Data

Presentation

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty,

•Systematic representation of the data, which is
collected and classified in the form of tables or
drawing (graphs / diagrams)

•logical and statistical conclusions can be

derived

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty,

 IDEAL PRESENTATION
Presentation of data

It should be simple and systematic to arouse the

interest.
It should be concised, but there should not be any
vomition / deletion of data.
It should be arranged in logical or chronological
manner.
It should be useful for further analysis.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty,

 OBJECTIVES / USE OF PRESENTATION OF DATA

•Easy and better understanding.

•Helpful in future analysis.
•Easy for comparison.
• It gives a first hand information.
•It is an attractive and appealing way of presentation.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty,

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

• The data gathered are presented inparagraph form.

• Data are written andread.

• It is a combination of texts and figures.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• Among 30 subjects of nutritional anemia, 26.66%
were having Vata-Pitta –Kapha prakruti, 20% were
of kapha-Vata-Pitta and Kapha-Pitta-Vata,
16.66% were of Vata-Kapha-Pitta prakruti, 10%
were of Pitta-Kapha-Vata prakruti and 6.66% were
of Pitta-Vata-Kapha prakruti.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 TABULAR PRESENTATION
- Method of presenting data using the statisticaltable.

- A systematic organization of data in columns and

rows.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 Parts of a statistical table
 Table heading – consists of table number andtitle
 Stubs – classifications or categories which are found at
the left side of the body of the table
 Box head – the top of thecolumn
 Body – main part of thetable
 Footnotes – any note inserted

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 Illustration
TABLE HEADING

BOX
HEAD
BODY

STUBS
FOOTNOTES

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Rules and guidelines for tabular presentation
1. Table must be numbered
2. Brief and self explanatory title must be given to each
table.
3. The heading of columns and rows must be clear,
sufficient, concise and fully defined.
4. The data must be presented according to size of
importance, chronologically, alphabetically or
geographically
5. Table should not be too large.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 Continued..
1. The classes should be fully defined
2. The classes should be exhaustive i.e. should include all
the given values.
3. The classes should be mutually exclusive and non
overlapping.
4. The classes should be of equal width or class interval
should be same
5. Open ended classes should be avoided as far as
possible.
6. The number of classes should be neither too large nor
too small.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

TABULATION / FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE / FDT /
TABLES
• The systematic presentation of data in rows and columns, called as
FDT (Frequency Distribution Table / Tabulation)
• Tabulation is a process by which a data of a long series of
observation are systematically organized and recorded, so as to
unable analysis and interpretation.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

TYPES OF FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)
• Depending upon the data
• It is of 2 types –
• Discrete Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)
• Continuous Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)
• DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)
• The table which represents the discrete qualitative or countable
data called as discrete Frequency Distribution Table (FDT).

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
DISCRETE FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTION TABLE
(FDT)

• Pick the lowest and highest observations.

• Arrange in logical order.
• Mark the tally marks against the observations.
• Count the tally marks and write it in frequency / countable data.

• No of children /family of 15 couple

• 0,1,0,2,2,1,3,1,2,2,1,3,4,2,2

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)
• The Frequency Distribution Table (FDT) represents the continuous
quantitative or measurable data.
• Ex-Table showing the marks scored by 15 students
• 5,10,23,20,17,30,7,13,19,27,28,21.5,28.5,35,49

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 Guidelines for constructing
continuous Frequency Distribution
Table (FDT)
• Select the lowest and highest observation.
• Select the suitable width. (i.e. Class width & Class interval)
• Divide the observations into sufficient number of classes. (Preferably in
between 5 to 15 classes)
• Make / Mark tally marks against each class.
• Continuous frequency distribution table consists of following entities –
• Class
• Class interval
• Lower limit
• Upper limit
• Class mid point
• Class frequency
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
• CLASS
• It is a quantitative classification of data in groups, when the samples
are large in number.
• e.g. 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50, etc

• CLASS INTERVAL
• It represents the width or the size of the class. It can be calculated by 3
• methods –
• Upper limit of the class – Lower limit of the same class.
• Lower limit of the class – Lower limit of the previous class.
• Upper limit of the class – Upper limit of the previous class.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• LOWER LIMITS
• It is a starting / first value of the class.
• e.g. In the class 20-30, 20 is the lower limit of the particular class.
• UPPER LIMIT
• It is a last / ending limit of the class.
• e.g. In the class 20-30, 30 is the upper limit of the particular class.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• CLASS MID POINT
• It is a single representative value of the class

• In the class 20-30, the class mid point will be –

• 20+30 = 50/2 = 25.
• In the class 20-30, 30-40 the class mid point will be –
• 20+30 = 50/2 = 25.
• Among these 2nd method of calculating the class mid point is the
better way for inclusive type of tables.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• CLASS FREQUENCY
• The number of observation following in a particular class called as
class frequency.
• The sum of all class frequencies will give the total number of
observations.
• Class frequency of 20-30 is 6.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
OF CLASSES
• There are 3 methods in constructing classes.
• Exclusive

• Inclusive
• Open end method

• EXCLUSIVE METHOD

• Upper limit of the class is excluded. (i.e. Not a part of from particular

• class.) The upper limit of the class will be the lower limit of the next
class.
• It is used for discrete or continuous type of data.

• e.g. 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, etc. Here, there is continuation of the upper
limit of oneclass with the lower limit of the next class.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• INCLUSIVE METHOD
• The upper limit of the class is included. (i.e. It is a part of the same
class.)
• Upper limit of the class will not be the lower limit of the next class.
• Because, it is included in the same class itself.
• It is used for discrete data.
• e.g. Weight, Hb%, height of the person.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• OPEN END
• When the lower limit of the first class or upper limit of the last class
or bothnwill not be fixed, called as open end method.
• It is used to accumulate a few extreme low or high.
• e.g. 0, 3, 5, 50, 20, 27, 26, 244487, 6, 89, 984526.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

TYPES OF TABLES /FDT
• Ordinary frequency distribution table (FDT)
• Relative frequency distribution table (FDT)
• Cumulative frequency distribution table (FDT)

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 ORDINARY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)

• which the observations /classes are arranged with their respective

frequencies
• Uses :
• It is simple, easy understanding for a large data in a snap.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)

• In which the frequency of each is expressed in terms of fractions, decimals

or percentage.
• It is calculated by the number of frequency of the class divided by the total
number of frequencies.
• Uses :
• It facilitates the comparison of 2 or more sets of data.
• It constitutes the basis of understanding the concept of probability.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

• It adds the frequency starting from the first class to the last class.
• The cumulative frequency of the given class represents the total of all
previous class frequency including that particular class.
• Uses
• To calculate more than and less than values of a given observation / class.
• For further statistical calculations like median

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 • PROBLEM

• An administrator of a hospital has recorded the

amount of time a patient waits before being
treated by the doctor in O.P.D. The waiting time in
minutes are – 12, 16, 21, 20, 24, 3, 15, 17, 29, 18, 20,
4, 7, 14, 25, 1, 27, 15, 16, 5. (= 20 patients). Prepare
the various forms of continuous frequency
distribution tables.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• Step 1 : Select the lowest and highest values.
• Lowest value among the raw data is 1 and highest value among the raw
data is 29.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• Step 2 : Prepare the classes.
• Total duration lies in between the 1 to 30 minutes.
• To prepare 5 classes – 30/5=6.
• So, the class interval should be of 6. So, the classes will be 1-6, 6-12, etc.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 Tabulation
 Can be Simple or Complex depending upon the
number of measurements.
 Simple table :
Title: Numbers of cases of various diseases in SDM hospital in 2018

Disease Cases

Pakshaghata 1100

Sandivata 248

Amavata 60

Gridrasi 100

Total 1308

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Frequency distribution table with qualitative data:

 Title: Cases of malaria in adults and children in the

months of June and July 2018

Jun-10 Jul-10
Type of
malaria Adult Child Adult Child Total

P.Vivax 54 9 136 23 222

P.Falciparu
m 11 0 80 13 104
Mixed
malaria 11 4 36 12 63

Total 76 13 225 43 389

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Frequency distribution table with quantitative data:

 Fasting blood glucose level in diabetics at the time of

diagnosis
Fasting No of diabetics
glucose level Male Female Total
120-129 8 4 12
130-139 4 4 8
140-149 6 4 10
150-159 5 5 10
160-169 9 6 15
170-179 9 9 18
180-189 3 2 5
44 34 78
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
DRAWINGS
• Presentation of the data in a form of graph or diagram
• Drawing presentation
• Geographical presentation
• Frequency Distribution Diagram.
• Generally, graphs are used to represent quantitative
data, where as
• Diagrams are used to represent qualitative data.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 Graphs and Diagrams
• They have powerful impact on
imagination of people.
• Gives information at a glance.
• Diagrams are better retained in memory
than statistical table.
• However graphs cannot be substituted for
statistical table,
• Because the graphs cannot have
mathematical information

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Graphical Presentation of data
l

For quantitative data For qualitative data

1. Histogram 1. Bar chart
2. Frequency polygon 2. Pictogram
3. Frequency curve 3. Pie chart
4. Line chart 4. Map diagram
5. Cumulative distribution curve
6..Scatter diagram

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 GRAPH
• These are commonly used frequency
distribution drawings.
• types. Viz. –
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Line graph (Chart)
• Cumulative frequency diagram (Ogive)
• Dot or scattered diagram

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 HISTOGRAM
• It is also called as Block Diagram.
• It is a type of Area diagram where the variable or
characters are plotted in X axis (Abscissa) where as
frequencies are marked in Y axis (ordinate).
• A continuous series of rectangles are formed and
this is called as Histogram. The width of the bars
may vary.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

• Used for Quantitative, Continuous Variables.
• It is used to present variables which have no gaps
• e.g age, weight, height, blood pressure, blood sugar
etc.
• It consist of a series of blocks. The class intervals
are given along horizontal axis and the frequency
along the vertical axis.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
FREQUENCY POLYGON
• Polygon means figures with the many angles.

• Joining the midpoints of class intervals at the height of

frequency after Histogram with a straight line is called as
frequency polygon.

•It is a area diagram of frequency distribution over a

histogram.
•It is a linear representation histogram,obtained by
joining the mid points of the histogram blocks.
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 FREQUENCY CURVE
• Joining the midpoint of class of frequency without histogram with a
smooth curve is called as frequency curve.

• Frequency Curve = Frequency Polygon – Histogram.

• It is used when there are large numbers of observations.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 LINE GRAPH OR CHART
• The points are marked corresponding to each class
or variables against their frequencies and they are
joined by smooth line.
• It is used to represent the trend in the form of
increase or decrease or the fluctuation of given
data.
• e.g. Population in million of various decades. (It can
be either in descending or ascending)

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DIAGRAM (OGIVE)
• Cumulative frequency diagram is based on cumulative
and relative frequency distribution.
• Before drawing Ogive one has to construct a
cumulative frequency distribution table.
• Later on the diagram is constructed based on variable
and its corresponding cumulative frequency. The
diagram is drawn by joining these points with a smooth
curve is called as Ogive.
• It is used to represent the various percentile like decile
(10), quartile (40), pentalile (50), etc.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
DOT DIAGRAM / SCATTERED DIAGRAM
• Generally used in correlation when there is
more than one variable to compare this type of
diagrams are used.
• It is applicable when one has to represent two
variables in same direction.
• One variable can be represented in X axis and
other can be in Y axis. We plot
• It is used in context of correlation. Therefore, it
is also called as
• “Correlation Diagram.”
• e.g. Height and Weight
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
PRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE DATA
• To present qualitative or discrete data diagrams are
generally used. The commonly used diagrams are
as follows –
• Bar Diagram
• Pie Diagram – Sector Diagram
• Pictogram – Picture Diagram
• Map Diagram – Spot Map

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 BAR DIAGRAM
• Representation in the form of rectangles with spacing
with uniform width of rectangle is called as Bar
Diagram.

• The spacing between the two bars should be ½ of the

width of the rectangle.
• Types of Bar Diagram
• 01. Vertical Bar Diagram
• 02. Horizontal Bar Diagram

• In case of vertical bar diagram variable is in X axis and

frequency in Y axis.
• In case of horizontal bar diagram, variable is
represented in Y axis
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
• Bar diagram can be also classified as –
• 01. Simple bar diagram
• 02. Multiple bar diagram
• 03. Proportionate bar diagram

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
• When you represent a single variable as a set of rectangle is called
as simple bar diagram.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
• When variables are represented in sets of more than one is called as
multiple bar diagram.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

PROPORTIONATE BAR DIAGRAM
• Useful for comparison and is represented by subdivision in a same
rectangle.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 PIE DIAGRAM
• It
is also called as sector diagram. Frequencies are
represented by a circle .
• The value of each category is divided by the total
values and then multiplied by 360 and then each
category is allocated the respective angle to
present the proportion it has.
• It is often necessary to indicate percentages in
the segment

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Draw a pie diagram of following data.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
 33.3%
50%

16.6%

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Show this data by Pie chart.
• Question-: In a 1st PG class 50 students are studying.15 students
achieved distinction result.25 students 1st class.10 students got 2nd
class result

Result No of Students
Distinction 15

1st class 25

2nd class 10

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

 1st PG Result

2nd class
Distinction
20%
30%

1st class
50%

Distinction 1st class 2nd class

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

PICTOGRAM (PICTURE DIAGRAM)
• Popular method of presenting data to those who cannot
understand conventional charts .
• Most common diagram to impress the population.
• In this diagram, actual pictures are used to represent
the class frequency. Each picture will represent the unit
of 10, 20, 100, 1000, 10,000, lacks etc.
• Small pictures or symbols are used to present the data,
• e.g a picture of a doctor to represent the population
physician.
• e.g. Production of car per month.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
MAP DIAGRAM (SPOT DIAGRAM)

• Represents the geographical distribution of frequencies of a

variable / characteristics.

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi

Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi
Dr Sandesh Kumar Shetty, SDMCA Udupi