THE Odisha

GEOGRAPHY

A Material Crafted by Odisha Preps

For OPSC OCS Prelims & Mains

 Editors Note
Dear Aspirants,

We are thrilled to present to you this comprehensive study material on Odisha

Geography, meticulously crafted to assist you in your journey towards success.
This material has been made possible through the sheer dedication and
extensive research of our talented team members . We want to take a moment
to clarify some important aspects of this resource.

First and foremost, our primary objective is to aid aspirants like you in your
pursuit of knowledge. We have strived to provide accurate and valuable
information by drawing from various standard materials and open sources. It is
essential to emphasize that this study material is not intended for any
commercial gains, and we do not sell it anywhere. Our commitment is solely to
educational purposes.

We want to underline that no copyright infringement is intended in the creation

of this material. The photos and images used in this resource are sourced from
open and freely available platforms, and we have made every effort to provide
proper attribution where required. Furthermore, the maps used in this material
are obtained from official government websites and reputable institutions to
ensure accuracy and reliability.

We would also like to take this opportunity to pay our utmost respect and give
credit to the actual scholars and researchers who have dedicated their lives to
exploring the fascinating geography of Odisha. Their valuable contributions
have been instrumental in shaping this study material, and we acknowledge
their relentless pursuit of knowledge.

As you embark on your educational journey with this material, we hope it

serves as a valuable tool in your preparations. We wish you the very best in
your endeavors, and may this resource contribute to your success.

- Team Odisha Preps

 Topper’s Review
The Odisha Geo material prepared by Odisha Preps is a systematic
representation of syllabus wise content for OPSC prelims as well as Mains
examination. The Odisha specific portion of the syllabus of OCS being newly
added will have great importance in prelims as well as in Mains exam and you
are getting all in one specific material. For quick overview and revision, you
can rely upon this material. Wishing best of luck to Odisha Preps in their
Journey of helping students
BISWAJIT DASH
OCS 2020 – rank 151

This book on Odisha geography is a must-read for upcoming exam preparation,

thanks to its user-friendly note format and straightforward language, making
complex concepts easy to grasp.

Prakash Kumar Parida

OCS 2021 – Rank 240

Geography as a subject helps us to understand where we live,how it was evolved and in

exploring the link with other subjects like economies, political system, culture and history
in detail. This material is highly recommended to the aspirants as it has covered systematic
descriptions on each and every topic mentioned in the syallabus with maps wherever
Rituparna Mishra needed and consolidating all aspects of this subjects. Congratulations to the OP team for
OCS 2021 – Rank 93 this initiative.

I highly recommend this book for Odisha geography. To the point concepts are
given and all topics mentioned in the syllabus are covered in a very easy way to
understand. It will be very helpful while framing answers. I believe it will help
aspirants in their civil services preparation and also anyone who want to know
about Odisha Adyasha Swain
OCS 2021 – Rank 144

The PDF really helps us to explore and understand various geographical concepts of
Odisha. The diagrammatic representation is so nice. This PDF also helps for the last
minute revision for the civil service aspirants and other various aspirants of Odisha

Nibedita Biswal
OCS 2021 – Rank 153

Analyzing the input-to-output ratio for Mains exam, this material suffices for
Odisha Geography. It has covered almost all the dimensions required for the
Mains exam. Further, pictures, maps, and other representations will be helpful
for aspirants for better understanding. I would like to thank Team OP for this
one-stop solution for Odisha geography and saving the time of aspirants from Adyasha Rout
navigating multiple sources.
OCS 2021 – Rank 186
OPSC OFFICIAL SYLLABUS

PRELIMS

MAINS
 GEOGRAPHY PYQ
MAINS
2021
1. Explain various geographical and human factors for industrial location in Odisha. (10
Marks)
2. Give a geographical account of natural resources of Odisha with respect to minerals
and forests resources. (20 Marks)

2020
1. Discuss the present natural resources conservation policies of Odisha. (10 Marks)

2019
1. Write short notes on any five of the following: (4×5=20 Marks)
A. Eastern Ghat Mountains of Odisha.
B. Mangrove forests of Odisha
C. Major river systems of the Mahanadi delta
D. Water pollution in the rivers of Odisha
E. Mahanadi Coal Fields
F. Bauxite deposits of Odisha

2018
1. Describe the origin of Nor' Westers in Eastern India. (10 Marks)
2. Write notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Describe geographical causes of decay of Baitarani river system in the recent past.
B. Explain ecological impacts of mangrove forest in Odisha Coast.
C. Justify the location of Rourkela Steel Plant in Odisha.
D. Assess the impacts of Chilika lake on the local economy of Odisha.
E. How do irrigation plans influence the local agricultural development in different parts
of Odisha?
2017
1. Write short notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Discuss the major geological formations and their associated mineral resources of
Odisha.
 B. Describe the salient features of Mahanadi river system and its impact on
agriculture of Odisha.
C. Discuss the status of potentiality and utilization pattern of water resource in
Odisha.
D. Illustrate the localization of Iron and Steel Industry in Odisha.
E. Examine the response system for mitigating the impact of cyclones occurrence
along the Odisha coast.
2. Prepare a brief note on the dispute between Odisha and Chhattisgarh over the river
Mahanadi. (10 Marks)

2015
1. Write short notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Physiographic characteristics of Odisha
B. Features of Northern Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests of Odisha
C. Problems encountered by the ecosystem of the Chilika Lake
D. Major projects constructed across the main river of the largest river basin of Odisha
E. Gandhamardan Hills

PRELIMS
2021

2020
2018

2016
2015
 THE WAIT IS OVER
OP is launching “ The Best Ever Course For OPSC OCS ” this Oct (2023)
A Full Course To Cover All subjects

Geography History + Culture Society Polity

Governance & Social

Justice
Inter State Relation Economics Environment

Science & Tech Internal Security Disaster management Ethics

Essay paper Compulsory (Odia) Compulsory (English) Current Affairs (Guidance)

Wait no more !! Download our App

# OP for OPSC
A Comprehensive Course for OPSC OCS
Prelims + Mains + Interview
High Yielding Content + Stunning Visuals + Affordability
 OP’s FULL COURSE
Something to Share about The Full Course !!
Dear Aspirants , we understand the profound significance of dreams, especially those of Civil
Service aspirants like you. It has come to our attention that the coaching market has been
riddled with exorbitant fees and a concerning lack of quality education. This exploitation of
students deeply distresses us, and it was this concern that led us to embark on a mission to
make a positive change.
Over the past six months, our dedicated team of expert researchers , educators & Toppers has
been hard at work to develop what we believe is the finest course available for the Odisha
Civil Service Examination, that too affordable !
We recognize that your dreams are not something to be trifled with, and we are committed to
providing you with a comprehensive study program that goes beyond the ordinary.

Our course will be one-stop solution covering all the essentials needed for Civil Service
Examination journey.
• Extensive prelims syllabus coverage,
• Meticulous mains exam preparation—an approach that sets us apart from the majority of
institutes.
• Complete preparation for Personality test
Complete Prelims to Interview everything Under One Single Course !
Our key focus is on conditioning aspirants right from the beginning, ensuring simultaneous
Prelims and Mains preparation.
We are working extensively to introduce a full-fledged course tailored specifically for the
Odisha Civil Service Examinations. Its Not just your dream to become a civil servant , but our
Core intension to produce abled , rigtheosus and genuine Civil servants all over our beloved
state .
Together, let's embark on this journey towards success and make beauraucracy and system of
our state the best .

VISIT US ON
YOUTUBE

@odishapreps
 OP’s FULL COURSE
Course Features
1 . Video Lectures (With stunning Visuals ) + Revision materials + Practice Questions .
(Prelims + Mains).
(GS I + GS II + GS III + GS IV + Essay paper + Compulsory papers – Odia + English )

2 . Constant Mentoring and Student support .

Dedicated Doubt Clearing Sessions .
Subject Wise Strategy and Roadmaps (Based on SWOT analysis of Students ).
Live mentorship Sessions (Experienced UPSC mentors + OPSC Toppers & Officers).
Special sessions on (Science of Learning , Notetaking , researched based revisiontechniques ).

3. Exam Trend and pattern analysis .

Topic wise Segregated PYQ & Discussions (Prelims + mains )
Explanation Lectures + Model answers material.

4. Current Affairs – Guidance Programme

5. Personality test / Interview Complete Preparation Programme .

Speaking Styles + Tones & Modulations + Scientific method of speaking under stress

6. Students’ Performance tracker

7. Subject wise Schedule + Topic Microlisting

Wait no more !! Download our App

# OP for OPSC
 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 1

Content
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 2
Location & Extent of Odisha .............................................................. 2
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ODISHA ........................................................ 6
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS........................................................................ 7
DRAINAGE ........................................................................................... 29
CLIMATE ............................................................................................. 49
SOILS .................................................................................................. 67
FORESTS & WILDLIFE ............................................................................. 75
MINERALS ......................................................................................... 104
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES OF ODISHA ..................................... 119
AGRICULTURE .................................................................................... 120
INDUSTRIES & POWER RESOURCES ....................................................... 135
TRANSPORT ....................................................................................... 160
TRIBES .............................................................................................. 169
DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ODISHA .......................................... 178

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 2

INTRODUCTION
Odisha came into existence on 1st April 1936 after its
separation from Bihar. Located on the eastern tropical coast of
India, it is often regarded as 'India's best-kept secret.' The
state is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, classical
artworks, literature, dance forms, immortal architecture,
mouth-watering cuisine, biodiversity, and spirituality .

Location & Extent of

Odisha
• Odisha is located on the eastern coast of India
• It extends from 17°49′N to 22°34′N latitude and from 81°29'E to 87°29'E
longitude

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 3

• The 82⁰30’ E meridian i.e., IST passes through the state

• It has an area of about 155,707 sq. km which is about 4.87% of the
total land area of India
• Odisha is the 9th largest state of India in terms of area & 11th largest in
terms of population .
• It is bounded by Jharkhand (North), West Bengal (Northeast),
Chhattisgarh (West & Northeast), Andhra Pradesh (South) & the Bay
of Bengal (East)
• The coastline stretches about 482km from Subarnarekha (Northeast)
to Ichchapuram (South)
• The climate of the is characterized as tropical monsoon type climate
~
with dry winters
~
I
Sharkhand
82°30E IST
wetengal
I

·
Chhattisgarh

482 Ren

long coastline

Bay of Bengal

• The climate of the is characterized as tropical monsoon type climate

with dry winters

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 4

• “Rice” is the staple diet of the state with majority of the population
working in the agricultural sector
• As per Census 2011, the population of the state is 4.97 million i.e.,
3.47% of India’s population
• Odisha has near about 62 tribal communities which make up 22.1% of
the total population of the state & 9.7% of the total tribal population
of the nation.
• About 11 major rivers drained the state with notable ones being the
Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Baitarani, the Budhabalanga, the
Rushikulya.
• The state is home to 2 National Parks, 19 Wildlife Sanctuaries & 2
Tiger Reserves
• The Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, is the longest
earthen dam in the world.
• Having rich mineral resources, Odisha is the largest producer of
bauxite, nickel & dolomite producer in India.
• Odia is the official language of the state & is one of the six classical
languages of India.
• The state is known for its diverse cultural heritage such as, the
Pattachitra Paintings, Odissi, Silver Filigree etc.

• ‘Bhubaneswar’ also known as “Temple city” is the capital of the state

located in the Khordha district.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 5

• Odisha has 30 Districts, 03 administrative/revenue Divisions, 58 Sub-

Divisions, 317 Tehsils & 314 Blocks.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 6

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF
ODISHA

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 7

PHYSIOGRAPHIC
REGIONS
Syllabus points covered in the chapter:
• THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
• THE MIDDLE MOUNTAINEERS AND HIGHLAND REGIONS
• THE CENTRAL PLATEAU
• THE WESTERN ROLLING UPLANDS
• THE RIVER VALLEYS AND FLOOD PLAINS

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 8

INTRODUCTION
On the basis of morphological peculiarities geological climatic and
edaphic conditions Odisha has been divided into 5 major morphological
regions
• The Eastern Coastal Plains
• The Middle Mountaineers and Highland Regions
• The Central Plateau
• The Western Rolling Uplands
• The River Valleys and Flood Plain

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 9

THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

• The coastal plains stretch along the eastern coast of India are of
recent origin, belonging to the Post-tertiary Tertiary period
• These plains stretch from the Subarnarekha in the NE to the
Rushikulya in the SW

• Its narrow in the north, widest in the middle, narrowest in Chilika

coast & broad in the South
• It’s referred as ‘Land of six river deltas’, foe being drained by the
Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the
Mahanadi & the Rushikulya (from N to S)
• With fertile green Tract of silt & alluvium, this region has higher
agricultural productivity & better known as the rice Bowl of
Odisha .
• The 75m outline determines the western boundary of these plains
& differentiates them from middle mountainous regions .
• The districts of the coastal plains are thickly populated with active
trade commerce, transport & tourism.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 10

Budhabalarn?
based e

Northern
coastal
Plains -

Middle coastal
Plains .

-
chillika bake

southern coastal
Plains

• On the basis of location, the coastal plains are further sub-divided

into 3 regions:
o The Northern Coastal Plains/ Balasore Plains
o Middle Coastal Plains/ Cuttack- Puri plains
o Southern Coastal Plains/ Rushikulya plains
• On the basis of configuration of the coastal plains, it can be
divided into 3 zones parallel to the shoreline

S
o The Salt Tract MONTEE
ARABLE
o The Arable Tract gu T
RACK
o The Sub-montane Tract
ga "SEA"

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 11

THE NORTHERN COASTAL PLAINS (BALASORE

PLAINS)
• It Comprises of deltas & flood plains of the Subarnarekha River & the
Budhabalanga river
• Worst drought affected area of Odisha with lack of irrigational
facilities, low per hectare agricultural turnout, lack of double
cropping & frequent crop failures
• Major town: Balasore
• Major beaches: Chandipur beach, Talsari beach, Chandaneswar
beach, Udaipur Beach .

THE MIDDLE COASTAL PLAINS

(CUTTACK-PURI COASTAL PLAINS)

• This region lies in between the north coastal plains & the south
coastal plains of the Rushikulya river
• Primarily composed of deltas
• High agricultural productivity with extensive irrigation, well-co-
ordinated embankment system, double and even tripled crop areas,
high yield per unit of land in Odisha
• This region is the ‘Rice Bowl of Odisha’ & also known for Jute
cultivation
• Highly populated area with growing Tertiary sector employment
• Well-developed modes of transportation & communication
• Puri: one of the Char Dhams for Hindu Pilgrimage
• Major Port: Paradeep Port
• Major towns/ cities: Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Kendrapara, Jajpur
• Major beaches: Puri beach, Konark beach, Baliharachandi Beach,
Ramchandi Beach, Beleswar beach, Astaranga Beach

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 12

SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS

(BERHAMPUR COASTAL PLAINS)
• These plains are geographically isolated from the northern plains by
the Chilika Lake and spurs from the Eastern Ghats
• Crop failures due to high frequency rainfall failures & Rainy days as
well as Limited irrigation due to undulating topography
• High population density & well-coordinated road network
• Major town/ city: Berhampur
• Major beaches: Gopalpur beach, Rushikonda beach, Aryapalli beach,
Patisonapur beach, Chandrabhaga beach.

THE SALT TRACT

• The narrow belt stretching beyond the shoreline for about 4.8 to 9.6
km inward which is soaked in salt with no agriculture
• The Mahanadi Delta Salt Tract is covered with tidal forests known as
‘The Little Sunderbans’ of Paradeep- Dhamra coast.

THE ARABLE TRACT

• Being located in the middle of the Plains, drained by the Mahanadi,
the Brahmani & the Salandi rivers, makes this area rich in
agricultural productivity & fertile alluvium .
• The endless stretches of rice cultivation is the fundamental
characteristics of this region .
• The rivers have leaves but during high floods these rivers overflow
causing danger for human lives, cattle population & agriculture .

THE SUB-MONTANE TRACT

Lying towards the west of the Plains, this region is known as ‘Zone of
Transition’ between the Arable Tract & the spurs of Eastern Ghats

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 13

• Red Soil is found here as blocks of laterites.

• There’s absence of coastal forest Belt & lacks in marshy tract
due to higher topography

THE MIDDLE MOUNTAINOUS & HIGHLAND

REGIONS
• This region covers 3/4th portion of Odisha with significant tribal
population
• The elevation of this region ranges from 610 m to 1068 m above sea
level
• It’s a part of Indian Peninsula, comprising the Eastern Ghats running
parallel to the east coast in Northeast to Southwest direction
(Mayurbhanj to Malkangiri)
• This region is dissected by east flowing rivers which have broad
valleys & flood plains & their courses cutting deep gorges
• These mountain ranges separate the coastal plains from the rolling
uplands of western Odisha
• This region is rich in minerals, natural resources, timber, forest
products, horticulture & tribal handicrafts

• These mountains are morphologically sub-divided into 5 regions:

o The interfluve of the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga & the
Baitarani
o The Baitarani-Brahmani interfluve
o The Brahmani- Mahanadi interfluve
o The common interfluve of the Mahanadi, the Rushikulya & the
Vamsadhara
o The interfluve of the Nagavali-Sabari and Sabari-Tel Catchment
Basins

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 14

g
THE INTERFLUVES OF THE SUBARNAREKHA, THE
BUDHABALANGA & THE BAITARANI
• The Comprises of the Similipal (900m) and Meghasana (1147m)
mountains, forming almost circular shapes with peaks reaching
up to 1,162 meters.
• It is covered in northern tropical moist deciduous forests,
primarily featuring valuable Sal trees
• The climate is characterized by heavy monsoon and winter
rainfall.
• Rich deposits of haematite ore in the Gorumahisani Hills and
Badampahar region supply ore to TISCO

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 15

THE BAITARANI-BRAHMANI INTERFLUVE

• Notable peaks in this region include Malayagiri of Pailahara (1,188
meters), Badamgarh (1,075 meters), and Kunratir (1,064 meters) in
Keonjhar
• Shifting cultivation has led to complete deforestation and severe soil
erosion
• The northern tropical moist deciduous type are found with Sal trees
not being the dominant tree species
• Economically valuable resources in this region include iron,
manganese, and mica deposits in the Mankadnacha Hills, as well as
gold deposits further south
• The Rourkela steel plant relies on rich haematite ore sources from
Taldiha and Kiriburu in this region

THE BRAHMANI- MAHANADI INTERFLUVE

• It features mountain ranges that align closely with the watershed
between the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers
• This region has experienced significant erosion from the tributaries
of the Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers, resulting in lower elevations
i.e., only 600m.
• The mountain chain in this area is not continuous. It runs as N-NW in
the Northern region & S-SW in the southern region.
• The mountains are densely covered by bamboo forests due to the
region’s high rainfall and suitable soil conditions

THE COMMON INTERFLUVES OF THE MAHANADI,

THE RUSHIKULYA & THE VAMSADHARA
• This region is characterized by hills in Nayagarh, Daspalla,
Khandapara, Kandhamal, and Gajapati

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 16

• The region experiences low annual precipitation, resulting in a

northern tropical moist deciduous (mixed) forest type with majorly
bamboo trees
• Mountain trends run from northwest to southeast in this area with an
elevation of 600m to 1000m. Notable peaks Singarazu (1501m),
Mahendragiri (1501m) Devagiri peak (1360m)
• The region is rich in minerals & some forest areas have been cleared
under the Dandakaranya Project .
THE INTERFLUVES OF THE NAGAVALI-SABARI
AND SABARI-TEL CATCHMENT BASINS
• This region includes the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountains, among the
highest in Odisha which run in NE to SW direction
• These mountain ranges rise abruptly from the Andhra coastal plains
and slope down to the Jeypore-Nabarangpur plateau
• Notable peaks include Galikonda (1643m), Sinkaram (1620m),
Turiakonda(1598m), Deomali (1,672m)
• The region experiences maximum rainfall during monsoons but is dry
in winter, resulting in northern tropical dry deciduous forests.
• Mineral resources are seemingly limited in this area & the region
suffers from severe soil erosion
• Some parts of the region have been reclaimed under the
Dandakaranya Scheme.
IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF ODISHA

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 17

Badam
Balia Pahar pahar
Badamgarh

⑪ Nrusinghanath

Gandhamardan

Niyamgiri

Mahendragiri
Deomali
Golikonda
⑰Devagiri
Sinkaram Gutta

THE CENTRAL PLATEAUS

• Being a part of Peninsular Plateau & lying towards the western
slopes of the Eastern Ghats, the central plateaus of Odisha have
an average elevation of 300 to 600m above sea level.
• They have almost flat & monotonous topography, covered with red
soil & laterite Soil & are eroded by rivers.
• Agriculture is limited but this region flourishes in minerals &
forest resources.
• This region is thinly populated because of low carrying capacity of
persons per hectare .
• On the basis of morphology these plateaus are subdivided into 2
regions:
o The Panposh-Keonjhar-Pala Lahara plateau of the upper
Baitarani Catchment Basin
o The Nabarangpur-Jaypur plateau of the upper Sabri Basin

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 18

THE PANPOSH-KEONJHAR-PALA LAHARA

PLATEAU
• The Kendujhar-Panposh Plateau, is characterized by its high
plateau topography & is drained by the Baitarani River.
• Its elevation ranges from 300 to 600 meters and is surrounded by
natural boundaries: Similipal Mountains in the east,
Mankaranacha Mountains in the west, & merging into the
Baitarani uplands in the south, with Singhbhum & Ranchi plateau
to the north.
• Agriculture especially rice farming, is the dominant economic
activity in this region.
• The region experiences high monsoon rainfall & additional rain
during the winter.
• The region is rich in mineral resources, including iron ore,
manganese, limestone & more.

Baitarani Raisangfu
R
or
.

2 0
JHarsuguda simlifal
Bargarh .
Redkakhole

Bolangir
↑

mi
Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share
 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 19

THE NABARANGPUR-JEYPORE PLATEAU

• The Nowrangpur-Jeypore Plateau is situated west of the
Chandragiri & Pottangi Mountains with average elevation of 600
to 900m
• This plateau is drained by the Sabari River & its tributaries.
• Isolated patches of mountains ranging from 600 to 900 meters in
elevation can be found in this region
• It experiences high rainfall, with more than 178 cm of rain
annually, but remains dry during the winter
• The area is known for extensive cultivation of finer varieties of
rice & serves as the surplus rice-producing region of Odisha
• The region was part of the old Dandakaranya Project

THE ROLLING UPLANDS

• Lying towards the west of the Eastern Ghats, the rolling uplands
feature undulating terrain in the sub-mountainous zones.
• Elevation in this region ranges from 150 to 300 meters.
• The soil in this area is coarse and gravelly, resulting in reduced
soil nutritive value and lower yields per hectare compared to
coastal plains and river valleys.
• The undulating topography with a hard subsoil bedrock makes it
suitable for the implementation of a tank irrigation system, which
stabilizes agriculture to a significant extent. Hence, it supports
paddy cultivation in wet areas.
• Patches of forests can be found in these rolling uplands, but they
have been extensively deforested over time.
• The Rolling Uplands are subdivided into the following regions:
o The Rairangpur Rolling Uplands.
o The Rolling Uplands to the north of the Baitarani Valley and
Flood Plains.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 20

o The rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin

▪ The western
▪ The middle
▪ The northern or Panposh Plains
o The Rolling Uplands of the Mahanadi Basin
▪ The Jharsuguda Uplands
▪ The Baragarh Uplands
▪ The Balangir-Titilagarh Uplands
▪ The Redhakhole Uplands
o The Western Uplands of the Rushikulya Basin
o The Rolling Uplands of the Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers.
o The Uplands of the Sabari Basin or Malkangiri Uplands

THE RAIRANGPUR ROLLING UPLANDS

• The Rairangpur Rolling Uplands drain to the north & significant in
natural resources
• The area receives high monsoonal rainfall and some winter
rainfall.
• Major town: Rairangpur

THE BAITARANI ROLLING UPLANDS

• Lying to the boundary of Keonjhar plateau is considered to be of
little importance due to its small size

THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF THE BRAHMANI

BASIN

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 21

• The Rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin, also known as the

Rourkela Uplands, are situated on the eastern slopes of the
Mahanadi-Brahmani interfluves, near the confluence of the Sankh
and Koel rivers.
• The region's economic significance is primarily attributed to the
presence of the Rourkela Steel Plant, which produces 2.5 million
tonnes of steel annually.
• Abundant mineral resources, including iron ore, manganese, and
limestone, contribute to the region's economic potential.
• The region experiences an extreme type of climate due to its
inland location.
• Major City: Rourkela

THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF MAHANADI BASIN

• The Rolling Uplands of the Mahanadi Basin covers the entire

western Odisha are sub-divided into:
o The Jharsuguda Rolling uplands: Drained by the Ib River and its
tributaries, extending from Sundergarh in the north to
Sambalpur in the south, with Jharasuguda in the middle
o The Baragarh Uplands: Drained by the Jira, Jhaun, and Suk-Tel
rivers
o The Baragarh-Titlagarh uplands: Drained by the Tel, the largest
Mahanadi tributary in Odisha
o The Redhakhole Uplands: These uplands are situated on the
eastern flanks of the interfluves of the Brahmani and the
Mahanadi
• These are vast areas having major industrial belts with Hirakud
Dam being the centre of power generation
• Agriculture continues to be the primary occupation with
increasing population
• Major towns/cities: Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Titlagarh,
Redhakhole

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 22

THE WESTERN UPLANDS OF THE RUSHIKULYA

BASIN
• This upland region is dominated by forestry as primary economic
activity
• The climate, characterized by high temperature, dense forests &
lack of winter rainfall i.e., unfavourable for health

THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF THE VAMSADHARA

AND THE NAGAVALI
• These uplands are formed by the erosive action of the
Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers.
• These uplands are drier compared to rest of Odisha, with a high
frequency of rainfall failures.
• Low soil productivity results in low population density.
• Sugarcane cultivation is extensive in this region.
• A paper mill in the area receives power from the Machkund hydel
power project, and NALCO is also located here.
• Major town: Rayagada

THE MALKANGIRI UPLANDS

• Located in the southwestern tip of Odisha, these uplands remain
largely undeveloped due to their extreme climate.
• The region experiences the wettest part of Orissa after the onset
of the southwest monsoon, followed by becoming the driest during
winter
• Vast areas are covered in thick bamboo forests
• Industrial growth & economic development depends on cheap
hydel power from the Machkund project & the proper utilization of
forest and mineral resources

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 23

• The implementation of the Poteru Irrigation Project and the

Dandakaranya railway line from Kottavalsa to Kirandul have
opened up new opportunities for resource utilization

THE RIVER VALLEYS & FLOOD PLAINS

• River valleys and flood plains in Odisha are located between the 75
meters and 150 meters contour lines.
• They are scattered, narrow, and elongated, following the courses of
significant rivers and their tributaries.
• These areas were initially shaped by the rivers and later enriched by
fluviatile deposits.
• They are narrow & deep in the upper reaches, slightly wide in the
middle reaches & widest in the lower reaches
• Vertical and lateral erosion by drainage channels has led to the
formation of deep ravines in recent years, while sheet and gully
erosion further deplete the soil.
• The carrying capacity of the land in these areas is lower compared to
the coastal plains due to erosion.
• Rice is the primary crop, but the absence of jute and the increasing
cultivation of sugarcane are notable agrarian characteristics.
• The water table is lower than in coastal plains, and reduced frequent
inundations have resulted in lower silt deposition and consequently
lower soil fertility.
• These river valleys & flood plains are further sub-divided into sub-
regions:
o The valley and flood plains of the Subarnarekha and the
Budhabalanga
o The valley and flood plains of the Baitarani
o The valley and flood plains of the Brahmani
▪ The upper valley and flood plains
▪ The lower valley and flood plains

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 24

o The valley and flood plains of the Mahanadi

▪ The upper valley and flood plains
▪ The lower left bank flood plains
▪ The lower right bank flood plains
o The valley and flood plains of the Salia and the Kharia
o The valley and flood plains of the Rushikulya
o The upper valley of the Vamsadhara
o The upper valley of the Sabari

·
Subarnarekha
&
Budhabalanga

Baitarani
- Flood plains

I
Brahmani Flood
plains

-12
- Mahanadi
Floodplains

Rushikulya flood
plains

Sabri Vamsadhara
Floodplains Flood plains

THE VALLEY AND FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

SUBARNAREKHA AND THE BUDHABALANGA
(BARIPADA PLAINS)

• The Baripada Plains have relatively low fertility and higher

elevation, limiting their carrying capacity per unit of land

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 25

• While rice remains the primary crop, other cereals and cash crops
are also cultivated.
• Patches of scrub forests, higher annual precipitation, and more
rainy days compared to the Balasore coast contribute to fewer
crop failures and a relatively stable agricultural yield.
• The soil composition varies from fine-grained silt near the rivers
to coarse silt in the farther regions, with red soil of low fertility
found towards the western plains due to proximity to the Similipal
Hills.
• Major Town: Baripada

THE VALLEY AND FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

BAITARANI (ANANDPUR PLAINS)

• The Anandpur Plains, are delimited by various natural features:

Nilgiri hills (East), Sukinda hills (West) & Keonjhar Rolling Uplands
(North)
• These plains have been formed by the combined action of the
Baitarani and Salandi rivers
• The region is agriculturally rich and supports a relatively higher
population density per hectare of cultivated land.
• Major Towns: Anandpur, Ramchandrapur

THE VALLEY AND FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

BRAHMANI (TALCHER PLAINS & BHUBAN
PLAINS)

• Having a longer course helps Brahmani river to cut across the

Eastern Ghats
• It is subdivided into upper & lower valleys:

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 26

o The Upper Valley and Flood Plains, also known as the Talcher
Plains, are characterized by a narrow and deep valley with
swift streams on either side of the main river.
o The Lower Valley and Flood Plains, known as the Bhuban
Plains, are similar to the upper valley but broader in extent
with frequent flooding
• The Brahmani deposits more in the upper plains whereas erosion
predominant in the lower plains
• The lower plains have higher population density than upper plains
• Agriculture remains the primary source of employment
• Major towns/cities: Talcher, Angul, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal

THE VALLEY AND FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

MAHANADI (SONEPUR PLAINS, ATHGARH PLAINS
& BANPUR PLAINS)

• The river valleys & flood plains of Mahanadi are more prominent
than other rivers of Odisha
• It cuts deeply through the main mountains of the Eastern Ghats
• The 23 km long ‘Satakosia gorge’ divides the Mahanadi Valley into
upper & lower valleys
• The Upper Valley and Flood Plains, known as the Sonepur Plains,
are geographically isolated from the lower valley by the Satakosia
gorge:
o This region is characterized by the presence of large
subsequent and obsequent tributaries of the Mahanadi River,
including the Tel, Suk-Tel, Jira, and Jhaun, which have carved
deep, elongated valleys on the right bank of the Mahanadi,
resulting in irregular terrain
• The Lower Left Bank Flood Plains also known as the Athgarh
Plains are located in a funnel-shaped valley of the Mahanadi
River:

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 27

o The valley is broader in the south and narrower in the north

and is ultimately closed at the Satakosia gorge
• The Valley and the Flood Plains of the Salia and Kharia, often
known as Banpur plains with the Salia and Kharia as minor hill
streams in this region
o Along the Chilika coast, fishing has become a subsidiary
occupation for coastal residents
• These plains are fertile & primarily dedicated to rice cultivation
with high population density
• There is a rise in sugarcane cultivation in Sonepur & Athgarh
plains whereas pulses sown as a secondary crop in Banpur plains
• Major towns: Sonepur, Boudh, Athmalik, Banpur

THE VALLEY AND THE FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

RUSHIKULYA (ASKA PLAINS)

• The Aska Plains are a broad region characterized by an undulating

surface shaped by the erosive action of the Rushikulya River and
its tributaries
• The region experiences low rainfall but deforestation has led to
soil erosion
• Rice is the primary crop, but there’s a growing trend toward
cultivating sugarcane, maize, and cereals
• This region is free from floods and has well-coordinated road
communication
• The population density is high
• Major towns: Bhanjanagar, Aska, Sorada
•

THE UPPER VALLEY OF THE VAMSADHARA

• This narrow valley is formed by the erosive action of the
Vamsadhara River and is known for rice cultivation.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 28

• Towns have developed in the area, and it sustains a dense

population

THE UPPER VALLEY OF THE SABARI

• Similar to the Vamsadhara, the Sabari Valley shares
characteristics as a narrow valley formed by erosive action
• It is economically underdeveloped & comes under the
Dandakarnya Project

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 OP’s FULL COURSE
Something to Share about The Full Course !!
Dear Aspirants , we understand the profound significance of dreams, especially those of Civil
Service aspirants like you. It has come to our attention that the coaching market has been
riddled with exorbitant fees and a concerning lack of quality education. This exploitation of
students deeply distresses us, and it was this concern that led us to embark on a mission to
make a positive change.
Over the past six months, our dedicated team of expert researchers , educators & Toppers has
been hard at work to develop what we believe is the finest course available for the Odisha
Civil Service Examination, that too affordable !
We recognize that your dreams are not something to be trifled with, and we are committed to
providing you with a comprehensive study program that goes beyond the ordinary.

Our course will be one-stop solution covering all the essentials needed for Civil Service
Examination journey.
• Extensive prelims syllabus coverage,
• Meticulous mains exam preparation—an approach that sets us apart from the majority of
institutes.
• Complete preparation for Personality test
Complete Prelims to Interview everything Under One Single Course !
Our key focus is on conditioning aspirants right from the beginning, ensuring simultaneous
Prelims and Mains preparation.
We are working extensively to introduce a full-fledged course tailored specifically for the
Odisha Civil Service Examinations. Its Not just your dream to become a civil servant , but our
Core intension to produce abled , rigtheosus and genuine Civil servants all over our beloved
state .
Together, let's embark on this journey towards success and make beauraucracy and system of
our state the best .

VISIT US ON
YOUTUBE

@odishapreps
 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 29

DRAINAGE

Syllabus points covered in the chapter:

• DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR RIVER
• NOTABLE NATURAL/ ARTIFICIAL LAKES
• MAJOR WATERFALLS, HOTSPRINGS, BAYS, ISLANDS
• ODISHA RIVER AGREEMENTS & CONFLICTS

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 30

INTRODUCTION
• The state of Odisha is primarily drained by Peninsular rivers which
are non-perennial in character & drain into the Bay of Bengal
• These rivers are lifelines for the people & economy & majorly
significant for agriculture, hydroelectricity & transport.

RIVERS OF ODISHA
Odisha rivers are divided into six groups on the basis of their
sources or origin:
• Chhotanagpur Plateau: The Subarnarekha & the Brahmani
• Amarkantak Plateau: The Mahanadi River
• Mahanadi Delta rivers: The Soamoli, the Gobari, the Prachi, the
Kadua, the Dhanua, the Ratnachira & the Nuna river
• Keonjhar Plateau: The Baitarani River
• Eastern Slopes of Eastern Ghats: The Budhabalanga, the
Rushikulya, the Salandi river
• Other Rivers from Eastern Ghats: The Bahuda, the Nagavali, the
Vamsadhara & the Godavari system

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 31

·
att
=
&

e
e

④i
-

so mw
g
-
1.
-1

Ye
888

i
Borex
·

E ⑤
d

·
Ser
·

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 32

Map name- drainage basins of rivers of Odisha

RIVERS OF CHHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

THE SUBARNAREKHA RIVER
• Flowing in the Northeast of Odisha, this river originates in
Jharkhand, entering Odisha at Lakshmannath which is located to
the NE of Jaleshwar
• It flows in the districts of Mayurbhanj & Balasore
• Its name 'Subarnarekha' originates from the Sanskrit word,
meaning 'Golden line', denoting to the presence of gold particles in
its river beds
• The total length of the river is 395 km with 70 km in Odisha

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 33

• The drainage Basin of the river in Odisha is 3, 200 sq. km

• It causes disastrous floods in the lower reaches of Odisha before
draining into the Bay of Bengal
• It has an estuarine mouth due to daily tides
• The right bank tributaries of the Subarnarekha River: The Kanchi,
the Karkari, the Kharkhai (largest)
• The left bank tributaries of Subarnarekha River: The Dulang

·
eamer
"Potawatomi k ama ,
⑭
neBo
extanagar
7

- R .

Gang na e

THE BRAHMANI RIVER

• The Brahmani is the 2nd largest river of Odisha, cutting across the
Eastern Ghats by draining through the districts of Sundargarh,
Angul, Dhenkanal, Deogarh, Jajpur, Cuttack, Kendrapada
• It originates in Jharkhand & enters Odisha in the Sundargarh
district. At the confluence of the Sankh river (right) & the Koel
river(left), at Vedavyas near Rourkela, its mainstream flows
southward
• The total length of the river is 799 km & in Odisha It flows about
480 km
• The drainage Basin of Brahmani has an area of 39, 055 sq. km

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 34

• Its right bank tributary meets Mahanadi's left bank tributary i.e.,
the Birupa river at Indupur.

Mankada

T-
Samkai

ni m i n
R . R .

-
↑

namiyal
-
*
I

amer w

Faingam
-

- mide
heras

R .
I
I

an

Bizufa
Distributary
*

• The Brahmani & the Mahanadi have a common outlet for their
flood water through Maipura & have formed the Wheeler Islands,
also known as Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island
• Before discharging into Bay of Bengal near Dhamra, the river
receives flood spills from the adjacent Baitarani River
• The right bank tributaries of Brahmani river: the Sankh, the
Gohira, the Lingarajara, the Tikra, the Singda, the Nandia
• The left bank tributaries of the Brahmani river: the Koel, the
Ramial, the Samakoi, the Mankada, the Kural

RIVER OF AMARKANTAK PLATEAU

MAHANADI RIVER

• The Mahanadi is the largest River of Odisha & 6th largest River in
India
• It is the only River from Amarkantak plateau, which originates
from Sihawa Village in Dhamtari District of Chhattisgarh
• Its name is derived from Sanskrit meaning 'great river'. The river
is also known as Mahashweta, Mahanad, Nilotpala, Kanakanandini

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 35

• The total length of the river is about 858.8 km & in Odisha it flows
about 494 km
• The total drainage Basin of the River is 65,580 sq km
• It enters Odisha near Padigan, Bargarh and covers the districts of
Sambalpur, Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Boudh, Nayagarh, Sonepur,
Angul, Dhenkanal, Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Khordha & Puri
• Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15
kilometres from Sambalpur. It is the longest earthen dam in the
world. Behind the dam extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km
long.
• At Sonepur, the Tel River, the largest tributary of Mahanadi in
Odisha meets on its right bank
• From Boudh to Banki, the Mahanadi crosses right through the
Easter Ghats & forms the Satakosia gorge
• It enters into the Plains at Naraj in Cuttack district where it meets
the old shoreline of the Bay of Bengal & forms a delta
• The length of the delta is about 107 km. The mainstream drains
into the Bay of Bengal near Paradeep, Jagatisinghpur.
• Right bank tributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Silari, the Jira,
the Jhaun, the Sondur, the Sukha, the Jonk, the Tel, the
Kharakhara, the Brutanga, the Khorsi, the Jamunia etc
• Left bank tributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Chhinar, the
Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Son, the Mand, the Karua, the Kelo, the
Surli, the Arpa etc

facerationSam montana T
· e

I
snawa ~
. -

"Genin
V
NABAJ

B W-
A
-

B ⑱ &

Cchkatisgarh) ,

KUAKAThaJodi
* Sondar

El
R
silari
.

R .

.
R .

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 36

• Major distributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Kathajodi, the

Birupa, the Devi

(Satkosia gorge)

Hirakud dam

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 37

NOTE:
The Mahanadi River is both a boon
and a curse for Odisha. The river
valleys and floodplains of the
Mahanadi are referred to as the
'Rice Bowl of Odisha' because their
fertile alluvium supports paddy
cultivation. However, due to
frequent flooding, it also causes the
loss of livelihood, cattle, and
property, earning it the nickname the 'Sorrow of Odisha'

RIVERS OF THE MAHANADI DELTA

From the low interfluves of the distributaries in the Mahanadi delta
originate about 7 short length rivers:
• Soamoli River: It originates from Hirapur village, with silted bed it
flows into Bay of Bengal in an easterly course.
• Gobari River: It starts from Devidola & joins the Devi River at
Bandasahi. It is also known as Gobardhana river.
• Prachi River: It starts from Kuakhai. Now, it flows from
Phulnakhara and drain the area between Kandal and Kushabhadra.
• Kadua River: It drains interfloves between Prachi and
Kushabhadra.
• Dhanua River: It is a small river which originate from Balipatna &
drains into the Kushabhadra
• Ratnachira River: It originates near Mukundapur village and drains
into the Bhargavi river.
• Nuna River: It starts near Ghoradia hills and drains into Daya river
near Sahupara.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 38

RIVER OF KEONJHAR PLATEAU

THE BAITARANI RIVER

• The Baitarani River is the only major river originating from the
Kendujhar Plateau, with its source in the Guptaganga Pahar of the
Janghira-Dhenkikote region.
• It originates at a height of about 600m above sea level. The total
length of the river is about 360 km & drainage Basin is about 12,190
sq km.
• It flows through the districts of Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh,
Bhadrak, Jajpur, Kendrapada
• In its lower reaches, the Baitarani River joins the distributaries of
the Brahmani River, ultimately sharing a common mouth into the
Bay of Bengal at Dhamra
• Major tributaries of the Baitarani River: The Deo, the Indrani, the
Salandi, the Matai
• Minor tributaries of the Baitarani River: The Budhi, the Kanjori, the
Ambajhara, the Bhandan, the Sita, the Kanjhari, the Musal, the
Kusei

im
IKangia rais asta
B

i
GuptaGanga i min e

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 39

RIVERS OF EASTER SLOPES OF EASTERN

GHATS
THE BUDHABALANGA RIVER
• It originates from the Similipal massif to the South of the Similipal
Garh in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, at an elevation of about 1082
m
• The total length of this river is 175 km & the total catchment area
of this river is 4,840 sq. km.
• It flows through two districts of Odisha: Mayurbhanj and Balasore
• The river originates from heavy rainfall region having high slope,
hence has high erosive capacity
• Significant tributaries of this river are the Kalo, the Sone, the
Katra, the Gangadhar
• It drains into the Bay of Bengal off the Balasore coast which lies
slightly to the north of Chandipur

THE SALANDI RIVER

• It originates from Meghasani mountain on the southern slopes of
the Simlipal massif, which has an elevation of 1,165 meters and is
located in the Kendujhar district
• Its total length is about 144 km & total catchment area is about
1,790 sq km.
• The river flows in the Kendujhar & the Bhadrak district.

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 40

• It’s a tributary of Baitarani River, it does not directly drain into the
Bay of Bengal, but discharges its water into the Baitarani River a
few kilometres upstream of Chandbali

SALANDI DAM

THE RUSHIKULYA RIVER

• It originates from the Rushimal mountain of Kandhamal district of
Odisha
• Its total length is 165 km and its total catchment area is about
8,963 km
• This river flows through Kandhamal & Ganjam districts
• It’s referred to as “lifeline of Ganjam district”
• Its river basin is pear shaped with dendritic tributary system
• It finally flows through Chhatrapur block & drains into the Bay of
Bengal without any delta formation
• The right bank tributaries of the Rushikulya river: The Patama, the
Ghodahada
• The left bank tributaries of the Ruhikulya river: The Baghua, the
Dhanei

Bashua

(nmabonad
R .

I
R .
Dhanai

->
W
I

Y ranada
for
RUSHIMALA HILLS

⑭ Ghodahada Dam

R .
Patama

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 41

RIVERS OF EASTERN GHATS

THE BAHUDA RIVER
• It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the eastern ghats in Gajapati
districts and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh.
• Its length 73 kms having a catchment area of 1250 sq. km.
• Significant tributaries of the Bahuda River are the Poichandia, the
Bogiriadi, the Batrada Nalla, the Kantajura Nalla.

THE NAGAVALI RIVER

• It originates from the Bijipur Hills of the eastern ghats near
Lanjigarh, Kalahandi.
• It is 210 kms long out of which 100 kms is in Odisha i.e., flows
through the districts of Kalahandi & Rayagada
• It has a total catchment area of about 9410 sq. kms.
• The tributaries of the Nagavali River: The Janghavati, the
Suvarnamukhi, the Vegavati

THE VAMSADHARA RIVER

• It originates from the Flanks of the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj
hills) of the eastern ghats in Kalahandi districts.
• It is 230 kms long out of which only 150 kms in Odisha.
• It has a catchment area of 11500 sq. kms.
• It flows through Kalahandi, Rayagada & Gajapati districts
• It enters in to the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra
Pradesh.
• Significant tributary of Vamsadhara river: The Mahendratanay

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 42

THE GODAVARI SYSTEM

It includes the tributaries of the Godavari River

THE INDRAVATI RIVER

• It originates from the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi district of Odisha
• The length of river is about 530 km & 167 km is in Odisha
• The total catchment area of the river in Odisha is 7,400 sq km
• The river flows in the districts of Kalahandi, Koraput &
Nabarangpur
• The significant tributaries of the Indravati river are the the
Chandragiri Nalla, the Poragarh Nalla, the Nimbra, the
Keshadhara Nalla etc

THE KOLAB RIVER

• It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the Eastern Ghats in
Koraput district of Odisha
• In Odisha it flows for 270 km with total catchment area of 10,300
sq. km
• The significant tributaries of the Kolab river are the Karandi Nalla,
the Guradi Nalla, the Garia, the Kangar Nalla etc

THE MACHKUND/SILERU RIVER

• The Sileru river, also known as Machkund river, is a tributary of
the Sabari River
• It originates in Andhra Pradesh & flows through Odisha before
joining the Sabari River at Motu, in the extreme southwestern
point of Odisha
• The Sileru river rises as the Machkund river in the eastern ghats
in north-eastern Andhra Pradesh

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 43

LAKES OF ODISHA
CHILIKA LAKE
• Chilika lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, stretches
across the Khordha, the Gan jam & the Puri districts of Odisha
• In 1981, it was declared as India’s first Ramsar wetland site.
• The state govt declared it as a bird sanctuary in 1987 as it is a
heaven for migratory birds from around the world
• Formed due to silting action of the Mahanadi River, it’s a pear-
shaped lake at the mouth of the Devi River
• The length of Chilika is about 64.5 km, its width varies between
5km to 18km & its area varies between 900 sq.km to 1165 sq. km
depending upon monsoon & summer seasons
• The deepest point of Chilika is located at Kalijai

abrchillika
NOTABLE NATURAL LAKES
• Chilika lake: Largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, located in the
Puri, the Khordha & the Ganjam district of Odisha, at the mouth of
the Devi River

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 44

• Ansupa lake: A freshwater lake, located at the foot of Saranda

hills in the Banki region of Cuttack district of Odisha. About 5 km
long & 1.6 km wide, it’s a shelter for migratory birds in the winter
• Kanjia lake: A freshwater lake of about 0.75sq.km, situated in the
south of Barang in the Khordha district. The Nandakanan lies to
the south of this lake
• Pata lake: A freshwater lake of about 4km long & 500m wide, is
situated in the Chhatrapur town of Ganjam district of Odisha
• Sara lake: A freshwater lake of length 5 km & width 3km, lies near
Puri
• Tampara lake: Another freshwater lake of about 4km long & 500m
wide, is situated alongside the Chhatrapur town of Ganjam district
of Odisha .

NOTABLE ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIRS/ LAKES

• Hirakud Reservoir: Sambalpur District, Mahanadi River

• Kolab Reservoir: Koraput District, Kolab River
• Sorada Reservoir: Ganjam District, Rushikulya River
• Balimela Reservoir: Malkangiri District, Sileru River
• Mahanadi Barrage Reservoir: Cuttack District, Mahanadi River
• Salia Reservoir: Nayagarh District, Salia River
• Naraj Reservoir: Cuttack District, Kathjodi River
• Indravati Reservoir: Nabarangpur District, Indravati River
• Rengali Reservoir: Angul District, Brahmani River
• Deras Reservoir: Khordha District, Hill Reservoir
• Upper Jonk: Nuapada District, Irrigation Project
• Russelkonda Reservoir: Ganjam District, Rushikulya River
• Mohanpur Reservoir: Nayagarh District, Hill Reservoir
• Dandadhar Reservoir: Dhenkanal District, River Ramaial

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 45

NOTABLE WATERFALLS OF ODISHA

Waterfall Name District Height (In M)
Barehipani (2nd Largest Mayurbhanj 400
Waterfall of India)
Badaghagara Keonjhar 60
Sanghagara Keonjhar
Joranda Mayurbhanj 150
Duduma Koraput 175
Lulung Mayurbhanj 300
Gandahati Gajapati
Harishankar Balangir
Devkund Mayurbhanj
Hatipathar Rayagada 334
Khandadhar Sundargarh 225
Khandula Kalahandi
Koilighugar Jharsuguda
Miriglotah Sundargarh 30
Nrusinghanath Bargarh
Phurli Jharana Kalahandi 16
Putudi Kandhamal
Pradhanpath Deogarh

NOTABLE HOTSPRINGS OF ODISHA

• Atri: Khordha
• Deulajhari: Angul
• Taptapani: Gajapati
• Tarabalo: Nayagarh
• Kapilas: Dhenkanal
• Chandikhole: Cuttack
• Narayani: Puri
• Mahavinayak Barunei: Khordha
• Nirmal Jhar: Gamjam

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 46

• Gosing Jhar: Nayagarh

• Koilighugar: Jharsuguda
• Jharbada: Dhenkanal

TIDAL RIVERS, BAYS & ISLANDS IN ODISHA

• Devi River: A Tidal River of about 35 Km formed out of Mahanadi
• Hukitola Bay: Only Bay of Odisha, Located in Jambu Island,
Kendrapada District, Mahanadi River Delta
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
Island: Previously
Known as Wheeler
Island. It’s an ISRO
Rocket Launching
Centre (Bhadrak
District)

• Subalaya Island: 3.32 Sq. Km Island, located at the meeting point

of Mahandi & Surubalijora in Sonepur District
• Shortt’s Island: Located in Bhadrak District
• Other Notable Islands are found in Chilika Lake: Krushnaprasad,
Nalaban, Kalijai, Somolo, Honeymoon, Breakfast, Barakuda, Birds
Island

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 47

ODISHA RIVER AGREEMENTS

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 48

ODISHA RIVER CONFLICTS

Download our app from Playstore https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.bran.xbkgg&pcampaignid=web_share

 THIS WAS JUST A
DEMO…..

TO GET THE
FULL FREE
MATERIAL VISIT
OUR APP…
(CHECK THE NEXT PAGE FOR APP DETAILS)
❖If you find this material interesting & effective,
then please visit STUDY MATERIAL SECTION of our
ODISHA PREPS App to get the full PDF of this
material
➢ APP Link -
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?i
d=co.bran.xbkgg

➢ How to use the APP (Tutorial video) -

https://youtu.be/ZPRC_0iZOtY
 THE WAIT IS OVER
OP is launching “ The Best Ever Course For OPSC OCS ” this Oct (2023)
A Full Course To Cover All subjects

Geography History + Culture Society Polity

Governance & Social

Justice
Inter State Relation Economics Environment

Science & Tech Internal Security Disaster management Ethics

Essay paper Compulsory (Odia) Compulsory (English) Current Affairs (Guidance)

Wait no more !! Download our App

# OP for OPSC
A Comprehensive Course for OPSC OCS
Prelims + Mains + Interview
High Yielding Content + Stunning Visuals + Affordability
 OP’s FULL for
Full course COURSE
OPSC
Course Features
1 . Video Lectures (With stunning Visuals ) + Revision materials + Practice Questions .
(Prelims + Mains).
(GS I + GS II + GS III + GS IV + Essay paper + Compulsory papers – Odia + English )

2 . Constant Mentoring and Student support .

Dedicated Doubt Clearing Sessions .
Subject Wise Strategy and Roadmaps (Based on SWOT analysis of Students ).
Live mentorship Sessions (Experienced UPSC mentors + OPSC Toppers & Officers).
Special sessions on (Science of Learning , Notetaking , researched based revisiontechniques ).

3. Exam Trend and pattern analysis .

Topic wise Segregated PYQ & Discussions (Prelims + mains )
Explanation Lectures + Model answers material.

4. Current Affairs – Guidance Programme

5. Personality test / Interview Complete Preparation Programme .

Speaking Styles + Tones & Modulations + Scientific method of speaking under stress

6. Students’ Performance tracker

7. Subject wise Schedule + Topic Microlisting

Wait no more !! Download our App

# OP for OPSC