Volume 110 International Scientific Journal

Issue 2 published monthly by the

August 2021 World Academy of Materials
Pages 72-85 and Manufacturing Engineering

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.4314

Analytical and numerical investigation

of the free vibration of functionally
graded materials sandwich beams
S.H. Bakhy a, M. Al-Waily b,*, M.A. Al-Shammari c
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
c Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering,

University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

* Corresponding e-mail address: [email protected]
ORCID identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-1980 (M.A-.W.)

ABSTRACT

Purpose: In this study, the free vibration analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs)
sandwich beams having different core metals and thicknesses is considered. The variation
of material through the thickness of functionally graded beams follows the power-law
distribution. The displacement field is based on the classical beam theory. The wide
applications of functionally graded materials (FGMs) sandwich structures in automotive,
marine construction, transportation, and aerospace industries have attracted much
attention, because of its excellent bending rigidity, low specific weight, and distinguished
vibration characteristics.
Design/methodology/approach: A mathematical formulation for a sandwich beam
comprised of FG core with two layers of ceramic and metal, while the face sheets are made
of homogenous material has been derived based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory.
Findings: The main objective of this work is to obtain the natural frequencies of the FG
sandwich beam considering different parameters.
Research limitations/implications: The important parameters are the gradient index,
slenderness ratio, core metal type, and end support conditions. The finite element analysis
(FEA), combined with commercial Ansys software 2021 R1, is used to verify the accuracy of
the obtained analytical solution results.
Practical implications: It was found that the natural frequency parameters, the mode
shapes, and the dynamic response are considerably affected by the index of volume
fraction, the ratio as well as face FGM core constituents. Finally, the beam thickness was
dividing into frequent numbers of layers to examine the impact of many layers' effect on the
obtained results.
Originality/value: It is concluded, that the increase in the number of layers prompts
an increment within the frequency parameter results' accuracy for the selected models.
Numerical results are compared to those obtained from the analytical solution. It is found
that the dimensionless fundamental frequency decreases as the material gradient index
increases, and there is a good agreement between two solutions with a maximum error
percentage of no more than 5%.

72 RESEARCH PAPER © Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2021
Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams

Keywords: FGMs, Sandwich beam, Classical beam theory, Vibration, FEA, Frequency,
ANSYS
Reference to this paper should be given in the following way:
S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari, Analytical and numerical investigation of the free
vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams, Archives of Materials Science
and Engineering 110/2 (2021) 72-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4314

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH, ANALYSIS AND MODELLING

1. Introduction
1. Introduction law gradation. It is found that the material fraction index has
a strong impact on the first mode shape and the influences
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) being modern become smaller for higher-order vibration modes. By
materials having compositions that change unceasingly via employing both the beam Timoshenko theory and nonlocal
their thickness. They are generally produced from a strain gradient integral model, the free vibration response of
combination of metal and ceramic and might consequently functionally graded (FG) beam was examined by Tang and
appear tougher when subjected to high temperatures [1]. The Qing [8]. The asymptotic development method (ADM) is
wide applications of functionally graded materials (FGMs) used by Cao et al. [9] to investigate the free vibration
sandwich structures in automotive, marine construction, analysis of uniform beams with different boundary
transportation, and aerospace industries have attracted much conditions. The numerical results of the proposed method
attention, because of its excellent bending rigidity, low are confirmed by comparing the obtained results with those
specific weight, and distinguished vibration characteristics. obtained via finite element analysis. Hadi Arvin et al. [10]
Many researchers have investigated the stability and provided numerical results of the free vibration treatment of
vibrational behavior of FGM structure structures using pre-and post-buckled rotating functionally graded beams.
different theories such as 2D and 3D elasticity theory [2]. The framework of the Euler-Bernoulli beam model
Le et al. [3] formulated an efficient third-order shear alongside the von-Kármán strain-displacement relationship
deformation beam element for free vibration and buckling is employed using various beam theories. The free vibration
analysis of bidirectional functionally graded sandwich analysis of rotating fully-bonded and delaminated sandwich
beams. Mohammad Arefi and Farshid Najafitabar [4] beams; containing AL-foam flexible core and carbon
studied buckling, and free vibration analyses of sandwich nanotubes reinforced composite face sheets subjected to
beam. The sandwich beam is composed of a soft core thermal and moisture field is investigated by using high-
integrated with functionally graded graphene nanoplatelets order generalized differential quadrature method [11]. Guo-
reinforced composite face sheets using extended higher- dong Xu et al. [12] studied free vibration of composite
order theory under various boundary conditions employing sandwich beam with graded corrugated lattice core using
the Ritz method. Omidi Soroor et al. [5] used both the Euler- Ritz Method. The natural frequencies and buckling loads are
Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories to investigate the obtained in terms of weight fraction and distribution of
free vibration of sandwich beam consisting of magneto- graphene nanoplatelets, length to thickness ratio, core to
rheological fluid core and an axially functionally graded surface ratio, and different boundary conditions.
constraining layer. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to S. Rajasekaran [13] studied the vibration and stability of
derive the frequency-dependent eigenvalue problem through the axially (FGM) non-uniform beams utilizing a differential
the kinetic and strain energy expressions of the sandwich transformation-based dynamic stiffness method. Karamanli
beam. and Vo [14] studied bending, buckling, and free vibration
Dynamic analysis of an inclined sandwich beam under a analyses of functionally graded (FG) sandwich microbeams
moving mass is presented based on a third-order shear using the third-order beam theory. The Mori-Tanaka
deformation theory by Nguyen et al. [6]. The core of the homogenization technique is used to model the material
sandwich beam is homogeneous while the two face sheets distributions through the thickness. The finite element model
are made from FGMs. The numerical result reveals that is developed to solve the problems.
the material gradation plays an important role on the Sari and Butcher [15] used the Chebyshev collocation
dynamic response of the beam. Selmi and Mustafa [7] method and presented a new solution to identify the dynamic
developed, an approximate method based on the continuous performance of rotating and non-rotating Timoshenko
elements method to study the free vibration behavior of bi- beams. Abbes Elmeiche et al. [16] investigated the analysis
dimensional FG Euler-Bernoulli beams with exponential of the FG nanobeams free vibration depending upon the Ritz

Volume 110 Issue 2 August 2021 73

 S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari

method of high-order beam theory. O. Rahmani and O. verified employing FEM. Owing to the wide uses of the
Pedram [17] studied depending upon the theory of nonlocal functionally graded materials FGMs, it's essential to
Timoshenko beam the size gradient effect upon the investigate the dynamic and static analysis of the (FGM)
functionally graded nanobeam vibration. Mohamed sandwich structures, like plates, beams as well as shells.
Bouamama et al. [18] investigated the free vibration of the The investigation aims to present an exact solution and
(FGMs) beams under different boundary conditions for an analytical mathematical model for the free vibration of a
examining the thickness effect of the sandwich beam panel simply supported (FGM) sandwich beam to find the natural
upon the entire structure stability. Kanu et al. [19] made frequencies according to various FGM parameters. FGM
important comments on the fracture, vibration, buckling, and parameters are power-law index, elastic parameters, core
bending analysis of structures produced from FGMs. Li et material, and length to thickness ratios. The beam material
al. [20] investigated the sandwich beams non-linear dynamic was assumed isotropic with a smooth variation in the
response with the (FGM) negative honeycomb core thickness direction only.
Poisson's ratio. The vibration response of simply supported There, the purpose of the presenting study was to
FG and viscoelastic/fractionally damped beams located on investigate the effect of different FGM parameters, in
the Pasternak foundation subjected to a point harmonic load addition to, various porous parameters on the vibration
is studied by Sepehri-Amin et al. [21]. Garg et al. [22] characterization of the sandwich beam structure.
presented a comparative study that uses a finite element
based on higher-order zigzag theory for observing bending
analysis on sandwich functionally graded beams made up of 2. Beam
Beamtheory
2.  theoryand
andformulations
formulations
different material property variation laws. Karamanli [23]
employed a third-order shear deformation theory and the Many beam theories use to signify the static, free
Lagrange equations to analyze free vibration of bi- vibration, and stability of beam structures. The Classical
directional FG straight beam subjected to different boundary Beam Theory (CBT) or Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is the
conditions. Simsek and Kocatürk [24] used both the power- easiest theory used for evaluating the overall performance of
law and exponential forms to study the free vibration as well thin beams. The alternative popular theory beam is the
as the dynamic response of an (FGM) Euler–Bernoulli beam theory of Timoshenko beam or the (FSDT), in that the
beneath a sinusoidal load. influence of the transverse shear stress regarding the
Nguyen et al., [25] introduced an analytical based on coordinate of thickness is considered. Thus, a shear
Timoshenko beam theory to evaluate the free vibration of bi- parameter is necessary to get accurate results. To avoid using
dimensional functionally graded beams excited by a moving the correction for shear and to obtain a better prediction of
concentrated load. A finite element model is derived and the transverse shear deformation and regular strains in
used in combination with the Newmark method in beams, theories of higher-order shear deformation beam
computing the natural frequencies. Huang et al. [26] (HSDTs) have been suggested. Generally, these theories can
investigated the vibration characterizations of the axially be modified depending upon the higher-order variants of the
(FGM) beams with various cross-sections. A New FEA in-plane displacements. The most common theories of
approach has been employed to obtain the characteristics of HSDT beam are (i) the parabolic shear deformation theory,
the FG beam-free vibration [27]. Depending upon the (ii) the trigonometric shear deformation theory, (iii) the
Rayleigh-Ritz approach, the free vibration of the hyperbolic shear deformation theory, (iv) the exponential
Timoshenko and Euler (FGM) beams exposed to various shear deformation theory, and (v) the fresh shear
boundary conditions have been presented by Pradhan and deformation theory. A comprehensive study of static and
Chakraverty [28]. Ngoc-Duong Nguyen et al. [29] analysed FVA of the axially loaded (FGM) beams depending upon the
the dynamic response and free vibration of Timoshenko (FSDT) was performed by Nguyen et al. [33]. The axial and
beams with internal hinges under various boundary transverse displacements of any point being, depending on
conditions. Chang and Chen [30] proposed a Ritz-type the classical beam theory (CBT), given by,
solution for free vibration and buckling analysis thin-walled ப୵బ
composite and functionally graded sandwich I-beams. u୶ ሺx, y, zሻ ൌ െz (1)
ப୶
Shahba and Rajasekaran [31] utilized the FEM for studying
wሺx, zሻ ൌ w୭ ሺxሻ (2)
the problem of the stability and free vibration of the axial
(FGM) non-uniform beam. Mashat et al. [32] investigated where, w୭ is the transverse deflection upon the mid-plane
the problem of the free vibration for FGM layered beams (that means z is zero) of the beam. The displacement field in
depending upon different theories, and the results were Equation (3) indicates that the straight lines normal to the

74 RESEARCH PAPER Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams

mid-plane before deformation stay normal and straight to the Generally, the characteristics of the material of the
mid-plane beyond deformation, as shown in Figure 1 [34]. functionally graded sandwich beam elements follow one of
By ignoring the transverse strain and the normal strain, the the mathematical idealizations, such as the law of exponents,
linear strain-displacement relationship can be expressed as, the law of sigmoid type, or the law of power index. In the
present investigation, it's supposed that the functionally
�� ���
e�� � � �z (3) graded sandwich beam is comprised of metal and ceramic and
�� ���
follows the power-law index, which can be defined by [35]
Regarding that the FG beam material follows the Hooke
� �
formula, the stress-strain relationship of the beam in the �� �
x-direction is, V� �z� � � � (9)
�

S�� � E� e�� (4) The constituent volume fraction of the functionally

graded material beam is assumed to change unceasingly
Ex is the modulus of elasticity; thus, an (FGM) beam's linear
alongside the direction of thickness and obey the distribution
constitutive relations, such as the bending moments (M�� ,)
of power-law as in the following,
on a beam element case, can be written as follows,
� �
� � ��
M��
�� �
� � S�� z dz � E � �e�� � zdz � �D�� � ��� �
� �
(5) P�z� � �P� � P� � � �
� � P� (10)
� � �
� �
� �
In Equation (10), Pc and Pm are the material
where Dxx=ExIyy is the flexural rigidity of the beam, and
characteristics values of the ceramic and the metal,
I�� � �� z � dA is the 2nd moment of the area around the
correspondingly. The sum of volume fractions of the
y-axis, ceramic and metal is stated as, : V� �z� � V� �z� � 1 where
� V� and V� are the metal and ceramic volume fractions,
D � D�� � Eh� (6)
�� respectively, k is the variation index of a power law, which
Alternatively, the second-order equilibrium equation of is a positive variable in the range of [0, ∞). It can be noticed
the Kirchhoff beam theory may be written as, from Equation (9) that at z = − h/2, all mechanical properties
represent metal constituent, while at z =h/2, the ceramic
�� ��� �� �
� I� (7) properties will control the beam surface. For our current
��� ���
formulation, in addition to the Poisson's ratio (ν) constant,
By using bending and twisting moments in Equation (5), the other characteristics of the material, like the modulus of
the beam governing equation can be obtained as detailed elasticity (E) and the density of mass (ρ) being varying along
below, the thickness direction.
�� � �� �
D� � � I� �0 (8)
��� ���
3. Functionally
Functionally graded
3.  gradedsandwich
sandwichbeam
beam
where, I� is the inertial coefficient of the beam.
The wide applications of FG sandwich structures in the
marine and aerospace applications, transportation as well as
aviation companies have attracted many considerations, and
certain researchers have performed continuous static and
dynamic inspections on them. Due to the special perform-
ance of the stiffness-to-weight ratio, the use of such systems
in various industries is constantly developing. Therefore, in
a wide range of FGM material uses, it's crucial to explore the
static and dynamic conduct of auxiliary personnel with
FGM, such as beams and plates. The plate is considered to
have a homogeneous hard core and FGM face sheets.
In this study, an FG symmetric sandwich beam has been
considered. The beam has a rectangular cross-section of
Fig. 1. The deformation of a distinctive transverse length (L), width (d), thickness (b), also the FG core is
perpendicular line in CBT [34] comprised of a mix of an aluminium matrix and the alumina

Volume 110 Issue 2 August 2021 75

 S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari

(Al2O3) phases, as shown in Figure 2. The higher part of the For the present investigation, it is assumed that the beam
beam core is made of pure ceramic (Al2O3), and the lower core is an FGM, whereas the upper, as well as lower skins,
part being pure aluminium, while the area between them is are made of the same homogenous material, so the modulus
made of FGM. Furthermore, the face sheets are made of of elasticity E� � E� and the mass density ρ� � ρ� . The
homogenous metal [36]. general representation for the flexural rigidity and inertia for
sandwich beam can be written as,
�
� ��
�
���� �
⎛� ��E� � E� � � � � E� � z � dz⎞
��
D� � ⎜ ��
⎜ �� � �
⎟
⎟ (17)
⎜ �� �� ⎟
�� � � ��� �
� � ��� E� z � dz � � ��� �
E� z dz
⎝ �� � ��� � � �
� ⎠
For simplicity let ρ� � ρ�� ρ� , d� � d� � d� , E1=E2 =Es,
Fig. 2. Geometry configurations of the model
then we get,
� � �
The governing differential equation for the functionally �E� � E� �d� � ���� � ��� � ������� �
graded beam free vibration can be defined in the framework D� � � � � (18)
�� �� � �� � ��� �� � �
of the general theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam (CBT) as � E� � � � � �
�� � ��
following,

�� �
� � Following the same procedure, the inertia coefficient for
E�z� � �E� � E� � � � � E� (11) the whole beam is,
�
��� ��� ���
� � I�� � � ρ� d� � 2ρ� d� (19)
�� �����
ρ�z� � �ρ� � ρ� � � �
� � ρ� (12)
�
The governing equation of the sandwich beam now
�/� becomes,
D � ���/� E�z� � z � dz (13)
�� � �� �
� � D� � � � I� �0 (20)
��� ���
� �� ��
��� ���
D � �E� � E� �h� � � � (14) � � �
�
� �� �E� � E� �d� � ���� � ��� � ������� �
������ �� �
⎛� �
�� � ��� �
�
�� �⎞
� � �� � �� � ���
where, I� is the moment of inertia of the FGM sandwich ⎜ � E� � �
� � ⎟�0 (21)
⎜ �� � �� ⎟
beam, which can be expressed in term of the volume fraction ��� ��� ��� �� �
index as, ⎝ �� �����
� ρ� d� � 2ρ� d� �
��� ⎠
�
� � � To evaluate the beam natural frequency, the general
I� � � ��ρ� � ρ� � � � � � ρ� � dz �
�
�
�
�
� � motion equation solution of a beam having a free vibration
�
� � � consistence section and a fixed modulus is as follows,
� ��ρ� � ρ� � �� � �� � dz �
�
�
⎛ � ⎞ W�x, t� � W� �x� � W� �t� (22)
�⎜ �
� ⎟ (15)
�� ��� ��
� ρ� dz � ������
�
� � ρ� h Then, by substituting Equation 21 in Equation 19 and
�
⎝ � ⎠ solving them will get,
Substitute Equations 12, 13 in Equation 9, the following
A cos ψx � A� sin ψx �
equation can be obtained, W�x� � � � � (23)
A� cosh ψx � A� sinh ψx
� �
� where, A1, A2, A3, and A4 are constants and can be
��� ��� �� �� �� �
⎛��E� � E� �h� � � � � �� �⎞ obtained via applying the required beam boundary
� �� ���
⎜ ⎟ �0 (16) conditions. Comparing Equation (21) with the general
⎜ ������ ⎟
��� ��� �� �� � equation of SDF motion for the structure free vibration as
⎝ �� � ρ� h � ⎠ following,
����� ���

76 RESEARCH PAPER Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams

ω��� w�t� �
�� ����
�0 (24) respectively. The power-law distribution, k = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5,
��� 1, 2, 5, 10.
� � �
��� ��� ��� � � � � ��
��� ��� ������
⎛ ⎞
�
�����⎜
�� �� �
��� �
��
��
� �� � � �
�
�� �
�
⎟ 4. Numerical investigation
4. Numerical investigation
�� � ��
ω� � ��� �� ⎝ ⎠
(25)
��� ���� ��� ��������� �� The FEM is implemented to solve many static and
dynamic responses of structures, such as structures
This form is equivalent to the following equation of a composed of different beam elements. The numerical
homogenous uniform beam, method is a technique used to evaluate the approximate
solutions of problems [39]. The considered FG sandwich
��
ω� � ��� l�� � (26) beam was modelled using commercial software (ANSYS
����
version 2021 R1). The ANSYS Design modeler was used to
where, E: Young's modulus of the beam, I: Moment of generate the FG composite sandwich beam model. The beam
inertia of, beam, : Density of the beam, A: Cross-sectional model dimensions were considered based on the ASTM
area of the beam, l: the beam length, n: the no. of beam standard, and it is built with an 8-node SOLID186 element
modes. and meshed with a 3 mm size element [39-47]. Figure 3a
Thus, for evaluating the value of natural frequency, explains the 3D beam model in the ANSYS software for the
present analysis. Also, the mesh of beam structure required
suitable value boundary conditions should be chosen. In this
selected the best element and node required number by using
study, three boundary conditions kinds being selected, as
mesh generation technique, as shown in Figure 3b [48-55].
revealed in Table 1 [37]. For convergence, the frequency
Then, after mesh the beam structure supported the bean with
parameter is,
selected boundary condition, and then calculating the
�/�
required vibration characterizations [56-64]. The modal
��� � ���� ��
�� � ��/� (27) analysis is carried out to find the natural frequencies for the
�/�
� ���/� ���� �� selected models. At the connection area of the layers and
amongst layers and skins of the sandwich glue, stipulations
The material characteristics of the functionally graded are connected to prevent the genealogical development of
sandwich beam and the face sheets being presented in Table layers with each other's deference.
2 [38]. The dimensions of beams are W=0.1 m, the Where, three boundary condition, as simply supported
considered thicknesses of the FG core and face sheets are (S-S); clamed-free supported (C-F) and clamped supported
(5,10, 20, 50, and 100 mm), and (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm), (C-C) beam, were analysis by numerical technique.

Table 1.
Kinematic boundary conditions for different beam supports
BC's At x=0 At x=L ψn ℓ
Ψ1ℓ = 3.1415
W=0 W=0 Ψ2ℓ = 6.2831
S-S �� ���� �� ����
=0 =0 Ψ3ℓ = 9.4247
��� ���
Ψ4ℓ = 12.5663

�� ���� Ψ1ℓ = 1.875104

W=0 =0 Ψ2ℓ = 4.694
���
C-F �����
=0 �� ����
=0 Ψ3ℓ = 7.85471
��
��� Ψ4ℓ = 10.9955
Ψ1ℓ = 4.7300
W=0 W=0 Ψ2ℓ = 7.85322
C-C ����� �����
=0 =0 Ψ3ℓ = 10.9956
�� ��
Ψ4ℓ = 14.1371

Volume 110 Issue 2 August 2021 77

 S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari

Table 2.
Trial properties employed in the FG sandwich Beams [38]
Property
Materials
E, GPa Ρ, Kg/m3 
Al2O3 380 3800 0.3
Alumina-Aluminium
Al 70 2702 0.3
Si3N4 322 2370 0.3
Silicon nitride-Stainless steel
SUS304 207 8166 0.3
ZrO2 168 3000 0.3
Zirconia (ZrO2)-Titanium
Ti-6Al-4V 105 4429 0.3
Face Sheets (Mild steel) 210 7800 0.3

a) b)

Fig. 3. The model of the FGM sandwich beam without (a) and with mesh (b)

5. Results
Resultsand
5.  anddiscussion
discussion Using CBT, natural frequencies for the sandwich beams
are presented in Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6. For verifying the
In the present work, the analytical investigation being suggested mathematical model accuracy in the prediction of
carried out for analysing the free vibration problem of the the natural frequency of the made functionally graded
FGM sandwich beam structure. The evaluation results sandwich beams, Table 3 presents the analytical and
include the natural frequency and the frequency parameters numerical results for the 1st non-dimensional frequencies (λ)
of a simply supported sandwich beam having different sheet
of the FG sandwich beams, thorough different parameters,
thicknesses (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm) for different indices of
such as FGM core metal, skin thickness, slenderness ratio,
power-law k = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10) with FGM core thickness
aspect ratio, and gradient index. It is assumed that the
of 10 mm using Eq. (28).
materials being distributed to the upper and lower parts of
From the results, one can conclude that the natural
the plate, also the FGM part consists of ceramic and
frequency reduces by raising the exponent of power-law and
materials. Numerical investigation using ANSYS version
increases by raising the thickness of the face sheet owing to
2021 R1 for verification purposes is also employed. The
an increase in material rigidity. Table 4 presents a brief com-
obtained results are tabulated and drawn with multiple
parison between the analytical and numerical convergence of
curves. Material characteristics of the functionally graded the initial non-dimensional frequencies of a functionally
beam and face sheets being presented in Table 2 [38]. graded core made from silicon nitride (Si3N4)/ stainless steel
In order to facilitate the presentation, the dimensionless (SUS304), with the same characteristics of the face sheet
frequency parameter of the FG sandwich beam is introduced beam with (L/h = 50) and using CBT for S-S boundary
as follows: condition. The results for FG sandwich beams are indicated in
ன୐మ ஡౥ Table 5; similar analyses are done. The sandwich beam with
ɉൌ ට୉ (28) FG core comprises mainly from Zirconia (ZrO2)/ Titanium
୦ బ
and same skins properties. The behaviour of frequencies
where ω is the natural frequency, ρo is equal to (1 Kg/m3) of the beams made up of 3 types of constitutes depends
and Eo is equal to (1 GPa) [38]. upon the mechanical properties values of the constituents.

78 RESEARCH PAPER Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams

Table 3.
The 1st non-dimensional frequencies (λ) of a simply-supported sandwich plate type for various power-law indices with
(Al2O3/Al) FGM core thickness (10 mm)
Mild steel face sheet thickness, mm
k 1 1.5 2 2.5
Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, %
0 3.76 3.76 0.00 3.53 3.50 0.85 3.36 3.38 0.60 3.23 3.20 0.93
0.5 3.45 3.46 0.29 3.29 3.31 0.61 3.17 3.19 0.63 3.08 3.05 0.97
1 3.35 3.34 0.30 3.22 3.29 2.17 3.12 3.16 1.28 3.038 2.98 1.91
2 3.27 3.27 0.00 3.16 3.18 0.63 3.08 3.04 1.30 3.01 2.96 1.66
5 3.16 3.15 0.32 3.09 3.04 1.62 3.02 2.98 1.32 2.97 2.93 1.35
10 3.12 3.18 1.92 3.06 3.03 0.98 3.01 2.96 1.66 2.96 2.91 1.69

Table 4.
Comparison between the analytical and numerical convergence of the initial non-dimensional frequencies of functionally
graded Silicon nitride/Stainless steel, for beam (L/h = 50) and using CBT for S-S boundary
sheet thickness=1 mm sheet thickness=1.5 mm sheet thickness=2 mm sheet thickness=2.5 mm
k
Ana Num. Error, % Ana Num. Error, % Ana Num. Error, % Ana Num. Error, %
0 4.15 4.19 0.96 3.84 3.91 1.82 3.62 3.70 2.21 3.45 3.49 1.16
0.5 3.24 3.28 1.23 3.11 3.19 2.57 3.01 3.11 3.32 2.94 3.01 2.38
1 2.95 3.01 2.03 2.87 2.90 1.05 2.80 2.80 0.00 2.75 2.78 1.09
2 2.72 2.76 1.47 2.67 2.65 0.75 2.63 2.64 0.38 2.60 2.61 0.38
5 2.52 2.56 1.59 2.50 2.51 0.40 2.48 2.51 1.21 2.46 2.49 1.22
10 2.43 2.40 1.23 2.42 2.46 1.65 2.41 2.40 0.41 2.40 2.42 0.83

Table 5.
Comparison between the analytical and numerical convergence of the initial non-dimensional frequencies of functionally
graded Zirconia /Titanium sandwich beam having (L/h = 50) and using CBT for S-S boundary
k sheet thickness=1 mm sheet thickness=1.5 mm sheet thickness=2 mm sheet thickness=2.5 mm
Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, % Ana. Num. Error, %
0 3.16 3.19 0.95 3.08 3.12 1.30 3.02 2.99 0.99 2.97 2.94 1.01
0.5 2.90 2.91 0.34 2.87 2.90 1.05 2.84 2.79 1.76 2.82 2.87 1.77
1 2.79 2.81 0.72 2.79 2.75 1.43 2.77 2.73 1.44 2.76 2.79 1.09
2 2.70 2.75 1.85 2.71 2.70 0.37 2.71 2.75 1.48 2.70 2.72 0.74
5 2.61 2.66 1.92 2.64 2.67 1.14 2.64 2.69 1.89 2.64 2.69 1.89
10 2.56 2.58 0.78 2.59 2.58 0.39 2.61 2.63 0.77 2.61 2.62 0.38

Table 6.
Comparison between the analysis and numerical convergence of the initial 1st dimensionless frequencies of beams having
slenderness ratio (L/h = 100) and surface thickness (5 mm) under different boundary using CBT
C-C S-S C-F
k
Ana. Num. Discrepancy, % Ana. Num. Discrepancy, % Ana. Num. Discrepancy, %
0 8.25 8.27 0.24 3.64 3.64 0.00 1.30 1.32 1.54
0.5 7.64 7.64 0.00 3.37 3.38 0.30 1.20 1.22 1.67
1 7.43 7.45 0.27 3.28 3.31 0.91 1.17 1.17 0.00
2 7.28 7.28 0.00 3.21 3.29 2.49 1.14 1.16 1.75
5 7.08 7.11 0.42 3.12 3.21 2.88 1.11 1.09 1.80
10 7.00 6.87 1.86 3.09 3.11 0.65 1.10 1.05 4.54

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 S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari

However, a beam made from metals having less mechanical graded sandwich beams with different boundary conditions
properties values (ZrO2/Ti-6Al-4V) may be particularly (L/h=100) is drawn.
sensitive and show low-frequency behaviour at the same
time as the Si3N4/SUS304 beam indicates a large decrease
in the frequency parameter with the index increase of the
power-law due to its changes in mechanical properties.
Table 6 shows a detailed comparison between analytical
and numerical convergences of the initial non-frequency
coefficients of the functionally graded sandwich beams
having a slenderness ratio of (L/h = 100) and a face thickness
of (5 mm), using CBT for different boundary conditions.
The outputs revealed that when the beam constraint raises,
the natural frequency raises, and when the index of gradient
index raises, the metal volume fraction raises, which reduces
the plate's overall rigidity and affects the frequency
parameter value. As the power-law exponent raises, the
metal volume fraction raises, reducing the beam’s overall Fig. 4. Frequency parameter under various B.Cs. and at
rigidity and affecting the frequency parameter value (λ). (2 mm) face thickness and k=0.5
From all the results, it can be found that the frequency
parameter (λ) of all beams decreases with increasing the
material volume power-law index (k).
Therefore, from Table 3 to 6 can be shows that the very
good argument get between analytical and numerical
techniques used to calculate the natural frequency for beam
structure. So, the maximum error between the results
evaluated did not exceed about (4.5%).
The is because that when the parameter (k) increases, the
concentration of the ceramic phase harder than the metal
phase decreases. In all tabulated results, it is found that there
is a sensible agreement between numerical and analytical
results with a maximum error percentage of (5%). Graphical
representations of the natural frequency relationships for the Fig. 5. Frequency parameter for S-S beam, face sheet
functionally graded sandwich beams subjected to different thickness (2 mm)
boundary conditions are shown in Figures 4-9. Figure 4
shows the dimensionless fundamental frequencies outputs of
the functionally graded sandwich beams having different
boundary conditions (face sheet thickness 2 mm, k=0.5). It's
found that the natural frequency raises by raising the ratio of
thickness, and a beam with C-C type is more sensitive to the
change in this ratio compare to S-S and C-F.
Figure 5 shows the dimensionless essential frequencies
of the functionally graded sandwich beams having S-S
boundary conditions, and the face sheet thickness is 2 mm.
It is clear that the frequency parameter increases with
increasing the FGM thicknesses and face sheet due to the
increase in plate stiffness. The analytical results of the
natural frequency of the simply supported functionally
graded sandwich beams at (L/h=50), for various power-law
indices, are represented in Figure 6, while in Figure 7, the Fig. 6. Analytical results of the natural frequency of (S-S)
dimensionless essential frequencies of the functionally beams at L/h=50, for various values of the power-law index

80 RESEARCH PAPER Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

Analytical and numerical investigation of the free vibration of functionally graded materials sandwich beams

It's concluded that the essential frequency raises by

increasing the constraints into the structure. The influence of
layers number upon the FGM sandwich beam's natural
frequency based on different parameters and for various
boundary conditions is drawn in Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8
depicts the analytical results of the dimensionless essential
frequencies of FG sandwich beams with different thickness
ratios at k= 0.3, while Figure 9 evinces the dimensionless
essential frequencies of the functionally graded sandwich
beams with different thicknesses and boundary conditions at
(k= 0.1). Raising the layer number was found to increase the
results' accuracy. From the obtained results, the highest
value of the natural frequency occurs when k=0, and with
increasing the power index value from metal to ceramic, the
Fig. 7. Frequency of beams having different boundary stress is decreased, and it is increased when reaching the
conditions at slenderness ratio =100 ceramic layer; this is due to the variation of mechanical
properties through different power index until reaching the
isotropic status.

6. Conclusion
6. Conclusions

The free vibration of FG sandwich beams comprised of

the functionally graded core and face sheets with an
isotropic uniform material is investigated based on the
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the Finite element method.
The material properties are assumed to vary through the
thickness direction according to power-law functions.
Governing differential equations are derived in closed form.
Then, the characteristic frequency equations of beams are
obtained. The accuracy of the derived formulation was
Fig. 8. Dimensionless essential frequencies of the sandwich
validated by comparing the numerical result obtained by
beams for different layers numbers with various ratios of
Ansys software, when calculate discrepancy between the
thickness at k= 0.3
analytical and numerical technique did not exceed about
(4.5%). From the above results, it can be concluded that:
1. The comparison between analytical, using drive for
general equation of beam motion, and numerical
solution, using finite element technique, given a good
argument for results calculated with discrepancy for
results did not exceed about (4.5%)
2. The natural frequencies increase by raising the
thickness ratio, while they decrease as the exponent of
power-law raises for all the types of boundary
conditions. When the change for frequency lead to
about (26%).
3. The developed method that's primarily based totally on
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory may be carried out to all
kinds of FG materials and in addition to the
Fig. 9. Dimensionless essential frequencies of the FG free structural vibration, it is able to be used easily to
sandwich beam various layers numbers with different investigate the forced structural vibration subjected to a
thickness BC's at k= 0.1 given loading.

Volume 110 Issue 2 August 2021 81

 S.H. Bakhy, M. Al-Waily, M.A. Al-Shammari

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