Lancaster Online.com: News : Businessman, irked by hotelier action, f... http://www.lancasteronline.

com/pages/news/local/4/14080
by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

N e w N or ve r ge nce La w suit Poly b u t y le n e Pip e Re p la ce Le ola Villa ge I n n / Su it e s La n ca st e r Be d & Br e a k f a st

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Hom es | Car s | Jobs | Cu st om er Car e Cen t er Lan cast er On lin e Key w or d Go

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Talk Back By Just in Quinn
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Published: May 06, 2005 9: 47 AM EST
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p lace " at ex t r em e r isk " Cat er b on e' s p lan s t o d ev elop a UPS st or e
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1 of 18
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 Lancaster Online.com: News : Businessman, irked by hotelier action, f... http://www.lancasteronline.com/pages/news/local/4/14080
by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

Co y o t e Tr a i l s $ 2 8 .9 9

Golf Balls
La n ca st er On l i n e $ 1 3 .3 0

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can pr ov e t o t h e com m on w ealt h t h e said act ion s ar e in t h e best in t er est s of t h e ( plain t if f )
an d t h ose of all m aj or st ak eh old er s of t h e p r op osed d ow n t ow n Lan cast er con v en t ion
cent er , including School Dist r ict of Lancast er , t he Cit y of Lancast er , t he Count y of
Lan cast er , Pen n Sq u ar e Par t n er s, as w ell as ot h er s. Th u s, t h e d ef en d an t s m u st p r ov e t h at
t h e dow n t ow n Lan cast er con v en t ion cen t er w ill f ail. "

A p er son w h o an sw er ed t h e p h on e at t h e n u m b er list ed in t h e law su it as Cat er b on e' s d id

not ident ify him self.

" All t h e in for m at ion is pu blic, " t h e m an said w h en ask ed abou t t h e su it . " You can go t h er e. "

As ex h ibit s, t h e law su it in clu des Web pages f r om Cat er bon e' s com pan y an d a bou n d
v olu m e t it led " Th e Ex celsior Place Bu sin ess Plan . " Th e su it also in clu des a h an dw r it t en
ag r eem en t b et w een Cat er b on e an d Ar t War d , ow n er of t h e UPS St or e.

An t h on did n ot r et u r n a r epor t er ' s ph on e calls.

A j u d g e h as n ot b een assig n ed t o t h e case.

I n an ot h er legal f r on t , t h e ow n er of Mu lber r y Ar t St u dios f iled a pet it ion w it h t h e st at e

dem an din g it n ot r elease f u n ds t o pr oj ect dev eloper s.

Plan n er s h av e applied f or t en s of m illion s of st at e dollar s. Th ey pr oj ect t h e st at e' s

cont r ibut ion t o be $ 4 6 m illion if all of t heir applicat ions ar e appr ov ed.

Ear lier t h is w eek , st u dio ow n er Apr il Koppen h av er ask ed st at e of f icials t o con sider t h at t w o
law su it s r elat ed t o t h e pr oj ect ar e u n decided an d cou ld u pen d pr oj ect con st r u ct ion .

Koppen h av er br ou gh t on e of t h e su it s again st t h e r edev elopm en t au t h or it y . An ot h er pit s

May or Char lie Sm it hgall against Cit y Cont r oller R. B. Cam pbell.

" I t is im pr u den t in m y j u dgm en t for t h e st at e t o r elease m on ey t o t h is pr oj ect , "

Kop p en h av er said . " I w an t ( t h e st at e) t o b e v er y , v er y aw ar e an d r esp on siv e t o r esid en t s'
concer ns."

Pen n Squ ar e Par t n er s is com posed of gen er al par t n er Pen n Squ ar e Gen er al Cor p. , a High
Associat es af f iliat e, an d lim it ed par t n er s Fu lt on Ban k an d Lan cast er New spaper s I n c. ,
pu blish er of t h e I n t elligen cer Jou r n al, Lan cast er New Er a an d Su n day New s.

St aff w r it er Dav e Pidgeon con t r ibu t ed t o t h is st or y .

Just in Quinn' s e- m ail addr ess is j qu in n ln pn ew s. com.

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Advanced Media Group Page 2 of 3 5/9/2005 11:01 AM
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ME, Trump, Musk, and FBI Director KASH PATEL Page No. 2 of 113 SATURDAY February 22nd, 2025
 by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

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By Just in Quinn
I nt elligencer Journal
Published: May 06, 2005 9: 47 AM EST

LAN CASTER COUN TY, PA - A local businessm an filed a $100,000 lawsuit last
m ont h against Drew Ant hon, owner of Eden Resort I nn and Conference Cent er, claim ing
Ant hon "colluded t o sabot age" t he proposed Lancast er Count y Convent ion Cent er by
announcing his int ent ion t o wit hhold t he count y hot el room t ax.

Conest oga resident St an J. Cat erbone is asking t hat a local j udge place a " sees ( sic)
and desist order" on Ant hon and t he hot el t o prevent t hem from wit hholding t he room
t ax.

The suit was filed April 26, t he day t he I nt elligencer Journal report ed Ant hon and
several ot her hot eliers were t hreat ening t o wit hhold paym ent of t he room t ax, m ost of
which goes t oward a hot el and convent ion cent er proposed for Penn Square. The next
room t ax paym ent is due May 26.

Cat erbone is founder of Advanced Media Group, 1857 Colonial Village Lane, an
inform at ion t echnologies com pany specializing in opt ical publishing. He claim s in t he
lawsuit t hat Ant hon's act ions place " at ext rem e risk" Cat erbone's plans t o develop a UPS
st ore and an office com plex called " Excelsior Place" across from t he proposed convent ion
cent er. " Plaint iff will argue t hat such financial risk is causing m ent al st ress and duress t hat
ot herwise would not be present , had t he defendant not engaged ( in) t he above- m ent ioned
act ivit ies," Cat erbone says in t he suit .

The suit asks for a court order t o force t he hot eliers t o pay t he t ax " unt il t he
defendant s can prove t o t he com m onwealt h t he said act ions are in t he best int erest s of
t he ( plaint iff) and t hose of all m aj or st akeholders of t he proposed downt own Lancast er
convent ion cent er, including School Dist rict of Lancast er, t he Cit y of Lancast er, t he Count y
of Lancast er, Penn Square Part ners, as well as ot hers. Thus, t he defendant s m ust prove
t hat t he downt own Lancast er convent ion cent er will fail."

A person who answered t he phone at t he num ber list ed in t he lawsuit as

Cat erbone's did not ident ify him self. " All t he inform at ion is public," t he m an said when
asked about t he suit . " You can go t here."

As exhibit s, t he lawsuit includes Web pages from Cat erbone's com pany and a bound
volum e t it led " The Excelsior Place Business Plan."

The suit also includes a handwrit t en agreem ent bet ween Cat erbone and Art Ward,
owner of t he UPS St ore. Ant hon did not ret urn a report er's phone calls. A j udge has not
been assigned t o t he case.

Advanced Media Group Page 3 of 3 10/08/2007

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Business career of Donald Trump - Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump
by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

Business career of Donald Trump

Before running for office in 2015, 45th and 47th president Donald Trump pursued a career as a
businessman, with a focus on renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. His
extravagant lifestyle, outspoken manner, and role on the NBC reality show The Apprentice have
made him a well-known public figure in American life for nearly half a century.

Trump in late 1985 with a model of

"Television City," a development
proposal for the former West Side rail
yards, now Riverside South

Trump began his career at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, in 1968 which
he took over in 1971 and later renamed the Trump Organization in 1973. He expanded its
business to Manhattan, where his father's financial and political backing enabled him to do his
first deals, demolishing and renovating landmark buildings. Trump entered various businesses
that did not require capital funding, including licensing his name to lodging and golf course
enterprises around the world. Building on his public persona in the New York tabloid press, he
later starred in the reality TV show The Apprentice.

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by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

Trump partly or completely owned several beauty pageants between 1996 and 2015. He has
marketed his name to many building projects and commercial products. Trump's unsuccessful
business ventures have included numerous casinos and hotel bankruptcies, the folding of his
New Jersey Generals football team, and the now-defunct Trump University. He and his businesses
have been involved in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.

After winning the 2016 presidential election and being inaugurated the first time in January 2017,
Trump resigned all management roles within the Trump Organization and moved his business
assets into a revocable trust managed by his sons Donald Jr. and Eric.[1] However, Trump retained
his financial stake in the work document, which led to concerns about possible conflicts of
interest.[2]

Real estate

Trump International Hotel and Tower

Early career

Trump began his real estate career at his father's company,[3] Trump Management,[4] which
focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and
Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects was the attempted turnaround of the troubled Swifton
Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father, Fred Trump, had purchased at
foreclosure for $5.7 million in 1962, equivalent to $57 million in 2023.[5] Fred and Donald Trump
became involved in the project. By the time Trump graduated from college in 1968, he was
receiving the 2019 equivalent of $1,000,000 a year in untaxed gifts from his father.[6] At age 23,
he made an unsuccessful commercial foray into show business, investing $70,000 to become co-
producer of the 1970 Broadway comedy Paris Is Out![7]

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by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

The Trump Ocean Club

International Hotel and
Tower (center) in Panama
City, Panama

He was made the president of the company in 1971 and began using "The Trump Organization"
as an umbrella brand.[8][9] In that year, at the age of 25, he also moved to Manhattan, where he
took part in larger construction projects and used glitzy architectural design to foster media
attention.[10] In 1973, the Justice Department alleged that the Trump Organization discriminated
against prospective black tenants, rather than just screening out low-income applicants as they
said. The Department of Justice said that black "testers" were sent to more than half a dozen
buildings and were denied apartments, but a similar white tester would then be offered an
apartment in the same building.[11] Ultimately the Trumps' company and federal officials signed
an agreement under which the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and under which
qualified minority applicants would be presented by the Urban League.[12][13]

By 1973, Trump as president of the Trump Organization oversaw 14,000 apartments across
Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. In 1978, the city selected his site on the West Side of
Manhattan as the location for its Jacob Javits Convention Center, after finding that he was the
only bidder who had a site ready for the project.[12] He received a broker's fee on the property
sale.

Trump's first major deal in Manhattan[14] was the development of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in 1978
next to Grand Central Terminal. The aging brick facade of the Commodore Hotel was sheathed in
glass, and the existing lobby of the hotel was replaced by an atrium.[15] The Commodore was thus
presented as a remodeled Hyatt hotel at its opening in September 1980, helping to bring Trump
to public prominence.[15][16] Part of this deal was a $1 million loan Fred Trump's Village
Construction Corp. made to help repay draws on a Chase Manhattan credit line Fred had

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arranged for Donald as he built the hotel, as well as a $70 million construction loan jointly
guaranteed by Fred and the Hyatt hotel chain. Fred was a silent partner in the initiative, due to his
reputation having been damaged in New York real estate circles, after investigations into windfall
profits and other abuses in his real estate projects, making Donald the frontman in the deal.
According to journalist Wayne Barrett, Fred's two-decade friendship with a top Equitable officer,
Ben Holloway, helped convince them to agree to the project.[14] Donald negotiated a 40-year tax
abatement for the hotel with the city, in exchange for a share of the venture's profits. The deal
helped reduce the risk of the project and provided an incentive for investors to participate.[17]

In 1981, Trump purchased and renovated a building that would become the Trump Plaza, on
Third Avenue in New York City.[18] Trump made this into an apartment cooperative, in which
tenants partly owned the building.[18]

Trump Tower

The Trump Tower, on Fifth

Avenue in Midtown
Manhattan

In 1983, Trump completed development of Trump Tower, a 58-story skyscraper in Midtown

Manhattan. The project involved complicated negotiations with different parties for the Bonwit
Teller building, the land, and the airspace above a neighboring building. When negotiations were

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completed in 1978, The New York Times wrote "That Mr. Trump was able to obtain the location ...
is testimony to [his] persistence and to his skills as a negotiator."[19]

Trump Tower occupies the former site of the architecturally significant Bonwit Teller flagship store,
which Trump demolished in 1980 after purchasing the site.[20][21] There was public outrage when
valuable Art Deco bas-relief sculptures on its facade, which had been promised to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art by Trump, were destroyed on the orders of the Trump Organization
during the demolition process.[20][21] In addition, the demolition of the Bonwit Teller store was
criticized for a contractor's use of some 200 illegal Polish immigrant workers, who, during the
rushed demolition process, were reportedly paid 4–5 dollars per hour for work in 12-hour shifts.
[22][23] Trump testified in 1990 that he rarely visited the site and was unaware of the illegal
workers, some of whom lived at the site and who were known as the "Polish Brigade". A judge
ruled in 1991 that the builders engaged in "a conspiracy to deprive the funds of their rightful
contribution", referring to the pension and welfare funds of the labor unions.[24] However, on
appeal, parts of that ruling were overturned,[25] and the record became sealed when the long-
running labor lawsuit was settled in 1999, after 16 years in court.[22][23]

Trump Tower was developed by Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company, and was
designed by architect Der Scutt of Swanke Hayden Connell.[26] Trump Tower houses both the
primary penthouse condominium residence of Donald Trump and the headquarters of the Trump
Organization.[27] The building includes shops, cafés, offices, and residences. Its five-level atrium
features a 60-foot-high waterfall spanned by a suspended walkway, below a skylight.[28] Trump
Tower was the setting of the NBC television show The Apprentice including a fully functional
television studio set.[29] When the building was completed, its condominiums sold quickly and
the tower became a tourist attraction.[30]

Expansion

Harrah's at Trump Plaza opened in Atlantic City in 1984. The hotel/casino was built by Trump with
financing by Holiday Corp.[31] and operated by the Harrah's gambling unit of Holiday Corp. The
casino's poor results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp.[32] Trump
also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for
$320 million. When completed in 1985, the hotel/casino became Trump Castle. Trump's wife,
Ivana, managed the property.[33]

Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida, in 1985 for $5 million, plus
$3 million for the home's furnishings. In addition to using the home as a winter retreat, Trump

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also turned it into a private club with membership fees of $150,000. At about the same time, he
acquired a condominium complex in West Palm Beach with Lee Iacocca that became Trump Plaza
of the Palm Beaches.[34]

Central Park's Wollman Rink after the

Trump renovation

In 1980, repairs began on Central Park's Wollman Rink, with an anticipated two-and-a-half year
construction time frame. Because of flaws in the design and numerous problems during
construction, the project remained unfinished by May 1986 and was estimated to require another
18 months and $2 million to $3 million to complete.[35][36] Trump was awarded a contract as the
general contractor in June 1986 to finish the repairs by December 15 with a cost ceiling of
$3 million, with the actual costs to be reimbursed by the city. Trump hired an architect, a
construction company, and a Canadian ice-rink manufacturer and completed the work in four
months, $775,000 under budget.[36] He operated the rink for a year and gave some of the profits
to charity and public works projects[37] in exchange for the rink's concession rights.[38][36] Trump
managed the rink from 1987 to 1995. He received another contract in 2001 which was extended
until 2021.[39][40] According to journalist Joyce Purnick, Trump's "Wollman success was also the
stuff of a carefully crafted, self-promotional legend."[39] While the work was in progress, Trump
called numerous press conferences, for example for the completion of the laying of the pipes and
the pouring of the cement.[41] In 1987, he also unsuccessfully tried to get the city to rename the
landmark after him; the Trump logo is prominently displayed on the railing encircling the rink, on
the Zamboni,[39] on the rental skates,[40] and on the rink's website.[40][42]

Trump unveiled a plan to construct a miniature city within New York City on the "largest available
undeveloped tract" of land on the island of Manhattan on November 30, 1984.[43] The Television
City proposal, later called Trump City, would consist of "nearly 8,000 apartments and
condominiums for up to 20,000 people, almost 10,000 parking spots, some 3.6 million square
feet of television and movie studio space, and some 2 million square feet of 'prestigious'
stores."[44] To stand above all other buildings would have been an uncommonly tall skyscraper for
the time, to be twice the height of the 76-story buildings beneath it.[44] An organization of

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by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

celebrities called Westpride, consisting of such individuals as Jerry Seinfeld, Christopher Reeve,
and others, was formed and fundraised in opposition to the proposal.[44] Mayor Ed Koch denied
Trump tax breaks to help him develop his proposal, instead giving them to NBC to thwart the
possibility of them relocating from Rockefeller Center to Trump's concept.[44]

Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan in 1988. He paid $400 million for the property and
once again tapped Ivana to manage its operation and renovation.[45]

Trump Taj Mahal, at 1000 Boardwalk

in Atlantic City, New Jersey

Later in 1988, Trump acquired the Taj Mahal Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in a transaction
with Merv Griffin and Resorts International.[46] The casino was opened in April 1990, and was built
at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever built.[47][48]
Financed with $675 million in junk bonds[49] at a 14% interest rate, the project entered Chapter
11 bankruptcy the following year.[50] Banks and bondholders, facing potential losses of hundreds
of millions of dollars, opted to restructure the debt. In late 1990, Trump and Westpride
negotiated an alternative proposal to scrap Trump's original concept for Trump City and instead
build Riverside South, devoid of Trump's tall skyscraper and instead consisting of a park and
shorter buildings than the originally proposed 76-story ones.[44][51] Architecture critic Paul
Goldberger wrote for The New York Times in August 1991, "Mr. Trump knew that it would be a
freezing day in August before his own plan could ever win approval and, like any skillful politician,
he jumped on the opposition bandwagon so deftly that he made it look like his own."[44][51]

The Taj Mahal emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with Trump ceding 50% ownership
in the casino to the bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates and more time to pay off
the debt.[52] He also sold his financially challenged Trump Shuttle airline and his 282-foot (86 m)
megayacht, the Trump Princess.[49][53][54] Trump would gain the financial backing for Riverside
South from Hong Kong-based businessmen for around $90 million, which would help pay for
dues on the property Trump owed to banks and on back taxes, with Trump collecting a 30%
ownership stake and maintaining daily construction. According to a lawyer close to the
negotiations, the agreement almost fell apart after Trump "used a string of foul language,

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by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

including racial epithets regarding Asians" during the negotiations. The agreement helped Trump
avoid personal bankruptcy after having to file for corporate bankruptcy four times prior.[44]

The Taj Mahal property was repurchased in 1996 and consolidated into Trump Hotels & Casino
Resorts, which filed for bankruptcy in 2004 with $1.8 billion in debt, filing again for bankruptcy
five years later with $50 million in assets and $500 million in debt. The restructuring ultimately
left Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.[54]
Trump served as chairman of the organization, which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts,
from mid-1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000 to mid-2005.[55]

Business bankruptcies

Although Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, hotels and casino businesses of his have
declared bankruptcy[56] six times between 1991 and 2009 due to its inability to meet required
payments and to re-negotiate debt with banks, owners of stock and bonds and various small
businesses (unsecured creditors).[57][58] Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they
were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011
saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws—they're very good for me."[59][60]

The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic
City and New York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel
(1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and
Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[56][61] Trump said "I've used the laws of this country to pare
debt. ... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks.
We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just
business."[50]

Inheritance and further acquisitions

In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant, 70-story office building at 40 Wall Street in Manhattan,
renovated it, and branded it as The Trump Building.[62] In 1998, Conseco and Trump purchased
the General Motors Building for $878 million from Corporate Property Investors.[63][64][65] The
group received a $700 million loan from Lehman Brothers for the purchase and Trump reportedly
only committed $15 to $20 million of his own money to the deal.[66] Trump raised the
controversial sunken plaza where few pedestrians had ventured, which had been criticized by
Huxtable, and installed his name in four-foot gold letters.[67] In 2003, Trump and partners sold the

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building for $1.4 billion, then the highest price paid for a North American office building, to
Macklowe Organization.[68][69]

After his father died in 1999, Trump and his siblings received equal portions of his father's estate
valued at $250–300 million.[70]

In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower, a 72-story residential tower across from the
United Nations Headquarters.[71] Trump also began construction on Riverside South, which he
dubbed Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. He continued to
own commercial space in Trump International Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel and
condominium) tower on Columbus Circle which he acquired in 1996,[72] and also continued to
own millions of square feet of other prime Manhattan real estate.[73]

Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhattan in 2002. It was re-opened with 35
stories of luxury condominiums in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue.[74]

Trump has owned a house on North Rodeo Drive in the Beverly Hills, California/Los Angeles area,
bought for $7 million, since 2007. He bought a home next door in 2008 from Omar Bongo, the
president of Gabon who would die in office in 2009, for $10.35 million. Trump sold the second LA
home, built in 1981, for $9,500,095 in 2009 for an $850,000 (8%) loss. The second house went
back on the market in mid-2016 listed at nearly $30 million.[75]

Trump has licensed his name and image for the development of a number of real estate projects
including two Trump-branded real estate projects in Florida that have gone into foreclosure.[76]
The Turkish owner of Trump Towers Istanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name, was
reported in December 2015 to be exploring legal means to dissociate the property after the
candidate's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States.[77]

Trump also licensed his name to son-in-law Jared Kushner's 50-story Trump Bay Street, a Jersey
City luxury development that has raised $50 million of its $200 million capitalization largely from
wealthy Chinese nationals who, after making an initial down payment of $500,000 in concert with
the government's expedited EB-5 visa program, can usually obtain United States permanent
residency for themselves and their families after two years.[78] Trump is a partner with Kushner
Properties only in name licensing and not in the building's financing.[78]

In 2012, the 1290 Avenue of the Americas skyscraper in Manhattan was refinanced; Trump had a
30% stake in the building. The refinancing led to $211 million of debt being accrued with the
state-owned Bank of China. This was the first instance of a Chinese bank engaging in commercial
mortgage-backed securities in the United States. The Bank of China sold the debt in 2012 into

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the market, and thus no longer had "any ownership interest in that loan" thereafter, it stated. A
2017 document filed in New York City erroneously listed the Bank of China as a current creditor
due to a mistake by loan servicer organization Wells Fargo.[79][80][81]

Golf courses

Turnberry Hotel in South Ayrshire,

Scotland

The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the United States and around
the world. The number of golf courses that Trump owns or manages is about 18, according to
Golfweek.[82] Trump's personal financial disclosure with the Federal Election Commission stated
that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382 million.[83][84]

In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, creating a golf
resort against the wishes of local residents[85] on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific
Interest.[86][87] A 2011 independent documentary, You've Been Trumped, by British filmmaker
Anthony Baxter, chronicled the golf resort's construction and the subsequent struggles between
the locals and Donald Trump.[88] In December 2015, Trump's appeal objecting to an offshore
windfarm (Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm) within sight of the golf links was denied.[89] Despite Trump's
promises of 6,000 jobs, in 2016, by his own admission, the golf course has created only 200 jobs.
[90] In June 2019, Scottish Natural Heritage ruled that the golf course had "destroyed" the sand
dune system, causing permanent habitat loss, and recommended that the SSSI status be revoked.
[91] The special status was removed in December 2020.[92]

In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which
was a regular fixture in the Open Championship rota.[93][94] After the 2021 United States Capitol
attack, the organizer of the championship, The R&A, announced that The Open would not be
held again at Turnberry as long as its links to the Trump Organization remained.[95][96]

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Professional sports

Trump delivers remarks at a press

conference for the New Jersey
Generals in 1985.

President Donald J. Trump waves

to the crowd during Game 5 of the
MLB World Series between the
Washington Nationals and the
Houston Astros Sunday, Oct. 27,
2019, at Nationals Park in
Washington, D.C.

In 1983, Trump's New Jersey Generals became a charter member of the new United States
Football League (USFL). Before the inaugural season began in 1983, Trump sold the franchise to
Oklahoma oil magnate J. Walter Duncan, and bought it back after the season. He then attempted
to hire longtime Miami Dolphins coach Don Shula, but the deal fell apart because he was
unwilling to meet Shula's demand for an apartment in Trump Tower. Trump ended up hiring
former New York Jets coach Walt Michaels.[97][98][99] The USFL played its first three seasons during
the spring and summer, but Trump convinced the majority of the owners of other USFL teams to

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move the USFL 1986 schedule to the fall, directly opposite the National Football League (NFL),
arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the NFL, which would supposedly increase
their investment significantly.[100]

Before the 1985 season, Trump signed Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Doug Flutie to a
$7 million 5-year personal-services contract. That made Flutie the highest-paid pro football
player at the time, as well as the highest-paid rookie in any professional sport.[101] After the
season, the Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers. Trump owned 50% of the newly
merged team, which would stay in New Jersey and retain the Generals nickname. At the time,
Trump boasted "it's probably the best team in football." (New Jersey and Houston both had good
but not great seasons in 1985: they each made the playoffs but lost first-round games.)

The Generals never played another game.[102] The 1986 season was cancelled after the USFL won
a pyrrhic victory in an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL: the NFL technically lost the suit, but the
USFL was awarded just $3.00 in cash damages. The USFL, which was down to just 7 active
franchises from a high of 18, folded soon afterward.[97]

Trump had expressed an interest in purchasing the Cleveland Indians for $13 million in a February
15, 1983 letter sent by Kenneth Molloy to team president Gabe Paul. Trump increased his offer to
$34 million later that same year. His lack of commitment to keep the franchise in Cleveland
beyond three years cost him any chance of completing the acquisition.[103]

Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded, operating golf courses in
several countries.[97] He also hosted several boxing matches in Atlantic City at the Trump Plaza,
including Mike Tyson's 1988 fight against Michael Spinks, and at one time acted as a financial
advisor for Tyson.[97][104][105]

In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race which was an
attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the
Giro d'Italia. The name was suggested by his business partner, basketball commentator Billy
Packer, who originally planned to call the race the Tour de Jersey. The first stage of the inaugural
race ended in the college town of New Paltz, New York where picketers greeted the riders with
anti-Trump signs. The second stage began in New York City, and Mayor Ed Koch, who had
denounced Trump as "one of the great hucksters", boycotted the event. The last stage of the 10-
stage 837-mile race was even more controversial. Going into the last stage, Belgian rider Eric
Vanderaerden was favored to win the tour championship, but lost at least 1 minute 20 seconds
when he took a wrong turn on a poorly marked course in Atlantic City, riding a quarter-mile or
more out of his way. He ended up finishing third overall, behind tour winner Dag-Otto Lauritzen

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(a Norwegian rider with the American-owned 7-Eleven team) and runner-up Henk Lubberding,
who also took a wrong turn during the last stage. Trump withdrew his sponsorship after the
second Tour de Trump in 1990 because his other business ventures were experiencing financial
woes. The race continued for several more years as the Tour DuPont.[106][107]

Trump submitted a stalking-horse bid on the Buffalo Bills when it came up for sale following
Ralph Wilson's death in 2014; he was ultimately outbid, as he expected, and Kim and Terrence
Pegula won the auction.[108] During his 2016 presidential run, he was critical of the NFL's updated
concussion rules, complaining on the campaign trail that the game has been made "soft" and
"weak", saying a concussion is just "a ding on the head." He accused referees of throwing penalty
flags needlessly just to be seen on television "so their wives see them at home."[109]

In 2012, Scottish soccer club Rangers was in financial turmoil, leading to its liquidation and
refounding. Trump considered buying the club, before backing out due to the extent of its
financial issues.[110][111]

Beauty pageants

From 1996 until 2015, when he sold his interests,[112] Trump owned part or all of the Miss
Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.

Miss Universe debuted on CBS, and both Miss Universe and Miss USA moved to NBC in 2002.[113]
[114] In 2012, Trump won a $5 million arbitration award against a contestant who claimed the
show was rigged.[115] In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business relationships with the
Miss Universe Organization during Trump's presidential campaign.[116][117] Trump later announced
that he had become the sole owner of the Miss Universe Organization by purchasing NBC's stake.
[118] He sold his own interests in the pageant shortly afterwards, to WME/IMG.[112]

In 1999, a few years after buying into Miss Universe, Trump founded a modeling company, Trump
Model Management, which operates in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.[119]
Together with another Trump company, Trump Management Group LLC, Trump Model
Management has brought hundreds of foreign fashion models into the United States to work in
the fashion industry since 2000.[120] This business and the beauty pageants overlapped
somewhat, with various pageant contestants getting modelling contracts.[121]

Trump University

Trump University LLC[122] was an American for-profit education company that ran a real estate

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training program from 2005 until at least 2010. After multiple lawsuits, it is now defunct. It was
founded by Donald Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny.[123] The
company offered courses in real estate, asset management, entrepreneurship, and wealth
creation, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.[124] In 2005 the operation was
notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" violated state law. After
a second such notification in 2010, the name of the operation was changed to the "Trump
Entrepreneurial Institute".[125] Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a
business license for the operation.[126]

In 2013 the state of New York filed a $40 million civil suit claiming that Trump University made
false claims and defrauded consumers.[125][127] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits relating
to Trump University were filed in federal court; they named Donald Trump personally as well as
his companies.[128] All three cases were settled in November 2016, after Trump's election to the
presidency, for a total of $25 million.[129]

Trump repeatedly criticized a judge, Gonzalo P. Curiel, who is overseeing two of the Trump
University cases. During campaign speeches and interviews up until June 2016, Trump called
Curiel a "hater of Donald Trump", saying his rulings have been unfair, and that Curiel "happens to
be, we believe, Mexican, which is great. I think that's fine",[130] while suggesting that the judge's
ethnicity posed a conflict of interest in light of Trump's proposal to build a wall on the United
States–Mexican border.[131][132][133] Many legal experts were critical of Trump's attacks on Curiel,
often viewing them as racially charged, unfounded, and an affront to the concept of an
independent judiciary.[134][135][136] On June 7, 2016, Trump issued a lengthy statement saying that
his criticism of the judge had been "misconstrued" and that his concerns about Curiel's
impartiality were not based upon ethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.[137][138]

ACN, Inc.

From 2005 to 2015, Trump was paid $8.8 million for promoting multi-level marketing
telecommunications company ACN Inc. and its products on ACN's website,[139] promotional DVDs
and at their events, and on his The Apprentice reality-TV show.[140][141]

In 2018, four investors filed a federal civil lawsuit in the Southern District of New York against
Donald Trump and his children Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric for fraud and racketeering. In July
2019, a district judge permitted the lawsuit to proceed with state-level claims of fraud, false
advertising, and unfair competition.[142][143][144] The Trumps were accused of not having disclosed
that they were being paid by ACN when they recommended the company as a sound investment.

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As part of the discovery process, the Trumps were ordered in March 2020 to provide information
from Trump Organization business records back to 2005.[145]

In April 2020, a federal judge ordered MGM, the majority owner of Celebrity Apprentice, to
release unaired tapes of two episodes of the show to the attorneys of plaintiffs who accused the
four Trumps of misleading them to invest in ACN; in the episodes, celebrity contestants
competed to produce commercials for an ACN product.[146] The Trumps appealed the ruling and
unsuccessfully sought to deal with the dispute via arbitration.[147] In November 2021, a federal
judge ordered MGM to make the tapes available to the plaintiffs' attorneys at a secure location.
[146]

Trump and his children were deposed in 2022.[148][149] In May 2023, the plaintiffs withdrew their
claims against the children in order to "streamline the dispute ahead of a trial".[150] The trial is
scheduled for January 29, 2024.[151]

Donald J. Trump Foundation

The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a U.S.-based private foundation[152] established in 1988 for
the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal by Trump
and Tony Schwartz.[153][154] The foundation's funds mostly came from donors other than Trump,
[155] whose last personal contribution to the charity was in 2008.[155] The top donors to the
foundation from 2004 to 2014 were Vince and Linda McMahon of World Wrestling
Entertainment, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania
in 2007.[155]

Per the foundation's tax returns, its benefactors included healthcare and sports-related charities,
as well as conservative groups.[156] In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about
40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation
($100,000), the New York Presbyterian Hospital ($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000),
and the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).[157][158]

Starting in 2016 The Washington Post began reporting on how the foundation raised and granted
money. The Post uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations, such as alleged self-
dealing and possible tax evasion.[159] The New York State attorney general is investigating the
foundation "to make sure it is complying with the laws governing charities in New York."[160][161]
A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job".[160] On October 3, 2016, the New
York attorney general's office notified the Trump Foundation that it was in violation of New York

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laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in the state
of New York. The foundation, which had also admitted to engaging in self-dealing on its 2015 IRS
form, agreed to this order.[162]

A 2018 suit by the New York State attorney general alleged that Trump had illegally used
foundation funds to buy self-portraits, pay off his businesses' legal obligations, and boost his
presidential campaign. The judge ruled against the Donald J. Trump Foundation and ordered
Trump to pay $2 million in damages. Trump agreed to give that money and the foundation's
remaining $1.8 million to 8 charities ranging from Army Emergency Relief to the United Negro
College Fund to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum and to dissolve the foundation.[163]

Branding and licensing

The Trump logo on a hotel in Chicago

Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects as well as commercial
products and services, achieving mixed success doing so for himself, his partners, and investors in
the projects.[164][165][nb 1] In 2011, Forbes ' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand
at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.[184]

Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and to be the public face for their
projects.[185] For that reason, Trump does not own many of the buildings that display his name.
[185] According to Forbes, this portion of Trump's empire, actually run by his children, is by far his
most valuable, having a $562 million valuation. According to Forbes, there are 33 licensing
projects under development including seven "condo hotels" (the seven Trump International Hotel
and Tower developments). In June 2015, Forbes pegged the Trump brand at $125 million[186] as
retailers like Macy's Inc. and Serta Mattresses began dropping Trump-branded products.[187][188]

The value of the Trump brand may have fallen due to his presidential campaign. After his 2016
campaign started, an internal Young & Rubicam study of Trump's brand among high-income
consumers showed "plummeting" ratings for traits such as "prestigious", "upper class", and

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"glamorous" at the end of 2015, suggesting that Trump's various businesses could face market
difficulties and financing challenges in the future.[189] Some consumers say they are avoiding
purchasing Trump-branded products and services as a protest against Trump and his campaign.
[190] Bookings and foot traffic at Trump-branded hotels and casinos fell off sharply in 2016,
primarily driven by a decrease in visits to the properties by women.[191][192] Following the release
of the Access Hollywood tape recordings in October 2016, the value of the Trump brand was
reported to have taken a further hit, with estimates of the reduction in the brand's added value of
up to 13 percentage points.[193][194]

In March 2024, Trump began promoting the $60 God Bless the U.S.A. Bible, which features a King
James translation of the Bible; the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence,
and Pledge of Allegiance; as well as the handwritten chorus of the Lee Greenwood song God
Bless the U.S.A.. The website selling the Bible bills it as "the only Bible endorsed by" Trump and
that his "name, likeness and image" are being used under paid license from one of Trump's
organizations, CIC Ventures LLC.[195][196]

Stocks, bonds, funds, and similar holdings

Trump's personal financial market investment portfolio is concentrated in the financial and
commodities markets.[197][198] The investment portfolio generates income and cash flow from a
variety of mechanisms as dividends, capital gains, and compounded carried interest. He invested
a minimum of $70 million in stocks.[199] Though real estate is still his most preferred asset class,
Trump became an active financial market investor in 2011 following disappointment from the
depressed American real estate market and various investments in the Federal Reserve's interest
yields on CDs were next to nothing.[200][201] Trump stated that he was not enthusiastic to be a
stock market investor, but that prime real estate at good prices was hard to find at that time and
that stocks and equity securities were cheap and generating good cash flow from dividends.[202]
He profited from 40 of the 45 stocks he purchased which he sold in 2014, making it almost a 90%
success rate in capital appreciation in addition to millions in earned dividends. The biggest
gainers in his stock portfolio were Bank of America Corporation, The Boeing Company and
Facebook, Inc earning a windfall profit of $6.7 million, $3.96 million and $3.85 million,
respectively.[199]

Trump's stock portfolio was valued somewhere between $33.4 million and $87.9 million in 2015
and was invested in many sectors, including public companies such as tobacco distributors, retail
outlets, pharmaceutical companies, industrial manufacturing companies, financial conglomerates,
oil companies, high technology firms and defense contractors.[203] Public stock investments

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within his portfolio include General Electric, Chevron, UPS, Coca-Cola, Home Depot, Comcast,
Sanofi, Ford, ConocoPhillips, Energy Transfer Partners, Altera, Verizon Communications, Procter &
Gamble, Bank of America, Nike, Google, Apple Inc., Philip Morris, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley,
Whole Foods, Intel, IBM, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Caterpillar, Kinder Morgan,
AT&T and Facebook.[202][204][205] He has at least $78 million invested in a variety of paper assets
such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, private equity funds, fund of funds, and hedge funds.[206] His
financial market investment accounts are kept at JPMorgan, Barclays, Deutsche Bank and
Oppenheimer.[204][207] His Barclays account includes investments in 32 entities and cash worth
between $49,021 and $396,001 and having stock in two accounts at Deutsche Bank that contain
cash, treasury bills, and stock in 173 entities. His investment account with Oppenheimer contains
cash and has 31 positions worth between $10,380,031 and $33,301,000. His account with
JPMorgan contains stock in 60 firms valued between $1,251,008 and $2,617,000.[208]

Trump has also invested in funds that focus on middle and smaller sized businesses such as Tesla
Motors, the electric car maker and has invested internationally in a number of emerging market,
growth and hedge funds located in Europe and Asia.[209] He has also invested in a number of
private equity and hedge funds including $1 to $5 million in Advantage Plus, $1 to $5 million in
AG Diversified Funds, $2 million in MidOcean Credit Opportunities, $4 million in Paulson & Co.,
and around $5 million with Angelo, Gordon & Co.[210][211][212] Trump's biggest fund holding has
been in Black Rock's Obsidian Fund, where his stake is estimated to be between $25 million to
$50 million.[213] Nearly all of Trump's open end mutual fund investments are concentrated in
Baron Capital Management, a mid-sized mutual fund family headed by mutual fund mogul
Ronald S. Baron.[209][214] Trump invested $16.2 million in Baron Capital Management, making him
a significant minority shareholder.[201] He revealed that he earned over $22 million with his
private equity, hedge fund, and mutual fund investments and generated between $1.5 million
and $10 million in income almost all of it from investments such as dividends, capital gains, and
carried interest.[215] Trump also has a portion of his portfolio invested in U.S. Treasury bonds.[213]

On a government form submitted in 2015, Trump reported holding an amount of physical gold,
valued at between $100,001 to $250,000.[216]

Taxes and income

Trump released some financial information in 2015,[83] but declined to publicly release any of his
full tax returns,[217] though he said he would do so before the 2016 election if what his attorneys
described as an ongoing audit by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was completed covering tax
returns for the years 2009 through 2016.[218][219] According to a July 2015 press release from his

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campaign manager, Trump's "income" for the year 2014 was $362 million ("which does not
include dividends, interest, capital gains, rents and royalties").[220] His disclosure filings for the
year 2015 stated that his total gross revenue was in excess of $611 million.[83]

Fortune magazine has reported that the $362 million figure as stated on his Federal Election
Commission (FEC) filings is not "income" but gross revenue before salaries, interest payments on
outstanding debt, and other business-related expenses; Trump's net income was "most likely"
about one-third of that.[221][222] According to public records, Trump received a $302 New York tax
rebate in 2013 (and in two other recent years) given to couples earning less than $500,000 per
year, who submit as proof their federal tax returns.[222] Trump's campaign manager has suggested
that Trump's tax rebate was an error.[222]

In October 2016, it was revealed that Trump had claimed a loss of $916 million on his 1995 tax
returns. As tax losses from one year can be applied to offset income from future years, the $916
million loss allowed him to reduce or eliminate his taxable income (and consequently his US
federal income taxes) during the eighteen-year carry forward period.[223] Trump acknowledged he
used the loss but declined to provide details such as the specific years the loss was applied.[224]

An investigative story by the New York Times found that in the early 1990s in order to avoid
"financial ruin" Trump's businesses used methods which were "legally dubious" to avoid paying
taxes, and that Trump's own lawyers described these activities as "improper".[225] Independent tax
experts stated that "Whatever loophole existed was not 'exploited' here, but stretched beyond
any recognition" and that it involved "sleight of hand". Since the taxes were related to the
reduction in Trump's extensive junk bond debt at the time and the bankruptcies of three of
Trump's casinos, the methods used were probably related, according to the report, to Trump's
reported $916 million loss reported on his 1995 tax return.[226]

See also

Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia

Donald Trump pseudonyms

Media career of Donald Trump

Notes

1. His external entrepreneurial and investment ventures include Trump Financial (a mortgage
firm), Trump Sales and Leasing (residential sales), Trump International Realty (a residential

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by Stan J. Caterbone, Pro Se Litigant and THE ADVANCED MEDIA GROUP Copyright 2025©

and commercial real estate brokerage firm), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a for profit
business education company, formerly called the Trump University), Trump Restaurants
(located in Trump Tower and consisting of Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream
Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (an online travel search engine[166][167][168]), Select By
Trump (a line of coffee drinks),[169] Trump Drinks (an energy drink for the Israeli and
Palestinian markets)[170][171][172][173] Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of
menswear, men's accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fragrance (2004), SUCCESS
by Donald Trump (a second fragrance launched by The Trump Organization and the Five Star
Fragrance Company released in March 2012), Trump Ice bottled water, the former Trump
Magazine,[174] Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home (home furnishings),[175] Trump
Productions (a television production company), Trump Institute, Trump: The Game (1989
board game with a 2004 re-release version tied to The Apprentice),[167] Donald Trump's Real
Estate Tycoon (a business simulation video game), Trump Books, Trump Model
Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mortgage, Trump Network (a multi-level vitamin,
cosmetic, and urinalysis marketing company),[176][177] Trump Vodka,[175][178][179] Trump
Steakhouse[166][180] and Trump Steaks.[167] In addition, Trump reportedly received
$1.5 million for each one-hour presentation he did for The Learning Annex.[181] Trump also
endorsed ACN Inc., a multi-level marketing telecommunications company. He has spoken at
ACN International Training Events at which he praised the company's founders, business
model and video phone.[182] He earned a total $1.35 million for three speeches given for the
company, amounting to $450,000 per speech.[183]

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// /

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Kash Patel
Kashyap Pramod Vinod "Kash" Patel[2][3] (born
February 25, 1980) is an American lawyer, former Kash Patel
federal prosecutor and author serving as the 9th
director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
since 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he
previously served as a National Security Council
official, chief of staff to the acting secretary of
defense, and senior advisor to the acting director of
national intelligence in the first presidency of Donald
Trump.

Patel was appointed senior counsel on

counterterrorism for the House Intelligence
Committee in 2017, as well as senior director of the
Counterterrorism Directorate at the National
Security Council in 2019. He worked as a senior aide Patel in 2022
to Congressman Devin Nunes during his tenure as
9th Director of the Federal Bureau of
chair of the House Intelligence Committee. While Investigation
working with Nunes, Patel played a key role in
Incumbent
helping Republicans in the investigations into Trump
Assumed office
and Russian interference in the 2016 election. Patel
February 21, 2025
was instrumental in drafting the Nunes memo in
2018, which alleged falsification in the FBI President Donald Trump
application for a surveillance warrant of a Trump Preceded by Christopher A. Wray
2016 campaign aide. Upon his confirmation to serve Principal Deputy Director of National
as FBI director, Patel became the first Asian and Intelligence
Indian American to lead the agency.[4] In office
February 20, 2020 – May 13, 2020
Patel has promoted several conspiracy theories[a]
President Donald Trump
including the deep state. He has sold branded
merchandise under the logotype "K$H". He is Preceded by Andrew P. Hallman
president and a board member of the Kash Succeeded by Neil Wiley
Foundation based in Alexandria, Virginia. He also Personal details
owns the consulting firm Trishul.[5]
Born Kashyap Pramod Vinod Patel
February 25, 1980
Garden City, New York, U.S.
Early life and education
Political party Republican

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Kashyap Pramod Vinod Patel[2][3] was born on Education University of Richmond (BA)
[6]
February 25, 1980, in Garden City, New York, to University College London
Indian Gujarati immigrant parents.[7][8] His family
Pace University (JD)
originates from the Bhadran village in Gujarat and is
of Patidar ancestry. They emigrated to Uganda "some Occupation Lawyer · government agent ·
70-80 years ago", where they faced ethnic author
persecution and were expelled by Idi Amin in the Partner Alexis Wilkins[1]
1970s and briefly returned to India while having
applied for asylum in the US, the UK and Canada. His parents moved to Canada once their
applications were accepted.[9][10][11] Subsequently, they moved to the United States and his father
started working as a financial officer at an aviation firm.[12] Patel was raised in the Hindu faith.[12]
[13] According to Kash, his mother is originally from Tanzania and his parents studied in India and

were married there.[11] Patel graduated from Garden City High School on Long Island.

After high school, Patel earned a BA in history and criminal justice from the University of
Richmond in 2002.[14] He completed his JD at Pace University School of Law, New York in 2005,
and obtained a certificate in international law from University College London in England in 2004.
[15][16][8][17]

Legal and governmental career (2006-2020)

Public defender (2006–2014)

After completing law school, Patel moved to Florida and was admitted as a member of the Florida
Bar in April 2006.[3] He spent the next eight years as a public defender, first in the Miami-Dade
County public defender's office and later as a federal public defender.[17][18] As a public defender
he represented clients charged with felonies including international drug trafficking, murder,
firearms violations, and bulk cash smuggling.[18][19]

Trial attorney with Justice Department (2014–2017)

In 2014, Patel was hired as a trial attorney in the United States Department of Justice National
Security Division, where he simultaneously served as a legal liaison to the Joint Special Operations
Command.[17][19] In 2017, Patel was appointed senior counsel on counterterrorism at the House
Intelligence Committee.[17][15][b]

Senior aide to House Intelligence Committee chair, Nunes (2017–2018)

In April 2017, Patel became the senior committee aide to House Intelligence Committee chair
Devin Nunes.[21][22] Patel played a prominent role in the Republican opposition to the
investigations into Donald Trump and Russian interference in the 2016 election.[22][23]

According to The New York Times, Patel was the primary author of the 2018 Nunes memo, alleging
FBI misconduct in its application for a warrant from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

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(FISC) for electronic surveillance of former Trump campaign aide Carter Page.[24] That claim was
disputed by the committee's staff director, by a spokesman for Nunes, and by unattributed sources
interviewed by India Abroad. Patel did not offer a public comment on the matter.[20] The New
York Times opined that the memo was widely dismissed as "biased" containing "cherry-picked
facts,", but "it galvanized President Trump's allies and made Mr. Patel a hero among them."[25]

After Democrats took control of the House of Representatives in January 2019,[26] Patel worked
for about a month as a senior counsel at the House Reform and Oversight Committee.[27]

Executive branch positions: Trump administration (2019–2020)

Senior director of counterterrorism at National Security Council (NSC) (2019)

Patel was hired in February 2019 as a staffer for President Donald Trump's National Security
Council (NSC), working in the International Organizations and Alliances directorate,[28] and in
July 2019 became senior director of the Counterterrorism Directorate,[29] a new position created
for him.[28] According to The Wall Street Journal, Patel led a secret mission to Damascus in early
2020 to negotiate the release of Majd Kamalmaz and journalist Austin Tice, both of whom were
being held by the Syrian government. The negotiations were unsuccessful.[17][30][31][32]

Informal Ukraine policy specialist role (2019)

Some advisors, including NSC official Fiona Hill, alleged that
soon after joining NSC, Patel had assumed the role of an
additional independent back channel for the president—even as
he was seen as underqualified for his portfolio, which covered
the United Nations.[25][28] Advisors such as Hill, who had an
uneasy relationship with Trump,[33] raised red flags when
Trump referred to Patel as "one of his top Ukraine policy
specialists" and, as such, wished "to discuss related documents
with him." Patel's actual assignment was counterterrorism
issues, rather than Ukraine. He was thought to have operated
independently of Rudy Giuliani's irregular, informal channel.
Impeachment inquiry witnesses were asked what they knew
about Patel. Hill told investigators that it seemed "Patel was
improperly becoming involved in Ukraine policy and was 2020 official portrait
sending information to Mr. Trump." Gordon Sondland and
George Kent testified they did not come across Patel in the
course of their work.[25]

In an October 2019 story, Politico, citing an anonymous source it reported had formerly worked at
the White House, wrote that Patel had "unique access" to Trump and had provided "out of scope"
advice to him on the United States' Ukraine policy.[28][34] Patel denied the claims and sued Politico
for defamation, seeking $25 million in damages.[34] The case was dismissed in April 2020 due to
the court not having jurisdiction because Patel was not a resident of the state where the suit was

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filed.[35] This was one of several cases where state residency became an issue for Patel.[36] The case
was referred the Henrico Circuit Court of Virgina, where it was ruled as a non-suit on March 15,
2022.[37][c]

On December 3, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee's report included phone records,
acquired via subpoenas to AT&T and/or Verizon, including a twenty-five-minute phone call
between Patel and Giuliani on May 10, 2019.[39]:58 The call occurred after Giuliani and Patel
attempted to call each other for several hours, and less than an hour after a call between Giuliani
and Kurt Volker.[39]:58 Five minutes after that call between Giuliani and Patel, an unidentified
phone number called Giuliani for over seventeen minutes, after which Giuliani called his associate
Lev Parnas for approximately twelve minutes.[39]:58 In a statement to CBS News on December 4,
2019, Patel denied being part of Giuliani's Ukraine back-channel, saying he was "never a back
channel to President Trump on Ukraine matters, at all, ever,"[40] and that his call with Giuliani was
"personal."[41]

Principal deputy with director of National Intelligence (2020)

In February 2020, Patel moved to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI),[42]
becoming a principal deputy[19][43] to Acting Director Richard Grenell. Later that month, Patel was
part of Trump's entourage during the state visit to the Republic of India and was noted in press
reports as one of two Americans of Indian descent to accompany the president.[44][45][d]

In October 2020, Patel claimed that Nigeria had approved a U.S. hostage rescue mission in the
country. However the U.S. was not able to confirm clearance.[46] According to the memoir, A
Sacred Oath: Memoirs of a Secretary of Defense During Extraordinary Times, by Defense
Secretary Mark T. Esper,[47] Patel "made the approval story up." In the end, SEAL Team Six was
still able to rescue Philip Walton who was being held hostage.[46]

Chief of Staff to Secretary of Defense (2020)

In November 2020, Trump named Patel chief of
staff to Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher C.
Miller, a move that followed Trump's firing of
Secretary of Defense Mark Esper.[48] Patel
reportedly argued that Esper was disloyal to Trump
by refusing to deploy military troops to Washington
to quell the George Floyd protests.[22] Patel
remained at the Pentagon for three months.[14]

Foreign Policy magazine connected the move to

Trump's "refusal to accept the election results."[49] Patel traveling with Acting Secretary Miller on
Based on interviews with defense experts, Alex January 14, 2021
Ward of Vox suggested that Patel's appointment
was "not sinister," would "not change much," and
may have served an effort to accelerate the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan.[50] According
to an unnamed source quoted by Vanity Fair, Miller was a "front man" during his time as Acting

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Secretary of Defense while Patel and Ezra Cohen-Watnick were "calling the shots" at the
Department of Defense.[51] Another source told the magazine that Patel was the most influential
person in the U.S. government on matters of national security.[51]

After the November 2020 election, Patel reportedly blocked some Department of Defense officials
from helping the Biden administration transition team, although he'd been designated to lead the
Department of Defense's coordination with them.[21] He also supported a departmental initiative
to separate the National Security Agency from the U.S. Cyber Command.[23][52]

Trump proposed Patel as a potential leader for either the FBI or CIA in early 2021 following the
2020 United States presidential election. Trump had considered installing Patel as either CIA
deputy director or acting director, which would have required firing the existing director Gina
Haspel.[53] This proposal faced significant resistance, including from Attorney General William
Barr, who wrote in his memoir that Patel would become FBI director only "over my dead body."[54]
[51][53] In his last weeks in office, Trump planned to fire CIA deputy director Vaughn Bishop and

replace him with Patel, but was talked out of doing so by Haspel, backed by Vice President Mike
Pence and White House counsel Pat Cipollone.[53]

Conflicts with intelligence agencies

CNN reported in January 2025 that Patel had for years clashed with the FBI and CIA, notably with
regard to his handling of national security secrets, leading the CIA to ask the first Trump Justice
Department to open a criminal investigation into his activities. The CIA alleged Patel had
circulated classified information about the Russian efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential
election to government officials not authorized to see it, in an effort to discredit the FBI
investigation of Russian interference. Patel denies mishandling classified documents and the DOJ
referral did not lead to prosecution. Patel's FBI security clearance file remains flagged to indicate
the CIA referral had been made. Patel was one of 43 individuals whose phone records were secretly
obtained in a sweeping leaks investigation during the first Trump presidency. Patel has suggested
the FBI should scale back its national security intelligence operations to focus solely on criminal
investigations.[55]

Post-government activities (2020–2025)

Patel is widely characterized as and has acknowledged being a
Trump loyalist.[56][23][21][57] Since 2020, Patel has invoked his
association with Donald Trump into "enterprises he promotes
under the logotype 'K$H.' "[14] In April 2022, Patel became a
member of the board of directors for the Trump Media &
Technology Group, owner of the Truth Social media platform.
[58] Patel promoted several pro-Trump conspiracy theories and

appeared on podcasts hosted by alt-right personalities such as

Patel with Andy Biggs at
Stew Peters[59] and co-hosted a talk show on The Epoch Times,
AmericaFest 2022
a far-right Falun Gong-affiliated media organization.[59][60]

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Patel also sold branded merchandise such as supplements that he says detoxifies the body of the
negative effects COVID-19 vaccines.[59]

Patel is the author of a 2022 children's picture book, titled The Plot Against the King, which falsely
asserts that the Steele dossier was used as evidence to initiate the investigations into Russian
interference in the 2016 United States elections.[61][62]

In 2023, Patel published the book Government Gangsters, a partial memoir that criticizes the
"deep state."[63] In his book, Patel wrote a list of sixty people who, he believed, were members of
the deep state, which included:[64][65] Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Hillary Clinton, Merrick Garland,
Bill Barr, Robert Mueller, James Comey, Mark Esper, and Robert Hur, among others.

On June 19, 2022, Trump sent a letter to the National Archives naming Patel and John Solomon as
"representatives for access to Presidential records of my administration."[66] In 2022, Patel created
Fight With Kash, a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) charity, to raise donations for "helping other people" in
need, though more specifically to bring "America First patriots" together and "helping fight the
Deep State." Patel said he "funded whistleblowers campaigns", which Democrats on the
Republican-controlled House Judiciary weaponization subcommittee said included former FBI
employees the FBI claimed endorse "an alarming series of conspiracy theories related to the
January 6 Capitol attack ... and the validity of the 2020 election". During a December 2023
appearance on Steve Bannon's "War Room" podcast, Patel concurred with Bannon's assertions that
Donald Trump is "dead serious" about his intent to seek revenge against his political enemies
should he be elected in 2024. Patel stated:

We will go out and find the conspirators — not just in government, but in the media ...
we're going to come after the people in the media who lied about American citizens,
who helped Joe Biden rig presidential elections ... We're going to come after you.
Whether it's criminally or civilly, we'll figure that out. But yeah, we're putting you all on
notice, and Steve, this is why they hate us. This is why we're tyrannical. This is why
we're dictators ... Because we're actually going to use the Constitution to prosecute
them for crimes they said we have always been guilty of but never have.[67]

Patel's remarks came during concurrent reporting in The New York Times about "a series of plans
by Mr. Trump and his allies that would upend core elements of American governance, democracy,
foreign policy and the rule of law if he regained the White House." Axios reported days later that
Patel was being considered for a top national security position in a second Trump administration.
[67][68][69]

In December 2024, The New York Times reported that Patel had made several misleading claims
about his role in the 2012 Benghazi attack investigation while at the Department of Justice.
According to current and former law enforcement officials interviewed by the Times, Patel
overstated his importance in the investigation and distorted the department's broader efforts.
While Patel claimed he was "leading the prosecution's efforts at Main Justice", officials said he held
a junior position in the counterterrorism section supporting the investigation, which was run by
prosecutors at the U.S. attorney's office in Washington, D.C., along with FBI agents and analysts.

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[70]

The Times also reported that Patel's claims about the prosecution of Ahmed Abu Khattala were
inaccurate. While Patel suggested Khattala would be released from prison before the 2028 election,
Khattala was actually sentenced to 28 years in prison in September 2024 after an appeals court
ruled his original 22-year sentence was too low.[70]

Involvement in Trump documents investigation (2021–2022)

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) found in 2021 that Trump had taken
presidential documents with him to his home in Florida after leaving office. After Trump returned
some documents, NARA found others were still missing, including some that were highly
classified. NARA referred the matter to the FBI, and after requests and a subpoena to return the
documents went unheeded, the FBI entered Trump's home under a search warrant to retrieve
them. Patel publicly asserted that Trump had declassified broad sets of sensitive documents before
leaving the White House. In October 2022, Patel was summoned to testify before a federal grand
jury investigating the matter, but he declined to answer questions by invoking his Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination. Patel was represented in the matter by lawyer Stanley
Woodward.[71][72] The Justice Department sought unsuccessfully to persuade a federal judge to
compel Patel's testimony. Justice Department prosecutors granted him limited immunity from
prosecution, after which Patel testified on November 4, 2022.[72][73]

Kash Foundation
Kash is president and a board member of the Kash Foundation,[74] which became a tax-exempt
501(c)(3) organization in July 2022. The foundation website includes a link to an online store to
products from Based Apparel, which is partly owned by Kash,[75] with "K$H: Fight with Kash"
products.[76] Fight with Kash is also a website affiliated with Kash and the Kash Foundation and
also has a link for the same Based Apparel online store.[77] When the Fight With Kash website was
first registered in September 2021, the registrants were the Kash Patel Legal Offense Trust and
Believe Media, of which the CEO and founder is a board member of the Kash Foundation.[75]

Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2025-

present)

Nomination
In November 2024, Trump nominated Patel as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to
succeed Christopher A. Wray.[78] If confirmed, Patel would be the FBI's ninth director and its first
Indian-American leader.[79] Trump cited Patel's role in "uncovering the Russia, Russia, Russia
Hoax" and his advocacy for "truth, accountability and the Constitution" in announcing the
nomination.[78] Following his nomination, Patel was targeted by Iranian hackers, who accessed
some of his communications.[80] His nomination hearing was on January 30, 2025, with the

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Senate Judiciary Committee.[81]

Two days before Patel's Senate confirmation hearing, twenty-three former Republican officials
released a letter stating that his confirmation would be "a grievous mistake that would endanger
the FBI's integrity and compromise its critical mission" because he is "motivated by revenge" and
"has repeatedly vowed to go after individuals on perceived enemies lists. This is a vision of the FBI
as an authoritarian weapon for pursuing his and Trump's grievances". The signatories included
many Justice Department officials from four Republican administrations dating to Nixon. Ty Cobb,
a former Trump White House attorney who signed the letter, said Patel "is not qualified remotely
by character or experience" to be FBI director and he is "somebody who is a real danger to
democracy and certainly a dagger in the heart of the FBI."[82][83]

Senate committee claims of possible perjury

As Patel's confirmation was under consideration, Durbin asserted "highly credible information
from multiple sources" suggested Patel was covertly directing a purge of FBI officials, asking the
Justice Department inspector general to investigate.[84] Durbin suggested Patel may have
committed perjury by testifying in the hearing he didn't "know what's going on right now over
there" to the question "Are you aware of any plans or discussions to punish in any way, including
termination, FBI agents or personnel associated with Trump investigations? Yes or no.". Patel
replied with:[85]

I don’t know what’s going on right now over there, but I’m committed to you, Senator,
and your colleagues that I will honor the internal review process of the FBI.

Durbin, based on information from multiple sources, asserted Patel had coordinated with Trump
deputy chief of staff Stephen Miller and acting deputy attorney general Emil Bove to remove
certain FBI officials.[e] According to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary site concerning Patel
saying on the day of the hearing about honoring the internal review process of the FBI and not
knowing what is going on at the FBI:[87]

Yet, if these whistleblower allegations are true, just two days prior, Stephen Miller, at
Mr. Patel’s direction, had ordered DOJ leadership not just to terminate a specific list of
officials, but to speed up those terminations.

In a letter to the inspector general of U.S. Department of Justice, Senator Durbin wrote:[85]

It is unacceptable for a nominee with no current role in government, much less at the
FBI, to personally direct unjustified and potentially illegal adverse employment actions
against senior career FBI leadership and other dedicated, nonpartisan law enforcement
officers.

Conflict of interest reports to the committee

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Although not known to the public until two days after the Senate committee hearing, Patel had
filed paperwork disclosing his consulting firm Trishul, a Wilmington, Delaware corporation, which
had Qatar as a client. The company provided national security, defense, and intelligence consulting
for Qatar until November 2024.[88] Patel was a consultant to Qatar while he a national security
advisor for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential Campaign. His consulting firm reported business
income of $2,114,251,[88] and he has faced scrutiny for not registering as a foreign agent under the
Foreign Agents Registration Act.[89] He stated that he would not divest himself from Trishul, but
Trishul will remain dormant if Patel should be appointed as director of the FBI.[89] The FBI is a
part of the U.S. Department of Justice, which is led by Attorney General Pam Bondi.[90][91] Bondi
is a former lobbyist for Qatar.[92]

Patel was also paid between $1 million to $5 million in restricted stock which is unvested in the
Elite Depot Ltd., the Cayman Islands-based parent company of Chinese online discount retailer
Shein.[93] As restricted stock, the stock can be legally titled in the future to Patel, becoming vested
to the recipient later on.[94] The disclosure forms did not say how $1–5 million had been earned as
unvested stock for consulting services.[95] The shares vest quarterly until November 1, 2025. The
first portion was scheduled to vest on February 1, 2025.[88]

After Patel's original financial disclosure or ethics agreement was filed, Patel had received 25,946
restricted shares at a value of over $800,000 (as of when reported) in Trump Media & Technology
Group, which is the operator the Truth Social social-media platform and is majority-owned by U.S.
president Donald Trump.[96] Patel is board member of the social media company.[97] Patel
received the stock two days before the Senate hearing, on January 28, 2025. Patel's new financial
disclosures are not at the moment publicly available from the U.S. Office of Government Ethics.

Approximately $200,000 (25% of the Trump Media restricted shares as of when reported) is
accessible immediately, and the remainder of the restricted stock becoming available in a vesting
schedule of installments from March 2025 through March 2027.[96] Concerning the idea of Patel
holding on to the restricted shares while working as director of the FBI, the following was stated by
Kathleen Clark, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis School of Law, who specializes in
government ethics:[98]

It gives him a financial incentive not to take any actions that would undermine the
value of Trump Media. That would include investigations.

Confirmation
During his confirmation hearing, Patel denied being familiar with right-wing conspiracy theorist
Stew Peters "off the top of my head", though he had appeared on the Peters podcast eight times.[99]
He strongly denied including an "enemies list" at the end of his book Government Gangsters,
though the book named sixty current and former "Members of the Executive Branch Deep State"
who are described as "corrupt actors of the first order." Patel was asked about a remark he had
previously made about prosecuting Justice Department officials on racketeering charges "for
criminally organizing the United States government to break the law to rig presidential elections."
He declined to acknowledge making the remark, asserting it was not provided in full context. He

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similarly declined to acknowledge the remarks about going after government and media figures
that he had made on the Steve Bannon podcast in December 2023. He sought to distance himself
from a meme he had shared on social media of him taking a chainsaw to his political enemies,
stating that he had not created the meme. Patel alleged Democrats on the committee were making
"false accusations and grotesque mischaracterizations" of him.[100][101]

Dick Durbin, the top Democrat on the committee, asked Patel about his music promotion of the
song "And Justice for All," choir music from some of the incarcerated January 6th United States
Capitol attack rioters (the J6 choir),[102] which was a recording that Patel had co-produced,
promoted, and sold. Patel has described the prisoners as "political prisoners".[103] Patel had also
produced a podcast with one episode called "What was the FBI doing planning January 6th for a
year?".[104] When Durbin asked Patel why did Patel state that the FBI planned January 6, Patel
replied that he did not make such a statement.[105]

Committee chair Chuck Grassley posted on social media "These latest allegations ... don't hold a
candle to Patel's character + credibility."[106]

On February 13, 2025, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 12–10 along party lines to
recommend Kash Patel's nomination to serve as FBI director.[107]

On February 18, 2025, the Senate voted 48–45 along party lines to forward Patel's nomination for
a full vote in the Senate.[108]

On February 20, 2025, the Senate confirmed his nomination, in a 51–49 vote.[109] The vote was
mostly along party lines, with the exceptions of Republican senators Lisa Murkowski and Susan
Collins who had voted in opposition to Patel.[110]

Tenure
Patel was sworn in as the 9th director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation on February 21, 2025 by Attorney General Pam
Bondi. He succeeded Chris Wray, who resigned on January 19,
2025, a day before Trump's second inauguration. With this
appointment, he became the first Indian American and the first
Hindu American to hold the position of director of the FBI.[111]
[112][113]
Patel being sworn in on the Hindu
holy book Bhagavad Gita by
Attorney General Pam Bondi,
Personal Views February 2025

Promotion of conspiracy theories

Patel has promoted multiple conspiracy theories,[a] and has been described as a conspiracy
theorist.[116][118] Conspiracy theories promoted by Patel include the deep state conspiracy theory,
false claims about 2020 election fraud, QAnon, COVID-19 vaccines, and false claims that the FBI

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instigated the January 6 United States Capitol attack, claiming it was planned as long as a year in
advance. He also claimed Democrats knew about the attack in advance. Patel promoted the
conspiracy theory that Trump supporter and Oath Keeper Ray Epps was a paid undercover FBI
agent who provoked rioters to enter the Capitol.[59][114][a][119]

Patel has actively promoted the QAnon conspiracy theory. On Truth Social, Patel promoted an
account with the handle @Q, which distributed messages related to the conspiratorial movement.
According to Media Matters, Patel shared an image featuring a flaming Q on it and went on
multiple QAnon shows in order to urge members to join Truth Social.[115] Patel said in 2022 that
Truth Social was trying to adopt QAnon "into our overall messaging scheme to capture audiences",
and that the figurehead of the QAnon movement "should get credit for all the things he has
accomplished".[117][120] Patel has appeared on multiple far-right podcasts promoting conspiracy
theories such as on Stew Peters, and appeared over 50 times in at least a dozen podcasts that have
promoted the QAnon movement.[59]

Patel has signed ten copies of his children's book about "King Donald" with the QAnon motto
"WWG1WGA" ("where we go one, we go all"). He has also promoted the #WWG1WGA hashtag on
Truth Social.[115][121] Also on Truth Social, Patel has promoted the use of pills that, he said,
reversed the effects of COVID-19 vaccines.[10][122]

Patel has expanded on his view of a deep state in the United States in his 2023 book Government
Gangsters: The Deep State, the Truth, and the Battle for Our Democracy, which Trump praised as
a "roadmap to end the Deep State's reign".[114][116]

Patel has been a featured tour speaker at the ReAwaken America Tour.[123][124] The ReAwaken
America Tour incorporates conspiracy theories into the speaking schedule of the touring speaking
events.[125][126]

Patel was paid $25,000 in 2024 to appear in a six-part film series entitled "All the President's Men:
The Conspiracy Against Trump." The series was made by a company owned by Igor Lopatonok, a
Russian national and U.S. citizen, who had previously produced films alleging deep state
conspiracy theories and promoting narratives of the Russian government. The series ran on the
Tucker Carlson media platform in November 2024, with Patel appearing as a supposed victim of
the deep state.[127]

Tom Nichols, a former fellow of the International Security Program at the John F. Kennedy School
of Government at Harvard University, wrote in November 2024 that Patel "is a conspiracy theorist
even by the standards of MAGA world."[128][129]

Past criticism of Elon Musk

With Patel's media appearances prior to becoming director of the FBI, Patel was critical of Elon
Musk,[f] who is key part of several corporations and had acquired Twitter, now X, in 2022.[131][132]

Patel stated on his podcast Kash's Corner about his concerns about Musk and his acquisition of
Twitter as well as his controlling interesting in various corporations:[132]

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What do you do with everyone’s personal information? Do you allow the [Chinese
Communist Party] to have backdoors like other companies, like TikTok, have done in
the past, and sell Americans’ data or provide Americans’ data directly to the CCP for
future use against Americans and American interest?

In terms of Musk's control of various companies, Patel said on his 2022 podcast:[133]

He’s already got Tesla, he’s already got the SpaceX program and the government DOD
contracts, which I believe to be the largest portion of his income, and now he’ll have
Twitter. So what scares me is, you want to talk about a monopoly, he is the ultimate
monopoly

Litigation
Between October 23 and November 8, 2019, Politico published articles about Patel that Patel
considered as defamatory. On November 18 of that year, Patel sued Politico in the Circuit Court for
the County of Henrico, Virginia.[134] The case was later ruled a non-suit on March 15, 2022.[37]

On January 21, 2025, the court case Kashyap Patel v. CNN was decided by the Court of Appeals of
Virginia. Patel claimed that Cable News Network (CNN) had slandered Patel in various news
stories, with one news story claiming Patel was a back channel for President Trump to Ukraine in
the course of events that were to become the first impeachment of Donald Trump. CNN was
granted the motion of requiring the plaintiff to provide documents that pertain to the plaintiff's
claim, or motion for crave Oyer in Virginia law.[135] Some documents presented were the Nunes
memo and the Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report (Ukraine Report).[136] CNN knew
Patel denied the claim, and that the Ukraine Report did in fact state the very allegations that Patel
had contested. The court ruled that "Patel's bare conclusory allegation that CNN acted with actual
malice was without factual support and insufficient to withstand demurrer."[137] A demurrer is a
document that objects to a filed pleading by the opposing party.[138]

Personal life
Patel resides in both Nevada[139] and Washington, D.C.[18] He plays ice hockey[19] and is a fan of
the sport.[140] In 2014, according to the legal website Above the Law, Patel agreed to participate in
a "bachelor auction" of "very handsome lawyers" to benefit Switchboard of Miami, a social services
organization.[141] He later withdrew from the auction after noting that his Florida Bar status was
inactive at that time.[3][142] Patel has been a regular guest on several podcasts including those
hosted by Tim Pool and Benny Johnson, among others.[140]

Notes

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a. Multiple sources have described Patel's embrace of conspiracy theories:[114][115][10][116][117][118]

[59]

b. According to The New York Times, Patel was the primary author of the Nunes memo, but that
claim was disputed by the committee's staff director, by a spokesman for Nunes, and by
unattributed sources interviewed by India Abroad.[20] Patel did not offer a public comment on
the matter.[20]
c. As of January 2021, the case was heard in the circuit court of Henrico County, Virginia. The
cases was later ruled a Non-Suit on 3/15/22.[38]
d. The other was Ajit Pai.[45]
e. According to the Senate Committee on the Judicary website: "Durbin went on to reveal that on
January 29, 2025, Acting FBI Director Brian Driscoll and Acting FBI Deputy Director Robert
Kissane scheduled a meeting where it was relayed that a group of Executive Assistant
Directors (EAD) and other supervisors must resign or be fired. Contemporaneous notes from
that morning meeting read: 'KP wants movement at FBI, reciprocal actions for DOJ.' Acting
Deputy Attorney General Emil Bove told meeting attendees that he received multiple calls from
Stephen Miller the night before. Mr. Miller was pressuring him because Mr. Patel wanted the
FBI to remove targeted employees faster, as DOJ had already done with prosecutors."[86]
f. Elon Musk is presently the leader of the Department of Government Efficiency, unit within the
Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP).[130]

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External links
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?135158) on C-SPAN
Media related to Kashyap P. Patel at Wikimedia Commons

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Kat Timpf, 36, Leaves Nothing To Imagination—Proof In

Picture OPEN
One Daily

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Kat Timpf, 36, Leaves Nothing

To Imagination—Proof In…
One Daily

Simon Cowell's Son's

Transformation Tragedy Is …
Your Health Agent
Sitting in a room with country artist and songwriter Alexis Wilkins, you'd be hard-pressed to guess her age. Her maturity and emotional intelligence are accented with a playful wit
and charm that shines through in person and in her music. Growing up in Fayetteville, AR on the edge of the Ozarks, Alexis was known for revving up the Razorback faithful with
her pre game National Anthem and for penning and performing original songs in community theatre.

Musically inspired at an early age, Alexis wrote her first song at age 6 in an effort to raise money for charity. At age 9 she was invited to Nashville to record that same song, which
ultimately raised money to plant more than 1,000 trees for the Nature Conservancy. The experience ignited a passion and drive to bring her music to an emerging fan base.

After moving to Los Angeles for her father's job, trips to Nashville became more frequent, and she quickly attracted repeat co-writes with a collection of the city's top talent -
including Grammy nominees and #1 and Top 20 hit writers.

At age 15, Alexis released her first music video, "I Like It Like This", generating nearly 300K views from more than 175 countries and prompting an invite to open for Joe Nichols
and Curtis Grimes at the Stars and Stripes Summer Beach Bash on South Padres Island, TX. Just six months later, she made her Bluebird Cafe debut with a full set of original
songs and soon after returned to L.A. to pack the house at the renowned Genghis Cohen.

Alexis' songs are naturally expressive. Her lyrics draw from personal experience and observation of human nature, extracting fine details from everyday life and emotions that
might otherwise go unnoticed. This is most notable in "Success Story", "Cheap Seats", "The Real You" and her 2015 summer release "Better Come Home." A self-proclaimed
"hopeful romantic", Alexis's heart cannot be contained in songs like "When I Find You" and "World That Makes the Love Go Round," while her playfulness breaks through in the
up-tempo "Long Story Short", "Responsible" and "Wish You Had a Truck."

Raised in a home that favored country music yet spanned all genres, Alexis embodies the storytelling of country while also feeling comfort writing on projects of all types. Most
recently one of her pop tracks "Thieves" was featured in the 2015 feature film "Bad Night."

Now a resident of Nashville, Alexis also remains a hard-working actress, splitting time between California and Tennessee. You can see her in season 3 of Nickelodeon's "Instant
Mom" as well as the indie feature "Painted Horses" scheduled for release in 2016. You can also see her in upcoming online features for "Balcony TV-Nashville" and "Hits in the
Sticks."

Although never without her guitar, her headphones and a notepad, Alexis also loves water skiing, bad puns, HGTV, her dog, running, SEC & NFL football, and every romantic
comedy ever made. Always tuned to support her community, country and planet, Alexis remains an active ambassador for Generation On, an organization focused on igniting the
power of youth to make their mark on the world.

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