Know Python Bytes

www.knowpythonbytes.blogspot.com

Mrs. Payal Bhattacharjee

PGT(C.Sc.)
K V No. I Kanchrapara
CONTENTS ( Learning Outcomes ) ☺
XI CSc 2024-25
“Be smart, but don’t let the technology
be smarter than you. Let your brain
work more than your fingers.”
 Cyber Safety refers to the safe and
responsible use of Internet to ensure safety and
security of personal information and not posing
threat to anyone else’s information.
It involves gaining knowledge about possible
threat to personal safety and security risks for
the information along with measures to prevent
and counter them.
 DIGITAL SOCIETY AND NETIZENS
• A Digital Society is an interdisciplinary research area and a kind of
progressive society that has been formed as a result of adaptation as well
as integration of advanced technologies into the society and culture.

• Digital innovations are reshaping our society, economy and industries with a
scale and speed like never before.

• Mobile and cloud technologies, Big Data and the Internet of Things offer
unimaginable opportunities, driving growth, improvement of citizens’ lives and
efficiency to many areas including health services, transportation, energy,
agriculture, manufacturing, retail and public administration.
NET AND COMMUNICATION ETIQUETTES
What you should do- USAGE RULES
i. Be Authentic / honest ( Have honest and clear views, don’t boast)
ii. Use a disclaimer (Your personal views are yours)
iii. Don’t pick Fights Online (Constructive posts by choosing right words)
iv. Don’t Use Fake Names or Pseudonyms (Be yourself)
v. Protect your Identity (NEVER provide your full name , parents’
details, phone no., address online)
vi. Does your information/ Post pass the Publicity Test ?
vii. Respect your audience (No slangs/obscenity/insults)
viii. Respect other’s Sentiments (Respect others’ privacy and be
considerate to sensitive topics-Politics, Religion)
ix. Monitor comments (Review and approve comments)
 SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTES

SAFELY BROWSING THE WEB

Are you posing/facing online dangers?
How will you avoid these dangers?
How to virtually behave /conduct yourself while
browsing web?
CYBER CRIME

Wikipedia
CYBER BULLYING
Harassing, demeaning, embarrassing,
defaming or intimidating someone using
modern technologies like Internet, cell
phones, instant messengers, social networks
etc. is called Cyber Bullying
Cyber Trolls
Cyber Trolls refers to a person who
purposely posts opposing,
sarcastic,demeaning or insuting-
comments about somethng or
someone with an aim of
targeting a person online.

Derogatory messages or comments

posted online targeting people
are called cyber trolls.
Cyber troll is a cyber crime closely
related to cyber bullying.
 CYBER STALKING
Cyber stalking is a kind of online harassment wherein the victim is
subjected to a barrage of online messages and emails.
The repeated use of electronic communications to harass or frighten
someone, for example by sending threatening mails.
Cyberstalkers commonly have four objectives:
• locate,
• surveil,
• emotionally harass,
• and criminally manipulate their prey.
In some cases, the cyberstalker will prey on their target's family, friends,
and coworkers to attack their target.
Examples of Cyberstalking:
Mark Zuckerberg has been stalked by Pradeep Manukonda
 SPREADING RUMOURS
ONLINE

People create fake profiles and indulge in posting false

information on social media, or comments that could hurt others or
spread rumours that may trigger panic or hurt religious sentiments of
other people resulting into clashes and even riots etc.

• Spreading rumours online is a cybercrime and is a punishable

offence. As per IT Act of India, Publishing/circulation of Rumours,
especially hurting religious sentiments is a cybercrime and may invite
a fine with imprisonment extendable upto 3 years.
 REPORTING CYBERCRIME
If any cybercrime happens , one must report it
firstly to the members of his/her safety net (to
parents, school authorities) and then to police. The
procedure for reporting cybercrimes is more or less
the same as for reporting any other kind of offence.
➢ Local police stations can be approached for filing
complaint just as the cybercrime cells.
➢ Filing of ‘E-FIR’ in most of the states of India.
➢ Launch of new website by Ministry of Home Affairs
for registering crime against women and children
online including cybercrimes
 CONFIDENTIALITY
Confidentiality prevent
unauthorized disclosure of
information.

INTEGRITY
Integrity assure that data
cannot be modified in an
unauthorized manner.

AVAILABILITY
Information should be
readily available for the
authorized users.
• A threat is a potential violation of
security. When a threat is actually
executed, it is known as attack.
Some common threats
(MALWARES):-
– Viruses ,Worms,Trojan Horse
– Spyware
– Adware
– Spamming
– PC Intrusion:
• Denial of Service
• Sweeping attack
• Password guessing
– Phishing
VIRUS: Computer viruses are malicious codes/ Salient Differences
programs that cause damage to data and files on a
system. It can attack any part of a computer’s software
such as a boot block, OS, system areas, files and
application-program-macros etc. It needs a host/ carrier 1) Computer Virus:
application/program. • Needs a host file
– Damages or deletes files • Copies itself
• Executable
– Slow down your PC
– Invade your email program

WORMS: It is a self-replicating program which eats 2) Network Worm:

up the entire disk space or memory and keeps on • No host (self-contained)
• Copies itself
creating its copies until all the disk space or memory is • Executable
filled.

TROJAN HORSE: A Trojan horse is a program

that appears harmless (such as a text editor/ screen 3) Trojan Horse:
• No host (self-contained)
saver or a utility program) but actually performs • Does not copy itself
malicious functions such as deleting or damaging files at • Imposter Program
the background, which the user is usually unaware of.
 Spyware is software with malicious
behavior that aims to gather
information about a person or
organization and send it to another
entity in a way that harms the user.
For example, by violating their privacy
or endangering their device's security.
➢ Adware is unwanted
software designed to
throw advertisements up
on your screen, most often
within a web browser.
➢ Adware, often called
advertising-supported
software by its developers, is
software that generates
revenue for its developer by
automatically generating
online advertisements in the
user interface of the software
or on a screen presented to
the user during the
installation process.
 FRAUD EMAILS
➢ Email fraud (or email scam) is intentional deception for either personal
gain or to damage another individual by means of email. Almost as soon
as email became widely used, it began to be used as a means
to defraud people.
➢ Email fraud can take the form of a "con game", or scam. Confidence tricks
tend to exploit the inherent greed and dishonesty of its victims. The
prospect of a 'bargain' or 'something for nothing' can be very tempting.
➢ Email fraud,' usually targets naive individuals who put their confidence in
schemes to get rich quickly.
➢ These include 'too good to be true' investments or offers to sell popular
items at 'impossibly low' prices.
➢ REMEMBER→ Many people have lost their life savings due to fraud.
So, DON’T GET TRAPPED IN FRAUD EMAILS.
 PfiISfiING
➢ Phishing refers to a criminally fraudulent
process of attempting to acquire sensitive
information such as usernames, passwords,
credit card information, account data etc.
➢ In phishing , an imposter uses an authentic
looking email or website to trick recipients into
giving out sensitive personal information.
 RANSOMWARE
Ransomware is malware that infects devices and
locks users out of their data or applications until a
ransom is paid. This is costly for businesses because
they may have to pay a large sum of money to regain
access to their files. It has been revealed that some
users have paid enormous fees to obtain the
decryption key.
 COMMON SOCIAL
NETWORKING SITES

A social networking service (also social networking

site, or SNS or social media) is an online platform which
people use to build social networks or social relations with
other people who share similar personal or career
interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
People who have set up their profile on the same
platform are called as online friends.
 APPROPRIATE USAGE OF SOCIAL
NETWORKS :
DIGITAL FOOTPRINT
Our life is totally dependent on Social media- either
directly or indirectly. But, if anyone thinks that he/she will
remain entirely anonymous and pose a threat to others
then, he/she is in absolute fool’s paradise. Let’s see how...
DIGITAL FOOTPRINT:
Whatever we do online, either post
something or visit friends’ pages or search
anything on Internet etc. leaves a permanent
foot print and it remains for years storing trails
of our online activities.
Digital footprints are the records and traces
individuals’ activities which are stored permanently as
they use the Internet. These footprints may pose
potential threat / danger at a later stage in your
personal/professional life.
 Privacy settings
Just remember to change the default privacy
settings and set-up your own privacy settings
for all types of social media platforms yourself,
so that you can control,
➢ Who all can see what you have posted
➢ Who all can send requests to you
➢ What all information about you is visible
to others, even to your contacts etc.
DATA PROTECTION
CONFIDENTIALITY OF
INFORMATION
Ensures that only authorized users
get access to sensitive and
protected data.
 Practices to Ensure
DATA PROTECTION
(Confidentiality of information)
1) Use firewall wherever possible
2) Control browser settings to block tracking
3) Browse privately wherever possible
4) Be careful while posting on Internet
5) Ensure Safe sites while entering crucial information
6) Carefully handle emails
7) Do not give sensitive information on wireless networks
8) Avoid using public computers
– Browse privately
– Don’t save your login information
– Never save passwords while working on a public computer
– Avoid entering sensitive information onto a public computer
– Don’t leave the computer unattended
– Disable the feature that stores passwords
– Properly log out before you leave the computer
– Clear history and cookies.
 HACKING (HACKER) &
CRACKING (CRACKER)
HACKERS CRACKERS
Hacker is a person who are Cracker is a malicious
interested in gaining knowledge programmer who gains
about computer systems and unauthorized access to a
possibly using this knowledge for computer system or secured
playful pranks. systems for the purpose of
stealing and corrupting data.
Hackers enjoy learning the Crackers do stuff for popularity
subject to become an expert. This mainly.
act is known as Hacking.
Hackers can be ethical as well as Crackers are always unethical,
unethical. because they do not take
permission from anyone as in the
case of ethical hacking
 SOCIETY runs on

INFORMATION which is based on

KNOWLEDGE. And knowledge refers to

INTELLECTUAL property of a person. The property in digital form is

DIGITAL PROPERTY

Some common Ethical issues related to these information are:

1) Plagiarism
2) Intellectual property rights
3) Digital property rights
 PLAGIARISM
Stealing someone else’s work and presenting it to others as your own
work without acknowledging the creator of the work i.e. source of
the information.
Some acts of plagiarism:
➢ Using some other work as your own without giving credit to the author
➢ Using someone else’s work in a incorrect distorted form than the intended original
form.
➢ Modifying someone else’s music composition without attributing it to the creator
of the work.
➢ Giving incorrect source of information or wrongful citation about the source
➢ Failure in giving credit or acknowledging the contribution of others in a
collaborative effort, to which you are also part of.
 INTELLECUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)
Intellectual Property: Property which comes from the Human Brain and for which
Government gives protection is called as Intellectual Property.

Intellectual Property Rights: IPR are the Rights of the owner of information to
decide how much information is to be shared, distributed or exchanged. Owner
can also decide the price for sharing the intellectual property.
The creator/producer of the information is the
real owner of the information and has every
right to safeguard his/her intellectual property.
The IPR must be protected, for it:
→encourages new software, new software
applications by individuals and business
organization, as well as improving existing
applications
→ensures new ideas and technologies are
widely distributed
→promotes investment in the national
economy
 DIGITAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Digital property (or Digital assets) refers to any information about you or created by you
that exists in digital form, either online or in any electronic storage device. Digital property rights lie with
the owner who has created it or who has got it developed by paying legally is the owner of a digital
property. For Eg: online personal accounts (email), social media accounts & on-line storage accounts etc.
Threats to Digital properties
1. Digital software penetration tools : Hackers create tools like keygens and cracks to
penetrate your digital property, which enables unauthorized (illegitimate) users to freely
access the properties
2. Stealing and plagiarizing codes of your digital properties: Making a plagiarized copy
version of your digital software by somehow stealing your digital property.
Digital Property Rights Protection
i. Anti-temper solutions: prevents hackers from hacking, reverse engineering or manipulating
digital properties such utility tools, software apps, video games etc.
ii. Legal Clauses: Term’s of Service that prohibits the scrapping of software are included in the legal
clauses of the Digital properties
iii. Limit the sharing of the software code: Use of DRM solutions and sharing code with only
trusted individuals
 What is a PATENT?
✓ A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a
process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a
new technical solution to a problem.
✓ A patent is a right granted to an inventor by the federal government that
permits the inventor to exclude others from making, selling or using the
invention for a period of time.
✓ The patent system is designed to encourage inventions that are unique and
useful to society.
✓ To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed
to the public in a patent application.
 COPYRIGHT and
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
What is a copyright?
• Copyright refers to the legal right of the owner of intellectual property. In
simpler terms, copyright is the right to copy. This means that the original
creators of products and anyone they give authorization to are the only ones
with the exclusive right to reproduce the work.
• Infringement means: the action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement,
etc.; violation.
What is copyright infringement?
• A copyright is infringed only when an unauthorized person copies a
substantial part of the work.
Some EXAMPLES of COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
• Recording a film in a movie theater.
• Posting a video on your company's website which features copyrighted words or
songs.
• Using copyrighted images on your company's website.
• Using a musical group's copyrighted songs on your company's website.
 TRADEMARK and
TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT
What is a Trademark?
• A trademark can be any word, phrase, symbol, design, or a
combination of these things that identifies your goods or
services and distinguishes them from others. The trademark owner
can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity.
What is Trademark Infringement?
• Trademark infringement is the unauthorized usage of a mark that is
identical or deceptively similar to a registered trademark.
 About: FREE and OPEN Source Software (FOSS)
Some Related Terms
1) Free Software:-
It means the s/w is free of cost which is freely accessible and can be freely
used, changed, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so.
2) Open Source Software(OSS):-
An open software is also available freely i.e its source code is available
freely and one can make modifications to it and can redistribute it with
different name. But if anyone wants for solution of problem on the existing
s/w by the manufacturer, it will not be free (it will be with some nominal
charges)
3) FLOSS(Free Libre Open Source Software):-
A Software which is both free of cost and Open source software i.e.
source code is available.

4) Proprietary Software):-
A Software which is neither free of cost
nor available for Public. There is a
proper license attached to it which
user has to buy in order to use it.
 About: FREE and OPEN Source Software (FOSS)
Some Related Terms
5. Shareware / Trialware / Demoware:-
➢ This software is made available with the rights to distribute copies, but if
anyone intends to use the software , then after a certain stipulated time
period, a license fee should be paid.
➢ Its source code is not allowed and hence its modification is not allowed.
“Trial version before you buy it”.

6. Freeware
❑ This software is free of cost.
❑ It allows copying and further distribution, but
still under owner’s control, i.e. Copyrighted.
❑ Its source code is not available, hence no
modification is possible.
 About: FREE and OPEN Source Software (FOSS)
Some Related Terms
GNU stands for
(GNU’s not Unix) ;-
Here, GNU means an animal
which is living in freedom. It is
a free operating system
identical to Unix but not Unix.
GNU’s Not Unix is a recursive acronym.
FSF(Free Software Foundation)
It is a non-profit organization Richard Stallman
created for the purpose of
supporting free s/w
movement. It also funds many
programmers for developing
free s/w.
FSF and GNU both were initiated by Richard Stallman.
 About: FREE and OPEN Source Software (FOSS)
Some Related Terms
OSI(Open Source Initiative
It is an organization
developed for promoting Open
source software. It defines
criteria and terms for open
source s/w.
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) :-
It is responsible for producing the s/w standards for world
wide web. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the
main international standards organization for the World Wide
Web. Founded in 1994 and currently led by Tim Berners-Lee,
the consortium is made up of member organizations that
maintain full-time staff working together in the development
of standards for the World Wide Web. W3C also engages in
education and outreach, develops software and serves as an
open forum for discussion about the Web. Tim Berners-Lee
 What are LICENSES?
Licenses are the permissions given to use a product or
someone’s creation by the copyright holder.
COPYRIGHT and COPYLEFT Licenses
 LICENSES AND DOMAINS OF OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE(OSS) TECHNOLOGY
These licenses allow OSS to be freely used, modified and shared.
GPL: The (GPL) General Public License is the most commonly used
license for open-source projects. It allows users to legally copy, distribute
and modify software. After modification , one can even charge very
nominal for the software, but still it will be under GNU GPL.

LGPL: A (LGPL) Lesser General Public License is a license for open-

source software that allows for provisions for including elements of free
software in either free or proprietary software. It offers lesser rights then
GPL.
**Difference between GPL and LGPL is that the project formed (software
extension formed) after modification must be released in case of GPL
which is not essential in LGPL.

BSD: The BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) License lets you freely
modify and distribute your software’s code in the source or binary
format as long as you retain a copy of the copyright notice, list of
conditions, and the disclaimer.(BSD) licenses are used for the distribution
of many freeware, shareware and open source software.
 LICENSES AND DOMAINS OF OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE(OSS) TECHNOLOGY
MIT: The MIT License is a free software license that was created at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology which grants the software
end user rights such as copying, modifying, merging, distributing, etc.
It has the restriction that as long as you have license , you can do
anything with the software.
** MIT License is the least restrictive Open source License.

CREATIVE COMMONS: A Creative Commons

license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free
distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used
when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use,
and build upon a work that the author has created.

Apache: The Apache Software License (ASL) is a license scheme

for free and open-source computer software (FOSS) written by the
Apache Software Foundation (ASF). ASL allows projects and software
to be freely downloaded and used. The code is distributed openly and
is allowed to be freely modified, redistributed or studied. Through
open-source code, Apache encourages users to voluntarily improve
the design of the software.
 Extra
knowledge DIGITAL FORENSICS

“Digital forensics” is a broad term referring to the search for

and detection, recovery and preservation of evidence found
on digital systems, often for criminal or civil legal purposes.
BIOMETRIC MODALITIES/TRAITS IN DIGITAL FORENSICS
to authenticate an individual
 CYBER LAW / IT LAW
➢ Cyber law, or cyber crime law,
is legislation focused on the acceptable behavioral
use of technology including computer hardware
and software, the internet, and networks.
➢ Cyber law helps protect users from harm by
enabling the investigation and prosecution of online
criminal activity.
India’s IT Act 2000
• In India, cyber laws are enforced through Information Technology Act,2000
• It was notified on 17th October 2000.
• It is based on United Nation’s Commission for International Trade related laws
(UNCITRAL) model law.
• The purpose of IT Act is
– to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce (e-Commerce) and to
facilitate filing of electronic records with the Government.
– To provide legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India.
 IT(Ammedment) Act 2008
The Act was later amended in December 2008 to provide additional
focus on information security i.e. IT Act, 2008. Major amendments
are :-
• Digital Signatures i.e. authentication of electronic records.
• Electronic Governance i.e. E-documents get legal recognition.
• Empowered Indian government with the ability to surveil, monitor
and block data traffic .
• The government will be able to conduct surveillance on corporate
networks and e-mail systems, and can intercept, monitor and decrypt
computer systems, resources and communication devices.
• The maximum penalty for any damage to computers is fine up to
1crore.
• Other amended acts such as IPC 1860, 1872, 1891 and 1934.
The I.T. Act contains 13 chapters and 90 sections.
The last four sections namely sections 91 to 94 in the I.T. Act 2000 deals
with the amendments to the Indian Penal Code 1860
 E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
➢ E-Waste: Electronic waste describes discarded electrical or
electronic devices. “Electronic waste” may also be defined as
discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment
device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators.
This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale,
salvage, recycling or disposal.
➢ Electrical and Electronic equipment contains metallic and non
metallic elements such as Copper, Aluminum, Gold, Silver, Palladium,
Platinum, Nickel, Tin, Lead, Iron, Sulphur, Phosphorous, Arsenic etc.
The recycle and recovery includes the The e-waste disposal and recycling is very
following unit operations much necessary and important for the
➢ Dismantling involves removal of benefit of people, environment and the
parts containing dangerous nation.
substances, parts containing The key benefits are:-
valuable substances. ✓ Allows for recovery of valuable precious
metals
➢ Separation of ferrous metal, non-
✓ Protects public health and water quality.
ferrous metal and plastic.
✓ Creates jobs
➢ Repair and reuse. ✓ Toxic waste
➢ Recovery of valuable materials. ✓ Saves landfill space.
➢ Disposal of dangerous materials.
 Awareness about health concerns related to
the usage of Technology
1. Digital eye strain 5. Negative effects of technology on
Symptoms of digital eye strain may include: kids: Too much screen time or low-
quality screen time may lead to
• blurred vision ▪ behavioral problems
• dry eyes ▪ less time for play and loss of social
• headaches skills
• neck and shoulder pain ▪ obesity
▪ sleep problems
▪ Violence
2. Emotional problems
makes you feel anxious or depressed
3. Sleep problems
4. Musculoskeletal problems
When you use a Smartphone, the chances are that you’re
holding your head in an unnatural forward-leaning position.
This position puts a lot of stress on your neck,shoulders,
spine and repetitive strain injuries of the
fingers,thumbs,and wrists.
 MEASURES TO SAFEGUARD FROM NEGATIVE
TECHNOLOGICAL EFFECTS
➢ Clear your phone of unessential apps to keep you from constantly checking it for
updates.
➢ Take frequent breaks to stretch, create an ergonomic workspace and
maintain proper posture while using devices
➢ Carve out a specific, limited amount of time to use your devices.
➢ Turn some television time into physical activity time.
➢ Keep electronic devices out of the bedroom. Charge them in another room. Turn
clocks and other glowing devices toward the wall at bedtime.
➢ Make mealtime gadget-free time.
➢ Prioritize real-world relationships over online relationships.

CHECK OUT else you will be WIPED OUT:-

• Technology is a part of our lives. It can have some negative effects,
but it can also offer many positive benefits and play an important
role in education, health, and general welfare.
• Knowing the possible negative effects can help you take steps to
identify and minimize them so that you can still enjoy the positive
aspects of technology.
Technology & Society:

Technologies whose value and impact arise primarily from their use in
economic and social sectors. The impacts of Information Communication
Technology (ICT) are:
• Economic impacts: It include the globalization of production in goods and
services, changes in international trade and distribution network, changes
in pattern of consumption, virtualization of some products and behaviors
and growing the importance of ICT sector within the world. The economic
benefit include
– Secure transactions, Ease of availability, Net banking, Global market
• Social impact include mass market access to an increased information
resources, enhanced, new pattern of work and human settlement and
changes in the relationships between government, citizen and the state.
GENDER ISSUES WHILE TEACHING AND USING COMPUTERS

There are several Gender specific issues which must be addressed and
taken care of to enforce gender equality in Computer Science education.
Some Gender issues are:-
➢ Lack of representation(under representation) of Females in
school (less no. of female teachers in schools)
➢ Lack of motivation and interest in the subject
➢ Lack of Female Role models /leaders /personalities
➢ Lack of encouragement in classroom environment
➢ Preconceived notions / Gender stereotypes/unconscious bias
➢ Lack of Girl Friendly Work culture
SOLUTIONS TO GENDER ISSUES
✓ Take initiatives and encourage more and more
girls to take up the subject “Computer Science” as
their main subject.
✓ In Computer Labs, give more chance to girls to
work on computers by avoiding Gender biasness
✓ Use Gender neutral language in school
✓ Representation of Females in every field and
encouraging them to take interest in IT field
✓ Motivate girls to become role models in IT field.
 DISABILITY ISSUES WHILE TEACHING AND
USING COMPUTERS

Some disability issues are:-

Unavailability of proper teaching aids/materials to teach disabled students (such
as braille keyboards,monitors,printers,screen readers, hearing aids etc.)
Lack of special needs teachers to teach and train the differently abled students-
specialized editors,voice assistant softwares etc.
Lack of supporting curriculums in school

Solutions to disability issues are:-

✓ School must be equipped with necessary assistivetools and software and teaching materials
✓ Specially Trained teachers must be appointed
✓ Curriculums must be framed carefully by keeping in mind the specially abled students.
✓ Inclusive education must be promoted in classrooms
 Bibliograhy and References
• Google
• Wikipedia
• Quora
• geektogeeks
• Book: XI Computer Science
– By Sumita Arora, Dhanpat Rai Publication 2020
Edition
• Book: XI Computer Science
– By Kips Publication 2021 Edition