op cal flat is placed over
a flat surface being measured, a series of rainbow bands are
observed which are known as interference bands. Be er results can
be obtained under colored light because bands are more clearly
visible. The op cal flats are used for tes ng the flat surfaces of
engineering instruments.

25. What is a gauge?

A Gauge is a checking instrument which is commonly used in tool

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 room and machine shop for checking the finished components.

26. Point on the advantages of Gauges?

It increases the produc on.
It saves the me.
It makes the parts interchangeable.
It reduces the supervision charges.
It minimizes the produc on cost.

27. What is the difference between Workshop gauges and Inspec on

gauges?
Work shop Gauges are generally used in workshops to inspect the job
within an accuracy of 0.025 mm. Semi skilled workers are the
beneficiaries.
Inspec on Gauges commonly used to check up more accurate
components and also inspect the workshop gauges within an
accuracy of 0.0025 mm.

28. Discuss the func on of a Feeler gauge?

A feeler gauge is used to measure the gap between two ma ng parts.

29. Men on the use of ‘GO’ and ‘NOT GO’ plug gauges?
These gauges are used to check the hole dimensions in limit. The high
limit end of this gauge should not go in to the hole which is called NOT GO
and the low limit end should go in to the hole which is called GO end.

30. What are the benefits of a Gauge block?

To check the accuracy of precision instruments.
Gauge blocks are also used along with sine bar for se ng dimensions
to the required heights to read the angle.

31. Clarify the term ‘Wringing of slips’?

The method of twis ng the gauge blocks while se ng it to required

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 height is known as Wringing of slips.

32. What are the precau ons to be taken while using Slip Gauges?
The slip gauges must be kept separated, cleaned, and dust free when
not in use.
Do not keep the slip gauges in a magne c field, keep out from
temperature fluctua ons and should not be exposed in dampness.
Avoid the contact between the slip gauges for a long me.
Func onal surfaces must be secured from scratches and hand or
finger contacts.
Use only linen cloth or chamois leather for cleaning purpose.

33. What is Sine bar, and why it is called as sine bar?

A sine bar consists of an accurately finished steel bar having two
rollers of equal diameter which are placed at the fixed distance. It is
used for se ng and measuring angles together with slip gauges,
surface plate and dial test indicator.
The name Sine bar, because it works as a hypotenuse in a right angle
triangle.

34. Define the specifica on of a Sine bar?

A sine bar is specified by the distance between the center of two
rollers. Sine bars are generally available in 100 mm to 250 mm sizes.

35. What is a Template?

A Template is a model of an object which is designed according to
required profile in least expense. It is generally made from mild steel
sheet.

36. What are the inten ons of using a template?

To make iden cal parts.
To check the shape of manufactured parts.

128
37. What are the favors of a template?
Easiest method of marking iden cal parts.
If the design of template is not suitable, it can be repaired or replaced
easily.
It reduces the produc on cost.

38. What do you meant by Unilateral and Bilateral system of tolerance?

Unilateral Tolerance: If the varia on from basic size is in one
direc on, system of tolerance is called unilateral.
Bilateral Tolerance: If the varia on from basis size is in both
direc ons, system of tolerance called Bilateral Tolerance.

39. Define Tolerance Zone?

This is the graphical representa on of the region between upper and
lower limit.

40. What do you meant by Fundamental devia on?

It is the devia on which is conveniently chosen to define the posi on
of the tolerance zone in rela on to zero line.

41. Define Zero Line?

Ii is the graphical representa on of the basic size. The devia ons are
measured from this line.

42. What is the actual devia on?

It is algebraic difference between an actual size and corresponding
basic size

43. What is the necessity of giving tolerance?

It saves the labour charges.
It saves the material from wastage.
It saves the me.
Produc on can be increased.

129
 It helps to reduce the manufacturing cost of the parts.

44. Describe the sha basis and hole basis system of limits?
Sha basis system - In this system, the size of sha is and various
classes of fits can be obtained by giving tolerance on hole
Hole basis system - In this system, the size of hole is constant and
various classes of fits can be obtained by giving tolerance on sha s.

45. Why the Hole basis system is more popular between the
manufacturers?
Hole basis system is more popular, because it has many advantages
over the Sha basis system, such as,
It is easier to vary the size of the sha than that of hole
More adaptable to produce hole of standard size than that of sha ,
because of majority of hole in engineering works is finished to its
nominal size by using drills and reamers of standard size.

46. How many classifica ons are there in Indian Standard System for
Fits?
Clearance Fit - It is a kind of fit which always provides clearance with
posi ve allowances. The tolerance region of the hole is above than
that of the sha .
Transi on Fit - This type of fit always has close providing by either a
clearance or interference. The tolerance region of the hole and sha
overlaps.
Interference Fit - It is a fit which always provides interference with
nega ve allowances. The tolerance region of the hole is below the
size than that of the sha .

47. What is the difference between the Free Fit and the Snug Fit?
The Free and the Snug are the fits come under the clearance fit but
Snug Fit has close contact than that of Free Fit.

130
48. Define the term ‘Interchangeability’?
Interchangeability is that the manufacturing of similar components
under mass produc on can be assembled and replaced without any
further treatment as well as without affec ng the func oning of the
component.

49. What is the significance of Interchangeability in mass produc on?

It saves me and labor charges.
It gives more employment due to mass produc on.
Improves the efficiency of workers.
Easy to assemble due to Interna onal trade mark.
Minimize overall produc on cost.

50. Explain briefly on IS: 919

Scope. This standard makes recommenda ons rela ng to limits of
size of parts or components and to fits cons tuted by their assembly.
Symbols. Following symbols are used in this standard,
Upper devia on of a hole ES (Ecart Superieur)
Lower devia on of a hole EI (Ecart Inferieur)
Upper devia on of a sha es
Lower devia on of a sha ei
Fits. When the parts are to be assembled, the rela on resul ng from
the differences between the sizes before assembly is known as Fit.
Depending up on the limits of the hole or sha , the fit may be a
clearance, a transi on or interference.
Hole Basis System. In this standard, the different clearances and
interferences are obtained in associa ng various sha s with a single
hole, whose upper devia on is zero and the symbol is H.
Sha Basis System. In this, the different interferences and clearances
are obtained in associa ng various sha s with a single sha , whose
upper devia on is zero and the symbol is h.
Indica on of Fit. A fit is indicated by the basic size common to both
components followed by symbols corresponding to each

131
 component, the hole being quoted first.
Eg : 40 H7/g 6 or 40 H 7 – g 6

51. Iden fy the fit indicated by the following,(a) H8/g7 (b) H7/p6

H8/g7 indicates sliding fit or close running fit which includes the
group of clearance fit.
H7/p6 indicates light press fit which includes the group of
interference fit.

52. What is mass produc on and point out its advantages?

Produc on of a unit, component or part in large scale or number is
called mass produc on.
Time consump on of manufacturing.
Reducing the manufacturing cost.
Interchangeability of products.

53. Discuss the terms Selec ve Assembly and Non-Selec ve Assembly?

Selec ve Assembly - This assembly is slow and expensive, also the
maintenance is difficult to manage since the spares are not easily
available. For example special threaded nut and bolt in which each
nut fits only one bolt.
Non-Selec ve Assembly - It is quiet rapid and less expensive,
maintenance is very easy since the spares are widely available. For
example any nut fits on any bolt of same size and the type of thread.

54. What is Lapping?

Lapping is an opera on of finishing the flat and the cylindrical
surfaces to a fine degree of accuracy by means of a lap and lapping
compound. It may be done by hand or by machine.

55. What is the necessity of Lapping?

To finish the job up to the last digit of accuracy.
To get good surface finish.

132
 To control the size.
To get desired fit.

56. What is Honing?

Honing is an opera on of finishing cylindrical surfaces to a fine
degree of accuracy by means of abrasive s cks.

57. Write the three main coa ng methods done on metal to prevent
corrosion?
Temporary coa ng, like grease, oil or varnish etc.
Semi-permanent coa ng, like pain ng, coloring of brass, bluing of
steel, black finish of steel, nning, galvanizing etc.
Permanent coa ng, like chromium pla ng, nickel pla ng, silver
pla ng etc.

58. Differen ate between Plug gauge and Snap Gauge?

Plug gauge. It is used for checking the diameter of the hole. It may be
found in single ended, double end or progressive type.
Snap gauge. It is used for checking the external dimension of the
parts. It may be found in solid, adjustable or double ended type.

59. Find out the height of the slip gauges if the sine angle is 20 degree
using a 100 mm sine bar
Value of sine 20 degree = 0.3420 (from sine table)
Hypotenuse is the length of sine bar i.e 100 mm.
Height of slip gauges = Hypotenuse * sine 20 = 100* o,3420 mm
=34.20 mm

60. Find the least count of metric vernier outside micrometer?

10 vernier divisions = 9 thimble divisions
1 thimble division = 0.01 mm
10 vernier divisions =0.09 mm
and 1 vernier division =0.09/ 10 = 0.009 mm

133
 so the difference is the value of one thimble division – value of 1
vernier division = 0.01-0.009 mm = 0.001 mm

61. How to find out the least count of a universal bevel protractor?
1 degree= 60 minutes
1 minute= 60 seconds
12 division on vernier scale = 23 degree
one division on vernier scale = 23/12 = 23*60/ 12= 115 minutes
1 vernier scale division is less than 2 degree
so, value of 2 degree on dial = 2*60 = 120
Value of one vernier scale division = 115
Least count = 120-115= 5 minutes

62. How to read the vernier caliper for 15.80 mm reading?

15 .00 mm - 15 main scale divisions (15*1 mm)
0.50 mm - 1 subdivision (1* 0.5 mm)
0.30 mm - 15 vernier divisions (15* 0.02 mm)
So the total reading is 15.80 mm

63. How to read an outside micrometer for 29.71 mm reading?

25 .00 mm - Zero reading of 25-50 micrometer
4.00 mm - 4 main divisions (4 * 1 mm)
0.50 mm - 1 subdivision (1 * 0.5 mm)
0,21 mm - 21 thimble divisions (21* 0.01 mm)
So the total reading is 29.71 mm

SOURCE -h p://a4academics.com

134
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING FAQs
1. A grinding wheel is said to be of So gradeif the abrasive grains can
be easily dislodged.
2. The high cu ng speed and large rake angle of the tool will result in
the forma on of Con nuous chips
3. The facing is an opera on of Machining the ends of a workpiece to
produce a flat surface square with the axis
4. Fixtures are used For holding the work in milling, grinding, planing or
turning opera ons
5. In a shaper, the length of stroke is increased by Increasing the centre
distance of bull gear and crank pin
6. The hole to be drilled for tapping is Smaller than the outside diameter
of the thread on the tap.
7. The obtuse angle, included between the chisel edge and the lip as
viewed from the end of a drill, is called Chisel edge angle
8. The lip angle of a single point tool is usually 60° to 80°
9. The point angle of a drill, for drilling stainless steel, is 135°
10. In metal machining, the work-tool contact zone is a zone where heat
is generated due to Burnishing fric on.
11. When the tool moves parallel to the lathe axis, the movement is
termed as Longitudinal feed.
12. Tool life is generally be er when Grain size of the metal is large
13. The cu ng angle of a flat drill varies from 90° to 120°
14. Discon nuous chips are formed during machining of Bri le metals
15. As the cu ng speed increases, the tool cu ng forces Decreases
16. So materials cannot be economically ground due to Frequent wheel
clogging
17. In Deep hole drilling machine, the work is usually rotated while the
drill is fed into work
18. For harder alloy steel, the point angle of the drill is kept More than 118°
19. The average cu ng speed for turning mild steel with a high speed
steel tool is 25 to 31 m/min
135
20. The taper on the lathe spindle is 1 in 20
21. In drilling so er materials, the cu ng speed is High as compared to
harder materials.
22. Internal or external threads of different pitches can be produced by
Planetary milling machine
23. Chills are used in cas ng moulds to achieve direc onal solidifica on
24. Thrust force will increase with the increase in side cu ng edge angle
25. Size of shaper is given by stroke length
26. In blanking opera on the clearance provided is on punch
27. The tool life increases with increase in side cu ng edge angle
28. Internal gears can be cut by hobbing
29. Compound dies performs two or more opera ons at one sta on in
one stroke
30. For mild steel, the hot forging temperature range is 1000°C to 1200°C
31. Extrusion force does not depend upon the material of the die
32. Magnesium is extruded and not rolled because as It has a low mel ng point
33. The approximately varia on of the tool life exponent ‘n’ of cemented
carbide tools is 0.20 to 0.48
34. Drilling, Reaming, Lapping will give the best accuracy as well as
surface finish.
35. The type of wear that occurs due to the cu ng ac on of the par cles
in the cu ng fluid is referred to as a ri ous wear
36. For reaming opera on of blind hole, the type of reamer required is
right hand spiral fluted reamer
37. In parts produced by powder metallurgy process, pre-sintering is
done to increase the toughness of the component
38. As the cu ng speed increases more heat is carried away by the chip
and less heat is transmi ed to the tool
Source:
• h ps://scholarexpress.com/mul ple-choice-ques ons-mcq-with-
answers-on-produc on-engineering/2/
• h ps : / / w w w. o b j e c ve b o o ks . co m / 2 0 1 5 / 0 8 / p ro d u c o n -
engineering-objec ve.html

136
 Chapter 4

• What are the major job responsibili es of a mechanical engineer?

3 Across all sectors, your tasks generally include: designing and

implemen ng cost-effec ve equipment modifica ons to help
improve safety and reliability developing a project specifica on with
colleagues, o en including those from other engineering disciplines.
developing, tes ng and evalua ng theore cal designs.

• What can mechanical engineers do?

3 Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines, such as

electric generators, internal combus on engines, and steam and gas
turbines, as well as power-using machines, such as refrigera on and
air-condi oning systems. Mechanical engineers design other
machines inside buildings, such as elevators and escalators.

MECHANICAL ENGG. PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

Professional organiza ons and socie es provide opportuni es for
you to enhance your professional development through local and

137
 student chapter mee ngs and ac vi es, including society-sponsored
conferences, symposia, and workshops. Check some of the following
links for major society ac vi es, and keep an eye open as you browse
our Web site for opportuni es to volunteer, get involved, and shape
your career and the profession.

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

• Rochester Engineering Society
• American Ins tute of Aeronau cs and Astronau cs (AIAA)
• American Society for Engineering Educa on
• Ins tu on of Mechanical Engineers (ImechE)
• Materials Research Society
• Na onal Society of Black Engineers
• SAE Interna onal
• Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
• Society of Women Engineers

EcoCAR »
The EcoCAR team is compe ng in the EcoCAR 3 Advanced Vehicle
Technology Compe on (AVTC) aimed to convert a Chevrolet Camaro into
an electric hybrid vehicle by 2018. This student compe on is sponsored
by General Motors and the U.S. Department of Energy. EcoCAR designs
and integrates advanced vehicle technology powertrains and controls to
develop their vehicle solu ons to reduce emissions.

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