Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

8.2 Electronic Configurations of 7. Why are melting points of transition metals

the d-Block Elements high?
8 Why is Cu²t ion coloured while Zn² ion is
VSA (1 mark) colourless in aqueous solution?
9 Out of zinc and tin, whose coating is better to
Account for the following :
Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block protect iron objects? (One word, 2020)
clements but not as transition elements. 10. Out of the following transition elements, the
(1/5, 2020) maximum number of oxidation states are
2. Account for the following: shown by
Zn is not considered as a transition element. (a) Sc (Z- 21) (b) Cr (Z = 24)
(1/5, Al 2014) (c) Mn (Z= 25) (d) Fe (Z= 26).
SA (2 marks) (2020)
3. What are the transition elements? Write two 11. Assertion (A) : Transition metals have high
characteristics of the transition elements. melting point.
(Dellhi 2015) Reason (R): Transition metals have completely
filled d-orbitals.
8.3 General Properties of the (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
Transition Elements (d-Block) correct statements, and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of the Assertion
VSA (1 mark) (A).
Read the given passage and answer the (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are
questions number (4 to 8) that follow: correct statements, but Reason (R) is not
The d-block of the periodic table contains the the correct explanation of the Assertion
elements of groups 3-12 and are known as (A).
transition elements. In general, the electronic (c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R)
configuration of these elements is (n - 1)d- 10 is incorrect statement.
ns! 2, The d-orbitals of the penultimate energy (d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason
level in their atoms receive electrons giving rise (R) is correct statement. (2020)
to three rows of the transition metals i.e.,, 3d, 12. Account for the following:
4d and 5d series. However, Zn, Cd and Hg are Copper(l) compounds are white whereas
not regarded as transition elements. Transition copper(1) compounds are coloured.
elements exhibit certain characteristic properties (1/5, 2020)
like variable oxidation states, complex formation,
formation of coloured ions and alloys, catalytic 13. Write the formula of an oxoanion of chromium
activity, etc. Transition metals are hard (except (Cr) in which it shows the oxidation state
Zn, Cd and Hg) and have a high melting point. equal to its group number. (Delhi 2017)
(2020) 14. Write the formula of an oxoanion of
4. Why are Zn, Cd and Hg non-transition manganese (Mn) in which it shows the
elements? oxidation state equal to its group number.
5. Which transition metal of 3d series does not (Dellhi 2017)
show variable oxidation states? 15. How would you account for the following:
6. Why do transition metals and their Transition metals form coloured compounds?
compounds show catalytic activity? (1/3, Delli 2015)
16. Zn² salts are white while Cu² salts are 26. Give reasons:
coloured. Why? (AI 2015) () Mn shows the highest oxidation state
17, Why do transition elements show variable of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine it
oxidation states? (Dellhi 2014C) shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
(i) Transition metals show variable
18. Assign reason for the following:
Copper (I) ion is not known in aqueous oxidation states. (2/3, Delli 2016)
solution. (1/2, Dellhi 2011) 27. Account for the following :
19. Explain giving reasons : (i) Transition metals show variable
oxidation states.
Transition metals and their compounds
generally exhibit a paramagnetic behaviour. (ii) Cu ion is unstable in aqueous solution.
(1/2, AI 2011) (2/3, Al 2015)

SA (2 marks) 28. Why do transition elements show variable

oxidation states? In 3d series (Sc to Zn),
20. Calculate the spin-only moment of Co which element shows the maximum number
(Z = 27) by writing the electronic of oxidation states and why? (Foreign 2015)
configuration of Co and Co². (2/5, 2020)
29. How would you account for the following:
21. Give reason and select one atom/ion which (i) Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF, whereas
will exhibit asked property: the highest oxide is Mn,0,.
(i) Se or Cr (exhibit diamagnetic (ii) Transition metals and their compounds
behaviour) show catalytic properties.
(i) Cr or Cu (high melting and boiling (2/3, Foreign 2015)
point) (2/5, 2020)
30. What is meant by 'disproportionation'? Give
22. Give reasons for the following: an example of a disproportionation reaction
(i) Transition metals form alloys. in aqueous solution.
(i) Mn,O, is basic whereas Mn,O, is acidic. (Delhi 2015C, AI 2015C)
(2/3, Dellhi 2019)
31. Account for the following :
23. Use the data to answer the following and also (i) Mn²t is more stable than Fe? towards
justify giving reasons: oxidation to +3 state.
Cr Mn Fe Co (ii) The enthalpy of atomization is lowest
|E'M -0.91 -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 for Zn in 3d series of the transition
elements. (Delhi 2014)
-0.41 +1.57 +0.77 +1.97
32. (i) Write two characteristic of thetransition
(i) Which is a stronger reducing agent in elements.
aqueous medium, Crt or Fe+ and why?
(i) Which is the most stable ion in +2 (ii) Which of the 3d- block elements may
oxidation state and why? (AI 2019) not be regarded as the transition
elements and why? (2/3, Foreign 2014)
24. (i) How is the variability in oxidation states
of transition metals different from that 33. Assign a reason for each of the following
observations :
of the p-block elements?
(ii) Out of Cu and Cu', which ion is (i) The transition metals (with the
unstable in aqueous solution and why? exception of Zn, Cd and Hg) are hard
(2/5, Dellhi 2017) and have high melting and boiling
25. Account for the following: points.
(i) Transition metals show variable (ii) The ionisation enthalpies (first and
oxidation states. second) in the first series of the
(ii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals. transition elements are found to vary
(2/5, Al 2017) irregularly. (Delhi 2014C)
34. Assign reasons for the following: (d') C is a reducing agent while Mn'*
(i) Copper(l) ion is not known to exist in is an oxidising agent.
aqueous solutions. (ii) Most of the transition metal ions exhibit
(ii) Both O, and F, stabilize high oxidation characteristic colours in aqueous
states of transition metals but the ability solutions. (2/3, Delli 2012)
of oxygen to do so exceeds that of 42. How would you account for the following:
fluorine. (AI 2014C) () The Ee for copper is positive
35. Give reasons for the following: (+0.34 V). Copper is the only metal in
(i) Transition metals exhibit a wide range the first series of transition elements
oxidation states. showing this behaviou.
(ii) Cobalt (II) is very stable in aqueous (ii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series
solutions but gets easily oxidised in the of transition metals are nearly the same
presence of strong ligands. as those of the corresponding members
(2/3, AI 2014C) of the second (4d) series. (2/3, AI 2012)
36. Assign reasons for the following: 43. Explain the following observations :
(i) Cu(I) ion is not known to exist in (i) Many of the transition elements are
aqueous solutions. known to form interstitial compounds.
(ii) Transition metals are much harder than (ii) There is a general increase in density
the alkali metals. (2/3, AI 2014C) from titanium (Z= 22) to copper (Z =29).
(2/3, Al 2012)
37. Assign reasons for thefollowing:
(i) Transition metals and many of their 44. Explain the following observations.
compounds act as good catalysts. (i) With the same d-orbital configuration
(ii) Transition metals generally form (d'), Cr is a reducing agent while
coloured compounds. (AI 2014C) Mn is an oxidising agent.
(ii) There is hardly any increase in atomic
38. (i) Which metal in the first transition size with increasing atomic numbers in
series (3d-series) exhibits +l oxidation a series of transition metals.
state most frequently and why? (2/3, Al 2012)
(ii) Which of following cations are coloured
in aqueous solutions and why? 45. Explain the following:
Se, v, Ti, Mn* (i) The enthalpies of atomization of
(At. Nos. Sc = 21, V = 23, Ti = 22, Mn =25) transition metals are quite high.
(Delli 2013) (ii) The transition metals and many of their
compounds act as good catalysts.
39. How would you account for the following? (Delli 2012C)
(i) Transition metals exhibit variable 46, Give reason:
oxidation states. (i)) Sc (21) is a transition element but
(ii) Transition metals and their compounds Ca (20) is not.
act as catalyst. (2/3, Delhi 2013) (ii) The Fe2t is much more easily oxidised to
40. How would you account for the following? Fe than Mn² to Mn'".
() Many of the transition elements are (2/3, AT 2012C)
known to form interstitial compounds. 47. How is the variability in oxidation states
(i) The metallic radii of the third (5d) of transition elements different from that
series of transition metals are virtually of non-transition elements? Illustrate with
the same as those of the corresponding examples. (2/5, Al 2012C)
group member of the second (4d) series. 48. Account for the following:
(2/3, Delhi 2012)
(i) Mn' compounds are more stable than
41. How would you account for the following? Fe' compounds towards oxidation to
(i) With the same d-orbital configuration their +3 state.
 (i) Cr is reducing and Mn* oxidizing (ii) Se is colourless in aqueous solution
when both have d configuration. whereas TP* is coloured. (2018)
(2/5, Al 2012C) 55. Account the following:
49. Assign reasons for each of the following: (i) Transition metals form large number of
(i) Transition metals generally form complex compounds.
coloured compounds. (ii) The lowest oxide of transition metal
(ii) Manganese exhibits the highest is basic whereas the highest oxide is
oxidation state of +7 among the 3rd amphoteric or acidic.
series of transition elements. (ii) E value for the Mn/Mn' couple is
(Dellhi 201I) highly positive (+1.57 V) as compared to
Cr/Cr, (3/5, Delli 2017)
50. How would you account for the following :
(i) Cr² is reducing in nature while with 56. Following are the transition metal ions of 3d
the same d-orbital configuration (d) series:
Mn is an oxidising agent. Ti't, v2+, Mn, Cr+
(ii) In atransition series of metals, the metal (Atomic numbers: Ti = 22, V= 23, Mn = 25,
which exhibits the greatest number of Cr =24)
oxidation states occurs in the middle of Answer the following:
the series. (AI 2011) (i) Which ion is most stable in aqueous
51. State reasons for the following: solution and why?
(i) Cu (I) ion is not stable in an aqueous (ii) Which ion is strong oxidising agent and
solution. why?
(iii) Which ion is colourless and why?
(ii) Unlike Crt, Mn², Fe+ and the (3/5, Al 2017)
subsequent other V2+ ions of the 3d
series of elements, the 4d and the 5d 57. Account for the following:
series metals generally do not form (i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state
stable cationic species. (AI 2011) of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine, it
shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
52. Explain giving a suitable reason for each of (ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
the following:
(i) Transition metals and their compounds (ii) Cu²t salts are coloured, while Zn2t salts
are white. (3/5, AI 2016)
are generally found to be good catalysts.
(ü) Metal-metal bonding is more frequent 58. EIM) Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
for the 4d and the 5d series of transition
-0.91-1.18-0.44-0.28-0.25+0.34
metals than that for the 3d series.
(AI 2011) From the given data of E values, answer the
following questions :
LAI (3 marks) () Why is Ecco value exceptionally
53. Following ions are given : positive?
Cr, Cu, Cu', Fe", Fe*, Mn+ (ii) Why is EiMa;NMn) value highly negative
Identify the ion which is as compared to other elements?
(i) a strong reducing agent. (iii) Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr+
(iü) unstable in aqueous solution. or Fe2*? Give reason. (3/5, AI 2015)
(iii) a strong oxidising agent. 59. Assign suitable reasons for the following:
Give suitable reason in each. (2020) (i) The Mn compounds are more stable
54. Give reasons : than Fe?t towards oxidation to their +3
(i) E value for Mn/Mn'* couple is much state.
more positive than that for Fet/Fe*, (i) In the 3d series from Sc (Z = 21) to
(i) Iron has higher enthalpy of atomization Zn (Z=30), the enthalpy of atomization
than that of copper. of Zn is the lowest.
 (iii) Sc is colourless in aqueous solution Answer the following :
whereas Ti is coloured. (i) Write the element which shows
(Foreign 2014) maximum number of oxidation states.
60. Give reasons for the following: Given reason.
(i) Mn is a good oxidising agent. (ii) Which element has the highest melting
(ii) Ee values are not regular for first point?
row transition metals (3d-series). (iii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation
(ii) Although 'F is more electronegative state?
than 'O, the highest Mn fluoride is (iv) Which element is a strong oxidising
MnF, whereas the highest oxide is agent in +3 oxidation state and why?
Mn,O,. (3/5, AI 2013) (AI 2016)
61. Give reasons :
(i) d-block elements exhibit more oxidation
8.4 Some Important Compounds
states than f-block elements. of Transition Elements
(ii) The enthalpies of atomization of the VSA (1 mark)
transition metals are high.
(iii) The variation in oxidation states of 66. Account for the following:
transition metals is of different type Chromates change their colour when kept
from that of the non-transition metals. in an acidic solution. (/5, 2020)
(3/5, AI 2013C)
67. Orange colour of Cr,0, ion changes to
62. Explain the following: yellow when treated with an alkali. Why?
(i) Copper (1) ion is not stable in an (1/5, Delli 2017)
aqueous solution.
68. Complete the following equation :
(ii) With same (d') configuration Cr (I) is 2MnO, + 6H' + 5NO; ’>
reducing whereas Mn (III) is oxidising. (1/2, Dellhi 2015)
(ii) Transition metals in general act as good
catalysts. (3/5, Foreign 2011) 69. Complete the following equation :
3Mn0? +4H’ (1/3, Foreign 2015)
63. How would you account for the following:
(i) Metal-metal bonding is more extensive 70. Complete the following equation:
the 4d and 5d series of transition MnO, +8H' +5e (1/5, Dellhi 2014)
elements than the 3d series. 71. Complete the following chemical equation:
(ii) Mn (I) undergoes disproportionation SO, + MnO; +H,0 ’ (1/2, Al 2014C)
reaction easily. 72. Give reason:
(ii) Co (II) is easily oxidised in the presence Orange solution of potassium dichromate
of strong ligands. (3/5, Foreign 2011) turns yellow on adding sodium hydroxide to
64. Account for the following: it. (1/5, Al 2013C)
() The transition metals and their
SA (2 marks)
compounds act as good catalysts.
(ii) The lowest oxide of transition metal is 73. Write the balanced chemical equations
basic, the highest is amphoteric/acidic. involved in the preparation of KMnO, from
(ii) A transition metal exhibits higher pyrolusite ore (MnO,). (2020)
oxidation states in oxides and fluorides.
(3/5, AI 2011C)
74. Write the balanced ionic equations showing
the oxidising action of acidified dichromate
LA II (5 marks) (Cr,03) solutions with (i) iron (II) ion and
65. The elements of 3d transition series are given (iü) tin (II) ion. (2020)
as 75. When Mn, is fused with KOH in the
Sc TiVCr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn presence of KNO, as an oxidizing agent,
 it gives a dark green compound (A). 84. Complete the following equations :
Compound (A) disproportionates in acidic (i) Cr,O} +20H
solution to give purple compound (B). An (ii) MnO, +4H' + 3 e ’ (AI 2014)
alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises 85. Complete the following equations:
KI to compound (C) whereas an acidified (i) 2MnO, +5S-+ 16H'’
solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to (D). (ii) Cr,O3- +20H’ (Foreign 2014)
Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D). (Delhi 2019)
86. Complete the following equations :
76. Complete and balance the following (i) 2CrO} +2H*
chemical equations : (ii) KMn0, Heat, (AI 2013)
(i) Fe + MnO, + H
(i) MnO+ H,0 +1 (2018) 87. Complete the following chenmical equations:
(i) Cr,0; + H' +1
77. Complete the following equations : (ii) MnO; + NO; + H' > (Delli 2012)
(i) 2MnO, + 16Ht + 5S2
88. Complete the following chemical equations:
(i) KMnO, Heaty
(2/5, Al 2017)
78. When chromite ore FeCr,O, is fused
(i) MnOio) +S,O'ia), +H,0, -’
(ii) Cr,0i) +Fe.) +Hu) ’ (AI 2011)
with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow 89, Complete the following reactions in an
coloured compound (A) is obtained which aqueous medium :
on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid (i) MnO, + C,0} +H'’
gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on (ii) Cr,0} + H,S + H'’
reaction with KCl forms an orange coloured (2/5, Foreign 2011)
crystalline compound (C).
() Write the formulae of the compounds 90. Complete the following chemical equations :
(A), (B) and (C). (i) Fet +I’
(ii) Write one use of compound (C). (ii) CrO; +H’ (2/5, Foreign 2011)
(Delli 2016) 91. Describe the reactions involved in the
79. Complete the following chemical equations: preparation of K,Cr,0, from chromite ore.
(i) 8Mn0; + 3S,0-+ H,0’ (2/5, AT 2011C)
(ii) Cr,O,+ 3Sn²t + 14H' LAI (3 marks)
(Dellhi 2016)
92. Explain the method of preparation of sodium
80. Complete the following equations. dichromate from chromite ore. Give the
(i) 2Mn0, +4KOH +0, equation representing oxidation of ferrous
(i) Cr,0, +14H++61> salts by dichromate ion. (AI2019)
(2/5, AI 2016) 93. Complete the following reactions.
81. Describe the preparation of potassium (i) MnO, + KOH +O,’
permanganate. How does the acidified (ii) I+ MnO, + H
permanganate solution react with oxalic (iii) Cr,0, + Sn² + H ' ’ (AI 2019)
acid? Write the ionic equations for the 94. Complete the following chemical equations :
reaction. (AI 2015C) (i) Cr,O + 6Fe²+14H’
82. Describe the oxidising action of potassium (ii) 2CrO} + 2H
dichromate and write the ionic equations for (iii) 2Mn0; + 5C,0}+ 16H’
its reaction with (i) an iodide (ii) H,S. (Dellhi 2013)
(AI 2015C) 95. Describe the preparation of potassium
83. How do you prepare : permanganate from pyrolusite ore. Write
(i) K,MnO, from MnO,? balanced chemical equation for one reaction
(i) Na,Cr,0, from Na,CrO,? to show the oxidizing nature of potasium
(2/5, Dellhi 2014) permanganate. (3/5, AT 2013C)
96. Describe the preparation of potassium 107. What is meant by 'lanthanoid contraction'?
dichromate from chromite ore. What is the (AI 2011)
effect of changeof pH on dichromate ion? SA (2 marks)
(3/5, Al 2012C)
108. What is lanthanoid contraction? What are its
97. Describe the preparation of potassium
permanganate from Pyrolusite ore.
two consequences? (Delhi 2013C)
109, What is lanthanoid contraction and what
What happens when acidified potassium
permanganate solution reacts with ferrous is it due to? Write two consequences of
sulphate solution? Write balanced chemical lanthanoid contraction. (2/5, Delli 2013C)
equations. (3/5, AI 2012C) 110. What is lanthanoid contraction? Mention its
98. Complete the following chemical equations: main consequences. (2/3, Dellhi 2012C)
(i) Mn0,+C,0} +H'’ LAI (3 marks)
(ii) KMnO, Heated I11. What is lanthanoid contraction? What are
(ii) Cr,0} +H,S +H*’ (Delli 2011) the consequences of lanthanoid contraction?
(Delli 2015C)
8.5 The Lanthanoids 112. What is lanthanoid contraction? What is its
VSA (1 mark) effect on the chemistry of the elements which
follow the lanthanoids? (3/5, AI 2011C)
99, Give reasons for the following :
Eu" is a strong reducing agent. 8.6 The Actinoids
(1/3, Dellhi 2019)
VSA (1 mark)
j00. Account for the following :
Zr and Hf have almost similar atomic radi. 113. Write one similarity and one difference
(1/5, AI 2015) between the chemistry of lanthanoid and
101. Name a member of the lanthanoid series
actinoid elements. (1/5, Dellhi 2017)
which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation 114. Chemistry of actinojds is complicated as
state. (1/5, Dellhi 2014) compared to lanthanoids. Give two reasons.
102. Name a member of the lanthanoid series (1/5, Delli 2017)
which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation 115. Give reasons:
state. (1/5, Al 2014) Actinoids show irregularities in their
103. What are the different oxidation states electronic configurations. (1/3, Delli 2016)
exhibited by the lanthanoids? 116. How would you account for the following:
(1/3, Foreign 2014) Actinoid contraction is greater than
104. How would you account for the following: lanthanoid contraction? (1/3, Delhi 2015)
Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have almost 117. Give reasons for the following :
identical radi. Actinoids exhibit agreater range of oxidation
(1/3, Delli 2013, 1/5, AI 2013C) states than lanthanoids.
105. How would you account for the following: (1/3, AI 2014C, Dellhi, Al 2012,
Among lanthanoids, Ln() compounds 1/2, Dellhi 2011)
are predominant. However, occasionally in 118. Assign reasons for the following :
solutions or in solid compounds, +2 and +4 From element to element actinoid
ions are also obtained. (1/3, AI 2012) contraction is greater than the lanthanoid
106. Give reason : contraction. (1/3, Al 2014C)
There is a gradual decrease in the size of 119. How would you account for the following:
atoms with increasing atomic number in the Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while
series of lanthanoids. (1/3, Delhi 2012C) the actinoids usually have higher oxidation
 states in their compounds, +4 or even +6 between the chemistry of lanthanoids and
being typical. (1/3, Dellhi 2012) actinoids. (2/5, Al 2015)
120. Explain giving reasons : 122. With reference to structural variability and
The chemistry of actinoids is not as smooth chemical reactivity, write the differences
as that of lanthanoids. (1/2, Al 2011) between lanthanoids and actinoids.
(2/5, Al 2014)
SA (2 marks) LAI (3 marks)
121. Why do actinoids show a wide range of 123. Give three points of difference between
oxidation states? Write one similarity lanthanoids and actinoids. (3/5, 2020)

Detailed Solutions

1. Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block Configuration of Cu²* is (Ar] 3d. It has partly
clements but not as transition elements because flled d-subshell and hence it is coloured due to
they do not have partly filled d-orbitals in their d-d transition.
atomic state or their common oxidation states 9. Zinc
(i.e, Zn'", Cd', Hg'). 10. (c)
2. Refer to answer . 11. (c): Because of strong metallic bonding
3. Elements which have incompletely flled present in atoms of transition elements, they have
d-orbitals in their ground state or in any one high melting points. Transition elements show
of their oxidation states are called transition variable oxidation states.
elements.
Characteristics oftransitionelements: 12. Cu(l) compounds have completely filled
d-orbitals and there are no vacant d-orbitals
(i) They show variable oxidation states.
(ii) They exhibit catalytic properties. for promotion of electrons whereas in Cu(ll)
compounds have one unpaired electron which is
4. Refer to answer 1. responsible for colour formation.
5. Scandium (Sc) exhibits only (+3) oxidation 13. Oxoanion of chromium in which it shows
state.
+6 oxidation state equal to its group number is
6. The transition metals and their compounds, Cr,0 (dichromate ion).
are known for their catalytic activity. This activity
is ascribed to their ability to adopt multiple 14. Formula of oxoanion of manganese is MnO.
oxidation states, ability to adsorb the reactant(s) Oxidation state of Mn in this oxoanion =+7
Group number of Mn is 7.
and ability to form complexes. Vanadium (V)
oxide (in Contact Process), finely divided iron 15. Due to presence of vacant d-orbitals and d-d
(in Haber's Process), and nickel (in catalytic transitions, compounds of the transition metals
hydrogenation) are some of the examples. are generally coloured.
Catalysis involves the formation ofbonds between When an electron from a lower energy d-orbital
reactant molecules and atoms at the surface of the
catalyst. is excited to a higher energy d-orbital, the energy
of excitation corresponds to the frequency which
7. Strong metallic bonds between its atoms of generally lies in the visible region. The colour
transition elements are responsible for the high observed corresponds to the complementary
melting points. colour of the light absorbed. The frequency of the
8. Zn²+ ion has completely filled d-subshell and no light absorbed is determined by the nature of the
d-d transition is possible. So zinc salts are white. ligand.
16. Refer to answer 8. 23. (i) Cr is astronger reducing agent than Fe?:.
17. Transition elements can use their ns and Ece is negative (-0.41 V) whereasE e is
(n - 1)d orbital electrons for bond formation positive (+ 0.77 V). Thus Cr* is easily oxidized
therefore, they show variable oxidation states. to Cr but Fe?* cannot be easily oxidized to Fe'.
For example, Sc has ns'(n - 1) d electronic Hence, Crt is stronger reducing agent than Fe?t.
configuration. (ii) More positive is the value of E, reaction will
It utilizes two electrons from its ns subshell then be more feasible.
its oxidation state = +2. When it utilizes both the As E'catcal+ is maximum, thus Co² ion is most
electrons then its oxidation state= +3. stable.
18. In aqueous solutions, Cu' undergoes 24. (i) Variable oxidation states of transition
metals arise due to incomplete filling of d-orbitals
disproportionation to form a more stable Cu? and it differs from each other by unity e.g, V,
ion.
Vo, vn, Vw, In p-block elements oxidation
2Cutu) ’Cuiay +Cug states differ generally by a unit of two. e.g., Sn(II),
Cu' in aqueous solutions is more stable than Cu* Sn(IV), PCI, PCI,, etc.
ion because hydration enthalpy of Cu?r is (ii) Refer to answer 18.
higher than that of Cu. It compensates the 25. (i) Refer to answer 17.
second ionisation enthalpy of Cu involved in the (i) In Zn, Cd and Hg, all the electrons in
formation of Cu² jons. d-subshell are paired. Hence, the metallic bonds
19, Transition metals and most of their compounds are weak. That is why they are soft metals with low
contain unpaired electrons in the (n-1)dorbitals melting and boiling points.
hence show paramagnetic behaviour. 26. (i) Manganese can form pr - dn bond with
20. (b) Co = (Ar]3d74s oxygen by utilising 2p-orbital of oxygen and
3d-orbital of manganese due to which it can show
Co' = [Ar]3d" highest oxidation state of +7. While with fluorine
i.e., there are three unpaired electrons (n =3). it cannot form such pT - dn bond thus, it can show
Hence, u = Jn(n+2) B.M. a maximum of +4 oxidation state.

=/3(3+2)= 3.87 B.M. (ii) Refer to answer 17.

27. (i) Refer to answer 17.
21. (i) Sc has 3d outer electronic configuration, (iü) Refer to answer 18.
therefore it is diamagnetic in nature whereas
28. Refer to answer 17.
Cr' has 3d outer electronic configuration. So, Among the 3d series manganese (Mn) exhibits
it is paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired the largest number of oxidation states from +2 to
electrons.
+7 because it has maximum number of unpaired
() In a particular series, the metallic strength electrons.
increases upto middle with increasing number Mn - [Ar] 3d 4s
of unpaired electrons, i.e., upto configuration. 29. (i) Refer to answer 26(i).
After Cr, the number of unpaired electrons goes (ii) Refer to answer 6.
on decreasing. Accordingly, the m.pt and b.pt. 30. Disproportionation reaction involves the
decrease after middle (Cr) because of increasing oxidation and reduction of the same substance.
pairing of electrons. The examples of disproportionation reaction are :
22. (i) Transition metals form alloys because () Aqueous NH, when treated with Hg,Cl, (solid)
they have similar atomic radii. forms mercury aminochloride disproportionatively.
(ii) Basic nature of oxides decreases and acidic Hg,Cl, + 2NH, ’ Hg + Hg(NH,)CI + NH,CI
nature increases with increase in oxidation state (ii) 2Cu’ Cu + Cu2+
of the metal. Oxidation state of Mn in Mn,O, is 31. (i) Electronic configuration of Mn² is 3d5
+3 while in Mn,0, is +7. which is half flled and hence stable. Therefore,
third ionization enthalpy is very high, i.e., 3d 37. (i) Refer to answer 6.
electron cannot be lost easily. In case of Fe*, (ii) Refer to answer l5.
electronic configuration is 3d, Hence, it can lose 38. (i) Copper exhibits +1 oxidation state in its
one electron easily to give the stable configuration compounds. Electronic configuration of Cu in the
3d'. ground state is 3d10 4s!. So, Cu can easily lose 4s!
electron to give a stable 3d1º configuration. Thus,
(ii) Zinc (Z= 30) has completely filled d-orbital it shows +l oxidation state.
(3d19), so d-orbitals do not take part in interatomic (ii) Only those ions will be coloured which have
bonding. Hence, metallic bonding is weak.
partially filled d-orbitals facilitating d-d transition.
This is why it has very low enthalpy of atomisation lons with dand d will be colourless.
(126 kJ mol).
From electronic configuration of the ions, V³" (34)
32. (i) Refer to answer 3. and Mn*(3d), are all coloured. Ti(3d) and
(ii) Refer to answer 1. Se(3d") are colourless.
33. (i) As we move along transition metal series 39. (i) Refer to ansSwer 17.
from left to right (i.e, Ti to Cu), the atomic radi (ii) Refer to answer 6.
decrease due to increase in nuclear charge. Hence, 40. (i) Transition metals form a large number of
the atomic volume decreases. At the same time,
atomic mass increases. Hence, the density from interstitial compounds because small atoms of
titanium (Ti) to copper (Cu) increases. The atoms certain non metallic elements (H, B, C, N, etc.) get
of transition metals have strong metallic bonds trapped in voids or vacant spaces of lattices of the
between them, thus these have high melting and transition metals. As a result of filling up of the
boiling points. interstitial spaces such interstitial compounds are
() Irregular variation of ionisation enthalpies hard and rigid.
is mainly attributed to varying degree of stability (iü) This is due to lanthanoid contraction.
of different 3d-configurations (e.g, d', ', dO are 41. (i) EP values for the Cr*/Cr and Mn'/Mn
exceptionally stable). couples are
34. ()) Refer to answer 18. Crag) te ’ Craej; E° =-0.41 V
(ii) This is due to ability of oxygento form multiple Mntan te ’Mnu):E =+1.551 V
bonds with metals. These E values indicate that Cre is strongly
35. (i) Refer to answer 17. reducing while Mn'* is strongly oxidising agent.
(ii) The tendency to form complexes is high for (iü) Since, transition elements contain partially
Co(II) as compared to Co(II). Co ions are very filled d-subshells, therefore, electrons in these
stable and are difficult to oxidise. Cot ions are less subshells go from lower d-subshells to higher
stable and are reduced by water. In contrast many d-subshells. This is called d-d transition. This
Co(II) complexes are readily oxidised to Co(III) transition takes place by absorbing energy from
complexes and Co(Ill) complexes are very stable, the visible light. The mixture of the wavelength
eg, which is not absorbed is transmited out. This
Air accounts for the colour of transition elements.
[Co(NH)P+ [Co(NH,) +
42. (i) Electrode potential (E) value is the sum
This happens because the crystal field stabilisation of three factors:
energy of Co(lI) with a d($) configuration is (a) Enthalpy of atomisation AH for Cu) ’ Cuo
higher than for Co(l) with ad (E e) arrangement. (b) lonisation enthalpy AH for Cug ’ Cu
36. (i) Refer to answer 18. (c) Hydration enthalpyAHfor Cu’ Cuta)
(ii) This is attributed to the involvement of greater In case of copper the sum of enthalpy of
number of electrons from (n-1)d in addition atomisation and ionisation enthalpy is greater
to the ns electrons in the interatomic metallic than enthalpy of hydration.
bonding. This is why ExeM for Cu is positive.
(ii) Refer to answer 40(ii). 51. () Refer to answer 18.
43. (i) Refer to answer 40(i). (ii) This is because due to lanthanoid contraction
(ii) As we move along transition metal series the expected increase in size does not occur hence
from left to right (i.e., Ti to Cu), the atomic radii they have very high value of ionisation enthalpies.
decrease due to increase in nuclear charge. Hence 52. (i) Refer to answer 6.
the atomic volume decreases. At the same time,
(ii) The metals of 4d and 5d-series have more
atomic mass increases. Hence, the density from frequent metal bonding in their compounds than
titanium (Ti) to copper (Cu) increases. the 3d-metals because 4d and 5d-orbitals are
44. (i) Refer to answer 41(i). more exposed in space than the 3d-orbitals. So
(ii) As one proceeds along a transition series, the the valence electrons are less tightly held and form
nuclear charge increases which tends to decrease metal-metal bonding more frequently.
the size but the addition of electrons in the
53. (i) Cr is reducing since its configuration
d-subshell increases the screening effect which is converted to from d. # has half illed t,
counterbalances the effect of increased nuclear
charge. As a result, the atomic radii remain
configuration with higher stability.
practically same after chromium. (ii) Cu* is unstable in aqueous solution
In aqueous solutions, Cu undergoes
45. (i) As transition metals have a large number disproportionation to form a more stable Cu?
of unpaired electrons in the d-orbitals of their ion.
atoms they have strong interatomic attraction or
metallic bonds. Hence, they have high enthalpy of
2Cutu) ’ Cu) t Cuã)
atomization. (ii) Mn' is a strong oxidising agent because
(ii) Refer to answer 6. electronic configuration of Mn' is 3d which
is half filled and hence stable. Therefore, third
46. (i) Sc(21) is a transition element but Ca(20) is
not because Sc has incompletely filled 3d orbitals. ionization enthalpy is very high, i.e, 3rd electron
(ii) Refer to answer 31(i). cannot be lost easily.
54. (i) From the relation, AG -nFE
47. The variability in oxidation states of transition More positive is the value of E, reaction will be
metals is due to the incomplete filling ofd-orbitals. feasible.
Their oxidation states differ from each other by Mn't t e Mn; Fe+ +e Fe'
unity. 34 3 3d 3d
more stable more stable
For example, Fe" and Fe, Cu²" and Cu', etc.
In case of non transition elements the oxidation (half filled) (half filled)
states normally differ by units of two. For example, Hence, Elue for Mn'/Mn² couple is much more
Pb²* and Pb, Sn'* and Sn", etc. It arises due to positive than that for Fe/Fe.
expansion of octet and inert pair effect. (ii) Greater the number of unpaired electrons,
48. (i) Refer to answer 31(i). stronger is the metallic bond and therefore, higher
(ii) Refer to answer 41(i). is the enthalpy of atomisation. Since, iron has
greater number of unpaired electrons than copper
49, (i) Refer to answer 15.
hence has higher enthalpy of atomisation.
(ii) As manganese has maximum number of (ii) Only those ions are coloured which have
unpaired electrons (5) in 3d subshell in addition to partially filled d-orbitals facilitating d-d transitions.
2 electrons in the 4s subshell, it can use the 7 Se has no unpaired electron but Ti has one
electrons for bonding purpose. Thus, it exhibits unpaired electron and hence, Ti" is coloured.
+7 oxidation state.
55. (i) Transition metals form a large number of
50. (i) Refer to answer 41(i). complex compounds due to following reasons:
(i) Middle of the transition series contains Comparatively smaller size of metal ions.
greater number of unpaired electrons in (n -1)d High ionic charges.
and ns orbitals. Availability of d-orbitals for bond formation.
(ii) Lowest oxidation compounds of transition sublimation enthalpies which are relatively much
metals are basic due to their ability to get oxidised less for manganese and vanadium.
to higher oxidation states. Whereas, the higher (iiü) Refer to answer 26().
oxidation state of metal and compounds gets 61. (i) All transition elements except the first and
reduced to lower ones and hence are acidic in the last member in each series show alarge number of
nature. variable oxidation states. This is because difference
e.g., MnO is basic whereas Mn,0, is acidic. of energy in the (n - 1)d and ns orbitals is very
(ii) Much larger third ionisation energy of little.
Mn(where change is d to d') is mainly responsible Hence, electrons from both the energy levels can
for this. This also explains that +3 state of Mn is of be used for bond formation.
litle importance. (ii) Refer to answer 45(i).
56. (i) Ti" has highest oxidation state among the (ii) Refer to answer 47.
given ions. Ti has stable inert gas configuration 62. (i) Refer to answer 18.
and hence, most stable in aqueous solution. (ii) Refer to answer 41(i).
On the other hand, V2+, Mn", Cr* have unstable (iii) Refer to answer 6.
electronic configuration and hence, are less stable.
63. (i) Refer to answer 52(ii).
(ii) Due to presence of highest oxidation state of (ii) Mn is less stable and changes to Mn'*
Ti, it acts as the strongest oxidising agent among which is nmore stable due to half-filled d-orbital
the given ions.
(ii) Due to absence of unpaired electron in Ti", it configuration. That is why, Mn undergoes
is a colourless ion. disproportionation reaction.
E.C. of Tit = [Ar]3d'4 (iii) Refer to answer 35(ii).
64. (i) Refer to answer 6.
57. (i) Refer to answer 26(i).
(iü) Refer to answer 55(ii).
(i) Cr is reducing since its configuration is (iii) Atransition metal exhibits higher oxidation
converted to d from d. d has half filled t states in oxides and fluorides because oxygen
configuration with higher stability. and fluorine are highly electronegative clements,
(iii) Refer to answer 8. small in size and strongest oxidising agents. For
58. (i) Refer to answer 42(i). example, vanadium shows as oxidation state of +5
(ii) Mn² ion has stable half-filled (3d) electronic in V,0. Manganese shows +7 in Mn,O,.
configuration. Its ionisation enthalpy value is 65. (i) Mn shows maximum no. of oxidation
lower in comparison to hydration enthalpy. Hence states from +2 to +7 because Mn has maximum
EMnMn is more negative. number of unpaired electrons in 3d sub-shell.
(ii) Refer to answer 23(i). (ii) Cr has maximum melting point, because it has
59. (i) Refer to answer 31(i). 6 unpaired electrons in the valence shell, hence it
(ii) Refer to answer 31(i). has strong interatomic interaction.
(ii) Only those ions are coloured which have (iii) Sc shows only +3 oxidation state because
partially filled d-orbitals facilitating d-d after losing 3electrons, it has noble gas electronic
transitions. configuration.
Set with 3d configuration is colourless while Ti (iv) Mn is strong oxidising agent in +3 oxidation state
(3d') is coloured.
because change of Mn* to Mn'* give stable half
60. (i) Mn is more stable due to half filled d flled ( )electronic configuration,
configuration and Mn* easily changes to Mn EMnMn2t, = 1.5 V.
hence, it is a good oxidising agent. 66. In aqueous solution,
(ii) The E values are not regular which Cr,0 + H,0 2CrO} + 2H'
can be explained from the irregular variation of Dichromate ion Chromate ion
ionisation enthalpes i.e., IE, + IE, and also the (Orange red) (Yellow)
When an acid is added (i.e., pH of solution 77. (i)) 2MnO, + 16H" + 58
decreased), the concentration of H' ions is
heat
2Mn² +8H,0 +5S
increased and the reaction proceeds in the (ii) 2KMnO, ’K,MnO,+ MnO, + O,
backward direction producing an orange red 78. (1) 4FeCr,O, + 16NaOH +7O, >
dichromate solution. &Na,CrO,+ 2Fe,O, + 8H,0
67. Orange colour of Cr,0; ion changes to yellow (A)
when an alkali such as NaOH is added because 2Na,CrO, + H,SO,> Na,Cr,0, + Na,SO, + H,0
on addition of an alkali, the concentration of H+ (B)
ions decreases and hence, the reaction proceeds in Na,Cr,0, + 2KCI> K,Cr,0, + 2NaCl
(C)
the forward direction producing yellow solution
containing Cro ions. (ii) Potassium dichromate is used as a powerful
oxidising agent in industries and for staining and
Cr,0,+20H. ’ 2Cro +H,0 tanning of leather.
orange yellow
79. (i) 8MnOi la) +35,Oiia) +H,0o’
68. 2Mn0; + 6H" +5NO; ’ 2Mn' +5NO; + 8MnOxa) +6SOa) +20H a)
3H,0 (ii) Cr,0} + 3Sn²+ + 14H" 2Cr +3Sntt
69. 3MnO}+ 4H’2MnO, +Mn0, +2H,0 + 7H,0
70. MnO, +8H* +5e> Mn'* +4H,0 80. (i) 2MnO, +4KOH +0, 2K,MnO,
71. 2Mn0, +5S0,+ 2H,0> 2Mn' +5SO} +4H" + 2H,0
72. Refer to answer 67. (ii) Cr,0;+ 14H' +61>2Cr+31, +7H,0
73. Preparation of potassium permanganate 81. Refer to answer 73.
Potassium permanganate is prepared by the fusion lonic equation for the reaction between oxalic
of MnO, (pyrolusite) with potassium bydroxide acid and acidified permanganate solution :
and an oxidising agent like KNO, to form 2MnO+ 16H' +5C,0;’ 2Mn² +10CO, +8H,o
potassium manganate which disproportionates in 82. Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidising
a neutral or acidic solution to form permanganate. agent. In the presence of dilute sulphuric acid, one
2MnO, + 4KOH + O, ’ 2K,MnO, + 2H,0 molecule of K,Cr,O, gives 3 atoms of available
3MnO} + 4H"’ 2MnO, +MnO, +2H,0 Oxygen.
or, 3K,MnO, +4HCI’ 2KMnO,+ MnO, + 2H,0 (i) Refer to answer 80(ii).
+ 4KCI (ii) K,Cr,0, +3H,S + 4H,SO,’Cr,(SO), +35 +
74. Cr,O+ 14H'+6Fe2’2Cr+6Fet+ 7H,0 K,sO, + 7H,0
83. (i) Refer to answer 80(i).
Cr,0% +3Sn' +14H"’2Cr +3Sn'* +7H,0. (ii) Sodium dichromate can be crystallised out
75. (A) is K,MnO, (B) is KMnO, (C) is KIO, from sodium chromate solution by acidifying it
and (D) is I,: with sulphuric acid.
MnO,+2KOH+KNO,’K,MnO,+KNO, +H,0 2Na,CrO, + 2H* ’ Na,Cr,0, + 2Nat+H,0
(A)
3K,MnO, + 2H,SO,’2KMnO, +MnO, +2K,SO, 84. (i) Cr,O + 20H ’ 2CrO; + H,0
(B) + 2H,0 (ii) MnO,+ 4H' + 3e ’ MnO, + 2H,0
2KMnO, +H,0 +KI’ 2MnO, +2KOH +KIO, 85. (i) H,S ’ 2H* +S?
(C) 5S + 2MnO, + 16H' ’ 2Mn²* +8H,0 + 5S
2KMnO, +8H,SO,+1OKI>6KSO, +2MnSO, (ii) Cr,03 + 20H ’ 2Cr0? +H,0
+ 8H,0 + 51, 86. (i) 2CrO + 2H*’ Cr,03 +H,0
(D) (ii) 2KMn0,’ K,MnO, + MnO, +O,
76. (i) 5Fe +MnO;+ 8H'> 87. (i) Refer to answer 80(i).
Mn²t +4H,0 +5Fe (ii) Refer to answer 68.
(i) 2MnO, +H,0 +1’ 20H +2MnO, +IO, 88. (i) Refer to answer 79(i).
(i) Cr;0%ug) + 14Hjaj) +6Feja) ’2Cra) 99. Eu' has a strong tendency to loose electrons
to attain the more stable +3 oxidation state of
+6Feug +7H,00
89. (1) 2MnO; +5C,0;t 16H ’ 2Mn' +8H,0 lanthanoids hence, it is a strong reducing agent.
+ 10CO, 100. Due to lanthanoid contraction the elements
(ii) Cr,0%+ 3H,S +8H ’2Cr* +7H,0 +3S of 4d and 5d-series have similar atomic radii e.g.,
90. (i) 2Fe + 21- ’ 2Fe²t + , Zr= 145 pm and Hf =144 pm.
(i) 2CrO; +2H ’ Cr,0} +H,0 101. Europium (Eu) is well known to exhibit +2
91. 4FeCr,0, + 8Na,CO, + 70, ’8Na,CrO, + oxidation state due to its half-flled forbital in +2
2Fe,O, + 8CO, oxidation state.
2Na,CrO,+ 2H> Na,Cr,0, +2Nat + H,0 102. Lanthanoids showing +4 oxidation state are
Na,Cr,0, + 2KCl > K,Cr,0, + 2NaCl sCe, sPr, 6,Tb and Dy.
Potassium dichromate is converted to chromate if 103. Lanthanum and all the lanthanoids predomi
pH is increased. nantly show +3 oxidation state. However, some of
the lanthanoids also show +2 and +4 oxidation states
Cr,0cO in solution or in solid compounds. This irregularity
92. The yellow solution of sodium chromate arises mainly due to attainment of stable empty
is acidified with sulphuric acid to give a orange (4f°), half-flled (4f) and fully filled (4f4) sub
solution of sodium dichromate Na,Cr,0, which shell.
is crystallised. e,g., Cet:4f°, Eu' :4f7
2Na,CrO, +H,S0, -’ Tb:4f, Yb²:4fl4
Sodium chromate 104. Refer to answer 100.
Na,Cr,0, + Na,s0, +H,0
Sodjum dichromate 105. Refer to answer 103.
The solution of sodium dichromate is treated 106. As the atomic number increases, each
with potassium chloride to obtain potassium succeeding element contains one more electron in
dichromate. the 4forbital and one extra proton in the nucleus.
Na,Cr,O, +2KCl-> K,Cr,0, + 2NaCl The 4felectrons are rather ineffective in screening
Potassium dichromate the outer electrons from the nucleus. As a result,
Refer to answer 88 (ii). there is gradual increase in the nuclear attraction
93. (i) Refer to answer 80(1). for the outer electrons. Consequently, the atomic
(i) 2Mn0,+ 10[+ 16H'>2Mn² +51, size gradually decreases. This is called lanthanoid
contraction.
+ 8H,0
(ii) Refer to answer 79(i). 107. The steady decrease in the atomic and ionic
94. ()) Refer to answer 88(ii). radii (having the same charge) with increase in
atomic number across the series from lanthanum
(ii) Refer to answer 90(ii).
(iiü) Refer to answer 89(i). to lutetium is known as lanthanoid contraction.
95. Refer to answver 73. 108. Lanthanoid contraction : The steady
Oxidising nature of KMnO, decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of
lanthanoid elements with increase in atomic
2MnO, +5C,0} +16H’2Mn+10C0,+ 8H,0 number is called lanthanoid contraction. It is
96. Refer to answer 91. caused due to imperfect shielding of nuclear
97. Refer to answer 73. charge by 4f-electrons.
5Fe +MnO; +8H'’ Mn't +4H,0 +5Fe't Consequences of lanthanoid contraction :
98. (i) Refer to answer 89(i). () The basic strength of oxides and hydroxides
(ii) Refer to answer &6(ii). of lanthanoids decrease with increasing atomic
(iii) Refer to answer 89(ii). number.
(ii) Atomic and ionic sizes of 4d transition series oxidation states due to comparable energies of 5f,
elements and 5d series elements are similar. e,g. 6d and 7s orbitals.
atomic radii of zirconium(Zr) is same as that of
hafnium Hf. 121. Refer to answer 117.
Refer to answer 113.
109. Refer to answer 108.
110. Refer to answer 108.
122. Structure : All the lanthanoids are silvery
white soft metals. Hardness of Lanthanoids
111. Refer to answer 108. increases with increasing atomic number.
112. Refer to answer 108. The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance
113. Similarity : The elements of both the series but display a variety of structures. The structural
are electropositive in nature. They are reactive variability is due to irregularities in metallic radii
metals and act as strong reducing agents. which are greater than that of lanthanoids.
Difference : Lanthanoids except promethium are Chemical reactivity : Earlier members of
non-radioactive elements, while all actinoids are lanthanoid series are quite reactive similar to
radioactive elements. calcium but with increasing atomic number they
behave more like aluminium.
114. Chemistry of actinoids is more complicated
than lanthanoids because The actinoids are highly reactive in finely divided
state.
(i) actinoids show greater number of oxidation
states due to the comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 123. Difference between lanthanoids and actinoids
7s orbitals. are following:
(ii) most of the actinoids are radioactive and (i) Electronic configuration : The general
the study of their chemistry in the laboratory is electronic configuration of lanthanoids is
difficult. (Xe<4f1-l4 5-! 6s whereas, that of actinoids is
115. The irregularities in the electronic [Rn) 5f1-14 6-7s. Thus, lanthanoids involve the
configurations of actinoids are due to extra illing of 4f-orbitals whereas, actinoids involve the
stabilities of the f", f and fi orbitals. illing of 5f-orbitals.
116. The actinoid contraction is more than
(i) Oxidation states: Lanthanoids have principal
oxidation state of +3. In addition, the lanthanoids
lanthanoid contraction because 5f-electrons are show limited oxidation states such as +2, +3 and
more poorly shielded than 4f-electrons. +4 because of large energy gap between 4f and 5d
117. Actinoids exhibit greater range of oxidation subshells. On the other hand, actinoids show a
states than lanthanoids. This is because there is less large number of oxidation states because of small
energy gap between 5fand 6d subshells.
energy difference between 5f and 6d orbitals in
actinoids than the energy difference between 4f (iii) Chemical reactivity : First few members of
and 5d orbitals in case of lanthanoids. lanthanoids are quite reactive almost like calcium,
118. Refer to answer l16. whereas, actinoids are highly reactive metals
119. Refer to answer l17.
especially in the finely divided state. Lanthanoids
react with dilute acids to liberate H, gas whereas
120. The chemistry of actinojds is not as smooth as actinoids react with boiling water to give a mixture
lanthanoid because they show greater number of of oxide and hydride.