GEE 102: GENDER AND SOCIETY Females – tend to have higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, which are

associated to lactation, menstruation, and other female reproductive functions.

LESSON 1. SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Humans – are meaning-making organisms.
Sex – is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality.
Higher Order Thinking and Tendency to Create Social norms – allows us to
Biological Sex / Physical Sex – Pertains to the identity depending on sexual anatomy attach social and cultural meanings to things, including one’s sex.
and physiology.
Males – are expected to be masculine
Genitals – are external organs that are associated with reproductions; the process or
Females – are expected to be feminine
the ability to create offspring.
Prenatal Procedures – is the process such as ultrasound.
Male – observed to have penis and testicles.
Gender – a social dimension that refers to one’s sexuality.
Female – observed to have vagina
Color Blue – is associated with boyhood.
Hermaphroditism – from Herms, a male Greek god, and Aphrodite, a female god.
Color Pink – is associated with girlhood.
- A case that babies are difficult to classify the baby’s sex without
further examination. Heteronormativity – a phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior
based on whether it conforms or not to the expectation relative to one’s biological sex.
Intersexuality – this term is used in modern times for hermaphroditism.
Girls – are often expected to be gentle, caring, and loving.
Hermaphroditism/Intersexuality – is a naturally occurring variation in humans and
animals. Boys – are encouraged to be strong, rough, and assertive.
Prevalence of Intersexuality – 1 in 1,500 births (discovered by American Human Gender Expression – is the natural variation of girls not wanting to wear
Psychological Association, 2006) dresses, and boys not wanting to play rough sports.
Chromosomes – are protein structures which contains genetic materials of the body. Gender Identity – Is the aspect of our gender senses of who we are.
 also used to determine sex.  Seeing yourself as a man, woman, or neither
XY – chromosomes of male Males – identified as man
XX – chromosomes of female Females – identified as a woman
Markers – chemicals in our body responsible for sustaining bodily process. Transgenders – person’s biological sexes do not align with one’s gender identity
Testosterone – is associated to sex drive and aggressions.
  Undergo gender reassignment surgery to align their physical The Concept of the Divine Feminine - the sacredness of the woman due to her
characteristics to their gender identity ability to conceive children.
Factors that Transgenders do not opt for surgery: Egalitarian - men and women have equitable power and roles
 Belief systems; Paternity – fatherhood/role of the father in conception
 Culture; and
 Economics Women – are only capable of reproductive affairs (World of Home and related tasks
such as suckling the young, child rearing, and home management).
Sexual Orientation – refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic and/or
sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Patriarchy - a system based on the control and oppression of women wherein they
are perceived to be the weaker sex.
 is discussed in three categories
1. heterosexual (having emotional, romantic or sexual attractions to  from the Greek word Patriarkhes which means "the rule of the father".
members of the other sex)  It is a social system where men primarily hold power in the political and the
2. gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to private spheres.
members of one’s own sex) In social, legal, political, and economic spheres…
3. Bisexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both
men and women)  men are expected to lead; and
 sexual orientation is distinct from other components of sex and gender,  women are expected to obey and are relegated to house chores, bearing
including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological and genetic children, and child care
characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the Patrilineal Society – often follows patriarchal society, meaning, only men can inherit
psychological sense of being male or female) * and social gender role (the property and the family name. Women were left with no inheritance and are expected
cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior). to marry a man who can support her economically.
Nature and Nurture – Plays a complex role in shaping sexual orientation Patriarchy - is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a
(according to American Psychological Association) biological phenomenon.
Heterosexual – identified as lesbian, gay or transgender. History suggests an egalitarian system rather than a patriarchal system.
__________________________________________________________________ Friedrich Engels - a German philosopher and sociologist, argues that patriarchy
LESSON 2. GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME came about when people started having private property instead of a communal
living.
Archeological Artifacts – reveals that in the distant past, during the dawn of
civilization, human societies have high regard for women. Greek
  Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior 19th and early 20th century – first-wave feminism spread across the western
sex and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear countries as women demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections and to
children, and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn be able to legally own property.
philosophy, politics, and science.
Simone de Beauvoir – wrote the book “The Second Sex” in year 1949.
Egypt
The Second Sex – outlines how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women by
 Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that slowly raising her into submission and hindering their productivity and happiness by
Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they relegating them to housecleaning.
can inherit property and engage in trade and politics.
 is an instrumental awakening for women about their plight as the “wife-
China servant” to their husbands in their famous quote “one is not born, but rather
becomes, a woman”.
 Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should
conduct themselves. Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique 2963
"Three obedience's and four virtues" and "Precepts of Women” – States that Kate Millete – Sexual Politics 1969
women should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband, and when
widowed she is to obey her son. Germaine Greer – The Femail Eunuch 1970

Subtle Forms of Oppression that Often Go Unnoticed in Patriarchy: Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes – it means women’s liberation
movement
 sexism - prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex;
 gender pay gap - men earn more than women;  was formed in Europe
 underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc;  Sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote (1940’s).
 rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime; Second Wave Feminism in 1960’s through the 80’s – women drew attention to
 very conservative expectations on women on how they behave; various social and cultural inequalities such as domestic violence especially marital
 unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very sexualized; rape, reproductive rights, wave inequality, and etc.
 women do more housework and childcare;
 boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores. 90’s – 3rd wave

Women’s Liberation Movement/Feminism – is a continuing series of social 2012 – 4th wave

movements that aims to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive UN Women – stated that women perform 66% of the world’s work, produce 50% of
political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. the food, but earn Io of the income and own 1 percent of the property.
Salient Points that Feminism Demands:
  Women Suffrage – women were not allowed to vote before because they Hermeneutics – understanding the meaning of texts (literary works, art works) and
were viewed as irrational and temperamental. what they convey about human realities
 Equality in Polics and Society – women voices were silenced, so society
must make an effort to restore their rights. Ethnography and Ethnomethodology – immersing a community and taking note of
 Reproductive rights – woman is in control of her body, and she can decide their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and practices.
for herself on what she sees is best for her. Quantitative Approach – focuses more on characterizing a population (total number
 Domestic Violence – marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by of individuals in a group) or a sample (a sub-group within the population).
society as part of marriage
 Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence – the center for women’s resources  Making generalization about the population based on the behavior of a
in the Philippines estimates that one woman or child is raped every hour sample.
mostly by someone they know. Methods of Quantitative Approach:
 Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, the right to make
decisions on her pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment  Survey collecting information from a sample; and
opportunity.  experiment – creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people in an
experimental group and comparing it to the behavior of people in a control
_____________________________________________________________________ group.
LESSON 3 GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY Mixed Methods – combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data
Gender role or Sex Role – are “sets of culturally defined behaviors such as from multiple sources.
masculinity and femininity” according to the Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender (2019). Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research:
Diversity Roles – are socially constructed and are not something that we are “born - known as the ethical principles
with Society”, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands
behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations. Principles of Gender and Sexuality Research
Gender Studies and Research – is a subject of inquiry which utilizes a systematic  Informed consent;
approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and assumptions, gathering  Confidentiality and Anonymity;
data, and making conclusions.  Non-Maleficence and Beneficence; and
 Distributive Justice
Research Process – is the systematic process
Human Ecology – recognizes the interplay among internal and external
Qualitative approach – focuses more on the meaning created and interpretations environments-physical, socio-economic, and cultural (Bronfenbrenner 1994; Bubolz
made by people about their own personal or vicarious experiences. and Sontag 1983)
Phenomenology – conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have _____________________________________________________________________
experienced a particular event and understanding their “lived experience”
LESSON 4 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION  uterus - womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried;
 fallopian tubes - carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where
Ovaries – female gonads fertilization occurs; and
Testes – male gonads  ovaries - produce estrogen and progesterone.

Gonads – produce germ cells and sex hormones Menstrual Cycle – marks the beginning of puberty in females.

Anatomy – the study of body structure in relation to body parts Menstruation – pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if conception has
not occurred.
Female Sexual Anatomy – designed for the production and fertilization of ovum, as
well as carrying and delivering infant offspring. Hypothalamus – the overall cycle of menstruation which monitors hormone levels in
the bloodstream.
Female External Genitalia:
3 Phases of Fluctuating Blood Levels of Ovarian Hormones:
 vulva -all the external genital structures taken together;
 mons veneris - pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin;  Menstrual Phase – occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant
 labia majora - outer lips surrounding all the other structures. itself into the uterine lining.
 prepuce-clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris; clitoris -glans  Proliferative Phase – occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
(head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to gland to release FSH that stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and
stimulation; causes ova to mature in the ovarian follicles
 labia minora - inner lips surrounding the vestibule, where, sweat and oil  Secretory Phase - occurs when the pituitary gland releases.
glands Corpus Luteum – produces progesterone
extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located;
 vestibule-area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly Endometrial Glands – begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular
sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings; in response to increasing level of progesterone.
 urethral opening -end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination;
 vaginal opening - also called introitus; and Problems Associated with Menstruation:
 perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is less  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – 80-95% of women experience.
in females than males.  Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation caused by overproduction of
Female Internal Reproductive Structures: prostaglandins, causing the uterine muscles to contract)
 Amenorrhea – Disruption or absence of menstruation.
 vagina - collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward
into body to cervix and uterus. Menopause (usually around age 45-50) – a woman stops menstruating as ova are no
 cervix - small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix longer brought to maturity.
leading to interior of uterus; Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics Emerge After Puberty:
  Widening of hips and pelvis – accommodates giving birth, but also results in sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity over the entire course of the
downward shift in center of gravity. lifespan;
 Enlargement of breasts – at puberty, both the glandular and fatty tissues of  vas deferens - travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm;
the breasts develop considerably.  seminal vesicles - two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose
sugar, comprising some 70% of semen volume. Alkaline nature may stimulate
More Female Characteristics: sperm to start self-propulsion and sugar may provide sperm nutrients. Ducts
 generally shorter than men; carry fluid and connect with vas deferens forming ejaculatory ducts
 greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men;  ejaculatory ducts - connect vas deferens to urethra;
 two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions; and  prostate gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of
 lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men. semen volume. Alkaline nature may help counteract otherwise, acidic
environment of urethra and vagina making them more hospitable for sperm.
Male Sexual Anatomy – is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for Fluid passes through a series of ducts along wall of urethra; and
fertilization of the female's ovum.  urethra- tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to
the opening of the penis.
The Male External Genitalia Consist of the Following Structures:
More Male Characteristics:
 prepuce - foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;
 penis - glans (head), shaft, and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to  generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water;
stimulation. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the  proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater blood
spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous bodies. fluid volume;
During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in erection;  exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial
 corona - rim of glans where it arises from shaft; hair, but also increased frequency and degree of baldness; and
 frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis;  single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as
 scrotum - sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes; colorblindness and hemophilia.
 urethral opening - found on head of penis this is the end of tube connected to
bladder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal structures
deliver semen by which male ejaculates; and
 perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is
greater in males than females.
The Male Internal Reproductive Organs:
 Testes - produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which
greatly influence male development and drive sexual motivation; also produce