10

Electronics
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Testing the Functionality of an
AM/FM Receiver

DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

Electronics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Testing the functionality of an AM/FM receiver
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Regional Director : May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
OIC Asst. Regional Director : Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Arnel C. Perez, Ferdinand J. Soriano, Mark Albert T. Pineda

Editors: Marjorie D. Lacson, Nerissa N. Valdez, Eliza M. Roque
Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo, Emily F. Sarmiento, Hermes P. Vargas,
Noel S. Reganit, Adrian P. Tamayo, Krislene Ida N. Mercado,
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Gemmarie G. Rivas
Illustrator: Lady Diane M. Bonifacio
Layout Artist: Lithos F. Sto. Domingo
Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
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Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD
Gemima A. Estrabillo PhD
Rochella C. David

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Office Address: Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City

Telephone: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702 888-0582; 887-6099
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 10

Electronics
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Testing the Functionality of an
AM/FM Receiver
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the ways to test an AM/FM receiver’s functionality. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. However, the order in which you read them can
be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module will cover the lesson:

● Lesson 6 – Testing the functionality of an AM/FM receiver.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

● Explain the procedure in testing the functionality of an AM/FM receive

1
 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. How much data block is needed to find the accuracy of the data
demodulation?
a. 10-bit c. 26-bit
b. 13-bit d. 60-bit
2. What test is used to measure the FM receiver’s rejection amplitude
modulation on a signal?
a. AM Suppression c. RSSI
b. Signal-to-Noise Ratio d. THD+N/SINAD
3. Which test uses a high purity tone that is typically 1kHz?
a. AM Suppression c. RSSI
b. Signal-to-Noise Ratio d. THD
4. What test shows the presence of one channel’s signal on the other channel?
a. Audio bandwidth c. Channel crosstalk
b. Audio signal power and balance d. Pilot Suppression
5. What is the typical value of a high-quality bandwidth?
a. 10Hz to 19Hz c. 10mHz to 19mHz
b. 20Hz to 20kHz d. 20mHz to 40mHz
6. Which test shows that the transmitted signal can contain audio, pilot, and
RDS data?
a. Frequency accuracy c. Occupied bandwidth
b. Modulation accuracy d. RDS check
7. Which test involves the injecting of discrete FM signals with different carrier
frequencies?
a. RX Selectivity c. THD+N/SINAD
b. Signal-to-Noise Ratio d. RSSI
8. Which test ensures that the data signal produces the correct modulation
deviation?
a. Frequency accuracy c. Occupied bandwidth
b. Modulation accuracy d. RDS check
9. Which component is the vital part of most multi-radio wireless devices?
a. Detector c. Resistors
b. Modules d. Transformer

10. What is the regular power level threshold of a radio transmitter?

a. 0-5dBm c. 20-30dBm
b. 10-5dBm d. 50-100dBm
 Lesson
Testing the Functionality
6 of an AM/FM Receiver

With each new generation of high-end mobility handheld devices, we get new
capabilities. It started with digital cameras and continued with Bluetooth and GPS.
Now, FM has become a standard feature. Unlike Bluetooth, GPS, and 3G cellular,
wideband FM has been around since at least the early 1930s when Edwin Armstrong
first suggested it as a way to broadcast speech and music.
In today’s handheld devices, FM primarily a way to listen to FM broadcast. But
using FM transmission, these devices also have a way to broadcast internally stored
digitized music to a nearby FM receiver, such as an automobile’s entertainment
system.

Figure 1. Radio wave transmission in an FM station

What’s In

Alignment for an amplitude-modulated radio receiver consists of two types of

adjustments of the different tuned circuits present in the receiver. The first is to align
the intermediate frequency (IF) transformers to the receiver’s correct intermediate
frequency (IF). It is known as intermediate frequency (IF) alignment. The second is to
align the input tuned circuits to match the scale/dial markings such that the wanted
station or frequency is producing the correct value of intermediate frequency (IF). It
is called radiofrequency (RF) alignment. Radiofrequency (RF) alignment is also known
as tracking.

3
 A signal generator is used to test equipment that produces an electrical signal
in a waveform. It is used as a stimulus for the item tested. A power output meter is
used in addition to the Standard Signal generator to measure the radio receiver’s
power output.
To check the lessons taught last time, answer the table block diagram below by
identifying the flow of a receiver’s frequency alignment.

SET UP FOR IF ALIGNMENT OF RADIO RECEIVER

What’s New

FM is included in high-end mobility devices. As a result, one can expect users

to be discriminating about how well a device’s FM feature works. These impacts
design as well as manufacturing, making thorough development and production
testing an impending necessity.

One needs to know how to test FM, but most importantly, one needs to know
how to do it thoroughly, fast, and at low-cost so that the device costs minimal impact
while the device quality and user satisfaction are kept high.

Activity 1: Fact or Bluff

Direction: Write FACT if the statement is correct and write BLUFF if it is incorrect.
Write the answer on the space provided before the number.

__________1. FM is essentially an analog transfer function between audio and RF.

__________2. Testing RSSI involves injecting an RF signal of known power and seeing
whether the RSSI returns an expected indication-level result within
design tolerances.
__________3. To find the FM receiver sensitivity, use a 30 or 60% audio deviation, and
measure the ratio of signal + noise /noise.
__________4. The higher the signal strength that still provides a minimum ratio, the
higher the receiver’s sensitivity.
__________5. Testing for selectivity would involve injecting discrete FM signals of
different carrier frequencies and different signal levels so that one can
simulate weak-signal selection with a strong adjacent-channel signal.

4
 What is It

FM is essentially an analog transfer function between audio and RF. To test it

adequately, it requires both RF and audio tests. Module testing is easier than end-
use device testing because the control, stimulus, and response are more direct. In
an end-user device, the tester must work through an intermediary (the device’s CPU
or control processor), and analog output must be accurately digitized for analysis by
the PC. Those, however, are implementation details. The fundamental tests, in each
case, are mostly the same.

RF TESTING ON FM RECEIVERS
Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)
RSSI is the relative measure of incoming RF signal strength. Testing RSSI
involves injecting an RF signal of known power and seeing whether the RSSI returns
an expected indication-level result within design tolerances.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
To find out the sensitivity of an FM receiver, use a 30 or 50% audio deviation
and measure the ratio of signal + noise /noise. As one lowers the signal strength,
look for the point where the ratio drops below some value (e.g., 26 dB for stereo). The
lower the signal strength that still provides a minimum ratio the higher the receiver’s
sensitivity.
Radio Data System (RDS) sensitivity/Block Error Rate
To find the accuracy rate of demodulation, one sends 26-bit data blocks to the
receiver and compares the decoded result. As the signal level is lowered, one-note
blocks with non-correctable errors. When the number exceeds 5% of those sent, that
power level establishes the RDS sensitivity limit (e.g., the signal level at which errors
exceed 5%).
Receiver (RX) selectivity
An adequately sensitive receiver is only a partial solution. The FM broadcast
band contains a group of stations spread across the band in any locality. The FM
receiver must be capable of selecting among those stations to approach ideal single-
signal reception. Testing for selectivity would involve injecting discrete FM signals of
different carrier frequencies and different signal levels to simulate weak-signal
selection with a strong adjacent-channel signal. By setting the in-channel signal level
to the lowest level just before the SNR begins to degrade, and by raising the out-of-
channel signal level to a point where the SNR begins to degrade, one can find the
minimum out-of-channel signal level that causes SNR to fall away.

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AM suppression
In AM suppression testing, one wants to measure the FM receiver’s rejection of
amplitude modulation of the signal. An FM signal can become amplitude modulated
during fading, by transmitter distortion, and by other conditions. To test the
suppression, one supplies the device with an FM signal having known AM
modulation (say 30%), so the device receives a signal having both FM and AM
characteristics. By measuring the device’s audio output voltage and repeating the
test without AM, one can measure the output level ratio, which is a measure of
suppression.
AUDIO TESTS IN THE DESIGN PHASE
It now completes the description of the minimum essential RF tests. Now, let
us examine the audio tests. Keep in mind that an FM receiver delivers sound. The
purity of that sound is directly related to the degree to which unintended audio-
frequency signal components are reduced. The ratio of the harmonic energy
compared to the fundamental provides a measure of harmonic distortion. There are
essentially two measures: total harmonic distortion (THD) and total harmonic
distortion plus noise (THD+N, also called “SINAD”). The second is considered a better
representation of real-world conditions because it includes noise in the result, and
one’s ears do hear the noise in addition to signal content.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
In total harmonic distortion, one uses a high-purity tone (typically 1 kHz) and
adjusts the system for 100% deviation (e.g., a full audio-signal modulation). The
output is examined for the presence of the applied and other frequencies. THD is
defined as the RMS voltage of the harmonics compared to that of the fundamental
tone. There is no specification for the maximum allowed THD. Different circuit
designs will yield different THD values. This measure provides a way to compare the
actual value to the design target value.
THD+N/SINAD(Signal+Noise+Distortion)
THD+N is considered a measure of design performance because it measures
everything on the output signal rather than individual harmonics. THD+N is the sum
of RMS (Root Mean Square) signal components (excluding the fundamental) over a
specific bandwidth. Noise shaping using “weighting filters” is often used to correlate
with what is actually “heard.”
Audio signal power and balance
In an ideal case, modulating equal amplitude signals applied to the left and
right channels should result in an FM receiver producing left- and right-channel
audio signals with equal power and of a power level consistent with design targets.
The signal level should also be high enough so that the system’s noise does not affect
what is heard.
Audio bandwidth
Typically, the high-quality audio bandwidth is 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Realistically,
an FM receiver’s audio bandwidth will be somewhat narrower (say, 30 Hz to 15 kHz).
By varying the modulation signal’s frequency from, say, 30 Hz to 15 kHz and keeping
the power level constant, one can find the lower and upper-frequency limits where
the output rolls off by 3 dB.

6
Channel crosstalk
Crosstalk in a stereophonic system relates to the presence of one channel’s
signal to the other channel. As described earlier, FM stereo is not produced by
transmitting separate right-and-left channel signals, but by a sum and difference of
L+R and L-R signals. That process can result in some excess L signal on the R
channel, and vice-versa. One can measure crosstalk by placing a single-tone signal
on one channel while keeping the other channel’s modulation input at zero.
Pilot suppression
The 19-kHz pilot signal tells an FM receiver that a stereo-modulated signal is
being received. It also provides the signal source for the 38-kHz and 57-kHz signals.
This 19-kHz tone is in the audible range of the human ear but above the transmitted
audio bandwidth ((57 kHz – 38 kHz)/ 2), so the FM receiver will filter the 19-kHz
tone. The remaining finite signal must be verified to be below some threshold because
it would otherwise distract from the audio being transmitted.
TRANSMITTER DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE DESIGN PHASE
The FM subsystems in today’s advanced wireless devices are more than FM
receivers. FM transmitters (FM TX) are used to send stored music content to another
FM receiver. The key to ensuring the FM TX function will provide a signal that is
stable and minimally distorted. The FM TX function may be required to do more than
transfer audio between devices. It may also be used to transfer GPS information to
the car radio and transfer a simple Radio data system (RDS) data message.
As with the FM receiver, the FM TX requires two kinds of tests: RF and audio
quality.
RF TESTS
The following RF tests are used to verify TX power, the bandwidth its signal
occupies, the quality of the audio modulation, its frequency accuracy and stability,
and its RDS digital functionality.
Transmit power
One has to make sure that the power design targets have been met. The power
range must be verified, and the most critical parameter is maximum power because
the licensing authorities do specify such, and it is different in different countries. To
test this, one must verify that the device produces a signal of power level consistent
with the maximum regulatory threshold (typically 0 to +5dBm). In testing the device,
it should be instructed to transmit at its maximum power level, and that signal must
be accurately measured and compared to the specified maximum. In some cases,
during this test, the device may be calibrated.
Occupied bandwidth
The signal is captured and analyzed in the frequency domain to affirm that it is
confined to the channel spectrum. The test should look well beyond the 100-kHz
channel bandwidth to ensure that 99% of the transmitted signal power is confined
inside the intended channel.
Modulation accuracy

7
 Successful modulation-accuracy testing hinges on a very accurate and stable
signal source. The transmitted signal can contain audio, pilot, and RDS data. The
deviation contributions from all of them will affect the total frequency deviation. One
must apply a known audio signal, a preset deviation for the 19-kHz pilot tone, a
preset deviation for the RDS modulated data, and measure/verify each contributor’s
deviation.
Frequency accuracy
The FM TX will emulate an FM broadcast, albeit at much lower power. The FM
TX, however, will not be held to the tight frequency tolerances of an FM broadcast
station, instead, the frequency should be tested to verify that it is within the pull-in
range of a typical FM receiver.
RDS check
Here, unlike in FM RX, we need to check block error rate and ensure that the
data signal produces the correct modulation deviation and that SNR is high enough
to allow reliable demodulation.
AUDIO TESTS
Unlike in RX testing, where the device’s audio output was used to verify various
audio-related tests, TX testing relies on the test instrument to provide those
measurements based on its transmitted signal. Essentially, then, one must use an
audio source signal with known characteristics and measure how well the FM TX
device modulates that source. The actual tests are like those done in RX. We have
THD, THD+N, signal power and balance, bandwidth, and crosstalk. In RX testing, we
assume the transmitted signal is near perfect, and all distortions occur in the audio
chain. However, in TX testing, we assume that the modulating source is near perfect,
and all imperfections occur in the modulation and RF chains.
Just like an FM broadcast system, the FM TX device will apply pre-emphasis.
The test system must have that pre-emphasis setting to match it with the test
instrument’s de-emphasis to get accurate results.
TESTING AT THE FM BLOCK LEVEL VERSUS END-USE DEVICES
Modules are a crucial part of most multi-radio wireless devices. An FM block
would typically have an FM signal input and produce either analog right- and left-
channel audio outputs or integrated interchip sound (I2S) outputs. An interface
subsystem would use the module’s outputs and create digitized equivalents (such as
.wav files). These would provide the input data for the FM RX tests.
In an end-user device, FM is just a small sub-block. It is typically interfaced to
the control processor (CPU) that controls the FM sub-block. The control processor
interface is usually through analog signals plus a control interface for changing FM
frequency. The interface subsystem is integral to the end-use device and would
require device-specific software to create the analysis-required digital output.
In analog signals, the CPU would use its analog-to-digital converter to digitize
the analog audio signals. Other than that, though, the testing would be identical.
You would use the same FM input signals and analyze the digitized output data for
the desired test metrics. Most modern devices feature a USB port, which enables
data to transfer back to the measurement system. Alternatively, if the libraries are
available to it, the CPU can perform the analysis itself.

8
 What’s More

Activity 1: Clue in a Box

Direction: Identify the word/s described in each statement below. Choose your
answer in the box and write it on the blank provided before the number.

RSSI FM broadcast band FM

THD+N Module Testing THD
Modulation Accuracy FM Transmitters RDS
FM Stereo FM TX

____________1. It contains a group of stations spread across the band in any locality.
____________2. It is the relative measure of incoming RF signal strength.
____________3. It is considered a more telling measure of design performance because
it measures everything on the output signal rather than individual
harmonics.
____________4. They are also included primarily as a means for sending stored music
content to another FM receiver.
____________5. It is defined as the rms voltage of the harmonics compared to that of
the fundamental tone.
____________6. It is the process whereby one varies the frequency of an RF signal in
accordance with the changes in amplitude of an analog signal.
____________7. It can carry narrow-bandwidth data signals (sent at 1187.5 bps and
the remainder is used for direct band and other subcarrier
services.
____________8. This type of test results in a very accurate and stable signal source.
____________9. It is not produced by transmitting separate right- and left-channel
signals but, rather, by a sum and difference of L+R and L-R signals.
____________10. The function of it is to provide a signal that is stable and minimally
distorted.

Activity 2: True or False

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is incorrect.
Write the answer on the space provided before the number.
__________1. It is possible to limit the extent of unintended signal energy in the
selected signal’s channel through careful design.
__________2. In an end-user device, the tester must not work through an intermediary
(the device’s CPU or control processor), and the analog output must be
accurately digitized for analysis by the PC.

__________3. Strong adjacent stations, particularly in the presence of a weaker

selected signal, can produce sideband signal energy in the latter’s
channel and result in de-sensitization.

9
__________4. To test the suppression of AM signals, supply the device with an AM
signal having known FM modulation.
__________5. The objective of verification testing is to fully stimulate and accurately
measure the response to prove the design.
__________6. How accurate is the receiver’s data demodulation? To find out, one
sends 26-bit data blocks to the receiver and compares the decoded
result.
__________7. An adequately sensitive receiver is only a partial solution.

__________8. Harmonically related signal products can be caused by inter-

modulation.
__________9. In AM suppression testing, one wants to measure the FM receiver’s
rejection of amplitude modulation of the signal.

__________10. Crosstalk in a stereophonic system relates to the presence of one

channel’s signal on the other channel.

Activity 3: Stop, Think and Write

Direction: Answer the question with a minimum of 6 sentences and a maximum of
10 sentences.
What is the importance of studying the different procedures in testing an
AM/FM Receiver’s functionality?

Rubric
Element Needs Improvement Fair Strong Excellent
2 3 4 5
Opinion with Opinion is unclear; no Opinion is clear but Opinion is clearly Opinion is clearly
Reasons reasons are given. reasons are unclear stated and reasons stated and reasons
or incomplete are stated. are strong.
Evidence Opinion is not Attempts to support Supports opinion Supports opinion
supported. No evidence opinion and reasons and reasons with and reasons with
provided. with facts; however, facts and necessary strong, accurate
the information is details. facts and thorough
unclear or details.
inaccurate.
Explanation Little to no explanation Explanation Clear explanation
Clear and concise
of the information attempts to discuss that discusses most
explanation that
presented. the information but of the information thoroughly
is unclear at times. presented. discusses the
information
presented.
Conclusion Abrupt ending. No Ends with a Ends with a Effectively ends
concluding statement. concluding concluding with a strong
statement that does statement about the concluding
not clearly relate to opinion stated. statement.
opinion stated.

10
 What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 4. Fill in the gaps

Direction: Choose the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.

RF Signal Strength Bandwidth Harmonic energy

Voltage Sensitivity FM TX
Signa-signal reception Control Processor Sensitivity
Modulation-accuracy

1. By measuring the ____________ of the device’s audio output and repeating the
test without AM, one can measure the output level ratio, which is a measure
of suppression.
2. The FM receiver must be capable of selecting among those stations to
approach ideal _________________.
3. RSSI is the relative measure of incoming .
4. The lower the signal strength that still provides a minimum ratio, the higher
the of the receiver.
5. The ratio of the compared to the fundamental provides a
measure of harmonic distortion.
6. THD+N is the sum of RMS signal components over a specific .
7. Crosstalk in a relates to the presence of one channel’s
signal on the other channel.
8. The key to ensure that the function will provide a signal that is
stable and minimally distorted.
9. Successful testing hinges on a very accurate and stable
signal source.
10. The interface to the is usually through analog signals plus
a control interface for changing FM frequency.

11
 What I Can Do

Direction: Fill in the necessary letters to complete the crossword puzzle. Base your answers
on the given clue for each item.

Across
1. Abbreviated: TX
4. It is related to the presence of
channel signal.
5. Abbreviated: RX

Down
2. Testing for _____________would
involve injecting discrete FM
signal of different carrier
frequencies.
3. AM_______________ Measures
the FM receiver’s rejection of
amplitude modulation of the
signal.
5. It is the relative measure of
incoming RF signal strength.
6. Unit of measurement for
sound.
7. Total harmonic distortion and
_______________
8. It means total harmonic
distortion.
9. It means radio data system

12
 Assessment

Direction: Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What device is used in doing RX (Receiver) testing?

a. Antenna c. Mic
b. Module d. Speaker
2. Which test should be used to find the maximum power level to transmit?
a. Frequency accuracy c. Occupied bandwidth
b. Modulation accuracy d. Transmit power
3. Which among the following audio tests is performed by placing a single-tone
signal on one channel while keeping the other channel modulation into zero?
a. Audio Bandwidth c. Pilot suppression
b. Channel Crosstalk d. THD+N
4. Which of the following examines the output for the presence of the applied
frequencies?
a. THD+N c. RSSI
b. THD d. FM TX
5. Which harmonic distortion is much more realistic?
a. THD+N c. RSSI
b. THD d. FM TX
6. Which of the following is the other use of an FM TX?
a. It transfers a simple radio data system and data messages.
b. It transfers audio between devices.
c. It transfers GPS information.
d. All of the above
7. What is the realistic audio bandwidth of an FM receiver?
a. 5 Hz to 10Hz c. 20 kHz to 1 MHz
b. 30 Hz to 15 kHz d. 50 MHz to 1GHz

8. What does CPU stand for?

a. Control Processor Unit c. Central Peripheral Unit
b. Control Play Unit d. Central Park Unit
9. What audio test measures the RMS voltage of the harmonics?
a. THD+N c. RSSI
b. THD d. FM TX
10. Which best describes the RX selectivity test in an FM receiver?
a. It measures the accuracy rate of demodulation.
b. It injects FM signals to simulate weak signals.
c. It supplies the device with FM signal.
d. It transmits the maximum power.

13
 Additional Activity

Activity 5: Tell Me What I Am

Direction: Write the meaning of each acronym below.

1. FM –

2. RSSI –

3. SNR –

4. IMD –

5. THD –

6. THD+N –

7. SINAD –

8. RDS –

9. GPS –

10. AM –

14
 15
https://tinyurl.com/yxggdtyp
“Receiver Sensitivity test”, Accessed December 28, 2020
https://tinyurl.com/kfnph7h
“Testing Radio Receiver Manual”, Accessed December 28, 2020
https://tinyurl.com/yylumaks
“FM receiver testing”, Accessed December January 03, 2021
References
Answer may vary
What I Know
Activity 4
What's New
1. c
2. a Activity 1 10. True
3. d 1. Fact 9. True
4. c 2. Fact 8. False
5. b 3. Bluff 7. True
6. b 4. Bluff 6. True
7. a 5. Fact 5. True
8. d
4. False
9. b
3. True
10. b
2. False
1. True
Activity 3
What I Have Learned 10. FM TX
1. Voltage 10. b 9. FM Stereo
2. Single-signal reception 9. b 8. Modulation accuracy
3. RF signal strength 8. a 7. RDS
4. Sensitivity 7. b 6. FM
5. Harmonic energy 6. d 5. THD
6. Bandwidth 5. a 4. FM Transmitter
7. Stereophonic system 4. b 3. THD+N
8. FM TX 3. b 2. RSSI
9. Modulation-accuracy 2. d 1. FM Broadcast band
10. Control processor 1. d Activity 2
Assessment What’s More
What Can I Do?
Across Additional Activity
1. transmitter
4. crosstalk 1. FM - Frequency Modulation
5. receiver 2. RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication
Down 3. SNR - Signal-to-Noise Ratio
2. selectivity 4. IMD - Intermodulation Distortion
3. suppression 5. THD - Total Harmonic Distortion
5. RSSI 6. THD+N - Harmonic Distortion plus Noise
6. decibel 7. SINAD - Signal to Noise and Distortion
7. noise 8. RDS - Radio Data Service
8. THD 9. GPS - Global Positioning System
9. RDS 10. AM- Amplitude Modulation
Answer Key
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