1
1 Complete the description of the immune system, using the words from the list.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
antibodies antigens biological block
chemical engulf hairs mechanical
nails vaccines
The body has defences to protect against infectious diseases.
Skin and ............................................... in the nose are ............................................... barriers.
Some types of blood cell are involved in defending the body against infectious diseases.
Some blood cells can produce ............................................... which can kill the pathogen.
Other cells can ............................................... the pathogen in a process called phagocytosis. [4]
[Total: 4]
2 Describe actions that can be taken by individuals in their homes to reduce the spread of disease.
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[Total: 3]
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3 Pathogens in food can cause diarrhoea.
Describe ways of preventing the spread of diseases that are caused by pathogens in food.
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[Total: 4]
3
4 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys lymphocytes.
The number of lymphocytes in the blood of a person infected with HIV was measured over a period
of 84 months.
The results are shown in the graph.
Use the information shown in the graph to calculate the percentage change in the number of
lymphocytes from month 10 to month 60.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
Space for working.
...................................................... % [3]
[Total: 3]
4
5 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys lymphocytes.
The number of lymphocytes in the blood of a person infected with HIV was measured over a period
of 84 months.
The results are shown in the graph.
Describe the changes in the number of lymphocytes, over the 84 months following infection with
HIV, shown in the graph.
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[Total: 2]
